IRAQ JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH

This study was conducted to know the effect of Azospirillum inoculation with four levels of nitrogen (0, 15, 30, 45) ppm as ammonium nitrate for known efficiency in dry matter weight and absorbed nitrogen for wheat plant. Seedlings of wheat plant were planted and growth in Hoagland solution lacking nitrogen that contains the essential concentration of elements. Experiment was carried out under sterilized conditions and (CRD) Completely Randomized Design which consisted of 8 treatments in two sets. One of them was inoculated with Azospirillum, the other was left as uninoculated control with interaction four levels N as showed above. Each treatment contains three replications. After one month propagation of the plants were harvested then dry weight and nitrogen contents of the plant were measured and recorded. The inoculation treatment showed significant increase in dry mutter weight and absorbed nitrogen of 8.84 and 26.19 percent, respectively. The results showed in addition levels of N fertilization led to significant increase in dry matter weight and absorbed nitrogen in (inoculated and non inoculated) wheat plant but the high level N diminishing of stimulation of bacteria activity.

This study included seven genotypes of corn used in a half diallel cross in the fall season 2004 to produce 21 hybrids. Another experiment was conducted to compare the seven genotype and their hybrids produced in the fall season 2005 with randomized complete block design in four replications to estimate hybrid vigor phynotypic and genotype variance comporents and heritability with broad and narrow sense and degree of dominance to definite the best genotype in hybrid vigor and other superior traits.
Result showed that parents and their hybrid are high significant differences in all characters studied and there are differences between parents and their hybrids. Result indicate positive and negative values to hybrid vigor for all characters. The hybrid(3x4) give high positive value for hybrid vigor (41.70%) of grain yield in the other hand hybrid (7x3) give high negative value for female flowering according to lower value of parante (11.29). The hybrid 7x4 give high negative value for position of ear on steam (5.76) according lower parent value for this trait results explaned that non additive variance was higher than additive variance for all traits exact number of rows / ear this explance the importance of dominace gene effect of control on traits intertance. Results shows increasing of hertability in broadsense and decreasing in narrow sense for all traits mean of degree of dominance increased over one for all traits exact number of ears / plant this remark the importance of highly dominance of genes in traits inheritance this study shows ability of using superior hybrids that have high grain yield in producing of commercial hybrids.

Duckweed productivity, a study of water dry g/m² farmed waste water the city of Baghdad soft weight 5g/L during the four season, noted the high productivity of the plant during the warm seasons like spring, autumn, summer, dropping in the winter and marked the productivity of the plant during the spring where the growing season optimum plant, stabilized the amount of harvest of plants after the 15 day experiment in autumn and summer, which is 138.33, 112.31g/m² dry weight respectively, and then increase to be small, stable amount of harvesting of plants during the winter which is 101.02 g/m² dry weight after the 20-day-experiment, while production plants in the spring did not take the same context because of exposure to the loss of plant Sections of it due to bad weather that has been marked with productivity during the month, higher than the winter and Summer when the Autumn than in productivity during the month.
Concludes the study of plant duckweed water can be obtained throughout the year depending on the suitable climatic conditions in our country is Iraq, as well as a source of high-value food

Resent research aimed to quantitative determination of trypsin inhibitors (as a sample of protease inhibitor) in a cold aqueus extract of some of legumenaceae family members being (lentil, mung bean, chickea bean, jack bean, soy bean, red bean and faba bean) and to identify the best extract regarding the kind of legume, extraction period, temperature, pH and ionic strength of extraction solution. The obtained results showed that the lentil extract gave the higest units of trypsin inhibitor followed by chickea pean, jack bean, red bean and finally soya bean. It has been noticed that the phosphate buffer (pH 6,150mMione) was the best extraction solution as compared to the other solutions. Moreover, extraction at 37 deg * C and 8 deg * C resulted in comparable units of try sin inhibitor. On the respect to extraction period, the trypsin inhibitor unit, after 18 hour was higher than 24 hr.

A field experiment was carried out at the Rice Research Station in Al-Mishkhab/Najaf-Iraq during 2010 growing season. The experiment was laid in three replications using systematic split plot design. Each replication involved two treatments of irrigation, alternate wetting and drying method (AWD) and continuously flooded and rice genotypes (1, 2, 7 and 14).
Various developmental characters have been studied, plant height, panicle length, tillers/m², panicle/m², %sterility, 1000-grain weight, seeds yield/m² and seeds yield/plot.
Result showed that there were no significant differences between genotypes for all characteristics except %sterility. Under AWD higher plant length increased (146.75 cm) while, AWD produced lower tillers/m² (231.75) and panicle/m² (227.5) compare with continuously flooded.
The interaction between the irrigation treatments and genotypes was shown to affect panicle length, tillers/m², panicle/m² and % sterility.

Eleven bacterial isolates were collected from different habitats of Iraq. The isolates were diagnosed by biochemical, morphological and acetylene reduction technique. The results indicated that four isolates were Azotobacter chroococcum type and have had produced ethylene gas reached to 7900 nomul/hours. However, six isolates are Azotobacter vinelandii and produced 7450 nomul/hours ethylene gas. Since, the eleventh sample is not belonging to Azotobacter group, it was discarded from the experiment. To study the effect of the ten isolates on the plant, sorghum-sugary (Sorghum vulgaris) plant planted. on pots were subjected to two bacterial species under study. It was found after 30. days from cultivation that Azotobacter vinelandii increased the total protein in the shoots to 114.7% compared with negative control.

As an aim to study the effect of sulfur, magnesium and phosphate rock and their interaction on phosphorous release in soil by the successive extraction, Pots experiment was carried out in lath house of the Soil and Water Sciences Department, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad, using three levels of sulfur (95%S) (0.2000 and 4000 kgS.ha¹), three levels of magnesium (0.200 and 400 kg Mg.ha¹) as magnesium sulfate (13%S, 9.78%Mg) and three levels of phosphate rock (10.22%P) (0,1200 and 2400.ha¹) with 3replicates treatments. Phosphorous released through-out wheat plant growth period (20-120 days) was studied. The Power Function equation was superior other than the other equations to express the mechanism of phosphorous release and describing the rapidity of phosphorous releasing in soil which basically depends on time factor which gave phosphorous release constant (Kp) ranged between 0.0383-0.2553 mgP.kg.day. Tretments that achieved the maximum cumulative quantity of phosphorous in soil solution were S2P2, S2Mg2P2 and S₂P, giving 10.10, 9.73 and 9.58 mgP.kg¹ respectively for (20-120) days, growth time.

A study was conducted in Al-Falluja date palm research station, Al-Anbar governorat. The station belong to the state Board of Date palm, Ministry of Agriculture, during the growing season 2009 and 2010,to investigate the influence of different methods of thinning and bunches bagging on same the qualitative and quantitativetraits of date palm fruits cv. Khyara Date palm bunches were bagged in netted bags and thinned by eight methods. Results showed that bagging the bunches increased the total yield and average weight, size, length and width of the fruit as wellas length and width of the seed and the percentage of dry matter. The total yield was 10.48 and 10.71 kg/ plant for both season, while the control treatment gave 9.56 and 9.31 kg/plant respectively. The thinning method which included cutting 1/3 the bunch removing 1/4 the inflorescence+ removing 1/2 the fruits was significantly gave the highest average, weight, length, size, diameter of the fruit and seed while the lowest average of these parameter were found in the control treatment. The control treatment gave the highest total yield 13.25 and 13.19 kg/plant for both seasons, while the method of thinning which included cutting 1/3 the bunch cutting 1/4 the influersence removing 1/2 the fruits gave the lowest yield 7.92 and 7.89 kg/plant for both seasons. Control treatment gave the highest dry weight /plant while gave the lowest dry weight per tree. The influence of interaction between the bagging and fruit thinning was significantly gave the highest average value of the parameters studied while the control treatment gave the lowest value of these traits.

A field trial conducted at the Experimental Farm of the Department of Field Crop Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad, Abu-Ghraib during two summer seasons (2008 and 2009). The objectives of the study were to investigate the effect of weed treatment (Trifluralin, Haloxyfop-methyl) and plant density on growth yield and quality of cotton and the accompanied weeds of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. Lashata). The design used was Randomized Complete Block Design with split-plot arrangement with three replications. Trifluralin gave lowest value of weed densities in both seasons at stage of growth plant 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after planting which were 9.1, 6.8, 7.3 and 6.0 plant.m respectively in 2008 and 9.8, 7.8, 7.2 and 7.3 plant.m respectively in 2009, while the weedy treatment gave high value were 23.1, 21.2, 14.6 and 10.9. plant.m respectively in first season and at second season were 26.1, 21.2, 14.6 and 13.7 plant.m respectively therefore Trifluralin caused reduction in dry weight of weed by 58% and 60% respectively in both seasons, and these results reflected positively on height of plant which it gave higher height in first season 108.2 cm and second season 109.3 cm. Weed free gave superior yield of cotton at both seasons were 1429.7 and 1168.4 kg.ha respectively, while weedy treatment gave lowest value were 631.5 kg.ha in first season and 780.1 kg.ha. The plant population 125000 plant.ha gave lowest number of weed per meter at all stages, were at first season 9.1, 5.9, 7.3 and 4.2 and second season 9.2, 7.2, 3.0 and 4.9 plant.m² therefore decreased dry weight of weeds 111.8 and 110.5 gm.m² at both seasons also gave high yield of first harvest of cotton at both seasons 1331.8 and 1
1564.3 kg.ha respectively. Treatment of Trifluralin with density 125000 plant.ha gave the lowest dry weight of weeds 77.1 and 72.5 gm.m² respectively in both seasons and high yield of first harvesting of cotton at both seasons 1621.3 and 2171.6 kg.h respectively.

The study was conducted in Salah al-Din Governorate on mango trees during the 2008 growing season. The results of the vegetative spraying study showed that chemical pesticides proved effective in reducing mango fruit infestation by the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata. However, the effectiveness in protecting the fruit from infestation varied. Avermectin proved effective in protecting the fruit from infestation when applied in a single spray at the beginning of October, with an infestation rate of 0%, compared to 16.03% before treatment. Fenthion, Thiamethoxam, and Chloropyrifos proved effective in protecting the fruit and reducing infestation when applied in two sprays, the first in October and the second one month later. The infestation rates were 8.24%, 1.87%, and 2.25%, respectively, compared to 18.76%, 15.25%, and 21.25% before treatment, respectively. On the other hand, granular pesticides mixed with Diazinon G and Dursban G were effective in preventing adult emergence from pupae in the soil for 60 days, while Tefluthrin G was effective for 30 days, with a 0% adult emergence rate. Carbofuran G was the least effective fungicide.

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of Okra seeds treatment with three concentrations (10°, 105 and 10³) spores/ml of two isolates of Trichoderma harzianum (local isolates T.26 and introduced isolate T.h.In.) and one isolate of T. viridi (introduced T.v.In) for two soaking periods 24 and 72 hours on enhancement of Okra seeds germination and seedling growth.
The results revealed that all tested isolates at spore concentrations and soaking periods increased germination index and the percentage of seeds germination as compared to control treatment, but isolate T.26 at 10 spore/ml was the superior specially for germination index at 24 and 72 hours soaking period, while isolate T.h.In. at 10 spores/ml was the superior in the percentage of spores germination.
The results also showed that all tested Trichoderma isolate treatments induced significant increment in Okra seedling growth parameter: plant height, root length, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root system as compared with control (water soaking) treatment and control without any treatment.

To study the growth of weed plants in green gram (Vigna mungo L. Heppers) field affected by the residues of some herbicides used on spring corn (Zea mays L.), field trial were conducted in the northern Haronia- Mugdadiah-Dialah. The herbicidal treatment applied on spring corn were as follows:
Preemergence and postemergence applications of isoxafluatol postemergence applications of prosulfuron, preemergence application of Lumaxc (at 2 rates for each) and preemergence application of atrazine (at 1 rate). Weedy and weed free treatments were also included. Data on injury, density, and percentage of control of weeds were recorded at 1, 2, 3, and 6 weeks after planting and at and after harvest time of green gram. The results revealed that the herbicidal residues had a significant effects on density and percentage of control of weeds, atrazine at a rate of 3 kg/ha gave the highest effect on weeds at land 2 weeks after planting. The highest effect on weeds at 2, 3 and 6 week after planting and at harvest time, were also for Lumax (4.5 l/ha, preemergence).

In the recent years the Mediterranean Fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata distributed in the orchards of central Iraq and caused highly economic losses. This study was conducted in orchards in South Baghdad during 2009 and 2010 and made field survey of the insect in four types of orchards (Citrus, Apricot, Figs and Citrus and A mixture of fruit trees) and used for this purpose Tephri Traps supplied with Q-Lure and dimethyl dichloroviny phosphate (DDVP).
The present preliminary study has shown that the Mediterranean fruit fly C. capitata has a year round presence in fruit orchards in central Iraq and reached its highest numerical density of the pest in citrus orchards during of November and December were 345 and 363 Insect / Trap per month in citrus orchards and the least numerical density during of January and February While the highest numerical density of the insect in orchards of Apricot in March 2010, Figs and Citrus in August 2009 and a Mixture of fruit trees in November 2009 were 45, 116, 311 Insect/trap per month respectively.
The population density of the pest was highest is started 2010 compared with 2009,but the high temperature degree (46-51°C) in August 2010 caused decreasing the population density of this pest. C.capitata caused highly economic losses in citrus reached 68 and 71% of the Mandarin and Kaki fruits respectively Currently in Iraq to fight no control method to reduce the economic losses caused by this pest except the use of pesticides GF-120.

This study was conducted at 2006 in the Biocontrol Unit of the College of Agriculture, Baghdad University. The efficacy of three chemical insecticides (Calypso 480 SC, Super Diver 86EC and Speed 36 SC) were studied on the predator adults and some of the mealy bug stages. Results showed that Calypso 480 SC and Super Diver 86EC were most effective on the predator killing 81.53 and 76.39% respectively compared to 26.67% when using Speed 36SC.The study also showed that the residuel toxicant of Super Diver 86EC was continued killing of predator adults up to 35 day after treatment with apercent of 40% in compared with 6.67% and 13.3% for the Calypso 480 SC and Speed 36SC after 35 days from the treatment too. Results showed that the insecticides were most effective on the mealy bug crawlers compared to adults female mealybug .the efficacy of Calypso 480SC and Speed 36SC on the mealybug were 37.38 and 42.61% respectively compared to 32.53% when using Super Diver 86EC. Finelly, the study showed that the predator C.montrouzieri seems to play a major role for controlling or reducing the population of mealybug N.viridis when it used alone or with compatible treatments with insecticides.

This study was conducted in two locations, College of Agriculture, Baghdad University-Abu Ghraib and Al-Radwaniyah/Al-Makasib village from march 2006 to November 2007. Results showed that queens began to appear in the first week of March and began to build their nests in the first week of April. The workers appeared at the beginning of May, when the average temperature was 37.84C. The workers continued their appearance till the end of season in November. The drones appeared in the nests at the beginning of the first week of September when the average temperature was 41.19C, and the newly queens appeared with the drones, and the individuals disappeared from the nests in November when temperature reached 23.89 C. The individuals didn't appear during December, January and February. The highest population density was 262.97 and 278.01 individuals in August and September for all instars (eggs, larvae, pupae and adult) while the lowest population density was 19.32, 19.67 individuals for all instars (eggs, larvae, pupae and adult) in April and November respectively. The daily activity of yellow wasps started before sunrise and began preparing for the progressive increase in temperature and reached the largest number of individuals 161.68 when leaving the nests during 12-2 PM, and numbers began decline gradually and disappear after the sunset. The seasonal activity of yellow wasp began in April, when temperature was 30.08C in subsequent months until November, then disappear when temperature was 23.89 C, their highest seasonal activity was in July, August and September with temperature of 44.27, 45.55, 41.19C respectively and disappeared in December, January and February when temperatures were 18.47, 16.84, 19.01C respectively.
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Ten super awassi local lambs and ten awassi Turkish lambs were used in this experiment of 5-6 months old, with average initial body weight 32.19 and 32.31 Kg respectively. All lambs groups were fed adlibitum for 70 days in same concentration. At the end of experiment five lambs from each group were randomly choosen and slaughtered to study the carcass characterictis. The results which indicated in food intake and feed conversion efficiency for the two groups were nearly. There was no significant differences in average daily and total gain, final weight, hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, fat tail, menstric fat, kidney and heart fat, physical dissection of the three rib cuts 9, 10 and 11, carcass residues. The results indicated that there was calculated increase in most characterictis in super local lambs.

This study was carried out at the Sheep and Goat Research Station, % Abu-Graib/General Foundation of Agri. Res./Ministry of Agric. (20 km west of Baghdad), and over period from 2009 and 2010 using 300 records according to 115 Kipris female goat The aim of this study to investigate the heritability estimate in difference methods for study growth traits after the adjusted of fixed effect (parity, sex of kids and type of birth), it also cytoplasmic variance estimate and dam effect in all traits and estimate of Best Liner Unbiased Prediction-BLUP of sire according to body weight. The heritability of the weight at birth (BWT), weaning (WWT) and 6 month (6BWT) were 0.29, 0.36 and 0.41 respectively at the estimate by half-sib with out adjusted and decreased to 0.26, 0.33 and 0.34 with adjusted of maternal effect, it also in body dimensions at different ages. The variance of cytoplasmic of BWT, WWT and 6BWT were 0.447, 0.326 and 0.633, whereas the variance of cytoplasmic in length of body, heart girth, abdomen girth, height at front and height at lit were 0.214, 0.384, 0.076, 0.388 and 0.006 respectively. BLUP estimate displayed a wide range among program include in the current study, There for they are utmost importance for selection programs among at reducing and curtailing the body weight at birth, weaning and 6 month.

The present study was carried out in facilities of the Department of Genetic and Animal breeding, Minister of Science and Technology.
The experiment was carried out on 30 males and 30 females of local, leghorn and ISA breeds of chicken. The study examined the effect correlation ship between alkaline phosphetase activity and age at sexual maturity, egg production rate, egg weight average, body weight at different ages.
The results at this study summarized, the correlation between the level of ALP activity and the growth rate as well as with egg production indicated that there was of enzyme activity rised with elevation of growth rate in the early stage and egg production of high weight but in low numbers. It was observed that there was an increse at enzyme activity associated with late sexual maturing.

This study was carried out at the poultry farm of Animal Resources Dept.-College of Agriculture-University of Baghdad during the period from 22/10/2009 to 22/4/2010 to investigate the effect of adding different levels and sources of oils rich with omeg-3 and omega-6 to layer diets on some productive performance of Lohmann Brown laying hens age 20 weeks were used in this study. At the age of 22 weeks, the hens were individually weighed and randomly distributted into ten treatments of each two replicates (8 hens/replicate). The treatments were as follows: T1, T2 and T3 included addition of 0.5, 0.75 and 2% sunflower oil; and treatments T4, T5 and T6 included addition of 1, 1.5 and 1% fish oil; and treatment T7, T8 and T9 included addition of 0.5, 0.75 and 1% flах-seed oil; T10 (control) no addition.
The results revealed that the treatments included addition of source of omeg-3 showed a significant superiority in all productive traits during the differ-ent production periods.

This study was conducted at the Poultry Farm of the Animal Resource Department, College of Agriculture, Baghdad University, during the period from 8/10/2007 to 28/3/2009, to study the genetic evaluation of White Leghorn flock for selection according to sperm- egg penetration, fertility and hatchability traits, after the adjustment of fixed effects, and estimate of its genetic parameters. The General Linear Model -GLM procedure, within the SAS program was used to study the effect of fixed factors, and to determined the random effect using Restricted Maximum Likelihood - REML, for sire (38), dams (114). These values were ranked in descending order for selection purpose. Results obtained can summarized as follows: Means of sperm egg penetration was 74.25 hole / 1.5 mm², and the average of fertility 81.44%, hatchability of fertile eggs and hatchability of setting eggs were 83.02 and 76.23%, respectively. The percentage of embryonic mortality was 7.72%, 3.37%,5.89% for first, second, and third period, respectively, Whereas the heritabilities for these traits were 0.79, 0.06, 0.09, 0.14, 0.22, 0.26, 0.19, respectively. The effect of season on traits include in this study was highly significant (P < 0.01) in winter than in summer. There were highly significant correlations between SP and fertility (0.86, 0.91), hatchability of fertile egg (0.85, 0.89), hatchability of setting egg (0.81, 0.87). 2

This study was conducted at poultry farm belong to the Veterinary College University of Al-Anbar to determine the effect of supplementing different levels of crushed anise seeds to the diet on productive performance of broiler. One hundred and thirty five un sexed chicks (Ross) one day old 41gm were randomly distributed to three treatments with 3 replicates (15 chicks for each replicate). Treatment 1 (control) without any herb supplementation. T2 and T3 supplemented with 0.5 and 1% crushed anise seeds respectively. The results of this study showed significant improvement (p < 0.05) to the supplemented treatments in productive performance. Treatment 3 improved significantly (p < 0.05) compared with other treatments in average body weight and body weight gain. Treatment 3 gave significant improvement in feed conversion efficiency as compared with control treatment. The result also showed significant improvement (p < 0.05) in production index for treatment 3 as compared with control and treatment 2.

This study was conducted to determine the chemical composition of the heart (jumar) of (barben) date palm. The percentages of moisture, protein, oil, total ash(soluble and insoluble) were 84.2, 0.93, 1.7, 1.56 (0.60 and 0.96) 1.7 0.93 and 2.4% respectively.
Meanwhile the mineral content which included Ca, Na, K, Mg, P, Fe, Zn and Cu were:0.10, 0.41, 0.57gm/100gm and 0.05% and 817, 20.0, 10.0 and 1.1µg/100gm, respectively were determined by Flame Atomic Absorption.

Acid proteases was isolated from Polymorph nuclear leukocytes and purified by the lon-exchange column DEAE-Cellulose, followed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 column, Specific activity, purification folds and the enzyme yield were 156.30 unit/mg, 6.04 and 22.65% respectively. The purity of obtained enzyme was tested by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with sodium dodecyl sulfate and indicated that it had been purified to homogeneity by giving a single band. The results of enzyme characterization showed that the molecular weights were 31.6 and 33.113 Kd as determined by gel filtration and electrophoresis. The optimum pH for the enzyme activity was 3.5 and was stable at pH values ranged between 2.5-5.0. The enzyme exhibited the maximum activity at 50°C. The study of heat stability revealed that the enzyme was retained active even when incubated over 30 min at 30-50° C. The carbohydrate content was 22.5%. When enzyme treated with some activator and inhibitors It was observed that the enzyme activity wasn't effected by inhibitors specific for metallo, serine and cysteine protease but it was completely inhibited by inhibitor specific for aspartic protease (Pepstatin A) thus it could be identify as aspartic proteases. It was observed that the addition of NaCl hadn't effect enzyme activity mean while CaCl2 activated the Km, Vmax and Kcat values were 13.40 mg/ml, 156.50mM/min, 1560.04min, respectively.

This study was conducted to assess the effects of the host plant and the prey on the predator Clitostethus arcutus (Rossi). Data have indicated fluctuation of the predator density in correlation with the prevailing climatic conditions. Two peaks (spring - autumn) were recorded for the C. arcutus on Aleuroclava jasmini with average densities of 2.16 and 2.6 adult/leaf at minimum and maximum temperature of 8°C and 23°C, and R.H. of 44% respectively. The first detection of the predator eggs was recorded at the fourth week of March at minimum temperature of 5 C°and maximum of 20.8°C and R.H. 56%. Predator\\\\&#039;s densities on Trialurodes. ricini were from 1.164.83 adults /leaf for the spring peak and from 1.75-23.5 adults /leaf for the autumn peak. First laying of predator eggs was detected at the first week of March at minimum temperature of 8°C and maximum of 23.6°C and R.H. 43%. This clearly suggests that C. arcutus prefer T. ricini as a main host over A. jasmini.