Tikrit Journal of Pure Science

It has been studied the effect of three variaties of local wheat in Iraq which are : Sham6, Abu-Greb3 and Ibaa 99
in its three states ( whole, crashed, flour ) on the feed preference and the development average of Tribolium
castanium (Herbst) and Troguderma granarium (Everts.) under laboratory conditions. The result showed that
there are significant differences in the larval, pupal development stages, preoviposition and eggs incubation
period, the results showed that during the development stage concerning the T. castaneum and the development
was absent in the case of whole, the results have also showed the present of significant differences concerning
the general average of development period for the insect, where the T. castaneum showed the highest
development period on the crashed grains which reached 23.1 days, and in the flour grains it reached 20.3 days
whereas the highest development period for the T.granarium on whole grains was 32.76 days followed by the
flour in 29.73 days than crashed grain 28.20 days. Also found the present of significant differences in the
preference of the larvae of bath insects for the varieties and cases of grains in the number of attracted larvae to
each state, T. castaneum preferred the flour and crashed Ibaa99 with the average of 10.3% and 10.0% larvae
respectively, while lower number of larvae in case of the whole grain state of Sham6 with the average of 2.6%
larvae, the T.granarium preferred the crashed and flour Ibaa99 with the average of 8.3% and 8.0% larvae
respectively, while low in the whole grain state of Abu-Greb3 with the average of 2.6% larvae

In this research study the effect of plants mixture (Boswellia carterii ,Trigonella foenum graecum, Lupinus
termis , Vitis vinifera seeds) with metformin or daonil drugs or both on (50) case for a long time type II diabetic
mellitus patients . Also (40) case for the model type II diabetic mellitus patients (without chemical drug), . As
well as (100) case for health person as control group .
The patients were administrated by a plants mixture as capsules two times daily . Then the patients were
followed for three months and then a month after stopping it . The fasting blood was collected at every month ,
and then stored the serum at – 20 C˚.
This study included determination of some biochemical parameters (Glucose, Total cholesterol, HDL-c., LDL-c.,
TG., uric acid, urea, creatinine, total protein, albumin, GOT., GPT., MDA), and determination of enzymatic
(GPx., GST., SOD., and Cp) and non-enzymatic (GSH., vitamin A , E ,and C) antioxidants . Also estimation
the activity of aldol reductase enzyme was done , as well as estimation insulin hormone level and insulin
resistance .
The results show that treatment with herbs lead to a significant decrease in Glucose , Total cholesterol , VDL-c.,
LDL-c., TG., creatinine , GOT., MDA l in the model type II diabetic mellitus patients and also a significant
decrease in Glucose, creatinine , MDA in the long time type II diabetic mellitus patients especially when
combination with both daonil and metformin were used , also a significant increase in non-enzymatic(GSH.,
vitamin C , E) and enzymatic (GPx) antioxidant levels for two groups of patients .

The recent study has been accomplished to diagnoses Toxoplasma gondii from placenta which are taken from
two sources. The first one is represented by the aborted women from Salah- Al- Deen and Al-Anbar
governorates that are distributed as 50 placenta as from each governorate. As for the second source, it is
represented by the aborted female from cattle (sheep and goats), from the same governorates, the samples are 20
placenta for sheep and 20 ones for goats from each governorates. In addition, the infection was made
experimentally in mice of the mice Balb/c to identify the efficiency of the method in diagnosing the infection
and by the virtue of checking the tissues changes.
The infection was diagnosed for parasite in 39 Placenta as (78%) from 50 placenta for aborted women in Salah
Al- Deen and 35 placenta as (70%) from 50 placenta for aborted women in Al- Anbar governorate . It was also
diagnosed the infection of parasite in 16 Placenta as (80%) from 20 placenta for aborted ewes in Salah Al- Deen
and 11 placenta as (55%) from 20 placenta for aborted ewes in Al- Anbar governorate. There were also
diagnosed infecion in 10 placenta as (50%) from 20 placenta for aborted goat in salah El din and 10 placenta as
(50%) from 20 placenta for aborted goat in Al Anbar governorate. The current study showed that peritoneal
cavity injected in mice is considered as the most efficient method to diagnosis and make the infection by such
Toxoplasma gondii . That is, as an amount of (100%) of infection has been recorded in mice, after injecting
them in peritoneal cavity with this parasite .
According to the observed Tissues cysts for the isolated strain in this study shows in brains , hearts , livers ,
spleens , lungs , kidneys , intestine and quarantine eyes of mice infected laboratory and the volumes of such
tissue cyst are about (4-50) Micron . And seen to be eccentric free (tachyziotes) usually in the filtrates cavity to
mice during the period from (3-6) days after infection. The histological changes include snort and infiltration
cell which is not related to brain, heart, liver, spleen, lungs , kidneys , intestine and quarantine eyes and brain
inflammatory lesions often accompanied with lesions like in the quarantine eyes.

The virulence of different fungal isolates of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae to the lesser grain
borer Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab.) was tested. The results showed highest mortalities for isolate of B. bassiana
3000 were 35, 50 and 50 % on periods 7, 14 and 30 days respectively, but isolate of M. anisopliae 2000 caused
mortalities 35, 45 and 50 % on periods 7, 14 and 30 days respectively. When mixed isolates of fungus, appeared
highest mortality for isolate B. bassiana 3000 + isolate M. anisopliae 2000 was 51.7 %, the lowest mortality was
25.8 % when mixed fungus isolates B. bassiana 3001 + M. anisopliae 2000. Highly significant differences were
demonstrated for B. bassiana 3000 and 3001 and for M. anisopliae 2000.

This study to know the effects of aromatic benzene and component it on some blood parameters, liver functions
and level urea in blood for the workers in benzene stations in Alanbar governirate.
For their purpose 40 samples of blood collected from workers in benzene station. The study group consisted 40
workers this worked them perioed btween (8-10) with work and age avearge(32) Years while 10 healthy
collected subjects for comparsion during the period 1st of mareh 2011 to 1st october 2012.
Haematological parameters including haemoglobin (Hb) white blood cell Count (WBC) Erythrocyte
sedimentation Rate (E.S.R) measurement of activity enzyme to ALT, AST, AlP and level urea in blood.
The result showed asignificant reduction in haemoglobin level and count WBC the lowest value( 8)g\d and
(2800)cell\mm3
each respectively accompanied by arise in ESR and Blood Urea concentration,the highest value
(35)mm\hr, (64)mmol\ L each respectively.
Also noticed rise in liver enzyme activity AST,ALT,ALP the highest value (64,65,27)U\L each respectively.

Due to little information’s about the molecular genetics of the southern cowpea insect Callosobruchus maculatus
Fab. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) in Iraq , therefore this investigation was done to study the genetic differences
using of PCR technique (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and amplifying nuclear gene (28Sr DNA) with specific
primers for three community populations of this insect taken from three cities in Iraq Kirkuk, Erbil and Tikrit
from infested local cowpea seeds Vigna unguiculata L. (Leguminaceae or Fabaceae). Results revealed the
similarity in phenotypes of C. maculatus populations and appearances biotypes difference from each other in
nucleotide sequences ,and the genetic distance among samples ranged between ( 0 - 0.26).

The samples collected on 25 \ 3 \ 2012 from the University of Tikrit station and the Faculty of Pharmacy,
University of Tikrit, and by 3 liters per sample. The study included some of the concentrations found for the
elements Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb)) of the River Tigris and the results showed that concentration of Zn by the traffic
station liquidation in the raw water is 2.3 mg/L at the wavelength 273 nm The concentration of Zn after passing
station filter in the sample taken from the College of Pharmacy is 1.3 mg/L When wavelength of 273 nm , the
element of copper before passing through the filter plant was the focus at 0.15 mg/L wavelength 241 nm and
after the filter has fallen to 0.1mg/L at the wavelength 241 nm , the concentration of cadmium in raw water was>
0.5 mg/L at wavelength 251 nm and after passing the filter station became the focus> 0.05 mg/L at wavelength
251 nm, and that the concentration of lead in the raw sample> 0.1 mg/L at wavelength 251 nm and after filtering
remained the focus> 0.1 mg/L at the same wavelength, and the results of a study of heavy metals (cadmium and
lead) have shown the results of non-significant value for elemental copper and zinc

The inhibitory effect of different concentrations of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of fruits pericarp Citrus
paradisi and Citrus sinesis on fungus Trichophyton rubrum was studied .it was found that the aqueous extract
of pericarp of Citrus paradisi and Citrus sinesis were more effective in inhibiting growth of T. rubrum from
alcoholic extract. the aqueous extract gave complete inhibition effect against the fungus T. rubrum with
concentrations 15,20,25,30 mg/ml. the alcoholic extract of pericarp Citrus paradisi and Citrus sinesis on the
other hand gave complete inhibition effect against the fungus at concentration 30mg/ml.

This study aimed the treatment of domestic waste water (D.W.W)discharged from Tikrit city-Mid of Iraq.,by
combining two techniques ,the Absorbing Spongic Belt( A .S.B) and Thermal Rotating Dryer ( T.R.D).The
treatment included dewatering of the sludge and its conversion it to microorganisms free organic fertilizer.Some
physical , chemical and biological characteristics were determined .Among these ,the PH was ranged between
low acidity to low alkalinity ,The EC reached to 1682,the total dissolved solids reached to 1456 mg/L ,and the
sludge dewatering ratio was nearly 56% in case of using (A.S.B)and about 84% of (T.R.D) technique. The
sludge specific gravity was reached to 0.71.Treatment by (A.S.B) was found to cause significant reduction in
total bacterial count while not cause significant reduction in worms count compared with the (T.R.D) technique
which cause completely removal of microorganisms (bacteria & worms),organic matter content of the sludge
was not significantly affected after the treatment ,sulphate and phosphate were significantly reduced by the
treatment .In this study the treated sludge was used as organic fertilizer for corn plants and gave good results in
improving some vegetative characters of the crop compared with non fertilized crop

The study includes using exogenous insulin for stimulated T-lymphocytes isolated from peripheral blood for
lymphoblast transformation test in (10) Diabetic patients,(5) of them Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
(IDDM) and others Non- Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus NIDDM,compared with (10) healthy person as
control.the results indicated lymphoblast transformation for lymphocytes which is an isolated from IDDM
patients,and one patient with NIDDM ,the others with NIDDM didn’t response to exogenous insulin.

This study was performed in Diyala governor between student s of science collage from all different department,
This study performed for period from 1\12\2010 to 30\3\2011 .The result showed the normal flora in eyes
conjucitivita incl uded many types of bacteria consisted the first was staphylococcus spp which consisted 43%
secondly that bacteria non hemolytic streptococcus consisted 29.5% and Corny bacterium diphthroid consisted
20.2%.This study showed, the used of chlormphencol antibiotic drops '.had a clear actions for normal flora in
eyes conjucitivita of healthy persons. This study appeared the percentage of normal flora of healthy persons in
urban higher than in ruler.

The results study of the chemical composition and content of some essential amino acids and mineral elements
of the three local varieties of rice from the harvest season (2010) included a ward of Anbar Baghdad and Mchkab
(1) and Trbea (6) distinguish Class Education (6) in its content of moisture in terms of 5.8%, followed by
Mchkab (1) and Anbar Baghdad rates 5.3% and 4.9% respectively. Either in the proportion of the protein
product has been marked Mchkab (1), reaching 8.5%, followed by categories ward Anbar Baghdad and Trbea (6)
protein percentages were 8.4% and 8.3% respectively. While equal categories ward Anbar Baghdad and Trbea(6)
in the proportion of fat, reaching 1.6%, followed by product Mchkab (1) by 1.5%. The proportion of
carbohydrates and ash gave the ward has the highest proportion Anbar Baghdad reached 84.2% and 0.9%
respectively, followed by categories Mchkab (1) and Trbea (6) rates were 83.8% and 83.5% for carbohydrates
and 0.8% and 0.7% for the ash to respectively.
results showedthat thevarietiesof riceunder studywith ahigh content of acidsecretary basic (valineandleucineand
Alalninandvinyl-Alnin), where theclassward of Anbar Baghdad(6.80 and8.30and 5.87and5.45) g/ 16gnitrogen,
and theclassMchkab(1)(6.58and8.19and 5.44, 5.33) g/ 16gnitrogen, respectively, and for theTrbeaclass(6) (6.54
and8.18and 5.10and5.29)g/16gnitrogen, respectively. As for theamino acidsessential (Alsstinand
AlclaesanandserineandIirionenandtryptophanandtyrosineandhistidineand Alaizuliossin) were characterized
byvarietiesunder studydecrease the contentof them,stoodin the classwardof Anbar Baghdad (2.59and4.74and4.26
and3.66and2.13 and4.89 and 2.31and4.78)g/ 16gnitrogen, respectively, inclassMchkab(1) (2.57 and 4.53and
4.61and 3.49and 2.08and4.57and its 2.26and4.67) g/ 16gnitrogen, respectively, and in the educationcategory(6)
(2.62 and 4.45and5.01,3.56and 2.11and 5.03and 2.15and4.67) g/ 16gnitrogen, respectively. The quantity of
lysinevarietiesof Anbar Baghdadand Mchkab(1) andTrbea(6) (4.00 and3.98and4.03) g/16gnitrogen,
andmethionine(1.76 and1.42and191)g/ 16gramnitrogen, andarginine(8.66 and8.15and7.60) g/16gnitrogen,
respectively.
Mineralsand showedappreciationfor thericevarietiesunder studyall theessentialcontent of calcium
andmagnesium, phosphorus, reaching (2.1and 2.1and1.6)and(1.9and 2.2and1.2)and(1.8and 2.0and1.1)of the
itemsward AnbarBaghdad andMchkab(1)and Trbea(6)respectively, while the proportion of iron, manganese,
potassiumand zincwaslow in thevarietiesof riceunder studywhere she wasin the classwardof Anbar
Baghdad(0.5, 0.4, 0.2 and0.3), and in the productMchkab(1)(0.4, 0.5, 0.2 and0.2), and in the product
wasTrbea(6)(0.4, 0.4, 0.2 and0.2), respectively

The Present study investigates the quality of liquid wastes that are directly or indirectly discharged in Tigris. The
following hospitals in the city of Mosul are selected to be the test subjects: Hospitals group, Al- Salam General
Hospital, Ibn Al Atheer for Pediatric Hospital and Al Khansaa Delivery Hospital. This is to periodically obtain
the samples examine the chemical and bacteriological analysis according to the international standard methods.
In addition to the bacteriological tests: Bacteria Total Number, Facal Eschereshia coli Number are tested, as well
as, a number of the Pathogenic Bacterial Agents from the discharged wastes are identified after API system.
The outcomes of this study indicate that the hospitals row discharged parameters have increased with the
organic load values which reach 119.6 mg / L and the concentrations of DO are decreased to reach (0.0). This
decrease has its negative effects which are as a result to creating anaerobic conditions, changing in the pathways
and analysis of organic materials or their mechanisms. It was also found that the treatment station of Hospitals
Collection and Al Salam General Hospital has been characterized by a high quality compared with other
hospitals under investigation. The percentage of release BOD5 (91.8% and 97.6% ) respectively, the percentage
aero bacteria release percentage (80.3% and 99.7% ) respectively, and E. coli release percentage (86.83% and
96.07% ) respectively.
The following pathogenic Bacteria are isolated and characterized: Aeromonas hydrophila and E. coli with high
percentages in sanitary release for all hospitals in addition to the following bacteria

A factorial field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of chemical fertilization (100 Kg. N and P
and 80 kg. K per Ha -1,) organic fertilization by using Humic Acid 4 kg. / ha and biofertilization by using
Mycorriza fungi on Growth and yield of Pimpinella anisum L. and its content of Some Active Substances in
Gypsum Soils. The results indicated that the organic, chemical and biofertilizer fertilizations have led to a
significant increase comparing with the control treatment ( dry weight, number of the major flowering stalks and
number of flower filaments and seeds yield of each plant and content of Methyl chavachol, Myrcene, Eugenol
and Linalool. Adding chemical fertilizer with the organic led to a significant additional increase comparing with
using each fertilizer alone for the studied characteristics. Also, the result indicated Interaction of chemical,
organic and biofertilization led to highest values of the investigated studied characteristics , comparing with the
other interactions or using each fertilizer alone , the seeds yield of each plant was (6.40, 8.41,9.60, 11.36, 16.0
and 16.50) gm. plant -¹ for treatments (control , biofertilizers organic chemical ,chemical + organic and organic +
chemical + biofertilizers respectivel

The present research involves comparative identification study of some cultivars of wheat (Triticum durum
Desf.) by using some morphological and anatomical characters of plants and grains. The results of
morphological characters of plants Showed a clear differences between cultivars for the studied characters (plant
height , top inter node length, Neck length and shape, flag- leaf- length, width and area, Rachis length, Awn
length, length of Gwm and Number of stomata on the upper side of flag- leaf/mm2).
Which made the cultivars performed a different identified groups each group contained a number of cultivarsalso morphological characters of grains showed differences between cultivars in (number of grains in spike,
density of grain brush hair and degree of wrinkling of covered grain while characters of length and width of
grain showed no differences, between cultivars.

Aflatoxin poisons are the most dangerous toxins for human and animal health.The biological studies, showed
that, giving afltoxin with the food of the experimental animals , There are different pathogenic effects take place
. These effects include; some disorder with immune system , mutation, carcinogenic effects with different organs
of the body especially the liver and kidney ,which considered the subjected organs for the toxins. Aflatoxin
poisons were produced with gradient concentrations (0.312 ,0.625, 1.250 , 2.5 mg/kg of feed) .These
concentrations mixed with food and feed to the animals for 21 days in different treatments. Then, the animals
were killed, and histopathology of the tissue slices were made from liver and kidney . Physiological changes in
the liver and kidney tissues were recorded .These changes ,represented a swollen of the liver cells with some
bleeding ,and RBC aggregate in the liver tissue. However, the kidney tissues, hese changes are increased and
become pathogenic especially with high levels of aflatoxin . Also, an extensive shrinkage noticed with the
kidney`s glomeruli cells and the proximal convoluted tubules cells become degraded of epithelia. These cells
were filled with degradation cells. Also , the filtrate of the glomeruli and Collecting tubes have allot of degraded
of epithelia cells, and some of them become unconnected

This study was carried out in Al-Tameem province. The biochemical parameters in serum of 61 (1.026%)
individual infected with Plasmodium vivax and 61 individual as contort group were studied for the period from
June/1999 to August/2000.
The results showed no significant differences (P>0.05) in mean values of total serum protein in infected group
when compared with control group, which was 6.78, 6.81 gm/100ml respectively. Where significant differences
(P<0.05) found in serum albumin mean valves in infected group when compared with control group, which was
in infected group (4.22 gm/100ml) lower than in control group (4.88 gm/100ml). The results also showed
significant differences (P<0.05) in serum globulin mean values in the infected group when compared with
control group, which was in infected group (2.59 gm/100ml) higher than that in control group (1.90 gm/ 100ml).
The results showed no significant differences (P>0.05) in mean values of serum sodium in infected group when
compared with control group, which was 142.0, 161.0 meq/L respectively. There was significant differences
(P<0.05) in mean values of serum Potassium in infected group when compared with control group, which
increased in infected group (8.33 meq/L) over than that of the control group (3.72 meq/L). There were no
significant differences (P>0.05) in mean values of serum calcium and magnesium in infected group when
compared with control group. The mean values of serum calcium in infected and control groups was 2.52 and
2.82 meq/L respectively, while the mean values of serum magnesium in infected and control groups was 2.68
and 3.83 meq/L respectively.
The results showed no significant differences (P>0.05) in mean values of serum iron in infected group in
comparison with that of the control group, which was 0.95,1.17 m g/ml respectively. Where significant
differences (P<0.05) found in mean values of serum total iron binding capacity in infected group in comparison
with that of the control group, which was in infected group (0.27 m g/ml) lower than that of the control group
(1.02 m g/ml). There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in serum zinc value in infected group when
compared with control group which was in infected group (0.22 m g/ml) lower than that of the control group
0.03 m g/ml. On the other hand there were no significant differences (P>0.05) in serum copper value in infected
group in comparison with that of the control groups which was 0.02, 0.01 m g/ml respectively.
There were no significant differences in mean values of height, chest circumference, left arm circumference, and
skin fold thickness in infected group in comparison with that of the control groups, the mean values of height in
the infected and control groups was 153.04, 161.37 cm respectively, chest circumference was 70.70, 71.00 cm
respectively, left arm circumference was 29.00, 30.50 cm respectively, and skin fold thickness was 18.15, 20.40
mm respectively. Where significant differences (P<0.01) found in weight mean of the infected group in
comparison with that of the control group which was in infected group (52.90 kg) lower than that of the control
group (71.60 kg)

The present study described the histological structure of the tapeworm Amphicotyle heteropleura (Order:
Pseudophyllidea) as a parasitic of the Barbus luteus which is inhabitants of Tigris river in Ninevah governorate,
using light microscopy.
The histological results revealed that this parasite possessing a tape-like vitelline glands, which are located in
the dorsal- ventral region. The study also shows a longitudinal muscles, on the other hand cilia was not noticed
protruded in the cavity for the female reproductive organs

In the present study, hydrazine derivative has been synthesized. Its Thiocarbohydrazide (1) from the condensing
of carbon disulfide and hydrazine hydrate.
Compound 4-(2-amino-2-(2-amino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl(ethyl) phenol was synthesized through the
hydrophilic environment reaction (with out solvent) ,that is ,thermal fusion reaction between thiocarbohydrazide
and tyrosine materials. Also, the chelating resin (3) was prepared from the condensation reaction of compounds
4-(2-amino-2-(2-amino-5-mercapto-4-H-1,2,4-Triazole-3-yl)ethyl) phenol and Tyrosine with phenol and
formaldehyde solution in presence of sodium hydroxide under refluxing conditions.
The structures of the prepared compounds were characterized (identified) by using FT-IR ( infrared) , 1H –
NMR,13C-NMR proton ,carbon nuclear magnetic resonance ) spectra for some of them.
The analytical professional for the prepared chelating resin (3) which carrying the compound 4-(2-amino-2-(2-
amino-5-mercapto-4-H-1,2,4-Triazole -3-yl)ethyl) phenol and Tyrosine was studied by using one meal method
on the transition Pb ion (Pb+2 ) through the evaluating the effect of dealing(treatment) time and PH on the
carrying capacity of the resin with fixing the other factors like temperatures, concentration of the studied ion and
the amount of resin. The results of max. loading capacity results for ion on the resin as illustrated in figures (1,2)
and after the studying ,it was found that the carrying capacity increasing with increasing the time annealing

This research was a new study for the researchers about the effect of adsorbent substance on the electrical
properties of the adsorption in solution and the ions carried the electrical current, manganese dioxide in fact is
commonly used as a catalyst in many reactions , the important first step for catalyst including the adsorption of
molecules or ions on the surface , this gives important informations about the studies of surface kinetics and the
mechanism of adsorption , this lead to show a clear fact about adsorption and the optimum conditions which
affecting on the adsorption such as , contact time , initial concentration , concentration of adsorbent as well as
the pH and temperature , the results gives a clear effect of MnO2 as catalyst and adsorbent on the electrical
properties of solution after adsorption .
The physical adsorption occurred between the surface of MnO2 and the Zwitter ion through electrostatic
attraction between them. The high effecting of adsorption refer to the attach a ment of the molecules of Zwitter
ion by vertical shape with several layers, the result of adsorption is with Frendlisch isotherm and negative with
Langmuir isotherm. The adsorption process caused dilution in the number of a bulky ions in solution which
fulminate in the motion of a free ions in solution caused increasing in the electrical conductivity, the substituted
alkyl groups caused increasing in degree of dissociation and dose not affected on the percentage of adsorption,
the same effect shown when increasing the temperature, the results gives the mechanism of affecting of Zwitter
ion on MnO2 surface

Abstract
Several polyamides containing Oxadiazole and Thiadiazole derivatives were synthesized by the reaction of
amino compounds of Oxadiazole and Thiadiazole derivatives which were prepared in previous study with
terephthalic acid and adpic acid after converting to acid chloride by the reaction with thionyl chloride, and then
electrical conductivity were determined by using electrical conductivity cell unit.
Polymers were characterized by physical and spectroscopic methods(U.V-Vis , FT-IR and 1H-NMR in DMSOd6.),in addition their viscosity were determined.

In this search study repetitions of Atmospheric dusty phenomena (suspended dust, rising dust, dust storms) in
climatic Kirkuk station by using data from Iraqi Meteorological Organization and Seismology for period ranged
(1990 to 2008).
The results appears that Summer months (June , July , August) , and Spring months (March , April , May)
recorded maximum value of occurrence number for all atmospheric dusty phenomena, while the minimum of
occurrence number recorded in Winter months (December , January , February) and Autumn months (September
, October , November)

In the present work, optical properties where investigated of pure zinc oxide thin films and doped by Nickel
(1,3,5,7)% which prepared by chemical spray pyrolysis were deposited on 400ºC glass substrates.
The zno (pure) film were found to exhibit high transmittance (82-90)%, in the visible regions, the doping films
exhibit low transmittance, high absorbance and low Band gap.
Optical properties including calculation of energy gap for all kinds of optical electronic transitions, absorption
coefficient and extinction coefficient were calculated for wavelengths (330-900nm).

In this study , five groups of high copper amalgam alloy were prepared with a ratio (11.8 - 28.6)% and they
were used for teeth restoration , then , the alloys were mixed with mercury by using the amalgamation process .
According to the international specification (ANSI/ADA NO.1) , cylindrical amalgam specimens were prepared
in dimensions of (2x16) mm , to be used as samples for electrochemical corrosion resistance.
The prepared amalgams have immersed in artificial saliva for one hour, and calculate the range of
electrochemical corrosion in yearly by mg unit (mpy).
The corrosion resistance for amalgams was unstable, the sample SDI-3 was characterized as high resistance to
corrosion by its value (1.194e-001) comparing with DFL's value (8.936e-001). Therefore the DFL was less than
the other samples in resistance to corrosion

In this search we study the effect of annealing on some optical properties of (ZnS) thin films dopped with copper
which prepared by Chemical Spray Pyrolsis method at (400C°), thickness (1000A°) , and we sintering the
prepared films at temperature (450C°) for (1 hour). The results show that the optical properties such as
(Reflectance , Absorption Coefficient and Refractive index) increases after annealing . The Reflectance was
increasd from (0.0089) to (0.0186) and Absorption Coefficient increasd from (0.172cm-1) to (0.211cm-1) and
Refractive index increasd from (1.209) to (1.316) while the (energy gap) decreased after annealing from
(3.93eV) to (3.87eV) .

ZnO thin films have been deposited onto glass substrates by the spray Pyrolysis method. Different
concentrations of Zinc nitrite (0.1-0.5 mol/L) was used. These films doped with different x ratio (x=0-0.1) and
annealed at 400Co
for annealing time about (0.5-2.5 h).Urbach energies have been calculated by optical
properties.It has been found that Urbach energy for pure films is nearly (83-160 meV) while the maximum value
of Co0.1Zn0.9O thin film is 357 meV.It has also been found that energy gap is in inverse proportion with urbach
energy.

This research includes the study of the effect of the Aluminium (Al) addition as reinforcement material at a
different weight percentages (4,8,12,16,20) % to ceramic matrix material formed from ( Silicon Dioxide , Oxide
Chromium (III) , Titanium Dioxide ) with fixed ratios of elements (Co , Ni) for each of them , by using powder
metallurgy technique with pressure of (5) tons were used for forming.
We have studied the effect of the Aluminium addition on some physical and mechanical properties of prepared
sample after sintered it at (1000 Cº
) for (2hr) .
The results shown that the Aluminium addition have been enhanced the physical and mechanical properties of
the Composites samples , When increasing the proportion of aluminum from (% 4) to (% 20) we note that
Apparent density , specific gravity and hardness of the composite (C): [ Cr2O3 + Al + Co + Ni ] for example, had
improved by (% 3.2) , (% 4.8) and (% 13) respectively, as for Composites (B): [ TiO2+ Al+ Co+ Ni ] and (A):
[SiO2 + Al + Co + Ni ] are similar behavior with composite (C) but at low rates according to form of the
composite .
It is also found that relation between the Aluminium addition with the porosity and water absorption for all
compound is an inverse relation , while their relations with the apparent density , specific gravity and other
mechanical is a direct relation exact . And the Composite (C) which is containing (Cr2O3) showed the best
properties with for all additional rates as a comparing with the other Composites.

In this work, analytical results for the effect of phase noise on the spectral line width of laser diodes used in
optical communications systems and the factors determining the effect of such type of noise are presented. Three
factors: spontaneous emission rate, total number of photons inside laser cavity and line width broadening factor
were considered with an explanation of their effect on the spectrum of the laser output. These results are an
attempt to achieve the optimum operation conditions and control design parameters of the transmitter in optical
communications systems.

In this research some optical properties of CdS thin films have been studied. CdS thin films were prepared by
the method of chemical spray pyrolysis deposition on glass substrates which were heated to (350Cº).The
thikness of prepared film was (1400Aº).The absorption and transition spectra were recorded using (uv_visible)
spectrophotometer in the range of wave lengths (330_900)nm. It is found that the absorption coefficient was
more than(104
)cm-1
,which indicate that we have adirect allowed transition.Some other optical properties such as
energy gap ,transmitlance ,Reflectivity, and extinction coefficient have been studied as afunction of photon
energy.

In this research FeCdS3 Nano thin films have been prepared on glass substrates using chemical spray pyrolysis
method at different substrate temperature (300ºc,400ºc) and molarity ( 0.05 ,0.1, 0.2) mol.
The optical properties of prepared films have been investigated . It is found that the transmittance increase as the
temperature substrate increase up to (79.44%) at (0.2M). while it decrease when the molarity consentration
increase, and reached (83.44%) at (0.05M). absorption coefficient as a foundion of photon energy has been
calculated, it is found that (α˃105
). The energy gap for allowed direct transition value were between (2.13 –
2.48) eV at temp. (300ºC), and (2.28 – 2.55)eV at temp. (400ºC) .It is found that Eg decrease as the concentration
increase with the temp. increasing , and its value was between the energy gap of FeS2 and that of CdS which
value between (2.16 -2.4) eV

ZnO thin film has been deposited onto glass substrates by the spray Pyrolysis method. Different concentrations
of Zinc nitrite was used. XRD measurement of the ZnO shows that the films is crystallized in the wurtzite phase.
Optical constants were determined from transmittance spectrum using envelope methods. The transmittance was
found to decreased 86-65% and refractive index increased with concentration respectively. The energy gap was
not affected by concentration and its value (3.28-3.32) eV

The present study deals with the biostratigraphy succession of Kolosh Formation in Hajran area North Iraq.
Fifteen planktic foraminiferal species belonging to five genera have been identified within the studied section.
Depending on the stratigraphic distribution of planktic foraminiferal species, the succession was devided into
two biozone and three subzones, biostratigraphic zones are recognized in these foraminiferal bottom to top.
1-Parasubbotina pseudobulloids Interval Zone.
1-A- Subbotina trivialis partical Range Subzone.
1-B- Subbotina triloculinoides Interval Subzone.
1-C- Globanomalina compressa Interval Subzone
2- Praemurica uncinata Interval Zone
These zones are correlated (locally and regional) with similar planktic foraminiferal. The age of this formation
is Early Paleocene.

The current study have been used remote sensing techniques to detect the dust storms activate along Iraq, the
Eastern Syria, and Arab Gulf regions, by using the satellite image obtained from the Aqua and Terra Satellite,
named Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and using a pattern of software (Image J 1.38
x), this was done by isolating and determining the boundaries of the areas covered by dust storms with the time,
also the daily control pattern of the dust storm was applied to the dust storm that struck Iraq during (6-14 August
2005), which hit a large areas of Iraq , the Arabian Gulf region and the coast of Yemen on the Red Sea, by using
this techniques by studying the system of the aerosol distributing over the studded area, it was possible to
identify two areas can be counted as a source area of the most dust storms that struck Iraq. The first area is
the Trough of Lake Al-Thar Thar, the second area of water bodies in the south-west of Iraq, specifically al
Razaza Lake – Hawr al Ham mar.
This study conclude that the existence of these two sources area are not sufficient for the emergence of the dust
storms, but the presence of these depressions in the areas of flat and loses areas (barren desert) , the presences of
a variable climatic (low pressure conditions, wind velocity),decreasing cultivated land southern Mosul
city, and the impact of military operations in the last year's, played an important role to increase the number of
dust storms that struck Iraq , about (24) dust storm in 2008. And the current study offered the best pattern or
style to reduce the impact of these storms and reduce the desertification

Data of fuel consumption for diesel to run conventional power stations of the Public Electricity Corporation Hadhramout Coast branch (Al Rayyan, Khalf, and Mo'nowara were collected monthly within the period from 2000
to 2010. The results revealed that in 2003 and 2000 saw the highest and lowest total and annual average of
greenhouse gas emissions respectively. The Rayyan electric station witnessed in 2010 and 2000 the highest and
lowest annual emissions of (CO2،CH4،N2O), while Khalf station recorded the highest annual emissions in 2003
(for CO2) and 2006 (for CH4, N2O), In 2008 registered the lowest annual average emission. The highest and
lowest annual emission for station Mo'nowara was in the years 2006 and 2000 respectively, reaching the highest
and lowest value for greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O) Rayyan station ranked first in total and cumulative average for the period 2000 to 2010 for greenhouse gases emissions (CO2, CH4, N2O), followed by Khalf station
and Station of Mo'nowara. The results of equivalent emissions of carbon dioxide (E CO2) that in 2003 and 2000
were the highest and lowest total annual average emitted, at about 57,581 and 19194, 16439 and 5480 metric
tons. Also the results show varying equivalent (E CO2) from conventional electric stations, the highest emissions
yearly in 2010 (Al Rayyan station) and 2006 (Khalf and Mo'nowara stations), In 2000the lowest emissions registered in (Al Rayyan and Mo'nowara stations) and 2008 in (Khalf station).
The study illustrated that, 2003 witnessed the highest rate of per capita emissions equivalent (E CO2) from the
electricity sector of the study area (coast of Hadhramout), where reached 137 kg / capita, whereas the year 2000
the lowest rate per capita reached about 44 kg / capita.

Planktonic Foraminifera is studied from Shiranish Formation in Qaiyarah Well No. 54 North Iraq between the
depth interval (451-767)m, Three biostratigraphy zones are recognized in the formation as arranged from bottom
to top:
1. Globotruncanita calcarata Total Range Zone.
2. Globotruncana aegyptiaca Interval Zone.
3. Gansserina gansseri Total Range Zone.
The result of this study are compared with the work of others inside and out side Iraq , The age of the Shiranish
Formation in the said well is Early Late Campanian to Earliest Maastrichtian

Shiranish and Hartha were studied in three various oil Field, Northern Iraq which are reperesented by(AJ-19),
(HR-12) and (QY-54). Petrographically, the current study showing that the Shiranish Formation contains high
percent of planktonic Foraminifera, and low benthoic Foraminifera (Nodosaria and Textularia) while Hartha
formation inrich with benthonic fossil (Rotalia and Orbitoides) in addition to other fossil such as Echniodermes
and shells debris of plycipode and Gastropods.
Hartha Formation is affected by diagenetic process such as Cementation, Dolomatization, Neomorphism and
pressure sultion, which are considered as more effected in selected wells sections, while Shiranish Formation
was effected by limited diagenetic process.

This study including the Suitability of Injana Formation clays for Brick manufacturing in Khanoka area /
Salah Al-Din Governorate. were selected (4) different regions to demonstrate the suitability for the manufacture
of bricks, Clay minerals identification by XRD are: illite , palygorskite , chlorite , kaolinite and
montimorillionite, also clastic minerals such as : quartz , feldspar , calcite , dolomite and gypsum have been
identified.
Chemical analysis of Injana deposits including:
SiO2 = (48.99% - 45.57%) CaO = (14.85% - 12.72%) SO3 = (1.80% - 0.25%)
Fe2O3 = (6.68% - 4.60%) MgO = (5.06% - 4.08%) L.O.I = (14.49% - 14.21%)
Al2O3 = (9.39% - 8.35%) TiO2 = (0.58% - 0.26%) Na2O = (1.07% - 0.99%)
It is found (SiO2) forming the majority from grain size points most of the mixture are of (Sandy Mud and
Muddy Sand) with intermiade and low plastic limit. One hundred – forty four samples of brick have
manufactured in extrusion method and temperature applied to the samples are ( 750 , 950 and 1100 ) degrees
Celsius, The physical and mechanical characters which including : colour , linear and volume shrinkage , water
absorption , bulk density , Efflorescence and Compressive Strength have been calculated. The results showing
decrease in the rate of water absorption and the extend of Efflorescence and increase the bulk density and the
value of Compressive Strength with increasing firing temperature also increased the rate of linear and volume
shrinkage in most study samples with increasing temperature of burning. Also the colour changes slightly with
high applied heat.
The recognized minerals after burning samples by XRD showing decomposion of many minerals and forming
new phases of minerals such as: (diopside, wollastonite and gehlenite) which increasing with high temperature.
By compare the results of different chemical and mechanical results with Iraqi standard No.(25) for (1993) for
clay bricks. It is found the extrusion brick samples with class (A, B, C).

The field and microscopic study of Sargelu Formation rocks (Bajocian–Bathonian) has been studied in two
exposed sections (Sargelu, type section and Hanjer). Stratigraphically, the lower contact of studied two sections
is conformable with Sehkaniyan Formation, whereas the upper one is unconformable with Naokelekan
Formation. It is found that it is possible to divide the studied successions into two units, both characterized by
easy facies correlation between selected sections. The lower bitumen-rich unit consists of laminated to massive
bedded limestone rich in radiolaria and calcisphere; and dark, fissile, friable shale. While the upper unit starts by
well bedded limestone rich in molds and casts of Mollusca, Ostracoda and Ammonite, and ends by distorted
succession of thin-bedded limestone and thin banded radiolaria cherts.

Abstract
This paper includes determining the weak points of cryptosystem that use the letters of a certain book as key in
encryption and decryption processes. It depends on study the letters frequency distribution of cipher text and the
characteristics of the language that is used in writing the book rather than the language of the plain text. It takes
in consideration, using English language in writing the plain text, key, and cipher text. The research finds much
vulnerability that can be explored to reduce the key space and reduce the number of possibilities when attack the
encrypted message in this system. For example, there is ability to reduce the possibility number of key letter of
for the first three columns from 17576 to 2475 with percentage 90.9%. And the relation between columns letters
reduced between 50% and 73%. Besides, the possibilities of the plain letters for each cipher text letter can
reduced with 50%

This research illustrates the subject of a systematic approach in models of time series analysis of the so-called
Intervention in time periods , the first is the house prices and the second is the budget of each month for savings
bank . we inspect or examine the two strings and test the two series form , using the models , use the BoxJenkins and predict the effectiveness of the Intervention of both cases using two criteria, MSE and AKaki AIC to
determine the better model.