Journal of Education for Humanities

The aim of the research is to identify:
Teaching according to the strategy of finding the error and its impact on imparting Islamic values to the students of the fourth year of middle school for the curriculum of the Holy Qur’an and Islamic education. The current research population was represented by the morning secondary and middle schools for boys in the center of the city of Mosul. The research sample consisted of (80) students from the students of the fourth year of middle school, Chapter The first of the academic year (2023-2024) was randomly selected from the research community and distributed into two groups, one of which represented the experimental group consisting of (40) students who studied according to the find the error strategy, and the other represented the control group consisting of (40) students who studied in the usual way. To achieve the goal of the research, it was necessary to have a tool: a test of Islamic values in the curriculum of the Holy Qur’an and Islamic education, which was prepared by the researchers. The tool became composed of (30) items in its final form. The validity of the tool was verified in terms of its accuracy, validity, stability, and power of discrimination, and after preparing Teaching plans and the tool. One of the researchers applied the experimental topics in the first semester of the academic year (2023-2024), and after collecting the data and defining it statistically using the statistical methods found in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (Spss), the results were as follows:
1- There is a statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students who study according to the Find the Error strategy and the control group students who study according to the usual method in the test of acquiring Islamic values and in favor of the experimental group. In light of the research results, the researchers came to conclusions. Several, most notably, the use of a strategy that creates errors in the teaching process has made teaching the Holy Qur’an and Islamic education curriculum easier and more effective to achieve the educational goals for which the curriculum was prepared. The researchers recommended a set of distinguished recommendations, and they rely on independent knowledge as a basic method in teaching the curricula of the Holy Qur’an and Islamic education because of their beginning in the principles of values and cooperation in transferring information from the theoretical aspect to the applied aspect.

The current study aims to investigate the teaching of Personal Status Law using the Adelson model and its impact on the depth of knowledge among students in the Department of Quranic Sciences.
The research sample consisted of 60 second-year students (male and female) selected intentionally from the Department of Quranic Sciences and Islamic Education at the College of Education for Humanities, University of Mosul, for the academic year 2023-2024. This sample was randomly divided into two groups: an experimental group of 30 students who were taught Personal Status Law using the Adelson model, and a control group of 30 students who were taught the same material using traditional methods.
To achieve the research objective, a tool was developed in the form of a Depth of Knowledge test comprising 26 items. The researcher verified its validity, reliability, and distinctiveness, and administered it after the experiment concluded.
A null hypothesis was proposed: There is a statistically significant difference at the level of 0.05 between the mean scores of the experimental group taught using the Adelson model and the control group taught using traditional methods, in favor of the experimental group in terms of the depth of knowledge variable.
Based on the research results, several conclusions were drawn, including that the use of the Adelson model was superior to traditional methods. Its effectiveness was evident in increasing the depth of knowledge among second-year students in the Department of Quranic Sciences and Islamic Education. The researcher recommended that instructors in Islamic Education should adopt modern teaching models, including the Adelson model, in teaching Sharia and Fiqh subjects due to their scientific and educational benefits in enhancing student performance, as evidenced by this study.
To build on this research, the researcher suggested conducting future studies, such as investigating the effectiveness of teaching Criminal Jurisprudence using the Adelson model and its impact on the depth of knowledge and motivation to learn among students in the Department of Quranic Sciences and Islamic Education

The research aimed to explore The impact of “Web Quest” strategy on the academic achievement of fifth-grade literary students in the subject of geography. The study was conducted in Mosul, Iraq, and the research sample consisted of (50) students from the fifth-grade literary track during the academic year (2023-2024). The experimental group included (26) students from the Nile High School for Boys, while the control group comprised (24) students from Al-Amjad High School for Boys. The research tool used was an achievement test with a final form of (33) items. After preparing the teaching plans and administering the tool, the experiment began on (October 17, 2023), and continued until (January 7, 2024). The researchers applied the research tool to both groups after two instructional units. After correcting the students’ answers, the researchers collected and analyzed the data using statistical methods in SPSS. The results revealed:
There is a statistically significant difference (at the 0.05 level) between the mean achievement scores of the experimental group, taught using the Web Quest strategy, and the mean achievement scores of the control group, taught using the conventional method. The experimental group outperformed the control group. The researchers recommend that educational supervisors in the Directorate of Education in Nineveh follow up with geography teachers and encourage them to use the Web Quest strategy, which has proven effective in enhancing the academic achievement of fifth-grade literary students in geography. Suggestions include exploring the cognitive impact of Web Quest and developing students’ technological skills

The current study aims to identify the effectiveness of the Woods strategy in developing parsing skills and attitudes towards the Arabic language among fifth-grade preparatory students. To achieve this goal, the researcher formulated null hypothesis:
There is no statistically significant difference at the 0.05 level between the mean scores of the experimental group, which studies according to the Woods strategy, and the mean scores of the control group, which studies according to the conventional method in developing parsing skills.
The research community was formed of fifth-grade students in preparatory and secondary schools in the center of Nineveh Governorate for the academic year (2023-2024). The research sample was purposefully selected from this community and consisted of fifth-grade students at Al-Seddiq Preparatory School for Boys located in the city center of Mosul. The total number of participants was (70) students, divided into two groups: an experimental group comprising (34) students and a control group consisting of (36) students, The researcher employed an experimental methodology in this study to achieve equivalence between the members of the two research groups on several variables, which are: (the chronological age of the students measured in months, students' grades in the Arabic language for the previous academic year, the overall average of students' grades for the previous academic year, the educational attainment of parents, pre-test scores in parsing skills, and pre-test scores on the attitudes toward the Arabic language).
To achieve the research objectives, the preparation of two tools was necessary. The first tool was a test of grammatical analysis skills, serving as the primary research instrument. This test included 21 multiple-choice items and demonstrated validity and reliability. The second tool was a measure of attitudes toward the Arabic language, developed by the researcher using a Likert scale. This measure comprised 38 positive and negative items, and the researcher confirmed its validity and reliability. After collecting and statistically analyzing the results, the findings indicated

The European Union is considered one of its countries that are witnessing economic and industrial development at a rapid pace, where consumption does not cover production according to the energy budget that was calculated on the volume of production and consumption based on (BP) data, which revealed to us the size of reserves, production and consumption and identification of the energy gap. In the European Union, Russia dominates the largest proportion of pipeline gas imports to the European Union (natural gas) until 2022, and Russia exploited this situation to use energy as a pressure card on the European Union in response to Western sanctions against Russia, which cut off energy supplies. The study also revealed to us the attempts of the European Union, with the support of the United States of America, to get rid of Russian energy dependency, and the United States ranked first in liquefied gas imports for the year2022, as well as filling the gap and gap that Russia caused by reformulating the European Union’s energy policy and expanding its supplier base to ensure supplies. Abundant energy

This study aimed to examine the relationship between mindful leadership among middle school principals and organizational communication from the teachers’ perspective. The research addresses the importance of mindful leadership in developing the educational environment, enhancing effective communication, and motivating teachers to perform their duties with excellence.
Educational administration plays a vital role in managing schools in general and middle schools in particular. It requires organizational communication with the educational authorities in order to keep pace with continuous educational and technological changes and to address the various problems that arise within the school. Middle school principals must also possess mindful leadership qualities to excel in facing challenges efficiently, to serve as role models for teachers and students, and to strive to provide an inspiring and motivating learning environment. Accordingly, the study sought to identify mindful leadership and its relationship to the level of organizational communication among middle school principals from the perspective of their teachers by answering the following questions:
1. What is the level of mindful leadership among middle school principals from the perspective of their teachers in general?
2. What is the level of organizational communication among middle school principals from the perspective of their teachers in general?
3. Is there a statistically significant correlational relationship at the significance level (0.05) between mindful leadership and organizational communication among middle school principals from the perspective of their teachers?
The researcher adopted the descriptive analytical approach. The research population consisted of male and female teachers in middle schools in the city of Mosul for the academic year (2023–2024). The total number of middle school teachers in Mosul, on both the right and left sides of the city, was (2771). The research sample consisted of (300) male and female teachers from middle schools in Mosul.
To achieve the objectives of the study, it was necessary to construct a Mindful Leadership Scale as well as an Organizational Communication Scale. After verifying the validity and reliability of the research instruments, the final versions consisted of (30) items for the Mindful Leadership Scale and (24) items for the Organizational Communication Scale. The instruments were administered to the main research sample from (6/4/2023) to (22/4/2023).
After collecting the data and analyzing them statistically using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), through the use of the one-sample t-test, the independent samples t-test, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, the results revealed a statistically significant positive relationship between principals’ mindful leadership and both effective organizational communication and high professional motivation among teachers. The findings indicated that principals who practice mindful leadership contribute to creating a work environment that encourages open communication and continuous motivation.
The researcher indicated that previous studies provide a strong theoretical and practical foundation for understanding the impact of mindful leadership and organizational communication in the educational context. These studies can be used as models for designing new research or cited as references in academic studies. The researcher also suggested conducting similar studies at different administrative levels, such as universities, secondary schools, and private schools.

Maps are a crucial tool for understanding, interpreting, and conveying information, providing an effective means of communication between map designers and their readers through visual symbols and variables. This study aims to analyze the spatial distribution of social welfare beneficiaries in Mosul City using cartographic representation. The research represents data from the Social Protection Directorate for the year 2023 cartographically, focusing on geographic sectors rather than neighborhoods to avoid information overlap due to the city\'s large number of neighborhoods.
The research addresses two primary questions: First, is there a variation in the number of social welfare beneficiaries among the administrative sectors in Mosul City? Second, can the data of social welfare beneficiaries be effectively represented cartographically?
The objective of this study is to reveal the spatial patterns of poverty distribution in Mosul City and identify areas that require urgent intervention to alleviate social and economic hardship. Additionally, the study aims to provide a knowledge base to support the development of policies based on accurate scientific principles, contributing to poverty reduction and improving living standards in the city.
The study employs a spatial analytical approach, collecting data on social welfare beneficiaries and classifying it according to geographic sectors within the city. Quantitative tools and cartographic representation were used to analyze spatial variations and identify differences between areas, aiding in the assessment of actual needs and the precise direction of policies.
The findings reveal significant variation in the number of beneficiaries among sectors, with the Flowers sector leading with 17,857 individuals, followed by the Peace sector with 13,977 individuals, and New Mosul sector with 12,714 individuals. Additionally, it was found that the number of male beneficiaries exceeds that of females, attributed to males typically being the primary family providers and their higher exposure to disabilities due to work or conflicts.
The study recommends targeted interventions in sectors with high numbers of beneficiaries to alleviate social distress, improved data collection and periodic updates to enhance analytical accuracy, and the strengthening of support programs for the most vulnerable groups in sectors showing disparities in beneficiary distribution

Research objective to identify: The effect of the self-schedule strategy K.W.L on the achievement of fourth grade literary students in geography.
The research sample consisted of (54) students from the fourth grade of literature, for the year (2023_2024), and a sample of fourth grade literary students was selected in (Al-Zanzalzal Secondary School for Boys), numbering (27) students to represent the experimental group, and a sample of fourth grade literary students in (Boer Secondary School for Boys) numbering (27) students was selected to represent the control group, and the experimental group was studied according to the self-schedule strategy K.W.L and the control group according to the usual method A tool prepared by the researchers achievement test, which consisted of the final version of (30) items.

The study aims to understand the runoff characteristics of the Sino Basin, one of the seasonal water basins located in northwestern Iraq, using the CN-SCS method developed by the Soil Conservation Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, with its final formula established in 1986. The SCS method is a set of mathematical equations that rely on specific inputs to obtain surface runoff responses (CN). The study classified land cover and land use into categories such as rocky outcrops and slopes, grassy vegetation, agricultural lands, residential and transportation areas, barren lands, and fallow agricultural lands. Two hydrological soil groups (A and B) were observed, and CN values ranging from 49 to 90 were obtained under normal antecedent moisture conditions. Additionally, the study evaluated these methods under different runoff conditions, including dry and wet antecedent soil moisture

The political role of the poet Mehmet Akif during the late Ottoman period and the early Turkish Republic stands out as one of the most significant political activities that contributed to that crucial era. His contributions were highlighted through his membership in the Committee of Union and Progress, where he played an important role in efforts for reform and opposition to Ottoman despotism. Akif advocated for Islamic unity as a means to counter the nationalist movements that threatened the cohesion of the state. Additionally, he made significant contributions during the Balkan Wars and the Turkish War of Independence, using his speeches and poetry to urge the people to engage in jihad and national unity in the face of colonialism and occupation. This made him a prominent figure in defending Islamic and national values

This research aims to identify the role of enlightened leadership in its dimensions (role model, developer, servant, changer, visionary, communicator) in the secondary schools of Mosul city, and to determine the level of organizational affiliation among them through its dimensions (affiliation to the professional category, emotional affiliation to the school, normative affiliation, affiliation towards learning and education, affiliation to colleagues) and to identify the nature of the relationship between enlightened leadership and organizational affiliation in secondary schools. The descriptive correlational approach was used, and the questionnaire form consisting of (30) paragraphs for the enlightened leadership scale and (25) paragraphs for the organizational affiliation scale was relied upon. The research community consists of male and female secondary school teachers, as their number reached (1871) out of the total number of schools (69) schools for boys and girls. The research sample was randomly selected from its right and left sides, and a sample consisting of (600) teachers of both sexes was selected. The researcher applied the two tools to a random sample of Teachers, and the sample of teachers surveyed (30) individuals from teachers, and many tests were conducted before and after distributing the questionnaire to verify its validity and reliability and to ensure its suitability in measuring the study variables such as apparent validity and reliability (Cronbach's alpha coefficient) and using the SPSS program. The results showed a positive correlation between the variables and their dimensions. Based on the results, a number of recommendations were presented regarding the necessity of administrative leaders focusing on following the behavior and role of enlightened leadership in order to achieve organizational belonging among middle school principals in the city of Mosul

This research includes the reflections of Ibn Hisham on Al-Akbari in the issues of Al-Mansobat in the book (footnotes of Ibn Hisham Al-Ansari on the clarification in the syntax of the Qur'an for Abu Al-Baqa Al-Akbari), has divided it into the introduction and the preamble and two sections, and mentioned in the introduction the reason for the study and its importance, but in the preamble I mentioned the definition of correction language and idiomatically, as well as the definition of Ibn Hisham and his book footnotes, then the definition of Al-Akbari and his book Al-Tibyan, and included the first section: Correction in the issues of effects, and included the second section: redress in the issues of discrimination and news and the situation, then ended the research with a conclusion included the most important findings reached

Developing and optimizing ponds is one of the successful solutions to improve the water situation in ponds. A pond was chosen. The Komel River in northern Iraq, with the aim of identifying suitable sites for the establishment of the Dams for improving and managing water resources Q Sustainable development in this basin, Which extends over an area of (926.29) km2With a length of up to (87) km. To achieve the goal of the study, the topographic map, the geological map, the soil map, and the water network map were relied upon, in addition to field studies and climate data for the years (2010-2022), where the total annual rainfall for the stations reached Study area between (700 - 850)mm The program was also used. Arc GIS 10.8And the program Google Earth Pro And field visits to determine the best locations for the proposed dams. The best proposed sites were within the high mountainous areas near the mountain gorges, in addition to small dams in the lower areas of the basin, which are characterized by flat plain lands. This study resulted in the development of a map of the optimal sites for dams and the boundaries of their water reservoirs in the Komal River Basin

This research deals with the study of the grammatical literal poetic witness in Ibn al-Wardi in his commentary on Alfiya, as all the poetic verses were stripped from the book, then the grammatical literal poetic witnesses were chosen and the morphological and linguistic witnesses were removed. The nature of the study of the witnesses in the research was to put a title appropriate to the subject of the grammatical poetic witness, and to talk about the subject of the witness, and to present the witness itself, and to bring the sayings and opinions of grammarians with Ibn al-Wardi's opinion on the witness and its subject. The research plan included two topics: the first: defining Ibn al-Wardi, and the second: studying the grammatical literal poetic witnesses, and it contains two requirements: the first: the witnesses of the working letters, and the second: the witnesses of the non-working letters, then the conclusion in which the results of the research were presented that were reached, then the sources and references from which the research was benefited were established

The research studies the cartographic representation of the chemical and physical properties of groundwater in the Zummar area, which is located in the northern part of Iraq and also located west of Nineveh Governorate. The abstract emphasized the selection of a symbol and color as an element representing the chemical and physical properties of groundwater in the study area, while emphasizing that the process of analyzing the chemical properties of groundwater is always done through mathematical methods in the analysis and representation process, by deducing these methods and then representing these properties through the maps attached to the research, taking into account the color gradations for the purpose of conducting the cartographic representation process of these properties

Praise be to Allah first and last, and prayers and peace be upon our Prophet Muhammad, the truthful and trustworthy, and the Seal of the Messengers, and upon his family and companions, all of them. After that:
This research dealt with the letters of conjunction and their meanings, as our study came as an application on the letters of conjunction mentioned in the poem Al-Burdah by Imam Al-Busiri, may God have mercy on him (d. 696 AH), who is one of the most famous poets in praising the Prophet, and his poem (Al-Burdah) is one of his most famous poems that many commentators and scholars have been interested in. As for the nature of our research study, it is based on clarifying the meanings that each letter of the meanings (conjunction) came out to, and we relied on the opinions of grammarians with mentioning Quranic evidence and other examples, then after that we move to the verses of the poem, so we mention one verse for the meaning that we adopted, and we explain it with a statement of the meanings or meaning that the letter came out to.
This study was built on three topics; The first: single conjunctions, the second: dual conjunctions, the third: trilateral conjunctions, then the conclusion that included the results reached through research and study on this topic, then after that the sources and references from which the research was benefited were established

In light of the rapid changes and transformations of contemporary life, this matter was reflected on several economic, social, psychological and intellectual levels, which made this idea take up space in the productions of thinkers, which we found in "Zygmunt Bauman", the author of a series of books, united by the idea or concept of (liquidity), which he borrowed from the fluidity of fluids to express the state of contemporary life.
The concept of (liquidity) is one of the basic concepts of postmodern philosophy, so the research sought to clarify the reflections of this fluidity on identity in the novel, so the title came (Liquid Identity in the Contemporary Iraqi Novel), and the research was divided into an introduction and two axes. The research worked in the introduction to resolve the conflict inherent in the title between fluidity as a concept indicative of change and transformation, and identity as an indicator of stability and constancy.Then, the representations of fluidity and its reflections in contemporary Iraqi novelistic production were monitored, as we found that this fluidity was reflected in (identity) in its general sense. The research showed, in the first axis, these reflections on identity at the level of the novelistic character.In the second axis, these reflections were shown at the level of the identity of the novel as a fixed literary genre with its own determinants, that is, its own identity

The aim of this research was to examine the impact of a teaching strategy based on the theory of successful intelligence in fostering reflective thinking among second-grade middle school students. To achieve the research goal, the researchers defined the study population as second-grade middle school students in the day schools for boys in Ninawa Governorate, specifically in the Al-Hadar District and Al-Qayyarah Sub-district for the academic year (2024 - 2025). A purposive sample of 67 second-grade middle school students from Al-Adala Secondary School was selected, and these students were randomly assigned to two groups: an experimental group with 33 students and a control group with 34 students.
To achieve the research objectives, the researchers developed a reflective thinking test consisting of 18 items, categorized according to the following skills: observation and contemplation, identification of fallacies, drawing conclusions, providing convincing explanations, and proposing solutions. Each item was followed by four alternative answers, ensuring validity, differentiation, and reliability. The experiment was implemented during the first half of the academic year (2024 – 2025(
After data collection and statistical analysis, the results revealed the following:
1. A statistically significant difference between the two groups in the development of reflective thinking, favoring the experimental group that studied using the teaching strategy based on the theory of successful intelligence.
2. A statistically significant difference between the pre-test and post-test of
reflective thinking, favoring the post-test results of the experimental group.
Based on these findings, the researchers drew a set of conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions for improving instructional methods in mathematics education to enhance reflective thinking

Ahmed Sousah is considered one of the prominent figures in the modern history of Iraq, due to his great interest in the field of science and knowledge in the 1930s during which he excelled in studying and authoring a lot of researches and books that dealt with the study of ancient and modern irrigation projects in the country from both scientific and theoretical sides.
The reason for choosingthe study of engineering in particular and to work as an irrigation engineer was his influence by the character of the English Engineer William Wilcox when he met him at his father's house when he was a young boy. It was opened in 1912 leaving a strong incentive to be like him and he followed his example in the implementation of such vital projects in the country

This introduction addresses the importance and high standing of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh), given its connection to the rulings of Islamic law (sharia) derived from the Holy Quran, the Prophetic Sunnah, and the scholarly interpretations (ijtihad) of the Companions, their Successors, and the leading scholars of jurisprudence. It highlights the efforts of scholars in writing on jurisprudence, particularly the imams of the four schools of thought, foremost among them Imam Abu Hanifa al-Nu'man.
The researcher then explains her reasons for choosing to edit the manuscript of the commentary on al-Wiqaya by Mawla Dede Efendi (d. 1146 AH), focusing on the section on zakat (alms). She demonstrates the importance of this manuscript for students of Islamic knowledge, especially in the Hanafi school of thought regarding acts of worship. She also mentions the difficulties she faced in obtaining copies of the manuscript, as she had only two copies available, not the original in the author's handwriting. However, specialists encouraged her to proceed with the work after examining them.
The researcher concludes by outlining her research plan, which comprises two sections:
The study section, which includes an examination of the lives of the commentator and the annotator, the attribution of the two books to their respective authors, the methodology of the editing, and a description of the manuscripts.

The research deals with analyzing the amount of solar radiation in Iraq for the period (1990-2023) and the possibility of developing it in clean energy sources, and analyzing the factors affecting its distribution and variation, based on climate data for fifteen meteorological stations distributed throughout Iraq and obtained from the General Authority. The results showed a clear spatial and temporal variation in solar radiation rates, as the southern and central stations recorded higher rates compared to the northern stations, and the annual rates ranged between (408)milliwatts in Erbil and(461) milliwatts in Basra, due to differences in latitude, cloudiness and dust phenomena. The study concluded that the country enjoys high rates of solar radiation despite their variation from one station to another, as the lowest annual rate is not less than(408) milliwatts in the northern range, equivalent to energy production of about(1.48) megawatts/m2/year, while the southern range records the highest rates, where It exceeded(445)milliwatts, equivalent to(1.62) megawatts/m2/year, which makes Iraq one of the countries qualified to produce solar energy in all parts of the country, especially the southern and southwestern region of Iraq, and the peak of solar radiation is in the summer and spring, where the values exceeded(650)milliwatts in the summer and(520)milliwatts in the spring in many stations, which provides great opportunities to operate solar systems with high efficiency in these seasons

The Research Dealt With The Course Of Peace Negotiations Between Syria And Israel In The Madrid Conference From 1991 To 1993, As The Two Parties Went Through Ten Rounds Of Negotiations In An Attempt To Reach A Peace Agreement, But All Of Them Failed Due To Israel's Insistence On The Golan Heights And Its Refusal To Return It To Syria, In Addition To Syria's Insistence On Implementing The Security Council Resolutions And Rejecting Any Peace Agreement Without The Return Of The Golan To Syrian Sovereignty.
The Research Aims To Shed Light On The Syrian-Israeli Negotiations Within The Framework Of The Madrid Conference, And The Research Was Divided Into Two Axes, The First Of Which Dealt With The Convening Of The Madrid Conference In 1991, While The Second Axis Addressed The Syrian-Israeli Negotiation Rounds From 1991 To 1993. The Research Concluded That The Negotiations On The Occupied Golan Heights Did Not Reach A Result

The aim of the study is to investigate the teaching of mathematics according to the Fragmented Knowledge Integration Strategy and its effect on developing relational thinking among first-grade intermediate students in mathematics. To achieve this objective, the researchers formulated the following null hypothesis:
There is no statistically significant difference at the (0.05) significance level between the mean scores of the relational thinking development of first-grade intermediate students in the experimental group, who were taught using the Fragmented Knowledge Integration Strategy, and the control group, who were taught using the traditional method.
The research population was defined as all first-grade intermediate students in the day intermediate and secondary schools for boys in the Al-Hamdaniya District, Nineveh Governorate, for the academic year (2024–2025), totaling (2152) students distributed across (20) intermediate and secondary schools. The researchers purposefully selected Al-Shorouq Secondary School for Boys to conduct the study. Using random selection (lottery method), Section (A) was chosen to represent the experimental group, consisting of (30) students, and Section (B) to represent the control group, consisting of (32) students.
The researchers prepared the requirements and tools for the experiment, including (behavioral objectives, instructional plans, and a relational thinking test). The instruction for both groups was carried out by the researcher, Dawood Muhammad Ali. The experiment lasted for (13) weeks. After collecting and statistically analyzing the data, the results showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups in the development of overall relational thinking and in the first and second skills, in favor of the experimental group.
In light of the results, the researchers reached a number of conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions, including:
The possibility of using the Fragmented Knowledge Integration Strategy in teaching mathematics, as this strategy contributed to the development of relational thinking among first-grade intermediate students and increased their interaction with the subject matter.
The researchers also presented a set of recommendations, including advising the Department of Preparation and Training at the General Directorate of Education in Nineveh to train mathematics teachers at the intermediate stage to adopt this strategy in teaching, considering it one of the contemporary and modern teaching strategies

The Popes of Rome, in the Middle Ages, were preparing a feudal England affiliated with them, bringing them money and imports, like France, Spain, and the rest of the other Christian kingdoms. Its continuation, and its supervision by their representatives, the clergy in England, which led to the accumulation of the wealth of the clergy, their obtaining the best jobs and positions, their dominance over the English community, and the increase in their influence over the authority of the kings, which led to reactions. Some of the early kings of England were firmly resolute towards them, and as a result, during the Middle Ages England had a conflict between the English kings and the Catholic Church over power and control, as many English kings tried to restrict and limit the clergy, And show the superiority of the kings' authority over them.

Poetry derived its intellectual values from its social, natural, and cultural environments; therefore, these values gained their legitimacy from these sources.
Arabic poetry served as a steady platform for the expression of poetic creativity and the ideas and intellectual values held by the poet.
The intellectual values in Arabic poetry—particularly in the poetry of Al-Shammakh—bear witness to the fundamentals of wisdom and knowledge embedded in poetic texts, as they formed a valuable intellectual experience reflected in reality and circulated among poets.
Intellectual values are verbal tools used in crafting poetic art that express the nature, orientations, and social attitudes of the poet.
Intellectual values in Arabic poetry in general, and in pre-Islamic poetry in particular, are among the most prominent themes promoted by poets due to their significant importance.
These values in pre-Islamic poetry, especially in the works of Al-Shammakh, were a reflection and translation of the strong social bonds that connected members of the tribe.
The subjective vision of the pre-Islamic poet reflects the self-image he draws for himself, as the term “subjectivity” was used to express all the individual’s thoughts and feelings, which embody intellectual, mental, and personal characteristics, including beliefs and convictions

The study provides a comprehensive documentation of the development of postal transportation methods, postage stamps, and currency in Kuwait across various historical periods. It sheds light on the development of the postal system in Kuwait and explains how these developments were linked to Kuwait's distinguished geographical location at the head of the Arabian Gulf. Meanwhile, monetary transactions in foreign and local currencies, such as the Tawila al-Hasa, the Austrian riyal, the Indian rupee, and other currencies, reflect the extent of economic and social development achieved by monetary transactions since the last century. This type of monetary transactions, and the shift away from barter transactions, demonstrates the diversity and connection of Kuwait's trade relations with neighboring geographic regions and countries around the world. This monetary transaction played a prominent role in establishing the Kuwaiti banking system and facilitating ways to enhance financial stability in society, as it is a key tool for meeting the financial needs of citizens and businesses

The Effect of the Instrumental Enrichment Strategy on the Academic Achievement and Development of Mathematical Literacy of Second Intermediate Grade Students .
Research Objective: The current research aims to identify the effect of the Instrumental Enrichment Strategy on the academic achievement and development of mathematical literacy of second intermediate grade students .
Research Sample: The research sample included (78) students from the second intermediate grade, who were intentionally selected from the research population at Al-Muhaimin Boys' Intermediate School in Mosul for the academic year 2024-2025. The sample was divided into two equivalent groups in a number of variables (IQ score, general average, previous year's math score, parental achievement, mathematical literacy). The experimental group studied mathematics using the Instrumental Enrichment Strategy (38 students), while the control group studied the same subject in the usual way (40 students ) .
Research Instruments
Achievement Test: Prepared by the researcher and consists of (18) items, and its validity and reliability were verified .
Mathematical Literacy Scale: Prepared by (Al-Khafaji 2021) and consists of (51) items distributed across three aspects (cognitive, skill, emotional )

The book Ta'wilat Ahl al-Sunnah by al-Maturidi - may God have mercy on him - is considered one of the most important books of interpretation in the Hanafi school of thought and one of the most important books for the people of the Sunnah and the community. It is the source from which the followers of the Hanafi school of thought draw, as he relied on reason and transmission, and this is something that no one before him did at his time. It is one of the most important books he wrote, because it represents the pinnacle of his knowledge, to which he devoted his thought and life, to clarify the correctness of the school of thought of the people of the Sunnah and the community and defend it against the currents of weak opposing schools of thought that are destabilizing the edifice of Islamic belief. His interpretation was distinguished by multiple features that demonstrate the Imam's approach, as he combined interpretation by tradition and interpretation by opinion, with his inclination towards rational interpretation more than transmitted interpretation.
tanawalat almabahith alniqabiat fi surat tah fi tawilat sanat alsanat , fatadamanat albahth (almabhath altamhidii) sabeat matalib fi taerifat eunwan alrisalat lughatan watletaan fi almatlab al'awal , 'amaa altalab althaani tafsir lughat waistilaha, walmatlab althaalith taerif alsunat , walmatlab alraabie altaerif bitafsir alkitab (tawilat 'ahl alsunati) wamanhajih fihi, walmatlab alkhamis ean sirat hayaatalmatridi, walmatlab alsaadis altaerif bisurat tah, 'amaa almatlab alsaabie alshafeat min almabahith eaqdiatan (alsameiaati) fi surat tah, wayatasif tafsir (tawilat 'ahl alsunati) lilmatridi bialshumuliati, wadhalik min khilal eardih lil'ara' fataraa 'anah yataearaf lilmasayil al'usuliati, walfiqhiati, walaietiqadiati, fadlan ean dhikar maenaa alay.

Al-janayat fi al-hajj hiya al-mahzurat allati yaqa'u fiha al-muhrim athna' al-ihram, wa-tanqasim ila thalatha anwa': ma yujib al-fidyah faqat, wa ma yujib al-fidyah ma'a al-ithm, wa ma yufsidu al-hajj wa yujib al-qada'. Fa-min al-janayat allati tujib al-fidyah faqat: qatlu al-sayd al-barri, aw halq al-sha'r, aw taqlim al-azfar, wa hadhihi fiha fidyah 'ala al-takhyir bayna siyam, aw it'am, aw dam. Wa ma yujib al-fidyah wa al-ithm: mithl taghtiyat al-ra's lil-rijal, aw al-tatayyub, aw lubs al-makhit, wa hiya muharramah wa ya'tham fa'iluha, wa 'alayhi fidyah. Amma a'zam al-janayat fa-huwa al-jima' qabl al-tahallul al-awwal, fa-innahu yufsidu al-hajj, wa yajibu al-mudi fihi, thumma al-qada' fi al-'am al-tali ma'a al-hady. Wa taqdir al-fidyah yakhtalif bi-ikhtilaf al-janayah, wa yurja'u fihi ila aqwal al-fuqaha'. Wa yajibu 'ala al-hajj an yajtannib hadhihi al-mahzurat li-yasihh hajju"Wa-qad qassamtu al-baḥtha ilā qismayn:
Al-qism al-awwal: wa-yatanawala mabḥathayn,
al-mabḥath al-awwal: ḥayat al-mu’allif,
wa-al-mabḥath al-thanI: waṣf al-makhtuṭ,
amma al-qism al-thanI fa-tadamman al-naṣṣ al-muḥaqqaq

The research addresses the political role of the Iraqi military establishment between 1936 and 1945, during which the army transformed from a mere defensive institution into an actor in the struggle for power. During this period, influential military blocs emerged, such as the National Bloc and the Bakr Sidqi Bloc, which contributed to destabilizing political stability through coups and shifting alliances. Foreign intervention, especially from Britain, also reduced the influence of the army and restructured it to ensure it did not harm its interests. Thus, this period marked a decisive shift in the history of contemporary Iraq, as the military establishment became an active party in political decision-making and decision-making

The current research aims to identify the level of emotional balance among university students and to identify the significance of significant differences in the level of emotional balance among the research sample according to the gender variable (males - females). The research sample consisted of (818) male and female students in the colleges of the University of Mosul. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher adopted the Emotional Balance Scale of (Shati & Zaeir,2020). The scale consists of (28) items, which are answered as (applies to me to a very great extent, applies to me to a great extent, applies to me to a moderate extent, applies to me to a small extent, does not apply) with weights (1, 2, 3, 4, 5). The validity and reliability of the scale were verified through statistical methods, and the discriminatory power of the scale items was calculated. The results showed the following:
1.The research sample is characterized by an above-average level of emotional balance.
2.There are significant differences in the level of emotional balance in favor of males

This Research Examines The Life Of Fakhri Al-Din Pasha And His Political And Military Activities In Medina In 1916, The Date Fakhri Pasha Assumed Civil And Military Administration In Medina. The Researcher Studied This Period In Medina's History Due To Its Significant Impact On The Ottoman Presence In The City. The Research Is Divided Into An Introduction, Three Chapters, And A Conclusion. The Introduction Sheds Light On The Political Situation In Medina From 1915 To 1916. The First Chapter Examines Fakhri Al-Din Pasha's Upbringing. The Second Chapter Examines His Political Role In Medina. The Third Chapter Is Devoted To His Military Role In Medina In Confronting Sharif Hussein And His Sons. The Study Reaches Several Conclusions, The Most Important Of Which Are:
- It Is Evident That The General Situation In The Hejaz Influenced The Restructuring Of The Military Leadership In Medina, And Fakhri Pasha Was Appointed Commander Of The Hejaz Campaign In Medina. Fakhri Pasha Possessed A Strong Personality And Exceptional Administrative And Military Skills. He Successfully Managed All The Tasks Assigned To Him, And He Enjoyed Broad Powers. He Therefore Ordered The Summoning Of Tribal Sheikhs And Allocated Them Salaries.
- Despite Hussein's Government's Resistance To Fakhri Pasha, He Forced It To Withdraw From Several Areas Of The City.
- Furthermore, The Tribes' Loyalties Fluctuated Between The Two Sides

The current research aims to identify:
1. The level of strong personality among university students.
2. Statistically significant differences in the level of strong.
personality among university students according to gender (male–female), academic year (second–fourth), and field of study (scientific–humanities).
The main research sample consisted of 1,200 male and female students distributed across eight colleges (four scientific and four humanities colleges). To achieve the research objectives, a strong personality scale was constructed, and its validity (face and construct validity) was verified. The discriminative power of the items was calculated, and reliability was assessed using the test-retest method. The tool showed a validity of(87) or higher and a reliability coefficient of (81%). The final version of the scale consisted of 47 items distributed across six dimensions.
Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The results revealed the following:
1. Students at the University of Mosul have a moderate level of strong personality.
2. There are no statistically significant differences in the level of strong personality according to gender and academic year.
3. There are statistically significant differences in the level of strong personality according to the field of study, in favor of humanities students.
Recommendations and Suggestions
- The researchers recommend that the responsible authorities at the University of Mosul organize training and developmental workshops to enhance strong personality traits, especially among students in scientific disciplines.
- The researchers suggest conducting a correlational study between strong personality and parenting styles among adolescents

The aim of the current research was to determine the level of moral intelligence among gifted students in Mosul schools, using procedures to verify the psychometric properties (validity, reliability), as well as to identify the significance of differences in moral intelligence among the research sample according to the gender variable (male, female) and the academic grade variable (second, third, fourth, fifth) within the research sample. The research sample amounted to (600) male and female students from the (second, third, fourth, fifth) grades of the (8) high schools for gifted students in the city of Mosul, of both sexes (males, females). The moral intelligence scale was used (prepared by the researchers), and the psychometric properties were extracted, in addition to extracting the discriminatory power and internal consistency of the scale items. The researchers relied on statistical methods in analyzing the data such as (analysis of variance, the Facker-Nbach coefficient), and the results of the statistical analysis revealed the validity of the scale to measure moral intelligence among students, and the researchers reached a number of recommendations and proposals

The Umayyad Caliphate, Which Lasted For Nearly A Century, Is One Of The Most Important Eras In Islamic History. This Topic Dealt With The Crown Prince In The Umayyad Caliphate, And The Efforts Made By The Umayyads To Obtain Power Through The Innovation Of The Crown Prince System, Which Was Not Prevalent In The Era Of The Rightly Guided Caliphs (May God Be Pleased With Them), And Moving Away From The System Of Consultation Among Muslims In Assuming The Caliphate. The Umayyad Caliphate Faced Many Revolutions Led By People Who Rejected This System, As It Began In Its Application By Caliph Muawiyah Bin Abi Sufyan, As He Gave The Crown Prince After Him To His Son Yazid Bin Muawiyah. He Returned And Corresponded With The Provinces And Regions To Take The Pledge Of Allegiance To Him. In Some Islamic Cities, The Pledge Of Allegiance Was Taken From Some By Force, Which Resulted In The Emergence Of The Force Opposing The Caliphate Of Yazid Bin Muawiyah. Then The Umayyads Took Damascus As The Capital Of The Caliphate, And The Caliphate Moved From The Sufyani Branch To The Marwani, Where Marwan Bin Bin Al-Hakam Took Over The Rule Of The Caliphate (64 Ah / 684 Ad). Some Of The Umayyad Caliphs Took The Initiative To Giving The Position Of Crown Prince To More Than One Person, As Caliph Abdul Malik Bin Marwan Gave The Position Of Crown Prince To Four Of His Sons, One After The Other,. He Sent To The Provinces And Took The Pledge Of Allegiance From Them. Some Caliphs Tried To Remove Their Brothers From The Position Of Crown Prince By Giving It To Their Sons, And This Is What Weakened The Umayyad Caliphate

Forests are critical ecosystems that play a vital role in maintaining biodiversity and ecological balance. However, increasing human activities such as mining, deforestation, and intentional wildfires have significant negative impacts on the environment. The study area, covering approximately 4,217.46 km² and located between the longitudes of 44°50'0" E and 46°20'0" E, and the latitudes of 35°20'0" N and 36°30'0" N, is experiencing considerable pressures due to unsustainable land use practices. This leads to heightened risks of desertification and loss of biodiversity. Furthermore, these transformations adversely affect the local climate, exacerbating the severity of floods and droughts.
In this context, it is essential to comprehend the relationship between human activities and environmental transformations to develop effective strategies for forest conservation and sustainability. Consequently, this study aims to illuminate the negative consequences of human activities on forests in northeastern Iraq and to explore potential solutions to address these environmental challenges

Imam Ahmad Was One Of The Most Powerful Imams In Yemen. He Was The One Who Was Able To Regain Power And Thwart The Transfer Of Power From The Hamid Al-Din Family After The Assassination Of His Father In 1948. In Addition To His Ability To Communicate And Employ Tribal Leaders To Implement His Policy, After Assuming Power, He Followed His Father’s Approach, Which Created A Political Opposition That Wanted To Overthrow Him Through Two Assassination Attempts: The First Was Led By Saeed Hassan Fare’ (Iblis), While The Second Was Planned And Executed By Abdullah Al-Laqiya, Muhammad Al-Alafi, And Mohsen Al-Hindwana

The research aimed to identify the effectiveness of the Gallery Walk strategy in eighth-grade female students' comprehension of scientific concepts and development of their scientific thinking.
The research sample consisted of (61) female students divided into two groups: (31) students in the experimental group and (30) in the control group. They were intentionally selected from the research population in Duhok city for the academic year (2024-2025). Then they were distributed into two equal groups base on several variables (age, intelligence quotient, previous year's science grade, general average, and parents' educational level). The first experimental group studied the material according to the Gallery Walk strategy, while the second control group studied the same material using the conventional method.
To achieve the research objective and test its main and sub-hypotheses, the researchers prepared two tools: First, a test for comprehension of scientific concepts, which in its final form consisting of (25) objective multiple-choice questions with three alternatives based on Bloom's cognitive domain. Second, a scientific thinking skills test consisting of (5) general scientific situations with (6 )objective three-alternative questions for each situation. Both tools demonstrated validity, reliability, and psychometric properties. The researchers then prepared teaching plans for both experimental and control research groups, and teaching was assigned to subject teachers in the designated schools. After the experiment ended, the researcher applied both tests to the basic research sample members, then analyzed the data using appropriate statistical methods and the results indicated:
1- There is a statistically significant difference between the mean comprehension scores of the experimental and control research groups in the Science for All subject, in favor of the experimental group members who studied using the Gallery Walk strategy.
2- There is a statistically significant difference between the mean development scores of the experimental and control groups in their scientific thinking, in favor of the experimental group members

This Study Is Based On The Subject Of British Policy Towards Egyptian Industries For The Period 1882-1914, Which Is The Beginning Of The British Occupation Of Egypt Until The Beginning Of World War I, And The Declaration Of The British Protectorate Over Egypt, As Britain Succeeded In Occupying Egypt Under The Pretext Of Strengthening The Khedive’s Authority And Protecting The Rights Of Foreigners In Egypt. British Policy Also Played An Important Role In Controlling The Egyptian Economy And Linking It To The British Economy, Then Worked To Fight Egyptian Industries In Various Ways. British Policy In Egypt Was Summarized By Transforming Egypt Into An Agricultural Country Specializing In Cotton Production Only, And Tried To Prevent The Establishment Of Any National Industries

This research aims to study and investigate the commentary of Sheikh Muhammad bin Ali Al-Qarabaghi on the interpretation of Al-Qadi Al-Baydawi in the section of Al-Naba from verses (1-8) of Surat Al-Ghashiyah. I divided it into an introduction, two parts, and a conclusion. In the introduction, I talked about the reasons for choosing the manuscript, the importance of the manuscript, previous studies, the difficulties I faced, the research plan, and my methodology in the investigation. The first part was dedicated to studying Al-Baydawi and Al-Qarabaghi and his methodology in his commentary, and a description of the copies. As for the second part, it included the investigation of (verses from Surat Al-Ghashiyah), and the conclusion included the most important results I reached through this research.
The research concludes that Al-Qara Baghi's commentary represents an accurate scientific model for interacting with the interpretive text, reflects the author's jurisprudential and linguistic background, and contributes to highlighting the development of the commentary method in serving interpretation books.

Conclusion The footnote of Sheikh Ibrahim alone, may God have mercy on him, on the interpretation of the oval of the unique footnotes that combined the reasonable and movable, which had a great impact in highlighting the meanings of the Qur'anic verses in the interpretation of the words of the oval, may God have mercy on him, through his interpretation called (lights of download and secrets of interpretation) through his reliance on a variety of sources, including those related to language, Including what is related to grammar, morphology, literature, poetry, rhetoric, creed, Quranic readings, and other machine sciences and Sharia, through which the meaning of adhering to the most trustworthy handhold that is inseparable, and based on us in revealing footnotes that are of paramount importance in explaining the sayings of scientists through their interpretations and at a time when we see a large number of these remaining efforts in oblivion disappeared in the libraries of the world that have not yet seen the light we have achieved a small part of a manuscript in the science of interpretation woven Its pioneering author in the sciences of reasonable and movable famous among the scientists stallions (Ibrahim bin Mustafa) famous for (alone) the light of God sheets his works by doubling wages, and Asbel on his grave mercy and blessings surrounded by the aura of light, by removing the dust from it, and studying and achieving

The research aimed to identify:
The effect of the Wheatley model on the achievement of fourth grade studentsin geography
To achieve the goal of the research, the researcher developed the null hypothesis and the researcher adopted the experimental approach, and the current research sample was limited to (59) students from the fourth grade literary for the academic year (2024-2025) distributed to two experimental and control groups equivalent in variables (chronological age calculated in months, intelligence quotient, the general average for the third grade average, the grades of the research sample in geography for the fourth literary grade, and the academic achievement of parents), and the fourth grade literary students were selected in (Al-Amjad Preparatory School for Boys) and the number of (30) students to represent the experimental group, has studied according to the Wheatley model, and students of the fourth grade literary in (Imam Missionaries Preparatory for Boys) and the number (29) students to represent the control group, has studied according to the usual method, and the researcher prepared the tool test achievement, which is in its final form of (40) paragraphs of the type of objective test and essay test, has been verified the sincerity and stability of the test, The stability reached (0.81) and the coefficient of ease, strength, discrimination and effectiveness of the wrong alternatives were extracted, as no paragraph was deleted from it and it became in its final form consisting of (40) paragraphs.
The validity of the scale was verified after what was presented to the committee of experts and arbitrators with experience and competence and their opinions on it, and its stability was extracted and the stability value reached (0.84) and the application of the experiment began on Sunday (13/10/2024) and ended on Monday (30/12/2024) for both groups and by two weekly sessions, and after collecting the data and analyzing them statistically, the necessary statistical treatments were carried out with the T-test for two independent samples, and the results showed the following:
_ There is a statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the average scores of the achievement of the experimental group students that were studied according to the Wheatley model and the average scores of the control group that were studied according to the usual method and in favor of the experimental group in the achievement test

Water erosion develops from natural problems that lead to the deterioration of moisture in the water in the company, and it has the beginning of rainwater falling on the surface and reaching the surface runoff and ending with the valley streams. The current study of erosion in the Shaler Basin. The Douglas index was used to determine the erosion pattern of the basin using the Douglas equation, and whether it was light, moderate, or severe. The Bergisma index was applied to the Schlier basin to determine the nature of erosion, which Bergisma divided into seven patterns, and whether all patterns were generalized to the basin or limited to some. It reflected The geological formations evident in the valley basin, in addition to geological structures such as folds and faults, influence the various erosion zones. The nature of the slopes also played a significant role in determining the characteristics of erosion and the formation of valleys throughout the basin, as both indicators, after relying on rainfall, are perpendicular to the surface composition of the basin

This research aims to reveal the significance of the coupling of interrogative particles with the verb (Ra’ā) and its derivatives in the Qur’anic text. The research consists of two sections, preceded by an introduction and followed by a conclusion.
The introduction begins with defining interrogation linguistically and technically, explaining its types in terms of literal and metaphorical meanings, and then clarifying its tools.
The first section discusses the significance of the coupling of the interrogative particle (Hamza) with the verb Ra’ā and its derivatives. This section contains two topics:
The first: the significance of coupling Hamza in the context of negation, including the meaning of wonder at God's creation and power. The second: the significance of coupling Hamza in the context of affirmation, including Iblis’s contempt for Adam (peace be upon him) and wonder at God’s preference for him.
The second section reveals the significance of coupling the interrogative particle (Hal) with the verb Ra’ā and its derivatives, including meanings such as secrecy and caution regarding the knowledge of God.

The current research aimed to investigate the impact of the Woods Model on the academic achievement of fifth-grade literary students in geography. The sample consisted of 53 fifth-grade literary students for the academic year (2024–2025). This sample was randomly divided into two groups: an experimental group comprising 26 students from Al-Amal Preparatory School for Boys, who studied natural geography according to the Woods Model, and a control group comprising 27 students from Al-Raya Preparatory School for Boys, who studied the same material using the traditional method.
To achieve the research objectives and test its hypotheses, the researchers prepared an achievement test consisting of 36 items, including both objective and essay questions. The test's face and content validity, as well as its psychometric properties, were verified. Reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha, yielding a coefficient of 0.80. After selecting the sample, ensuring equivalence between the two groups in several variables, controlling for internal and external validity, preparing lesson plans, and developing the research instrument, the experiment was conducted from Tuesday (15/10/2024) until Sunday (15/12/2024). Upon completion, the researchers administered the test to both groups.
After collecting and statistically analyzing the data using the independent samples t-test, the following result was reached:
1. There is a statistically significant difference at the (0.05) level between the mean scores of the experimental group, which studied using the Woods Model, and the mean scores of the control group, which studied using the traditional method, in favor of the experimental group.
Based on the research findings, the researchers drew several conclusions and provided recommendations. To further the research, they also proposed a number of suggestions

The aim of the research is to identify the effectiveness of a training program in light of technical enlightenment to improve some geographical skills among middle school students. In order to achieve the research goal, the researcher followed the experimental method by selecting two experimental groups, one of which controls the other. A sample was selected for the research, represented by (50) male and female students from the fifth literary grade, distributed equally. A pre-test of geographical skills was conducted between the students of the two research groups. The researcher used, as part of the research requirements, the training program that he prepared in light of technical enlightenment. As for the research tool, it was represented by a test of some geographical skills. The researcher applied the training program to the students of the two groups for a full month. The researcher came out with several results, including: the presence of a difference between the post-test and the pre-test for the geographical skills test in favor of the post-test. There were also no differences between male and female students in the geographical skills test. The researcher came out with a number of conclusions, recommendations and proposals.

The current research aimed to identify the effect of using the self-questioning strategy on developing silent reading skills among students with learning disabilities. To achieve this goal, the researcher developed a specific hypothesis. The research sample consisted of fourteen male and female students with learning disabilities in the fourth grade of primary school, special education department. To assess silent reading skills from the reading book, the researcher designed an achievement test. To assess its suitability for use, he presented it to a committee of experts to verify its apparent validity. The test-retest method was used to determine its reliability. The researcher also prepared plans for the self-questioning strategy for the experimental group and plans for the control group using the traditional method. Using two tests—one before the experiment and the other after—the researcher employed an experimental design known as the equivalent groups design. The researcher rewarded the experimental and control groups based on various variables. The data were analyzed using the following statistical methods: Chi-square test, Mann-Whitney test, Yates correction test, and Kuder-Richardson equation 20. Because they are suitable for small samples, the research results showed the presence of a statistically significant difference in favor of the students of the control group who studied according to the traditional method and their superiority over the experimental group who studied according to the self-questioning strategy. In light of this, a number of recommendations and proposals were made to complement the research results.

History is characterized by breadth and comprehensiveness, as it carries historical facts that extend across all eras. However, the history that the Andalusian writer drew upon is reflected in his engagement with tribes, genealogies, and historical figures, whether from the pre-Islamic or Islamic periods, as well as with the names of women, in addition to the military events and incidents immortalized by history. The writer dealt with these references in a way that ensured their revival and continuity, for such references carry a vitality that guarantees their permanence. Through creative expression and new linguistic forms, he restored their dynamism and aligned them with the spirit of the age.
Indeed, history is the firm bond that connects the present of the nation to its past; it is the record that speaks of its glories and achievements with which nations boast, and upon which they rely to inspire determination between the present and the past that recalls the hardships endured by earlier generations. From this perspective, the historical heritage enriched the culture of the Andalusian writer with historical knowledge, from which he could draw upon those events—events that embody the immortality of the nation, the endurance of its figures, and the extension of the collective identity he sought to affirm.

The natural world is a huge and intricate web of life that provides a multitude of insights and lessons to those who observe and contemplate it. As a platform for sharing innovative ideas and knowledge, TEDx has become a key focus for understanding how public discourse affects people’s awareness and perception of various topics. Schema theory and conceptual metaphor theory provide cognitive insights that influence how speakers and their audience think and understand concepts connected to nature in the context of nature representation. Employing a descriptive qualitative method, the current study examines three inspirational talks delivered by TEDx American speakers in an attempt to honor the natural world. Based on the findings, numerous schemas have been activated through the cognitive mapping between a source domain and a target domain. The activation of such metaphor-based schemas has broadened the meaning and comprehension of the talk’s main concerns. In each of the three talks, the three most often used conceptual metaphors (together with the schemas that accompany them) were ‘nature is a model’, ‘nature is everywhere’, and ‘nature is a legal entity with rights’. This research encourages a more more deliberate and accountable approach to environmental management by highlighting the potential of talks as platforms for public discussion of ecological issues