Sciences Journal Of Physical Education

The importance of the research lies in the fact that the diversification of methods and techniques in the educational process constitutes a necessary condition for enhancing students' learning experiences. Researchers have worked on combining the training method with trial and error learning on one hand, and the training method with reinforcement schedules on the other hand. The trial and error training method provides the student with sufficient opportunity to make certain decisions during practice and the freedom to choose the location and position they take, in addition to giving each student the opportunity to learn according to their abilities through attempting to correct mistakes by increasing the number of attempts allowed for the student. Thus, learning occurs gradually, leading to an increase in the learner's motivation in the learning and performance process As for the training method using reinforcement schedules, in this method the student receives reinforcement through direct feedback from the teacher, because one of the functions of feedback is educational and reinforcing. It reinforces the student's behavior, thus being more effective, strengthening the behavior, maintaining its continuity and permanence, and making it more resistant to extinction. Therefore, both methods activate the learner and encourage them to continue learning the basic skills in football

The aim of the research was to identify the level of self-compassion and psychological resilience. The descriptive-correlational method was adopted to study the contribution of self-compassion as a predictor of mental toughness among elite football players, as it was suitable for the current study. The research population included some first-division clubs in the Iraqi Premier League for football, represented by ten teams with a total of 220 players. The research sample consisted of 65 players representing the clubs of Mosul, Peshmerga, and Ramadi, who were deliberately selected to ensure their availability, contact, and commitment. Fifteen players were excluded for reliability purposes, and the study was applied to 50 players.
In data analysis, the statistical package SPSS was used, and the results showed that the players have a good level of self-compassion and mental toughness, with self-compassion contributing as a strong and positive predictor of mental toughness. The researcher concluded that internal psychological resources play an important role, as mental toughness can be significantly and indirectly developed through the skill of self-compassion. The study recommended developing self-compassion and focusing on it within the psychological preparation processes of sports clubs, which serves as a proactive means to enhance their mental toughness

Background: Anthropometric measurements and motor abilities play a fundamental role in learning sports skills, including futsal. Elite female players possess distinct physical characteristics such as higher VO2max and greater muscle mass (Barreira et al., 2025). Objectives: This study aimed to identify the relationship between selected anthropometric measurements (total height, leg length, body mass), motor abilities (agility, flexibility, eye-foot coordination), and the dribbling and scoring skill in futsal for female students. Methods: The descriptive correlational approach was adopted with a sample of 12 female students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Babylon (mean age 20±0.5 years). Measurements included total height, leg length, body mass, agility (20m slalom), flexibility (trunk extension), eye-foot coordination (numbered circles), and scoring skill from 10 meters. Pearson correlation and regression analysis were employed. Results: Significant positive correlations were found between scoring skill and all variables: body mass (r=0.897, p<0.001), eye-foot coordination (r=0.822, p<0.001), flexibility (r=0.788, p<0.01), leg length (r=0.783, p<0.01), total height (r=0.772, p<0.01), and agility (r=0.752, p<0.01). The studied variables collectively explained 84.3% of the variance in scoring performance (R²=0.843, F=8.94, p<0.001). Conclusions: Anthropometric measurements and motor abilities are significantly correlated with learning the dribbling and scoring skill in futsal for female students. Body mass and eye-foot coordination showed the strongest relationships. The study recommends integrating these factors in player selection and adopting AI-powered digital methodologies in training programs.

The phases of fast attack, whether individual or collective with numerical superiority, are among the most important pillars of handball, as they provide significant opportunities for the attacking team to score goals in the shortest time and with the least effort. Through the researcher's observation of the fourth-stage handball lectures, it was found that there is weakness and difficulty in applying fast attack formations by students in their various forms, whether in performance or knowledge of the typical movement paths or in performing the skills executed during the attack, which negatively affects their motor output Therefore, the researcher decided to address this problem through the strategy of logical sequencing in developing cognitive flexibility and some fast attack formations in handball for students. The research aims to prepare exercises using the strategy of logical sequencing in developing cognitive flexibility and some fast attack formations in handball for students, and to determine the effect of the logical sequencing strategy in developing cognitive flexibility and some fast attack formations in handball for students

The aim of the research is to identify the level of mental imagery among students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, to determine the relationship between mental imagery and shooting accuracy in penalty kicks in football among the individuals of the research sample. The researcher used the descriptive method, as it is the most suitable method for addressing the research problem. The research population consisted of first-year students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Diyala for the academic year 2023/2024, divided into 8 sections (male) with a total of (416) students. The research sample was chosen through random lottery, comprising (12) students from each section, making the final number of the research sample (96) students, representing (23.07%) of the original population. The homogeneity of the sample was carried out regarding the variables (height, weight, and age) to reduce the variables affecting the research and to complete the internal control of the sample. The researcher concluded that the individuals of the research sample enjoyed a good level of mental visualization represented by (visual perception and auditory perception), which increased the accuracy in targeting penalty kicks in football. In addition, the individuals of the research sample enjoyed a good level of mental visualization represented by (kinesthetic sense) As it is highly correlated with an increase in the accuracy of penalty kick scoring in football, and the increase in emotional state accompanying skill performance is inversely proportional to the decrease in penalty kick scoring accuracy among the research sample individuals, the researcher recommends the necessity of paying attention to the student's psychological factor while performing sports skills, especially penalty kicks in football, increasing attention to mental training when developing educational curricula for students, and preparing a study on other skills with the mental imagery of the same sample or other samples.

The research aimed to identify the effect of Zumba Step exercises on some physical and motor variables of young female table tennis players. The researchers used the experimental method with a single-group experimental design. The research population consisted of five young female table tennis players. The researchers surveyed experts and specialists in the field of training science and racket sports. After identifying the physical tests appropriate for the research sample and ensuring the scientific validity of the tests (specific strength and speed of the legs and arms, speed of movement, agility, flexibility, coordination, balance, and accuracy), the researchers prepared exercises.
The Zumba Step training program lasted 12 weeks, with 3 training sessions per week. Post-tests were conducted to analyze the research variables and verify the hypotheses. The researchers used the SPSS statistical package.

This research aimed to develop preventative physical training exercises to reduce the likelihood of injuries among karate players. It also aimed to identify the effect of these preventative physical exercises on certain physical abilities among karate players and to determine the differences between the experimental and control groups in some of these physical abilities. The researchers used the experimental method, as it was suitable for the nature of the problem. They also employed a pre-test/post-test experimental design with two groups (experimental and control). The research population consisted of junior karate players, and the sample comprised 14 players, divided into two groups of 7 players each.
The researchers also prepared a preventative physical training program consisting of 36 units, each lasting 30 minutes, for three sessions per week. They used a pre-prepared statistical package to analyze the data. The researchers concluded that the preventative training program led to improvements in the physical variables of the experimental group. The results showed that the traditional program led to improvements in the physical variables of the control group. The results also showed that the experimental group outperformed the control group in all physical variables except flexibility

This research aimed to identify the standard levels of motivational traits among the players of the University of Diyala futsal team for the 2023/2024 academic year, to identify some basic futsal skills among the research sample, and to identify the correlation between motivational traits and some basic futsal skills among the research sample. The researcher chose the descriptive survey method as it was the most suitable approach to address this research problem. The research population consisted of the players of the University of Diyala futsal team.
The researcher conducted his study on a sample of 22 players, representing 100% of the research population. He concluded that the players exhibited strong motivational traits toward achievement, as measured by a very good motivational scale. The players' drive and eagerness played a significant role in achieving the results presented in the table. The researcher recommends that coaches give serious attention to skill development as much as physical conditioning, pay close attention to players' motivations and work to help them achieve them, and provide continuous encouragement and motivation as essential factors in developing players' skills. He also recommends conducting regular tests to identify players' actual levels and address any weaknesses

The purpose of this study was to explore the effectiveness of a mental imagery program on backhand stroke coordination by young tennis players. We used a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test post-test and two groups; an experimental group of 12 male (14-16 y) & control group of 12, male players from the same age category. The experimental group underwent a six-week mental imagery intervention (three sessions of 30 minutes/session). These sessions stressed on imagining movements from first and third person perspectives, emphasizing details and promoting awareness of body movements. In contrast, the control group continued its usual training activities and did not perform any mental imagery task. Motor coordination was measured with the Körperkoordination für Kinder (KTK) test and movement analysis was recorded using high-speed video filming. Statistical data were collected using descriptive statistics, paired and independent t-tests, as well as effect size value. A significant improvement for the experimental group could also be found in neuromuscular coordination, (Pre-Test: 45.33 ± 3.21; Post-test: 51.75 ± 2.88; t = -8.45, p <.001, d = 2.32), while no change appeared within the control group (Pre-test: 44.91 ± 3.47; Post-test: 45.30 ± 3.55; t =.65, p =.53, d =.11). Between-group differences persisted in favor of the experimental group [post-test (t = 5.78, p < 0.001, d = 1.87)]. These results suggest structured mental imagery possessing strong potential to act as a means for improving motor performance in tennis, and possibly other skill sports.

This research aims to identify the impact of using Augmented Reality (AR) technology on learning passing accuracy in futsal, and to measure the effect of using AR technology on the speed of acquiring this skill. The research problem lies in the use of traditional methods and approaches by physical education teachers in teaching basic futsal skills, including passing, without utilizing modern smart technologies such as AR and feedback. This slows down the learning and acquisition of skills. Therefore, the researcher decided to study this problem and find appropriate solutions. The researcher used an experimental design with two equivalent groups The research sample consisted of 90 first-year intermediate students (Ibn Al-Nadim Intermediate School). The results showed that using augmented reality (AR) technology in teaching futsal passing skills had a significant and clear impact on improving the passing accuracy of first-year intermediate students compared to the traditional method. AR technology facilitated feedback and repeated attempts in tests closely resembling real-life game situations. This feedback also contributed to improved performance and reduced errors. Based on these results, the researcher recommends incorporating intelligent systems into physical education lessons due to their positive impact on improving skill performance

This research aims to determine the standard levels of training competencies among coaches in the Sports and Scouting Activities Department in Diyala Governorate, given the importance of training competencies in improving coaching performance and developing players' skills. The researcher used a descriptive survey methodology. The research population consisted of (22) coaches, from whom a sample of (20) coaches was selected, representing (81.81%) of the total population. Data were collected using the approved training competency scale and statistically analyzed to extract percentile scores and determine performance levels. The results showed that the majority of coaches were categorized as "very good" and "good While a disparity emerged, with a limited number of coaches achieving "excellent" and others at "average," reflecting the need for further development among some coaches, the results confirmed that coaching competencies represent an objective and reliable indicator for evaluating coaches, moving beyond subjective assessments. This contributes to enhancing their efficiency and achieving athletic success. The research concluded with several key findings, most notably that coaches possess acceptable levels of competence but require further training. Recommendations included adopting standardized levels as a tool for evaluating coaches, organizing training courses to improve their performance, and encouraging them to use diverse methods to motivate players and achieve continuous development.

ACL injuries are common among athletes, negatively impacting knee stability and function. Aquatic rehabilitation is a modern and effective recovery method that utilizes the buoyancy and resistance of water to reduce stress on the joint, improve range of motion (ROM), strengthen muscles, and accelerate healing. This research aims to investigate the effect of an aquatic rehabilitation program on improving ROM in ACL-injured athletes, highlighting its role in promoting functional recovery and joint stability. Its significance lies in demonstrating the effectiveness of aquatic therapy and contributing to the development of similar programs This research aims to equip therapists with innovative techniques and enhance scientific awareness of the therapeutic potential of water in sports injury rehabilitation. Specifically, it seeks to determine the range of motion of the knee joint before implementing an aquatic rehabilitation program, to implement a targeted aquatic rehabilitation program for the muscles surrounding the knee joint to improve their functional efficiency, and to measure changes in range of motion after the program's implementation

Muscle injuries, particularly partial tears of the quadriceps muscle, are among the most common injuries in football players due to the dynamic and repetitive nature of the game, which involves activities such as running, shooting, and jumping. These injuries often lead to a decline in physical and motor performance and delay players' return to the field. Despite the numerous traditional rehabilitation methods, their limited effectiveness in some cases, coupled with the need to accelerate the healing process, has prompted the search for more advanced alternatives or complementary therapies. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a proposed rehabilitation program combining therapeutic exercises with an electroacupuncture deviceElectroacupuncture was used to improve pain levels and certain physical variables and motor abilities in football players with partial tears of the quadriceps muscle. The study included a sample of players participating in the Kurdistan League during the 2024 season, divided into two groups: an experimental group that underwent a rehabilitation program using electroacupuncture, and a control group that received traditional rehabilitation treatment. The program was implemented at a physical therapy center and Koya University. The research employed an experimental design, and pre- and post-tests were conducted to measure changes in the targeted variables. The results showed statistically significant differences favoring the experimental group This demonstrates a tangible positive effect of electroacupuncture when combined with rehabilitation exercises in accelerating recovery and improving motor and physical performance. The study recommends integrating modern therapeutic methods, such as electroacupuncture, into sports rehabilitation programs, particularly in cases of muscle tears, and updating rehabilitation programs used in sports clubs and treatment centers to align with the latest advancements in sports rehabilitation

Administrative pressures are among the most prominent challenges facing individuals working in various institutions. Administrative differentiation is a relatively new concept in contemporary management thought. Sports and school activity departments are fundamental units in the organizational structure of educational institutions. Hence, the importance of this research lies in its attempt to understand the extent to which administrative pressures affect the level of administrative differentiation among department heads, thereby contributing to improving the work environment and enhancing the quality of management in this field The research problem stems from the fact that administrative work pressures are among the most prominent challenges facing directors of sports and school activity departments, and these pressures can negatively impact their ability to make sound administrative decisions
This research aims to identify the level of administrative pressure experienced by directors of sports and school activity departments in educational institutions

The research aims to identify the attention styles of first-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences/University of Diyala, and to identify the social norms of the research sample. It also aims to identify the correlation between attention styles and social norms among first-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences/University of Diyala. The researcher used the descriptive method as it is the most suitable method for addressing the research problem. The research population was selected purposively and consisted of (721) first-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences/University of Diyala for the academic year 2024/2025 Divided into (8) sections, the research sample was chosen randomly, and they are the students of sections (B) and (C), which number (40) students for each section. Thus, the group of individuals in the research sample amounted to (80) students, representing (11.095%) of the original population. The results of the study showed a statistically significant relationship between attention styles and social norms, which indicates that the quality of attention that the student possesses contributes to shaping his social behavior within the university and sports environment It was found that students with selective and sustained attention exhibited higher levels of adherence to behavioral norms and rules, suggesting the role of attention in fostering self-discipline and social compliance

The importance of this research lies in the necessity of understanding the impact of virtual reality exercises and their role in developing certain physical abilities in young basketball players during training. This understanding is based on the principles that every coach must consider in training and competitions, whether in selecting the type of exercises and their execution methods, or in the effects resulting from using different exercises, through which players can reach higher athletic levels and achieve good results The research aims to develop a virtual reality training program that suits the abilities of the basketball players in the research sample, and to identify the impact of virtual reality exercises on some of the physical abilities of basketball players. The research problem arose from the researchers' observation of basketball training sessions. They found a lack of reliance on modern training techniques that could lead to tangible and clear development in the sport and its players, particularly techniques that utilize modern training tools and aids, as well as electronic technologies used in the modern world. One such modern technique is the use of exercises linked to a virtual training environment To understand the impact of this scientifically and precisely applied virtual reality on players' physical abilities, the researchers sought to address this training gap scientifically by developing a training program based on scientifically designed exercises within a virtual reality environment. They investigated the effect of these exercises, within this modern training method adopted globally, on the physical abilities of young basketball players. The program aims to make this approach available to basketball coaches and academies in our country. The researchers employed an experimental methodology, deemed most suitable for the research problem

This study aims to develop scales for psychological stability and English language competency among students of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Kirkuk. It also seeks to assess the levels of psychological stability and English language competency and to examine the correlation between these two variables. The research employs a descriptive survey methodology. The study population consists of 658 students enrolled in the Physical Education and Sports Sciences program at the University of Kirkuk, from which a sample of 420 students was selected. The scales for psychological stability and English language competency were developed and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings indicate that the level of psychological stability among the students is high; however, their English language competency is notably low. Furthermore, no statistically significant correlation was found between psychological stability and English language competency.

This study addresses the importance of visual-generative thinking for individual sports athletes (boxing) and whether the skill-based exercises developed by the researcher play a positive role in teaching boxing.
The research population consisted of second-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Al-Mustansiriya University, for the academic year 2024/2025, totaling (171) students in the morning program. The students were divided into two groups: an experimental group of (15) students and a control group of (15) students. The sample, equipment, and tools used in the research, including the skill tests, pilot study, and exercises developed by the researcher, were considered equivalent and homogeneous. The researcher administered a pre-test and a post-test, followed by statistical analysis.
The research aims to develop the right-handed punch and defensive skills in boxing.
It also aims to identify specific exercises within the visual-generative thinking framework for learning two skills: the right-handed straight punch and defensive boxing.

This research aims to identify the level of leadership authority possessed by directors of school sports activities and its contribution to achieving outstanding performance. It also seeks to identify the outstanding performance demonstrated by these directors and its importance to department heads, as well as their academic role. Furthermore, the research aims to present a model of leadership within sports activity directorates. The research problem stems from the researcher's review of previous references and studies on the topic. She observed a recent decline in the performance of school sports activity departments, noting that their work is no longer as effective and influential in overall sports activities and events as it once was. The research also aims to highlight the fundamental impact of school sports on the Iraqi sports movement Therefore, the researcher decided to study the leadership authority of sports activity directors who possess leadership decision-making power in managing school sports activities, and their leadership role in creating outstanding performance that leads to avoiding problems in order to preserve and develop sports activities. The study also aimed to evaluate their efforts through the opinions of activity department directors. Leadership authority has an impact on increasing outstanding performance in school sports activities, and consequently, the ability to face the challenges and crises of the times and preserve school sports activities. The researcher aimed to develop and standardize a leadership authority scale for directors of school sports activity departments in the Baghdad General Directorates of Education, as well as to develop and standardize a scale for outstanding performance and leadership among directors The study examined the sports and school activity departments in the Baghdad General Directorates of Education, as well as the construction and standardization of a scale for distinguished and leadership performance among the directors of the sports and school activity departments. It also aimed to identify the degree of leadership authority and distinguished performance among the directors of the sports and school activity departments. The researcher used the descriptive method with a survey study approach to identify the directors of the sports activity departments (the sports activity directorates in Baghdad). The research population was defined as the directors of the sports activity departments (the sports activity directorates in Baghdad) Based on a statistical sample of 180 directors distributed across six directorates in Baghdad Governorate, the construction sample consisted of 180 directors (80% of the original population), while the application sample consisted of 180 directors (100% of the original population). The samples were selected using simple random sampling

The importance of this research stems from its discussion of the organizational pillars of sports activity units in Diyala Governorate, given their role in enhancing the efficiency of the school sports system and achieving sustainability and effectiveness in educational and athletic objectives. The problem lies in the absence of a standardized tool for measuring these organizational pillars, as noted by the researcher, from the perspective of physical education teachers. This research aims to develop a scale specifically for these pillars and apply it to the directorates of sports activity. The researcher employed a descriptive survey methodology due to its suitability for the nature of the problem The research population comprised 1595 teachers for the 2024-2025 academic year. A purposive sample of 310 teachers was selected, distributed as follows: a pilot sample (30 teachers), a scale development sample (150 teachers), and a scale application sample (80 teachers). The study utilized SPSS software to analyze the results. The research resulted in the development of a valid and applicable measurement tool, with a recommendation for its adaptation for use in various sports institutions

The importance of the research lies in preparing educational exercises using the mental training method for the sequence of stages of motor performance through observing the art of performance, which is considered a mirror reflecting the level of improvement in motor learning through the observed performance on the motor behavior of the students. The research problem is that there is a weakness in the numerical level due to the lack of knowledge of the true image of artistic performance and what this performance requires, and the lack of attention to each stage of the performance in particular Therefore, the researchers decided to apply these educational exercises using a mental training method based on the motor pathways of discus throwing
The researchers used an experimental design with a sample of (20) female students in the second stage, divided into two groups: an experimental group and a control group. The researchers used educational exercises using the mental training method with the experimental group for a period of (4) weeks, with two training sessions per week. The conclusion was that there was a positive effect on the students' acquisition of good coordination and improved their technical performance in the discus throw

This study aimed to develop a rehabilitation program focusing on the range of motion of the wrist joint for table tennis players with partial ligament tears. The research sample consisted of five players from clubs in Basra Governorate (Abi Al-Khasib Club and Shabab Al-Basra Club), selected purposively. The researchers used an experimental design with a single group and pre- and post-tests. A rehabilitation program was implemented for a period of six weeks Three sessions per week included stretching, strengthening, and neuromuscular control exercises, as well as table tennis-style simulations and the use of some physiotherapy equipment. The results showed a significant improvement in wrist joint range of motion and a reduction in pain levels, demonstrating the effectiveness of the rehabilitation program in restoring motor function and improving the skill performance of the injured players

The importance of this research lies in its development of a composite skill test to measure dribbling and passing skills in basketball. This test can be used to assess students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, whether for selection or to evaluate their training status. The researcher aims to contribute to the overall development of basketball
The research aims to develop a composite skill test to measure dribbling and passing accuracy in basketball for second-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Salahaddin University The researcher established standardized scores and levels for a combined skill test to measure dribbling and passing accuracy in basketball
The researcher used a descriptive survey methodology, deemed most suitable for the nature and problem of the research
The research sample consisted of 70 students who underwent the physical tests specific to the research. This number was determined after excluding the 15 students who formed the pilot study sample and the 25 students who were part of the reliability cohort

This research aims to identify the effect of training exercises on improving the scoring ability of 13-year-old football players. The researchers adopted an experimental design with two groups, experimental and control, and administered pre- and post-tests to measure the progress made. The research sample consisted of 24 players Two players were randomly selected from Natiq Hashim Specialized School and divided into two equal groups. One group underwent the proposed skill-based training exercises. The results showed a clear improvement in the scoring level of the players in the experimental group compared to the control group, confirming the effectiveness of the exercises used in developing offensive performance. The research also concluded that focusing on skill-based exercises and diversifying training methods contribute to raising players' efficiency and improving their scoring ability.

This research aims to measure the level of administrative performance of football clubs in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq from the perspective of coaches. It identifies the strengths and weaknesses of current administrative practices and proposes suggestions for improving administrative performance according to modern sports management standards. The researcher hypothesizes that there are no statistically significant differences in the level of administrative performance, as perceived by coaches, based on the variable of coaching experience There are varying and differing levels of administrative performance from the perspective of football coaches in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The research sample consisted of (15) coaches from the top-tier football clubs in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, randomly selected for the 2024-2025 season, representing 100% of the clubs. The results of this research confirm that developing administrative performance is an urgent necessity for improving the level of football in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq This requires strengthening strategic planning, adopting modern management methods, and intensifying training programs for both administrators and coaches. One of the most important findings of the research is that the current scale is a tool for revealing the administrative performance of administrators in football clubs from the perspective of coaches in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The research also reveals multiple levels in the administrative performance scale for administrators from the coaches' perspective Based on the results of the administrative performance scale for administrators from the coaches' perspective and its various aspects, it is clear that most administrators fell within the average level. The communication and decision-making process, as measured by the administrative performance scale from the football coaches' perspective, was at a good level. The researcher recommends several measures, including: providing all the necessary tools, resources, and equipment for administrators to effectively manage and succeed in the administrative processes of football clubs in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq; identifying multiple levels within the administrative performance scale for administrators from the coaches' perspective; and conducting similar research on other aspects of football