Euphrates Journal of Agricultural Science

The antimicrobial test was conducted in College of Agriculture /Al-qasim Green University
in different treatments: Eucalyptus leaves of ethanolic extract, Eucalyptus leaves soaking by
distilled water and Trichoderma harzianum extracted of concentrations (0.125, 0.250, 0.375
and 0.500 mg / ml). The results showed a significant differents to use T.harzianum extracted
to reduce the radial growth of the Rhizoctonia solani it was(7.399, 56.599 and 61.066) mm
which measured after 2, 4 and 6 days of inoculation respectively compared to the radial
growth of the Ethanolic extraction method which was(10.266, 79.199 and 84.000) mm
respectively, the concentrate of 0.500 mg / ml reduced the radial growth of R.solani it was (8.110, 65.666 and 67.444) mm respectively, compared to the 0.0 mg / ml which was
(10.444, 79.666, 84.000)mm Respectively. Highest germination rate of cucumber seeds
soaked by T.harzianum extracted in soil treated by R.solani it was (9.099) seed /pot
compared to Ethanolic and al aquatic of Eucalyptus leaves extracted which was (5.699 and
5.599) seed / pot respectively . There was a significant effect in reducing of germination rate
of inoculated soil of R.solani it was (6.354) seed / pot compared to un-inoculated soil which
was (7.243) seed / pot.
Key words : Extractions, Eucalyptus ,Rhizoctonia solani ,Trichoderma harzzianum ,
Radial growth and Cucumber.

This experiment was carried out in Poultry Research Station at the Agricultural
Research department for the period form 30/9/2015 to 10/5/2016. The aim of this study was
to determine the relationship between VLDLR and egg production traits . A total of 30
random local Iraqi Brown Chickens were used . The blood sample was collected form hens
in three periods at ages 20 , 24 and 30 weeks . The Very Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor
(VLDLR) was measured by using special Kit depend on ELISA Procedure . the results study
were as follows : Egg Production (EP) was increased due to increase in concentration of VLDLR that
measured at 20 weeks of age . Whereas, these traits was increased at 30 week of age due to
decrease in concentration of VLDLR.
The correlation between VLDLR at 30 weeks of age and EP that recorded during
period from 21 to 24 week was Significantly Negative (P<0.05) , and the other periods (25
28 , 29-32 and EP form 21 to 32 weeks of age) was high significantly negative (P<0.0001)
which was -0.74 , -0.85 and -0.85 respectively .
Key Words : Egg Production , Very low density lipoprotein receptor , yolk precursor .

This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of mycorrhizae (Glomus mosseae) on the
control of root rot disease caused by Rhizoctonia.solani and the effect of water stress on
maize plant in order to find friendly environmental manner to control disease. Laboratory
experiments have showed the virulent ability of the R.solani and the percent of the decayed
seeds reached to 57% in PDA media.
When examining the effect of pathogenic fungus in the percentage of germination in the
soil of pots and growth indicators there was a decrease in the percentage of germination was
74% compared with the control treatment 96% as well as the pathogenic fungus has led to a
decline in the dry weight of shoot and root and height.
The pots experiment in the greenhouse showed that the three irrigation amounts 50, 100
and 150 ml (water stress) have no effect on the percentages of seeds germination which
were72.92and 71.25 and 70.83%, respectively, but they effected on the growth indicators
(leaf area , stem diameter , plant height and number of leaves) .for leaf area was the highest
area of paper rate in the irrigation level of 150 ml, amounting to 70.62 cm2 while gave the
irrigation 50 level ml less leaf area amounted to 16.45 cm2 As for stem diameter the highest
rate recorded in the level of 100 and 150 ml for irrigation, reaching 0.46 and 0.43 cm
respectively, while the lowest rate at the record level of 50 ml for irrigation reaching 0.28
cm2
The results showed also that there are significant differences for the rates of plant height
between the level of 50 ml for irrigation, and levels of 100 and 150 ml who were very close
in as the rate of plant height to them, 13.74 and 13.91 cm amounted respectively, while plant
height rate at level 50 ml for irrigation dropped to 10.85 cm . and also there were significant
differences in the average number of leaves of the plant between the irrigation water levels
which gave the irrigation level of 150 ml highest rate of the number was 3.54 with significant
differences and clear all levels of 100 and 50 ml, which was the average number 2.13 and
2.33 respectively . but there were no differences morale among the treatments in the case of
R. solani or no to the previous growth indicators to plant maize .
The study also showed ,in pots experiment in the greenhouse, when using three levels of
Glomus mosseae (2.5, 5 and 7.5) gm Pot have had the same impact on growth indicators of
maize plant and all those levels effected on the activity of pathogenic fungus R.solani . and
inhibiteded by its impact on the plant.
Key words : Mycorrhizae , Rhizoctonia solani , water stress , Maize

This study was conducted in a private orchard in al-Hamza region governorate
of Babylon during the growing seasons 2015 and 2016 to study the effect of organic
fertilization and Foliar feeding in the quantity characteristics of grape cultivar Halwani 7
years old. The experiment Included two treatments the first useing four types of organic
fertilization (control , sheep manure 9 kg / vines-1, decomposed plant residue 9 kg / vines-1 ,
biofertilizer EM1 25 ml / l) and the second useing five types of spraying some nutrients
which (control , algae extract ( Algaren ) 6 ml / L, Boron 3 ml / L , 3 ml Iron L and
Gibberellin 150 mg / L ). results were as follows:. The sheep manure gave significant
increased in quantity characteristics (number of clusters / vine , cluster weight , length of the cluster , number of berries in a cluster weight of 100 berries , vine yield) also the
spraying by (Algaren) gave significant increased in quantity characteristics except berries
hardness both seasons compared with control , The results showed that the interaction
between sheep manure 9kg/ vine and spraying by (Aljaran) 6ml /L gave significant
increased in all quantity characteristics except berries hardness where vine yield reached
18.03 and 18.94kg for both seasons compared to the control which gave 13.40 and 12.67kg
sequentially .
Key Words : Organic fertilization, Grapevine, cultivar Halwani , Algaren , nutrients

In order to detect the influence of harvest date of Safflower (Carthamus tinctoriusL.) on
values of genetic parameter ,and determine the trait less affected by the environment that
have high heritability in order to develop a successful ,easily and short selection program to
improve the traits of safflower . An experiment was carried out in the field of Field Crop Sci
.Dep .College of Agriculture –Univ of Baghdad during 2010-2011 , five safflower cultivars
were used (2081,Gelser ,Al-Mays,Ourdni,Rabie500) in randomize complete block design
using spilt plot with three replicates .There were four harvest date : at physiology stage
,after 10 days,20 days ,and 30 days from physiological stage . The data showed that the value
of parameters were different between tow years and among four dates of harvest . There was a decline in genetic parameters value when changing the date of harvest . For the four
harvest date ,the highest percentage of heritability was the dry matter weight ,plant yield and
total yield as the result of higher genetic variance contribution in the phenotypic variance
which amounted to 99%,99% and 99% for the first date and 97%,99%and 99%for the
second and 99%,99% and 99% for third date and finally 99%.99% and 91% for the fourth
date respectively., But in the second year it has reached the same traits 99% ,93% and 96%
for first date,99%,99% and 97% for second date ,99%,96% and 96% for third date ,and 99%
.94%,98% for fourth date .The values of the genetic variation coefficient was very close to
the values of the phenotypic variation coefficient for most of the traits studied . It can be
concluded from these data the possibility of using these traits in successful selection program
to improve the cultivar and for the four dates.
key word : Genetic variation, Genetic ,phenotypic variation coefficient, Heritability
,(Carthamus tinctoriusL.)

To study the response of wheat plants to foliar application of different micronutrients
concentrations, a field experiment was conducted during 2014-2015 winter season in private
field in Al-Kifil , district- Babylon governorate (attitude 44.38 and latitude 32.22) in silty
loam soil. Four concentrations ( 0, 200, 400, and 600 g.ha-1 ) labelled as B0, B1, B2, and B3
of mixed micronutrients (Mn , Cu, Zn, and Fe respectiely) were used to determine their
effects on growth and yield of wheat (cultivar 99). The micronutrients were sprayed at three
stages of plants growth ( tiller stage, elongation stage, and booting stage). Randomized
complete block Design (RCBD) within three replication was used in this experiment. The
results showed that foliar application of micronutrients caused a significant effect and the
concentration B2 was superior in plant height ( 113.4 cm), flag leaf area (29.8cm2),
chlorophyll content (47.9), biological yield (11.905 tonne . ha-1), and grain number per spike
(58.7 grain),While superiority B3 was superior in no. spike (476.9/ m2) and grain yield
(4.199 t.ha-1) compared to control treatment .

The experiment was conducted during season of 2015 in plastic houses at
Azawia district- Babylon province to study growth and yield of cucumber
hybrids (Karima & Grass) with four levels of foliar spray using fol spray
fertilizer (0 ،2 ،2.5 ،3 gm. liter-1) on cucumber plant and the first spraying
began on flowering stage and then after each 10 days interval, the experiment
design used was Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three
replicates. Results showed the "Karima" cv significantly on"Grass" cv in plant
length rate (187.0) cm, the number of leaves (29.25) leaf and dry weight of the
shoot leaf (18.79) gm . the results also showed all the treatments of spray
significantly in vegetative growth and fruiting characteristics as compared with
control treatment .the results also showed the "Grass" cv significantly on
"Karima" cv in fruit length (17.32) cm , fruit weight (110.27) gm and the
number of fruits (13.90) fruit.plant-1 and the plant yield (1.541)kg. .the results
of the interaction the significant superiority of Karima on the level 2.5gm.liter-1
plant length rate (207.8) cm ,the number of leaves (38.47) leaf and dry weight
of the shoot (22.12) gm , while the "Grass" was significantly superior on the
level 2.5 gm. liter-1 in fruit length (19.22) cm , fruit weight (119.43) gm and the
number of fruits (15.58) fruit.plant-1 and the one plant yield (1.860)kg.

Field experiment of foliar application of K and Zn elements was conducted at Mishkab
Rice Research Station of Najaf government to study the effect of them on flag leaves content
of the (NPK) elements and the effect of that on some yield components of Wheat Triticum
aestivum L. Ibba / 99 cultivar. The experiment included two factors which were K and Zn
solutions spraying on shoot system of plant by four concentrations which were ( 0 , 20 , 40 ,
80 Zn) ppm and ( 0 ,200 ,400 ,800 K) ppm . The treatments and factors were distributed
according to factorial experiment with three replicates using Randomized Complete Block
Design (RCBD) and the means were compared at Least Significance Different (LSD) test at
0.05 probability level. The spraying of K and Zn elements led to significant increase in the
flag leaves ( NPK ) elements content as following : The flag leaves content of N element were increase by( 27.0 ,10.7 ) and for P element by ( 37, 20 ) % and for K element by (46 ,
65) % on the highest concentration for K and Zn elements respectively , which led to
significant increase in number of spikes reached to ( 17 , 11) % and then increase the total
yield by ( 5.8 , 5.6 ) % for K and Zn elements respectively . The number of grains/ spike trait
did not affect.

This study was carried out at the Microbiology and Biotechnology lab , the
Animal Production Department , College of Agriculture , AL-Qasim Green
University during the period of 2015 and 2016 , grape cultivars were (Dis AL-
Anz , Halawany , shade beetha , shade sode , Kamali , beeth alhamam , Turky , Frency , Makaoy and Salahi) sellected from three different Locations (AL
Hashmia Babylon , AlboEsa and AL-manathra , Najaf ) to study the genetic
similarties and distances among grape cultivars using random amplifaied
polymorphic DNA (RAPD) , using 14 random primers in RAPD study , In this
study , random primers showed active polymorphism among cultivars except
(OPA1) primer was negative results and other primers were produced 161
bands including 33 monomorphic bands, 101 Polymorphic bands and 27
unique bands. The high number of polymorphic bands estimated about (80%)
was obtained with primer P123 and the OPO19 gave a less percentage of
polymorphic bands estimated about (23.07%) however , this primer gave a high
percentage of unique bands estimated about (30.76%) .The genetic cluster
analysis showed that high genetic similarity was present between shade beetha
and Shade soda estimated about (67% approximately) , with less genetic
distance estimated about (33% approximately ) , while the less genetic
similarity were between Dis Al-Anz and Makaoy (48% approximately) , with
genetic distance of estimated about (52% approximately).
Keywords : PCR , RAPD, Grape , Genetic similarity , Molecular
Characterization

The current study was carried out to investigate some immunohistopathological effects of
bovine bile salts against Salmonella typhimurium. In laboratory animal thirty albino rabbits
of both sex that ages ranged between (10-12) months were divided randomly into three
groups ,the first
group immunized orally by 0.5ml (5mg/ml) and the second group
immunized orally with 0.3ml (3mg/ml) of bile salts in zero time after two weeks the same
doses repeated against Salmonella typhimurium, then delayed type hypersensitivity test was
made on these groups and compared with the third group "that had been inoculated with 0.5
ml of sterile PBS as a control group at day 27 post immunization using soluble bile salts. At
day 30 half number of animals from each group were scarified. Then challenge dose by 1ml
of salmonella typhi were injected intraperitoneally (I/P) for the remaining half of all study
groups ,then after three days they scarified. Samples of blood were collected from each group
to ELIZA analysis for determine the level of IgG in serum in order to obtain their tissues for
histopathological .The results showed that marked necrotic lesion, together with blood vessel
congestion accompanied by hyperplasia with hypertrophy goblet cell of intestine and
thickness of splenic capsule due to mononuclear cells (MNCs) infiltration. While the
immunized groups with bile salts revealed presence of granulomatous lesion in liver with
lymphoid hyperplasia and slight megakaryocyte proliferation in spleen. Finally, the results
showed that the bile salts was highly immunogenic against Salmonella typhimurium and its
toxins and this may be related to the fact that the one of component of bile salts deoxy cholic
acid in their structure which has the ability of destroyed effect on salmonella and their toxins
in the rabbits tissues.
Keywords: Salmonella typhimurium, Bile salts, Rabbits, ELISA.

An experiment was carried out in Afak district – Al-Diwaniyah province during the growing
winter season 2015-2016 to study the effect of three levels of Nitrogen fertilizer on four
barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars. A factorial experiment was carried out using
Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The experiment Behooth 244 and Samer). The second factor included three levels of Nitrogen fertilizater 150,
200 and 250 kg urea. ha-1. Nitrogen was added in the form of urea (46% N) in two portions,
the first was added at seeding and the second when flowering. Seeding was done in the 11 -
December -2015. The studied traits were: plant height, mean of flag leaf area, and number of
tillers, number of spikes, the average number of grains in the spike, the weight of 1000
grains, biological yield of the plant and total grain yield. The results showed that the third
level (250 Kg urea .ha-1) significantly performed better than the first level (150 Kg urea ha-1)
and the second level (200 Kg urea. ha-1) in all studied traits, as it was performed the best in
plant height (88.08 cm), flag leaf area (13.66 cm2), number of tillers (842 tillers in square
meter), number of spikes (0727.5 spikes in square meter), average number of grains in spike
(45 grains in spike), weight of 1000 grain (41.08 g), weight of biological yield of the plant
(31.02 Mega gram ha-1) and total grain yield (2.31 Mega gram. ha-1). Samer variety
performed better than other varieties, where it was the best in plant height (86.22cm) and in
spike number (700 spikes in square meter). Interaction between two factors (variety and
nitrogen levels) was significant, where the combination of the variety Ibaa 99 grown in
nitrogen level (250 Kg urea. ha-1) performed the best in number of tillers (980 tillers in
square meter), number of spikes (786.7 spikes in square meter), average number of grains in
spike (47.33 grains) and total grain yield (3.21 Mega gram. ha-1).
key words: Fertilizer, Barley cultivars, Nitrogen
involved the study of two factors; first it included four varieties of barley (Ibaa 99, Ibaa 265,

This study was conducted to knowledge the effect of Zingiber officinale aquose extract on
the histopathological change in the experimental infected white mice by protoscolices of
Echinococcus granulosus that isolated from sheep infected liver . Sixteen mice were
infected by the protoscolices of the parasite in a dose 2000 protoscolices / mouse with
viability 95 % .After eight month the mice were divided in to four equal groups, the first
group was treated by extract concentration 250 mg/ml / mouse, the second group was treated
in concentration 125 mg / ml / mouse, While third group was treated with ivermectin drug 200 μg / ml / mouse for five days, and left the last group (control group) as a positive control
group. After ten days all mice were scarified and the vital organs (liver, spleen, lungs and
kidney) isolated For the purpose of histological examination.
The result of the histological examination of the organs in the first group showed the
presence of pathological changes in liver sinus consisted infiltration of inflammatory cells
(neutrophils and mononuclear), hyperplasia white pulp of the spleen, infiltration
inflammatory cells and infiltration of proteinaceous in the lungs. The second group, liver
showed infiltration of phagocytic cells around the sinus and the protoscolex, and amyloid
infiltration in the spleen, moderate infiltration of inflammatory cells in the lungs and hyaline
cast with mild amyloid infiltration in the kidneys. The third group showed clear infiltration of
mononuclear cells in the liver, the spleen septulum dilation and depletion of the lymph
follicles and infiltration of inflammatory cells (neutrophils and mononuclear) in the lungs.
Keyword: Echinococcus granulosus, Zingiber officinale, aquose extract, ivermectin.

Field experiment was conducted in 2015-2016 winter season in Babylon province, in
medium loam soil under salt stress conditions. The experiment aimed to determine the effect
of silicon spraying on some physiological traits of six wheat genotypes in salty soil (9.3 dSm
1). Factorial experiment was conducted according to randomized complete block design
(RCBD) with three replications included two levels of silicon spraying (0 and 25 mM.L-1
and six genotypes of bread wheat (Hussein, Furat, Rashid, Uruk, Nukal and 884) which
cultivated in Nov. 20/11 /2015 and harvested on 10/5/ 2016. The data were analyzed
statistically and the mean compered by using L.S.D test. The results showed that; Silicon
spraying was significantly superior in physiological growth traits ( relative water content,
chlorophyll content, carbohydrate content, proline ) which reaches 77.06, 51.62, 2.796 and
o.832 , respectively. Hussein genotype was superior by giving higher average of relative
water content, carbohydrate , proline content , N, P, Ca, Na concentration in leaves which amounted to 77.6, 2.796 , 0.441 , 2.469, 0.26, 2.235 and 5.783, respectively. While rasheed
was superior in chlorophyll content and K concentration. which reached 50.39 and 1.672,
respectively.
Key words: Genotype, Silicon, Salty soil, Wheat

This study was carried out at the Laboratory of the General company of grain Trading /
Babil in December, 2016 . Samples paddy were collected from Al-Mishkab Rice Research
Station at Al-Najaf Governorate to investigate the effect of parboiling rice on some physical
properties of four Rice cultivars(Anbar,Yasamen, Furat, and Baraka).
Husking characteristics included (brown rice extraction, grain hardness, whole
rice,qualitative weight and hulls). Milling characteristics included ( total milling extraction ,
chalkiness, broken rice, bran rice and whiteness degree) .The results showed that the rice in
Husking stage The highest values of hardness and whole grains was significantly increased
after parboiling with values 5.47 kg/cm2 and 79.57% respectively and this issue caused
increased percentage of brown rice extraction approached 78.19%, but the typical change in
the appearance of parboiled rice seemed to be caused by discoloration of the lower whiteness
degree with avalue of 25.48 however, higher value was recorded with unparboiled rice approached 30.61 degree.Cultivar Furat gave the highest for all traits measured in this study.
Asignificant response was observed in parboiling resulted in husking stage that reflected on
increasing the percentage of total milling extraction in the milling stage approached 66.02%.
Rice improvement in physical attributes and parboiling method should be considered.
Keywords:RICE;PARBOILED;HUSKING;MILLING; EXTRACTION; BROWN RICE

This study was conducted on 45 anestrous lactating Holstein-Friesian cows suffered from
inactive ovaries at day 60 postpartum their age were between 3-6 years old in Al-Nasar
station / south of Baghdad province during the 2015-2016 period. These cows were divided
randomly into three equal groups (15 cow on each one) according to the type of treatment
was used, 1st groupwas treated by CIDR inserted intravaginal for 10 days, 2nd group was
treated by CIDR for 10 days and immediately withdrawal CIDR injected with 1000 IU/
PMSG/ IM, the third group 3rd group was considered as a control group (without treatment).
All animals which observed at estrus inseminated naturally. The results indicated that
animals in 2nd group recorded 86.6% (13/15) as response animals compared with 60% (9/15)
and 53.3% (8/15) in 1st and 3rd groups respectively with higher significant (P<0.01) for the
2nd group, also the duration of response was superior significant differences (P<0.01) for the
2nd group (5.37±1.14 days) compared with 1st and 3rd groups (29.56±2.33 and 85.78±7.42
days) respectely, in addition the no. of services / conception was recorded no significant
differences between all groups. While the pregnancy rate was 88.8%, 92.3% and 75% in 1st ,
2nd and 3rd group respectively with higher significant differences (P<0.01) for the 1st and 2nd
group compared with 3rd group (control group) but the days open were recorded best
significantly (P<0.01) for 2nd group compared with 1st and 3rd group. Finally the results
showed an increasing in serum level of progesterone and estradiol in treated group compared
with control group after 10 days. In conclusion that the use of CIDR or CIDR+PMSG will
improved reproductive efficiency through the return of animals suffering from inactive
ovaries to estrus behavior in anestrous lactating Holstein-Friesian cows with enhancment in
many reproductive parameters represented with animal response, duration of response,
pregnancy rate and days open.
Keywords: PMSG – CIDR – Holstein – Fresian – Days open.

An in vitro experiment was carried out at Animal Production Department to study effect of
addition of baker's yeast (BY) on fermentation quality of ensiled corn crop residuals (CCR)
and its nutritive value. Silage samples were prepared in laboratory with addition of 6 levels
of BY, 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 and 12.5 g/sample. 10% of dates honey (DH) was added as soluble
sugars to stimulate silage fermentation. In accordance with CCR levels, silages were labeled
CCR0, CCR2.5, CCR5, CCR7.5, CCR10 and CCR12.5 respectively. Additives were dissolved in
quantity of water enough to reduce dry matter content of CCR to about 30-35%. All samples
were ensiled for 60 days. Results showed that ensiling had beneficial effect on chemical
composition as evidenced by reducing crude fiber (CF) content. Better quality was associated
with CCR7.5 and CCR12.5. Both silages were characterized with greenish yellow color and
odor of fermented fruits and lower pH (4.26 vs. 4.21). However, the former attained lower
(P˂0.05) DM loss (9.26 vs. 11.32%) and higher (P˂0.05) Fleig point (89.22 vs. 85.03). In
vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) was improved by ensiling and addition of yeast
especially in CCR7.5.
Keyword: Corn crop residuals, baker's yeast, honey date, silage

The experiment was carried out in the jaballa north of Babylon in 2015/2016 season to see
the effect of cutting and humic acid in barley grain yield components . Experiment was
applied in according to Order Panels (split split plot design) and useing of randomized
complete block(RCBD) and replications). It included the main panels (main plot) cutting
number (no cut , cut once ,and cut twice ) and symbolized by the(A0, A1, A2),while the
included secondary panels (Sub Plaut) number of sprinkles and symbolized by (B1, B2)
secondary (Sub-sub Plaut) concentrations humic acid and symbolized by(C0, C1, C2) which
is (0.3, 6) ml-1. Data analyzed on the level of 5% and the following results were obtained
treatment no cut was superior in the number of spikes which amounted to 353.2 spike. m-2,
weight of a grain of 1000 amounted to 36.56 g and grain yield 6.970 Ton .h-1 . the treatment
of cut once wassuperior in the number of grains/ spike which it reached 48.11 grin . spike-1
. For the concentrations of humic acid , the concentration (C2) was superior in number of
spikes which amounted 328.1 spike .m -2, weight of a grain of 1000 which amounted to
35.91 g, and grain yield which reached 6.038 Ton.h-1 , and on significant differences were in
the number of grain/spike trait . The results of the interactions between cutting and humic
acid concentrations , treatment (A0 C2)was superior and gave the highest averages in the
number of spikes amounted to 375.2 spike.m-2, the weight of 1000 grain which reached
36.94 g, and grain yield which amounted to 7.581 Ton.h-1), while the number of grains/
spike trait was superior in the treatment of (C2 A1) and reached 49.70 grin .spike-1.
Keywords: mowing , humic acid , barley.

A factorial experiment was carried out using Randomized Complete Block Design
(RCBD) with three replicates. The experiment involved the study of two factors (three
cultivars of wheat: Aab’a99, Bengal and Bora with three levels of nitrogen fertilizer that
are: 100, 200 and 300 Kg Urea ha-1. Studied traits were: plant height, number of tillers,
number of spikes, spike length, number of grains in spike, weight of 1000 grains, area
of flag leaf, biological yield and total grain yield. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) results showed significant differences in all traits influenced by nitrogen levels, where
the level 300 Kg Urea ha-1 significantly differed from the two levels (100, 200) Kg Urea
ha-1. The outcome of ANOVA also showed that the cultivar Bengal was significantly
superior in total grain yield as it gave (3.14 t ha-1) compared with Aab’a99 and Bora,
who gave 1.65 and 2.83 t ha-1, respectively. As the cultivar Bora gave 550 tillers m-1,
which was superior in number of tillers compared with Bengal and Aab’a99, who gave
521.11 and 383.89 tillers m-1, respectively. This reflected clearly on the biological yield
where the cultivar Bora was superior in this trait as it gave 11.86 t ha-1 compared with
the two cultivar Bengal and Aab’a99, who gave 10.69 and 8.00 tillers m-1, respectively.
The interaction between the two factors cultivar and nitrogen levels was significant for
grain yield with the increase of nitrogen levels where the combination (Barcelona grown
in 300 Kg Urea ha-1 fertilizer level) gave the highest average of 5 Mega gram ha-1, while
the combination (Aab’a99 grown in 100 Kg Urea ha-1 fertilizer level) gave less average
of 1.27 t ha-1.
Key words: nitrogen levels, wheat cultivars, irrigated environments.

The results of isolation and identification tomato root showed that root hare brown color
which resulted from Fusaruim solani fungus which was isolated from infected Tomato
roots. The results of laboratory study showed Pseudomonas fluorecsens , Azospirillum
irakense and Azotobacter chroococcum have high efficiency of inhibition against pathogen
F. solani (F.s2) in PDA medium , The all bacterial exudates in concentrates 25, 50% wer
inhibited growth of the pathogen in liquid and sold media . The result of lath house
experiment appeared that all used treatments were significantly decrease Tomato Root Rot.
Disease incidence and severity compared with control pathogen , the treatment P .fluorescens
+A.irakense , P .fluorescens +A. chroococcum and A.irakense + A .chroococcum gave the
highest inhibition of F. solani (F.s2) fungus which decreased the severity into 6.25%
compared with contract Canley pathogen only which was 87.00% . These treatment had the best results in the length, wet and dry weights of foliage , roots groups and number of
flowers .
Key words: tomato plant, Fusarium solani, Rhizobacteria, Biocontrol

A field experiment was conducted in Al- Najaf province during
2014 – 2015 and 2015 – 2016 seasons in Randomized Complete Block
Design (R. C. B. D) as factorial experiment with three factors and
replicates each one involved 18 experimental unite means were
compared using Dunken test with probability level (0.05) .
The First factor was Bacterical inoculation with two levels
(inoculation and non inoculation), seeds were inoculated before sowing
, and added second time as activated dose on soil surface with water
irrigation after 90 days of seed inoculation . Second factor was Humus
fertilizers ( super humic) in three concentrations i.e. ( 0, 3 and 6ml. L
1) with two sprayers first of the 3 – 4 true leaves on plant, second after
20 days from the first spraying.
Third factor was fertilization of Hydrated magnesium sulfate (
MgSO4.7H2O Mg 10.5%) with three levels i.e. (0, 160 and 320 kg. ha
1) , two doses were added, first half dose added when sowing seed and
the second half was added after 60 days from the first dose. Resulted
showed that: Bacterical inoculation gave a significant increase in plant
height, plant yield, leaves content of total soluble protein and its
content of ascorbic acid, compared with control treatment which gave
the lowest values. Meanwhile, Bacterical inoculation gave a significant
decrease in leaves content of nitrate and the activity of nitrate reduction
enzyme compared with control treatment which gave the highest
values .
Also, spraying with Humus values to significantl increase on the in
plant height number of main branches, plant yield, leaves content of
total soluble protein and its content of ascorbic acid, compared with
control treatment which gave the lowest values, Spraying humus at two
concentrations 3 and 6 m. L-1 gave a significant decrease in leaves
content of nitrate and the activity of nitrate reduction enzyme compared
with control treatment which gave the highest values. Fertilization with watery magnesium sulfate in the level of 320 kg. ha
1 gave significant increase in the plant height, plant yield, number of
main branches, leaves content of total soluble protein and its content of
ascorbic acid, compared with control treatment which gave the lowest
values, Meanwhile, fertilization with magnesium sulfate in the same
level gave a significant decrease in leaves content of nitrate and the
activity of nitrate reduction enzyme compared with control treatment
which gave the highest values. Also,the interaction between the two
and three factors gave significant effects in all studied characteristics.
Keywords: Parsley Petroselinum crispum Mill, Oxalic acid, Humus,
magnesium sulfate.

A field experiment was carried out in experimental field , Dept of Horticulture /
University of Baghdad – Jadiriyah during spring 2016 to study effect of potassium
fertilization levels and organic nutrient (Reef Amirich) on growth and yield of cucumber (
Gazeer hybrid ) . In this experiment used four Levels of potassium sulphate [0( K0)control
,50kg K . Ha-1 (K1) ,100kg K.Ha-1 ( K2), and 150 kg K.Ha-1 ( K3) ] which spray in three
stages:Vegetative growth, flowering stage and after thirdharvest. Foliar application of
organic nutrient (Reef Amirich) was used in three levels [0(A0),0.8 ml. L-1 ( A1) and 1.6 ml. L-1 ( A2) ] in four stages: Vegetative growth, full flowering, after first harvest, and after
fourth harvest. 208 kg.Ha-1 Urea and 272 kg.Ha-1 super phosphate were usel for all
treatments after reduction 20% of recommended chemical fertilizer for cucumber. Factorial
experimental in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was adopted with three
replicates. Least significant Differences (LSD) at 5% probability was used to compare the
means. The results showed K3 and A2 have significant superior in all vegetative
characteristics, Interaction treatment K3A2 gave highest plant lenght 157.85cm, greatest leaf
area81.03dcm2 plant-1 and highest vegetative part dry weight 82.39 g. plant-1. K3 showed
significant increase in yield parameters except the average of fruit weight which K2 was
superior, while A2 gave highest rate of all yield parameters. Interaction treatment K3A2 was
significantly superior in all yield parameters which gave highest fruits number
15.69fruit.plant-1 and greatest average fruit weight 112.08g.fruit-1 and highest of plant yield
1.76 kg.plant-1 and early yield 8.28 ton.ha-1 and greatest total yield 46.87 ton.ha-1 .The
suggestion could be made that using potassium fertilizer 150 kg K . Ha-1 by using potassium
sulphate in three stages; Vegetative growth, flowering stage, and after third harvest with
spraying of organic nutrient ( Reef Amirich ) conceutretion 1.6 ml. L-1 in four stages;
Vegetative growth, full flowering, after first harvest, and after fourth harvest which resulted
highest early yield and greatest total yield of cucumber.

This study included to evoluation the efficiency and effecfiveness using three bio-control
agents with the bacteria Azotobacter chroococcum; Bacillus subtilis and Azospirillum
brasilense at protect pepper plants from infection disease pepper root rot under lathehouse
conditions Al-Musaib Technical college in Babylon governate,the results of isolation from
root infection pepper plants in all studied the areas that the main causative of the disease is
Rhizoctonia solani fungus followed by tow fungi Fusarium solani and Macrophomina
phaseolina pathogenicity tests to all fungi using radish seeds that all fungi showed decreasing
in the ratio of radish seeds growth between (0-40)% comparing with control treatment 100%
and the fungi isolates M.P8,F,S1 and R.S6 Excelled in decreasing in the ratio of radish seeds
growth with 0%, the ratio of inhibition with 91.66% in case Bacillus subtilis Bacteria and
Macrophomina phaseolina fungus and 86.93% with Rhizoctonia solani fungus while it
achieved 87.43% with Fusarium solani fungus. The ratio of inhibition 82.11% in case
Azotobacter chroococcum Bacteria and Macrophomina phaseolina fungus and 76.44% with
Rhizoctonia solani fungus while it achieved 79.44% with Fusarium solani fungus
Azospirillum brasilense well reached the ratio of inhibition with 74.77% in case Azotobacter
chroococcum and Macrophomina phaseolina fungus and 72.22% with Rhizoctonia solani
fungus while it achieved 82% with Fusarium solani fungus. All treatment under lathehouse
conditions decreasing caused in the ceverity of the infection the ritio pathogens fungal of the
disease causing using biological control with the bacteria Azotobacter chroococcum; Bacillus
subtilis and Azospirillum brasilense indicated the domination of interaction treatment of the
bacteria(Azot.ch)+(B.S)+(Azos.b) with pathogens fungal inreducing the precent of infection
tensity at R.S, F.S and M.P with (8.88,2.84,2.84)% respestively comparing control treatment
at R.S, F.S and M.P with (83, 80, 73)% respectively with increasing plant growth and
production comparing with pathogenic fungus treatment alone the interaction between of the
bacteria at (Azot.ch)+(B.S)+(Azos.b) the treatment best where to type from more at
biological control with the bacteria cause a significant increase in all the growth calibrated.
Key word: Azotobacter chroococcum ;Bacillus subtilis ; Azospirillum brasilense and
Capsicum annum

A field experiment was conducted at the heuristic plantation in Nile Locality in Babylon
Province during 2015 -2016 of winter season in RCBD design with three replication to study
the effect of wheat seeds soaking and foliar with Vit. C ( Ascorbic acid ) and in tillering
stage on growth and yield of wheat ( var.IPA 99). Experiment involved seven treatments
included seeds soaking with o,50,and 100 mM L -1 then foliar spraying of vit c. at the
beginning of tillering stage with 0,3,4,5 g L-1. Results showd that growth and yield characters
significantly effected by soaking and foliar of Vit .C where the concentration 4 gm L-1 gave
highest total tillers number (581.6 tiller m-1 ) , number of spikes (557.8 spike m-2 ) , weight
of 1000 grain ( 34.10 gm ) , dry weight (2055 gm-2 ) , crop growth rate (15.930 gm m-2 day-1
) , grains yield ( 7.043 Mg ha-1) and biological yield (20.55Mg ha-1 ). Whereas 5g L concentration was superior in plant height , spikelet in spike number, number of grains per
spike .The 100 mM L-1 concentration was superior which gave highest rate for number of
tillers , number of spikes, weight of 1000 grain , dry weight for plant, crop growth rate, grain
yield and biological yield by an increase percentage reached 20.94% , 21.70% , 8.68% ,
13.74% ,and 15.55% respectively compared with soaking treatment with 50 mML-1.
key words: vitamin c, bread wheat, growth characteristics, yield and components

This experiment was conducted in potato farmers' fields in the province
of Babylon / Dabla, in the spring season / 2016 to study the effect of tubers
source (imported tubers from Holland class E and local tubers and organic
fertilization was included( Residues of date-palm fronds leaves 24 tons. Ha-1
poultry manure 12 tons. Ha-1, and Humus endeared 500 kg. Ha-1 and chemical fertilizers control for the variety Burren the vegetative growth traits. The
experiment was adapted split plot system in the randomized complete block
design RCBD with three replication. The results showed that: - Imported
tubers significant increase in plant length and plant leaf area compared with
local tubers, while the local tubers significantly increased the stems number /
plant and marketable yield / plant. The fertilization with of date-palm fronds
residues was significantly superior in plant leaf area ( 14614cm2. Plant-1 ),
marketable yield (1.155 kg. plant-1), number of marketable tubers ( 10.94 tuber.
Plant-1 ) and marketable tuber yield ( 60.947 ton. ha-1 ) compared with control.
The interaction between tuber source and fertilization was significantly
superior, the results showed the imported tubers with residues of date-palm
fronds fertilization significantly increased plant length, plant leaf area and
marketable tuber yield, while local tubers with chicken fertilization was
significantly superior in stems number / plant and marketable yield / plant,
whereas local tubers with of date-palm fronds residues fertilization was
significantly superior in number of marketable tubers / plant.
Key word : Growth – Yield – Organic Fertilizers – Potato .

The experiment was carried out in one of the field belonged to the pepertment of
Horticulture during autemn season 2015- 2016 in Agriculture college of / AL- Qasim
Green University using Clay loam soil that placed in ( 40*60*60) wood boxes . RCBD
was used in this study . with split plot design .The expermint involved 60 treatments
combinations which was the result of the Interaction between the two factors the main
factor was the Irrigation water salinity ( 1.8 , 3 , 4.5 and 6 ) dsm-1 and the second factor
was the Organic residues ( chicken , sheep , cow , sewage sludge , control ) which were
used at area of 30 ton.h-1 with three replicates. The results showed that all plant growth
parameters studied which were germination percentage , chlorophyll concentration in leaves
, plant height , leaves area , dry weight of shoots and roots decreased with increasing
irrigation water salinity while the addition of Organic residues to the soil caused a
significant increase in the above characteristics .
Key word : Irrigation water salinity, Organic residues,Corn, Plant growth

A field experiment was conducted in one of the farmers field at Al-sweria city
for the season spring, full 2015 and full 2016. Introduced eight inbred lines of maize
within the proposed factorial crossing program suggested by Comstock and Robinson
for the production of F1 , four lines as males (Sy19 ,HS , Dr-C- 10 and ZP607) and
four lines as females (S-165 , Sy-1 , 7MGW- and Sy-22) and crossing between them
was made in the spring season in 2015, and in autumn 2015 and 2016 season has been
cultivated for measuring the general and specisal combining ablitly and some genetic
parameters of traits yield and its components. The results showed the presence of
highly significant between genotypes, gave of parent (Sy-1) gave the best averages of
the traits studied was reached 85.00 for the plant yield while gave of parent (Sy-22)
gave the lowest rates in femals parents , while in the males parents giving parent (HS)
the best rates the reached above 80.00 for plant yield while the parent (ZP607) gave
the lowest rates, and superiority the hybrids (Dr-C-10 × Sy-1) , (HS × Sy-1) and (Dr
C-10 × Sy-1) by giving were superior the best averages while hybrids (ZP607 × S
165), (ZP607 × MGW-7 ) and (ZP607 × Sy-22) gaving the lowest averages for two
seasons, and the results showed, the general Combining ability effects for males and
femals that parents (Sy-1, MGW-7) showed of positive desirable direction for femals
parents while gaving parents (S-165 , Sy-22) a effect of negative direction for all of the
traits of the two seasons, males parents showed parents (Dr-C-10 , HS) effects positive
desirable while gave parents (ZP607 , Sy19) undesirable direction negative effects to
all the traits of two seasons, The hybrid (Dr-c-10 × MGW-7) gave the best special
positive combining for all traits except weight of 300 grain, as hybrid ( ZP607 × S
165) and (Dr-C-10 × Sy-1) given higher special positive effect for this trait and the
highest positive effect for special combining was 74.38 and 55.43 for the plant yield
for two seasons, while a hybrids (Dr-C-10 × S-165) and (ZP607 × Sy-1) given higher
special negative effect for most traits studied. The genetic variance was greater than
the environmental variance for all the traits, which was reflected to the rate of
heritability in the broad sense, which was within the upper limits which amounted to
94.72% and 94.71% for plant yield and rows number per corn cobs for two seasons
respectirely, and that the genetic dominance variance was greater than genetic additive
variation of all traits except weight 300 grain while the rate of heritability in the
narrow sense was within the medium-limits in number grain in row and weight of 300
grain for two seasons and within the upper limits for the rest of the traits amounted top
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ISSN 2072-3875
rate was 72.25 to the number of rows in corn cobs in the second season, while the rate
of dominance degree greater than one for all the traits except rows number in corn
cobs which was less than one. It can be conclude that the possibility of benefiting from
the superior hybrids, which gave special Combining for desired direction to produce
elite genotypes in next programs.
KeyWords: combining ability , rate heritability , factorial mating , inbred , hybrids.

A field study was conducted to determine the effect of the nature of the soil surface
and the presence of vegetation on the cumulative infiltration water in the soil.Three selected
sites with 2 replicates for each site within the province of Babylon, locations wery varied in
terms of the nature of the soil's surface and the agricultural exploitation , the first site was
untapped agriculturaly and compacted the second site wase not used for 6 months, and the
third site was planted with grass . water cumulative infiltration water measurements were
conducted at the three sites using the twin rings device. The results showed superiority of the
third site as it gave the highest grade point the tip of the water infiltration (29.40)cm during
the measurement period while the values of the infiltration rates were low in the first and the
second site (3.70) and (9.00) cm , due to leaving the soil of the sites without cultivating and
exposure of the first site to compaction .
Keyword : soil surface , vegetation , infiltration water , time .

Two experiments were conducted to test selective genotypes from the sun flower, the
first experiment to know percentage of germination and seedling characteristics. The second
in the field to know responding the genotypes of fertilizer that was applied in the field. In
tow Experiments was used plastic pots; it has diameter 19 cm and its deep 15 cm in which
put in every one 3.5 kg loam clay soil for each pot and all treatments, The cultivation of
selected genotypes for two generations S1 and S2 for the sun flower plant that has a self
fertilized for each two varieties : Aqmar and Shumoos, that its selected under three plant
densities; 40, 50 and 60 thousands plant. h-1, S1Aq40, S1Aq50, S1Aq60, S1Sh40, S1Sh50,
S1Sh60, S2Aq40, S2Aq50, S2Aq60, S2Sh40, S2Sh50 and S2Sh60 and the total is 14
genotype, six plants for each of the original two class on the levels of Nitrogen fertilizer
200,350 and 500 kg N.h-1, and Potassium fertilizer 100, 150 and 200 Potassium kg. ha-1with a
combination levels : k100 N200, K150 N350, and K200 N500 kg h-1 with four lines and one of
experiment on a design RCBD, .The seeds of Genotypes has been cultivated in a plots that
has a soil for the full season and added the chemical fertilize to the soil, urea (46% N) for
two times, The potassium was added once as potassium sulfate (46% K) was added with the
Nitrogen after 10 days later. The following characteristics were studied for the first
experiment that interested on the quality of seed and germination it is percentage of
germination, Root length, and the length of the plumul, the length of the hypocotyl and traits
of the second experiment: Plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, dry weight of roots
and dry weight of the plant. The results show us that was superior the Genotype from Aqmar
Class S2Aq40 in a percentage of germination and emergence, Where the percentage of
germination 96.5% and The number of days for the emergence of was 4.25 days. Shumoos
Genotype was superior S2Sh60 in a roots length, plumul and the length of the hypocotyl was
69.75, 77.5 and 59.5 Mm for three qualities in a row. As well as, The results show us that
was preponderance the Genotype Shumo0s S2Sh60 with all traits in which the plant height
was 58.58 cm, number of leaves 21.42, stem Diameter 8.76 mm, Dry weight of roots 1.398 g,
dry weight of plant 10.327 gram and with regard to the Aqmar was superior the Genotype
S2Aq60 respectively: plant height 54.17 cm, number of leaves 22.00, stem diameter 7.94
mm, dry weight of roots 1.001g , dry weight of plant 6.859 g. So, we recommend the
Selection should be was under high densities because of when we planting it an optimum
densities had a good performance in most traits.
key word: sunflower, N fertilization, K fertilization, root weight, Germination percentage.

The experiment was conducted in an agricultural field in Diyala-Muqdadiya during the
planting season 2015-2016 in order to study the effect of seeding rates and the cultivars and the
interaction between them for the bread wheat crop in some field traits and the yield and its
component under the environmental conditions of Diyala, It had been used the Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D) according to the order of the factorial experiment with three
replicates and the experiment included four cultivars (Adina-99, IPA-99, Sham-9 and Abu
Ghraib-3) and four seeding rates (80,120,160,200) kg.h-1. The following traits were studied:- the
plant height (cm), the leaf number, the flag leaf area (cm2), the tillers number. m-2, the spike
number. m-2, the spike length (cm), the grain number.spike-1, 1000 grain weight (g), the
biological yield (ton.h-1) and the grain yield (ton.h-1). The data showed the superiority of Adina
99 by giving higher grain yield reached (9.92 ton.h-1). This is due to its superiority in the tillers
number (749.54 tiller.m-2), the spike number (680.3 spike.m-2), 1000 grain weight (35.45 g) and
the biological yield (28.28 ton. h-1). The best seeding rate was (160 kg.h-1), where the plants of
this rate outweighed by giving the highest grain yield (9.19 ton. h-1) and the highest 1000 grain
weight (32.50 g) and this didn’t significantly different from the seeding rate (120 kg.h-1) which
gave the highest plant height (84.92 cm), the highest tillers number (720 tiller. m-2), the highest
spike number (658.9 spike. m-2), the highest spike length (11.45 cm) and the highest biological
yield (27.71 ton. h-1). It suggested that using Adina-99 cultivar with the seeding rate (120 kg. h
1) for planting in the middle region of Iraq.
Key words : seed rate , genotypes of wheat , bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The experiment was conducted in the laboratory of tissue culture in the Science College –
University of Babylon in 2016 to study the effect of PEG concentration (0, 3, 6 and 9 on
some cellular components of fenugreek callus induced from plant seeds on ready MS
(Murashige and skoog) media .Factorial experiment within a complete randomized design
with 3 replication were adopted terminate means were compared using last significant
difference (L.S.D) of 0.01 probability level. The results showed that the effectiveness of
APX , CAT and proline were increased by increasing PEG concentration they gave 67.61,
67.59 and 70.87 % respectively, at the highest ( 9%). On the other hand, increasing drought
concentrations led to a significant increase in carbohydrate at concentration of 6 and 9 %
PEG compared with the control treatment, with a percentage increase of 18.45 % at
concentration 9%.
Keywords: drought stress , fenugreek, callus, enzyme