JOURNAL OF ADMINISTRATION AND ECONOMICS

This paper aims to measure the relationship between growth and unemployment in Iraq by using Okun\'s law. The paper also aims to estimate potential output in order to determine the gap between actual and potential output. The general hypothesis adopted in this paper stated that: the Okun\'s law does not valid in Iraq economy and reflects the jobless recovery the main finding of this research is that the nature of unemployment was not cyclical but structural and / or frictional one and the market rigidity plays an essential role in creating jobs.

Raber Project in Ninava Governorate is one for producing poultry. The capacity of project is 10000 hens, while the actual rate of investment is 7500 hens. After 8.5 weeks the hens are sold as live birds with an average weight of 2.5 kg and at a price 2500 ID/kg. The project is equipped by modern cooling, heating, feeding and watering systems. It is conducted by a supervisor manager, veterinarian and number of 4 workers. The results shown that the number of live hens sold during the period of research was 7017, and the project is economically lucrative. The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is estimated by 19.3% and the average rate of each ID invested is 19%. The Food Conversion Coefficient (FCC) is estimated by 1.8 which is typically consistent with the world standards.
The major problems facing the poultry projects are: the lack of poultry slaughters, higher prices of fodder, higher wages of workers and higher costs of veterinary medications. The research submitted some recommendations to treat the problems, such as to call investors to invest in such profitable projects and the local government to pay more attention as they are very important economic activity.

The organizational chances appear at the Different organizational levels are a matter that make it obligatory for them to work on capturing these opportunities and benefit from there results in away that ensure the possibility of their interaction with these opportunities and then identify their role. But what is prevalent in these cases is that these opportunities are lost as a result
Of the poor management of the time and that motivated the two researchers to the following question:
To what extent does the simple studi realize the importance of the organizational opportunities in away that enables it to pay a good attention to time available and focus on it, to make it an effective tool to capture these opportunities.
The technical Institute in Mosul was the field of the study by selecting a random sample of the teaching staff members, given that the questionnaire was the main tool used by the researchers and with with use of various statistical tools . the study reached a group of conclusions, most prominent of which are ;
1. there is a positive trend for the subjects to paying attention to the time and its management.
2. serious seeking to capture these organizational opportunities .
3. There are statistically significant differences among the time leaders and organizational opportunities .

The research aims to determine the relationship between personality traits special managers and management of constructive conflict in both kidneys College, and determine the impact of personality traits special managers in the management of constructive conflict in both kidneys College, and a comparison between the kidneys College regarding the relationship and impact referred to above.
The research has included three hypotheses, the first included the relationship between personality traits special managers building and constructive conflict management, and the second effect, and the third a comparison. The research involved two technical colleges are Technical College of management/ Baghdad, and Technical College/ Baghdad, and two out of four technical colleges in Baghdad, while the research sample included only category managers in kidneys College. And used in the search descriptive approach through a questionnaire consisting of(48) Question of the independent variable, which includes variables (distinctive personality traits of managers), and(10) questions based dependent variable(constructive conflict management). Also used several statistical methods included multiple regression analysis, factor analysis, and t-test.
The research has come to a number of conclusions and recommendations for the management of constructive conflict of managers and the organizational conflict as well .

The rapid adoption of the Web as a commercial medium has caused firms to experiment with innovative ways of doing business. Those firms that effectively market themselves on the Web have a distinct advantage. This research presents two e-commerce Web site design strategies and 12 e-commerce models for gaining that advantage.This research studies the emerging models of e-commerce Web site design. The models are categorized based on different Web design site strategies. We identify two major Web site design strategies:
1-``informational/ communicational design strategy’’ and
2-``on-line/transactional design strategy.’’ The models for informational/communicational design strategy include The rapid adoption of the Web as a commercial medium has caused firms to experiment with innovative ways of doing business. Those firms that effectively market themselves on the Web have a distinct advantage. This research presents two e-commerce Web site design strategies and 12 e-commerce models for gaining that advantage.This research studies the emerging models of e-commerce Web site design. The models are categorized based on different Web design site strategies. We identify two major Web site design strategies:
1-``informational/ communicational design strategy’’ and
2-``on-line/transactional design strategy.’’ The models for informational/communicational design strategy include brand awareness and image building, cost saving, promotion, and info-mediary. The models for on-line/ transactional design strategy include brokerage, retail, mall, advertising, subscription, community, manufacturer, and customization.
Although a large number of companies use the Web as an advertising tool to build awareness or provide information rather than relying on the Web to do online transactions, we present eight e-commerce models that companies are using to make profits on the Internet and case study for e-commerce web site for the general company for machines and cars commerce. In fact, companies usually use more than one model to accomplish their e-commerce objectives.
Although new models are beginning and are continuing to appear on the Web, no one knows which, if any, of these models will finally succeed.

The concern in the subject of managerial corruption has increased lately from the effect and the techniques of treating it, despite of dealing with it by many researchers because of the rapid development in the world such as the globalization, the growth of the international economic , the technological advances, and the pace of spreading the information and increase wish of the peoples to participation in the process of decision making Which cause radical change in peoples values and beliefs which was previously prevailed and produced the spreading all the governmental institutions, Therefore the efforts have increased to seek new tools and techniques for treat and reduce it .One of them is utilizing the transparency in all polices of high leadership which lead to increase the employees trust with the high leadership in decision making as well as the transparency is a means that can help in the process of questioning And calling to account which cannot be effective without practicing the transparency and the trust of the employees in the applied policies used by the top management is increased. This study took place in the (Ministry of Health) and Many conclusions and recommendations have been reached the most important one is the corruption is present in most of the institutions of the ministry so The study confirms that the management must be firm in calling to account the employees involved in corruption in all levels .In addition, the management should concern about improving the condition of the work and improve the salaries and wage, motivation, and rewards of the employees which can improve the standard of living of the employees which can lead to decrease the material seductions which are used by some individuals to affect their conducts and make use of them to do some unlawful acts .

The objective of this research is to know the degree of influence of the leadership path - goal in organizational creativity. As four behaviors were identified for the path-goal lead is (the guiding leadership, and leadership participation, support and leadership, and achievement-oriented leadership). Was tested hypotheses in the General Company for Textile Industries, included research sample (48) transponder. Were used questionnaire as a tool to measure the research variables, as included (33) paragraph, (20) paragraph of the variables driving course goal, and (13) paragraph of creativity regulatory .
The research found a set of results of the most important leadership path - goal have a significant effect on organizational innovation, so should the Iraqi organizations that adopt the model of leadership path - goal to achieve innovation in their organizations.

The scientificrevolution and rapid development in the field of automatic alaketrony at walhcabat and computers during the current century have led to huge revolution in the field of business organizations in general and banks in particular work led to the emergence of electronic banking services and modem technology systems and multi mnzamswift foreign denominational transfer and mutual data and information and Orion operations interior almusrfahogerhawalta spread traded in the world salaamArab or western world came these systems to facilitate the conversion processes and communication across a sophisticated communication network dedicated to connecting bands to each other internally and internally in an orderly and well and safe , but still most of banks including the Iraqi banks face a lot of problems and obstacles in the application of these regulations and on the basis of it came this research to determine those constraints faced by applications such regimes in Iraqi banks and put rferziate basic research has been tested in government banks and number of private banks , and the search also depended in collectiondata and information needed on questionnaire , and some statistical methods were used ,then results were analyzed , hypotheses were examined , The researcher certains conclusion ,Accordingly the researcher put appropriate recommendations .

The current research test the impact of each of the dimensions of creativity administrative organizational development and the researcher chosen company medal for dairy products and Foodstuffs Co., Ltd. / Karbala as one of the successful companies in the dairy industry, as represented sample of senior management being responsibility about evolution and innovation in the company, if the sample included (48) Director and responsible were distributed form questionnaire them, according to the purpose of research were formulated in the light of two hypotheses head branch, including three hypotheses Vraier, hypothesis main first tested the correlation between indicators Administrative Innovation variable entirely independent and indicators OD variable supported, and hypothesis major second test relationship impact between variables Administrative Innovation and variables organizational development the researcher has reached to number of conclusions related to the subject to that reasonable recommendation to develop the productivity of the researched company.

The aim of this research is to analysis the relation between creative thinking dimensions and strategic behavior, through the analysis of correlation and regression relations between these variables. The research depend on that the motivation of creative thinking and its dimensions for the managers in the studied company should lead to strategic thinking. Based on the opinions of research sample that consists of (49) managers in the company, and according to questionnaire and adopting some statistical tools the research stated the creative thinking dimension which is in the highly correlation and effect with strategic behavior styles (Originality, Flexibility, Fluency) with strategic behavior styles respectively (Defender, Analyst, prospector), and was followed by some recommendations that may be of interest in the sector of respondent.

The sustainability reports of the current time are special attention in many countries of the world is different particularly important in light of environmental & economical developments and social development taking place in those countries, where the bodies of professional accounting and audit to encourage organizations, institutions and companies to disclose the reports because of their special importance in the assessment of those organizations, institutions and companies at different levels of local and international, so try this study demonstrate the importance of such reports in the assessment of the efficiency of industrial input of Jordan from the perspective of auditors in Jordan. One of the most important recommendations of the study emphasis on the importance of disclosure of sustainability reporting among the latest accounts wrap for companies to its effect on the efficiency of companies to assess the various local and international levels.

The research aims mainly at proposing a standard concerned with accounting for information related to costs and environmental liabilities, also aims to develop philosophical vision for the basic concepts related to environmental accounting, as well as shed light on attempts by scientific and professional accounting organizations in the issuance of standards related to environmental accounting .
In order to achieve the aim of the research , it is hypothesis that "absorbing information related to costs and environmental liabilities within the conceptual framework of accounting requires a standard which identifies the best accounting practices related to costs and environmental liabilities and disclosing them " .
Finally, the research suggests a number of recommendations in the light of the results reached at .

The financial and managerial corruption in many parts of the country has led to success of projects against Iraq and its nation, a matter that has led to the delay of reconstructing it regardless of the great amount of financial supports presented. to remedy this ,it requires that a great project of construction and building and getting rid of corrupted hands and giving the lead to the faithful who have a great previous history in reconstructions.
The importance of the research lies in the importance of performing investment projects in undergrounds. This has a crucial role in refreshing Iraqi economy throughout making it an agricultural, industrial and trading country instead of depending only on oil as a unique source of financing the country general budget ,and reducing this fortune.
The research aims at shedding light on financial and managerial corruption, investment in the undergrounds and finance it from the oil finance “money” . The research is built upon a hypothesis which stated that changing the financial and managerial costs with these of financing investment project depending on oil post pond leads to reconstructing the undergrounds and ensure that the money related to this in the country budget will not be wasted.
Among the conclusions are :the cost of financial and managerial corruption in the country within the period searched represents a disease in the body and finance of Iraq and it prevent the performing of any project .the law of undergrounds represents a good chance to reconstruct Iraq with a less cost and reduce corruption .attention should be first to essential projects such as electricity ,water, agriculture since non them can be flour is heed alone.

The research deals with the concept of quality of education, which was to realize community concerns and aspirations, and to focus on the needs of the labor market, to provide modern education sophisticated , service educational distinct performance standards high, and continue to approach modernity, and the development of the administrative system to prevent errors before they occur, and elevating the level of student knowledge and Amharic, each it imposes on the university interest quality inspection hence the research problem in focus colleges at the University of Mosul, including the Faculty of Administration and Economics Bdrastaha (morning and evening) on quality inspection rather than guaranteed, leading to raise the level of graduate students in the supplement to the community and this in turn leads to a unit cost additional result of the quality poor in the educational process because of taking action and continue checks to prevent imbalance in the educational process and research focused on measuring the costs of such quality and analyzed using methodology six sigma and through approach six sigma in the measurement of the cost of quality educational lousy (academic failure), and research found to range of conclusions and recommendations, mainly n the overall quality and the six sigma are linked with each other and that the improvement in one of them affects the other drastically and recruitment methodology to rationalize the cost of quality in education works to reduce these costs in the future and recommends the development of a mechanism to build a database linked stages DMAIC in methodology six sigma to facilitate the process of measuring the performance of education institutions and measure the level of improvement through continuous improvement stages as a future study.

M many economists and financial attributed the cause of the global financial crisis to lax governance mechanisms, particularly in financial institutions as well as expand the use of fair value in the financial statements are prepared significantly Through the use of personal judgment also greatly reflected this crisis on the profession of external audit (audit ) through Tzaz confidence among some in the value-added generated by services external audit with a lack of criteria for external audit and the organization of the profession and concentrated research problem in answering theory about the causes of the global financial crisis and the impact of the crisis on the profession of the external audit and have reached search many of the conclusions most important is that there are shortcomings in the audit profession outside in the field of non-application of the standard of independence and the weakness of the behavioral aspects and ethical and model risk and user research found to many of the recommendations the most important emphasis on the need to apply the criterion of independence and attention to aspects of moral and behavioral profession external audit and quality

The reliability is the probability of no failure in the system or one of its components to doing its job for interval time when using it under suitable operating conditions. By studies and researches we found that easy to comput the reliability of any simple system by using famous analytic methods , but with large system and increasing complexity become this methods without any benefit to estimate the reliability of such system from one hand ,and from another, difficult of this methods for those who haven't any experience with Math and Statistic.
The changes that happen on the state of the system like (work, simple failure and complete failure) with time become as behavior of Stochastic Process (Markov Chains) that changing with time, we can represent the state of the system like Markov Chains and we can estimate the transitions probability matrix and then computed the equilibrium distribution of transitions probability matrix and then estimate the reliability of the system. We use the simulation to generating the transitions probability matrix and then computed the equilibrium distribution and then estimate the reliability of the system.

The aim of this research is to use the style of programming goal ,fuzzy goal programming technology to study optimal planning aspects of investing in the investment banking business where the Gulf Commercial Bank represent sample for research .Programming model was built goal to this problem, which included (12) variable resolution, and (17) under the two first goal is maximize Profit and the second goal is the goal of reducing the standard investment risk.
Then a model solution using ready win QSB program that was reached use programming goal technology goal planning to give the best results.

The meaning of the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) refers to a relatively new family of algorithms that may be used to find optimal (or near optimal) solutions to numerical and qualitative problems , The aim of this paper is to use the (PSO) to solve some kinds of non linear programming models Access to the Optimal solutions , The results showed that the application of style (PSO) algorithms Is The best among the numerous non linear programming

The idea of this paper to delovping optimal Replinshment policy for inventory model availability hazard factor with ramp demand,suppose that two cases first when length cycle time greater than permissible delay period and vice-versa , so that easy of decission making process to minimization costs

The strategic approach represent the validity of thinking totalitarian take into account the factors most reliable in the process of organizations , which overlooks the administrative systems Bearing in mind the traditional, with the help of this approach to accommodate all of the resources of the Organization of tangible assets and intangible as well as the skills and activities , including a good start for care and development in this environment, but make sure that prevailed organizations at the present time and in the face of a private tourist organizations , and is known as the tourism sector is very sensitive towards the environment variables of economic, political and legal ... Etc. , and this is what led to the question about the links between the strategic competence influences represented by a number of variables such as the resources and skills , activities and attractions , such as infrastructure and metadata and tourist facilities , which is the fact that the problem of the study and thus tested some hypotheses about the relationships mentioned above were tested excellent class hotels and the first of its kind in the province of Baghdad , for the application of the study because tourism plays an important role these hotels , has proved an important study made role strategic leverage in tourist attractions , according to the researcher and a number of conclusions was the most important strategic competence I think that approach is most appropriate organizations for tourism because it takes into consideration all the factors that affect the continued growth of these organizations , has also been reached with a number of recommendations was the most important of the adoption of the strategic Management Thought strategic leverage actress to shed light on all the factors that affect the tonsism attraction of .

A lot of tonrisim states have follomed on advanced track awareness of tourism and environmental way, so it ended to achieve its goals in the development of sustainable tourism by raising the level of awareness among the population and their knowledge of the importance of tourism and its effects multiple on various aspects of social and economic life of all segments of society. Since tourism is a phenomenon of internationalism, it helps to cross international borders and impenetrable.
The dissemination of culture in-depth and specialized in tourism, and the growing sense of the importance of tourism, culturally, socially and politically and effects that can leave it to the community, help to increase the awareness and knowledge and touch the needs of the community and the real problems in the field of tourism and related fields.
There is no doubt that tourism is a major tributary of the national of any modern state, not only is the economic hub the goal, but a lot of other themes, such as increasing the local culture and create jobs and who share with the importance of the economic axis.
And play cadres working in the tourism activity in various competencies big role in the success and progress of this activity, which is one of the important economic activities of the development process of the country.

These days , Nowadays environmental tourism is considered as one of the best universal tourism types ,for it has certain components that make it clean tourism through aiming at keeping the cleanness of natural regions , and investing them in the best way that offers the benefits to all partners in the tourist process. . The importance of environmental tourism lies in the increase of the local income , the improvement of the environment , the development infrastructure and the religions tourist centers and in avoiding all the negative aspects such as the destruction of the quality of the environment and the distortion of the regions and the corruption of both weather and water surfaces .
Erbil has many natural tourist components of being an attracting tourist center which is suitable to practise the tourist activity such as resorts ,waterfalls , springs , parks and caves , besides it has the natural landscapes and the fascinating weather that allow the tourists to practice different kinds of entertaining activities .
In addition to what has been mentioned above, world nations concentrate much on the principles and ways of improving the environmental tourism through manipulating the components of natural tourist attraction.