IRAQ JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH

Seven bioagents were used as biofertilizer in this study Trichoderma harzanium (T.h Ind), Trichoderma viridi (T.v Ind), Trichoderma harzanium (T.26), Glomus spp. (Myc. Ind). Glomus mossae: (Мус. 1) (Мус. 2), Azotobacter chroococcum (Azo.). The result revealed that all tested bioagents which used as seed coating were significantly increased all tested growth parameters than untreated. The result showed significant difference in germination index among tested bioagents. The bioagents (Th. Ind) 0.89 while control treatment recorded 0.41. The result also significant increment in most tested growth parameters, in stem length for the bioagents (Tv. Ind) recorded 30.33cm while untreated control recorded 19.3cm. Regarding productivity, all tested bioagent recorded significant superiority than control treatment, but Th. Ind was the best one which recorded 52.13 gm/100 seeds compared to 25.80 gm/100 seeds in control treatment.

A field experiment was carried out at Field Crop Research Station of State Broad for Agricultural Research during spring season of 2008 and 2009 to investigate the possibility of early spring cultivation for five maize genotypes. Five maize genotypes included: Research 106, 3003, 5012, R5 and A5 x R5 were grown at 15 February, 1 March and 15 March using RCBD with factorial experiment arrangement with three replicates. Results showed that 15 March gave highest values of field emergency, emergency power, length of shoot system, length of rooting system, dry weight of shoot and rooting system. Genotypes were differs in emergency characteristics studied. Single cross hybrid A5 x R5 gave high percentage of emergency, emergency power, length of shoot system, while synthetic variety 5012 gave high length of rooting system, synthetic variety Research 106 gave high value of dry weight of rooting system and single cross hybrid A5 x R5 and synthetic variety Research 106 gave higher value of shooting system dry weight. Significant interaction was occurred between sowing dates and genotypes for all characteristics studied. Can be conclude of possibility to cultivation of maize at early spring especially for single cross A5 x R5 and synthetic variety 106.

The experiment was carried out in the vegetable field of Horticulture Dept., College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad, Abu-Ghraib, to study the effect of different kinds of organic fertilizers to improve bulbs weight,its content of N.P and K and quality characters of onion Allium cepa L., ev. Texas Early Grano in RCBD with three replicates. The experiment included eleven treatments, local peat-moss (10 metric ton. ha), sheep manure (10 or 20 metric ton. ha), foliar applied of water extract of sheep manure, sheep manure (10 or 20 metric ton. ha) + foliar applied of water extract of sheep manure, foliar application with poly amin (3 g.L), super humic (1.5 ml.L) and vit org (4.5 ml.L), control treatment (no fertilizer), chemical fertilizer, The sheep manure and local peat moss added to the soil befor planting. The organic fertilizers and the soluble extracts of sheep manure sprayed on plant three times, at vegetative growth stages starting from 1" of March and repeated every 15 day.
Results showed the superiority of sheep manure 20 metric ton.ha treatment to give high content of N,P and K in bulbs 1.086%,0.486% ,2.050% in sequence and high dry matter content in bulbs 25.92g and high T.S.S. 11.33%. The chemical fertilizer treatment gave highest concentration from nitrate content in bulbs 1.52 µg.mg¹ which it differed from all organic treatments and control treatment.

The present study included an isolation of ten local strains of Sinorhizobium meliloti, from root nodules of alfalfa plants (Medicago sativa L.) The plants were collected from different agroclimatic locations of Baghdad and from other regions of Iraq. Four strains were obtained from different sources were also included in this study.
The salt tolerance of the all isolates to NaCl determined by using Mannitol Salt Yeast extract (MSY) solid medium supplemented with different concentrations of these salts, from 0.5% to 6% with intervals of 0.5%. The results showed that three isolates (Sm8, Sm10, and Sm12) were tolerated up to 6% concentration of salt. One isolate (Sml) can tolerate up to 1.5%. The tolerance of remaining isolates varied between 1.5% and 6% concentrations of NaCl. Four isolates were selected for further studies, Sm10 (tolerated), Sm1 (sensitive), Sm6 and Sm9 (semi-tolerate).
Random Amplified of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were tested on the total isolated DNA from the studied isolates. By using 19 different primers, only five did not give any result with the isolated DNA. The remaining 14 primers produced 74 amplified bands. Three primers (OPA01, OPA15 and OPA16) produced 6 monomorphic bands. The 11 primers were able to produce 30 polymorphic bands, which can be used for genetic polymorphism investigations among the bacterial isolates, which diver in their ability for tolerating different levels of salts. The results revealed that OPJ18 primer had the highest efficiency in bands producing with 17.6%, while OPA15 had registered the lowest percentage efficiency (1.3%). The OPC16 primer had the highest discriminating power in polymorphic bands producing with 20%, while the OPR17 primer had the lowest discriminating power with 3.3%. The result also showed that all primers were able to produce a unique band for one or more of the studied isolates, except the primers OPR17 and OPT19 which showed common bands between two of the isolates without any unique bands producing.

A Field experiment was conducted for two years at Abu-Ghraib distract to study the effect on the location of seeds beds on cotton yield as managing practice to live with salinity under using the saline irrigation water.
Four seed bed locations were used (topped bed, upper third part, lower third part and furrow's bottom) to sowing cotton seeds and irrigated with saline water (5.2 * dS / m) in RCBD with 3 replications.
Results showed a significant different between treatments. The increase in the cotton yield, dry roots, dry matter to follow up a different trend but almost treatment tended to that sowing the cotton seeds in topped bed gave a excellent results. This location could be used as a satisfactory approach when irrigated with saline water

Laboratory bioassay of 8 pesticide residues at 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after application in cotton field showed that avermectin and triazophos residues were the most persistent under field condition against two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticac. Initial mortality one day after application of two-spotted spider mite was very high 92-100% for most acaricide residues with no statistical differences among these compounds. This mortality was high 81.48 and 77% for the fenbutatin oxide and spirodiclofen residues, respectively, but there were significant differences comparable to mortality which was caused by acaricide residues above, whereas mortality by fenpyroximate and mineral oil residues were significantly lower than for all acaricides used. Mortality at 3 days after treatment ranged 63.95-100% for most acaricide residues, whereas other acaricide residues resulted in lower levels of mortality, 44% as maximum. After 7 days from application mortality was very high 83-100% for avermectin-compounds and triazophos residues except abamectin (Zoro) which resulted in moderate level of mortality 63% for adult mite, whereas other compound residues caused lower to very lower level of mortality. At 14 days after treatment, most acaricide residues were ineffective (<20% mortalities), whereas mortality by avermectin-compounds and triazophos was 44.44-92.59% declined to 12.70-51.72% at 21 d after application.

This study was carried on during the 2009 season on the grape Vitis Vinifera L. in the area of Yathrib/ Balad city/ Salah al- Din province in order to diagnose the causal agent of yellowing and distortion grapes leaves, decline and the deterioration of the quality of production phenomenon. Suggesting the infection with Grape Fan Leafs Virus (GFLV) transported by Xiphinema index Thorne & Allen nematodes. ELIZA technique used for rapid detection three chemical nematicides and two fungal pesticides suppress opportunistic pathogens and to reduce the spread of the virus and limiting it's damage. The results showed the occurrence of GFLV in 92% of tested grape trees in the region. Data also revealed the efficiency of tested Nematicides, which were: (Allicin) Garland, (Cadusafos) Rugby and Mocap (Ethoprophos) significantly reduced nematode population as compared with control treatment, which recorded 87.2, 81.7 and 62.5% in the roots and 84.0, 78.9, 58.6% in the soil of the three of pesticides, respectively. It also found that a combination of nematicide Garland with each of the fungal pesticides (Chimasol) Beltanol and (Propamocard hydrochloride) Proplant was the best among the combinations of nematicides Rugby and Mocap, which recorded population reduction on percentages 88.8, 87.0% for the
pesticides, respectively. Elisa test values on the wavelength 405 nanometer for the tested trees samples ranged between 3.12-3.70 before treatment, while decreased to 0.12-0.45 after treatment, which indicated the effectiveness of suppression the virus vector and opportunistic fungi.

This research was conducted to diagnosis the pathogen causal agent cases of seeds rot and seedling damping off Antirrhinum majus snapdragon. The isolation results showed the identification of the fungus Rhizoctonia solani Kühn, the results of survey was carried out on the nurseries (Al-alwia, Zauina, Baghdad) in the Zauina and Nurseries (Al-khirate, Zina) in Palestine Street. Depending on the percentage of seed germination and seedling damping off that the percentage of germination of seeds were (43.5, 35, 25, 28,30%) and the incidence of seedling damping off were (5, 22.5, 30, 32.5, 37.5%) at nurseries (Al-ałwia, Baghdad, Zienab, Al-khiarate, Zina), respectively. The percentage of appearance in the fungus Rhizoctonia solani occurrence was (100, 75, 50, 50.20%) in the (Zienab, Baghdad, Al- alwia, Al-khiarate, Zina) respectively, The study of pathogenicity of the causal fungus Rhizoctonia solani that the percentage of germination of seeds contaminated with the pathogen amounted to 20%. There were significant differences between the treatment at P = 0.05 when examining the efficacy of the fungus Trichoderma harzianum and the fungicide Benomyl 50% in the integrated controlling, and found that the T.harzianum using against R. solani was effective in raising the percentage of germination of seeds to (77%) and the percentage seedling damping off reducing to (7%) comparing with the other treatments.

Three Bacteria: Bacillus subtilus, Bacillus pumilus and Pseudomons
fluoresens were used as soil treatment throughout this study to determine their effect on tomato seeds germination and seeding growth. This results showed that all tested Bacteria induced significant reduction in the period required for seeds germination and increment of percentage of seeds germination, which recorded (7, 8, 9) days and (85, 80, 75)% for Bacillus subtilus, Bacillus pumilus and Pseudomons fluoresens respectively, while control treatment recorded (12) day and (50)%. The three tested Bacteria induced significant increment in all tested growth parameters: root length, number of leaves, stem length, fresh weight of shoot, fresh weight of root, leaf area and total chlorphyl which recorded (5.00, 3.66, 2.00) cm, (21.00, 18.66, 15.00) leaf, (11.00, 9.66, 7.00) cm, (31.76, 24.40, 18.50) gm, (700, 5.66, 3.16) gm, (2.08, 1.20, 1.05) gm, (0.57, 0.45, 0.23) gm, (6.23, 4.75, 3.11)cm²/ plant, (19.10, 16.33, 11.30) mg/gm as compared to control treatment which recorded (1) cm, (3.33) leaf, (2.33)cm, (1.53, 0.88, 0.09, 0.06) gm, (1.10) cm²/plant, (4.06) mg/gm respectively. The results also showed that Bacillus Bacillus subtilus was superior than Bacillus pumilus and Pseudomons fluoresens for all tested growth parameters

This study was carried out for immunization tobacco plants against viral infection by induction a Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) by salicylic acid in Nicotiana tabaccum var samsun which respond to tomato mosaic virus with local lesion. Ten of tobacco plants were sprayed with salicylic acid at conc. 1 micromole/ml for three days respectively then inoculated by virus after 24 hrs. while other ten tobacco plants were inoculated by virus without spraying by salicylic acid as control treatment. The results have been shown high significant decreasing in average of local lesion it reached to 7.05%L/L while it were 18.4% in control treatment at inhibition percent 61.68%. When mechanical inoculated every 24 hrs. it have not be shown any infected by virus up to 12 days ELISA test were depended in detected the infection. The results which were obtained refer that the salicylic acid is the main reason for provide a protection for the plants against virus all that periods. The proteins of all tobacco plants were extracted the profile of poly acrylamide gel electrophresis 15% have been shown appearance two protein bands in tobacco plants at M.W. 20.4, 35 KDa in protein extract of tobacco plants sprayed by salicylic acid while this bands have not be shown in unsprayed tobacco plants by salicylic acid. From obtained results it has been shown that these inductive proteins were mainly responsible for plant resistance against virus which called a Pathogenesis Related Protein (PR-protein).

The study was conducted to evaluate efficiency of bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner with commercial formulation Certan and local bacteria isolated from that infected larvae of the same insect above, Avaunt150se insecticide and insect growth regulator Match50sc on larvae mortality of greater wax moth in laboratory condition during 2007.
The results of biochemistry tests was showed that the bacteria isolated from the larvae of the ailing nature of the greater wax moth is one of varieties bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner.
Also the results was showed that Avaunt alone and mixed with the bacteria causing 100% mortality in all larval instar but the last instar (4th to 7th instar) showed less sensitive compared with the first 3rd instar and a variety of local bacteria had been affected by Avaunt toxicity when mixed together while the bacteria in commercial formulation was not affect.
The treatment of Match was caused high mortality (100%) in all larval instar while the effect of this treatment that eradicant effect on 1st, 2nd and instar compare with inhibition effect on late instar (4th to 7th) which appeared less sensitive because of the death of larval instar accure after molting. The bacteria treatments in both (trade and local) was caused 100% mortality on all larval instar but the mortality was gradually and the larvae sensitive decrease as there age increase.
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This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of six levels of osmotic pressure(Lops);0.098,0.509,0.846,1.587,2.733 and 3.420 MPa which resulted from addition of increasing concentrations of sodiumchloride;0.0%,0.58%,1.16 %,2.32%,4.6% and 5.8% respectively to the liquid medium; Casein-rice grains extract CRM on some growth parameters of Beauveria bassiana including sporulation, percent viability after 1,2,3,4,8 and 16 days of incubation at 28±1 Coand on infection ability of fungus against adults of the cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae after three days of treatment. The results showed that Lops;2.733 and 0.509 MPa were best for sporulation which was128.03x105 spore/ml, maintaining viability of fungus which reaveled 94.5% after 16 and 3 days of incubation, respectively. The Lops; 1.587,2.733 and 3.420 MPa were best for percent of mortality which was100% after 3days of treatment, while 0.098 MPa was less efficient for sporulation (0.40-13.5x10 spore/ml) during first five periods of incubation and mortality (65.1%) of Brevicoryne brassicae adults. The results also showed that 3.420 MPa inhibited viability of fungus to 14.7% after 16 day of incubation.

A laboratory and field experiments were conduceted to evaluate the efficacy of indigenous isolate (BJH-T2-53) of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuill. against 1st 3rd and 5th nymphal instars of dubas bug Ommatissus lybicus by spraying eight concentrations comontion of the isolate at laboratory conditions.
The results showed that the mortality was increased gradually depending on concentration, nymphs instar and treated times and the velocity rate of growth isolate development on nymphs, results also showed mortality (100%) takes a short time when 1st and 5th instars were treated with concentration 1×10 spore ml after 15 days and after 12 days when 3rd instar, with significant differences.
The infestation signs and symptoms after three days of treating, appear as a light pink in color and then become to deep pink especially in a fungus penetration regions, then the nymphs were dead after 3-6 days after treatment and finally the fungus growths were appeared as a white covering nymphs body.
According to the results of lab. experiments they were depended there concantrations 8x10, 8×10 and 8×10 spor/ml. were used for spring generation nymphs in field evaluation which gave 70,5,79 and 83% mortalities respectively after 28 days on infested date-palms trees

This study was conducted to examine the influence of magnetic water with different intensities (500, 1000 and 1500 gauss) on some, physiological and characteristics of awassi ram lambs. These experiments were executed at livestock field, Department of Animal Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Tikrit during the period between 8/4/2008 to 8/2/2009. Twenty four Iraqi rams aged 3-4 months with initial body weight of 23.92±0.44 k.g. were randomly divided into four equal groups. Animals of group 1 introduced to drink tap water and regard as control group, where as the remaining three groups were allowed to drink magnetic treated water with 500, 1000 and 1500 gauss respectively. Hematological (hemoglobin; Hb, packed cell volume; PCV and red blood cells count, RBC) and biochemical assay (albumin, total protein, globulins, cholesterol, glucose, AST and ALT) properties were studied. Excluding data of increased RBC count (p<0.01) in group 4 and globulins. concentration (p<0.01) in group 3, the magnetic water did not alter both hematological and biochemical attributes. In conclusion, the magnetic water did not influence the blood characteristics of Awassi rams.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of adding various percentages (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6%) of Iraqi probiotic to the ration of Awassi lambs on muscles and bones weights and fat distribution for their Carcasses. Twenty four ram lambs averaging 25.9 Kg live weight and ranging 4-5 months of age were used in this study. The lambs were divided into 4 treatments, namely: First treatment (control)/A-basal diet composed of concentrate without probiotic. Second treatment/ B-control+0.2% probiotic. Third treatment/C=èontrol+0.4% probiotic. Fourth treatment/ D-control+0.6% probiotic. Lambs were subjected to similar diet throughout the entire period of the experiment at 150 days. Animal were fed on concentrate diet in base of 3% of live body weight. Raighes was fed an adlib. Live body weight was recorded weekly, in order to measure the average daily weight gain and total gain which lead to final body weight at the end of the experiment. All lambs were slaughtered and carcasses were chilled at 2C for 24 hours. Thereafter, several measured were taken in including: Carcass merits and physical composition. The results obtained may be summarized as follows:
1- Higher (p < 0.05) weights of the individual muscles located in different carcass region observed in C treatment as compared to other treatments, while the weight of same muscles had lowest values in control treatment.
2- There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in the carcass fat partitioning and distribution among treatments. The control treatment was superior in subcutaneous fat and tail fat, while C treatment was superior in intermuscular fat deposition and pelvic and kidney fat deposition. The opposite was true in control treatment. Furthermore, the lowest weight or percentage of carcass fat was found in C treatment. contrary, the weight or percentage of carcass fats was found in control treatment. On the other hand, higher fat % in offal fats and higher total fat% in animal body in treatment C was found comparing with control treatment A and other treatments. (p < 0.05)
3-Higher (p < 0.05) weight and lengths of selected individual bones from thoracic and pelvic was observed in C treatment than other treatments, contrary results was obtained in control treatment.
It can be concluded from this study that adding Iraqi probitic in the ration of lambs was improved the efficiency of meat production as well as, quality characteristics of their carcasses and structural components for lean, fat and bone.

The morphology of the alimentary canal was studied in three freshwater fish species at Dukan Dam's Lake. These species represented by Asian Jurry Silurus triostigus, Shabbot Barbus grypus and Tuenny B. belayewi. Mouth of such species were investigated including shape, position and size in relation to body length depending on food habits. Similar variation were found in the gill rakers gap and filtering area values. Jurry was recorded the highest values, followed by Shabbot compare to Tuenny, which, appeared lowest values. Wide variations in the shape, size and hardness of pharyngeal teeth were noticed. They ranged from cylindrical and widely distributed teeth in Jurry to flat and wide compact teeth in Shabbot and Tuenny.

During the period from May 2005 till the end of April 2006, a total of 526 mugilid fish Liza abu were collected from Al-Husainia creek, Karbala province. The study revealed that the overall sex ratio (number of males: females) was in favor of females (1:1.5). The proportion of females in this ratio increased with the increase in fish length. Values of the gonadosomatic index of male and female L. abu showed a slight increase during August with a gradual monthly increase reaching a maximum value during March, a gradual decline during April and a sharp decline during May. This means that such fishes shed their gametes during April and May. These fishes were infected with eight species of external parasites and six species of internal parasites. It was clear that values of gonadosomatic index of male and female fishes infected with parasites (internal parasites or both internal and external parasites) were slightly less than those of non infected fishes. However, such differences were not statistically significant due to the smaller size of these parasites and their occurrence with small numbers.

This study has been carried out in order to determine the toxic, mutagenic effect and antimutagenic activity for one of the curcumin plant compounds which is pure curcumin in comparison with vitamin C against the carbon tetrachloride compound (CCl4). The effect was studied in vivo Mammalian system. This system depended on recording some cytogenetic markers: (Mitotic index, Micronuclei). Two concentrations of pure curcumin 200 and 400 mg/kg of body weight were used to test its cytotoxic and genetic effects in Mammalian system, and to chose the suitable concentration which give best results and significant in comparison with the control, vitamin C(comparison treatment) and carbon tetrachloride compound treatments (positive control) separately. The interaction included two types of treatments (pre CCl4 and post-CCl4) in order to determine the mechanisms of these compounds in preventing or reducing the genotoxic effect of CCl4, and the following results were obtained. The pure curcumin showed no cytotoxic and mutagenic effects in 200 mg/kg concentration in the mammalian systems level. The pure curcumin (200mg/kg) showed highly performance in preventing or reducing the Cytogenetic and genotoxic effects of CCl4 compound. It significant increasedly the performance and increased the mitotic index and decreased the micronuclei frequency. And decreased the frequency of micronuclei. It also significantly reduced (p <= 0.05) in comparison with other treatments, the positive effect was over with significant when pure curcumin 200 mg/kg was used as pre-CCl4 treatment, and to less extent in post-CCl4 treatment. Therefore, the pure curcumin 200 mg/kg can be considered as desmutagen from one side and bioantimutagen in the other.

The study was conducted to determine the lead in local and imported Tomato, cucumber and green pepper as daily consumed as fresh vegetable local products. The samples were collected from different markets namely Alawi Jamella, Al-Hay and Fallah in Al-Sadder city, Bab Al-Madam, New Baghdad and Al-Karaka Dakel in Baghdad city, Al-Rusafa district. The area of markets were nominated as traffic crowded and highly in populations.
The total concentration of lead on the surface and inside of local and imported Tomato samples were ranged between 5.31-11.46 and 15.35-37.2 mg/Km, respectively in Al-Hay and Fallah in Al-Sadder city. While, the lead concentration in the local and imported samples in cucumber were 15.25-28.73 mg/Km, respectively in the above markets. In Green pepper the lead was 8.33-17.46 and 10.41-44.12 ma/Km in local and imported products, respectively in both markets. The percentages of removed lead by washing the samples in local and imported Tomato. Cucumber and Green Pepper products were ranged from 19.2-42.9 and 12.1-43.04%, 21-49 and 21-40% and 22-41 and 20-45%, respectively.

The study was conducted to determine the lead and copper in daily consumed Tomato and Cucumber products. The average content of lead in very large in size and service area of Tomato samples was 24.05mg/Kg, and in smaller size and service area was 9.29mg/Kg. While, in Cucumber was 8.62mg/Kg in very large in size and service area and 3.61mg/Kg in smaller size and service area of the samples.
Copper content in the very large in size and service area was 45.4mg/Kg and in smaller size and service area was 18.41mg/Kg of Tomato samples. Meanwhile, the copper in very large in size and service area was 19.66mg/Kg and 7.21mg/Kg in smaller size and service area of the Cucumber samples. The distribution of lead in different layers of Tomato and cucumber samples was determined, the center layer (core) was content lower concentration. While, the higher concentration of copper was found in the center layer of Tomato and Cucumber samples

Essential oils were extracted from some plants as orange peels, lemon peels, eucalyptus leaves and cardamom using water distillation method at 80°c for (6) hrs, then estimated the oil percentage of the extracted essential oils. The highest percentage found in cardamom which reached to 4%, while the essential oils as eucalyptus, lemon and orange reached to 3.5%, 0.82% and 0.75% respectively. The refractive index of the extracted essential oils. were highest in eucalyptus leaves oil which reached to 1.4928. The specific density of all essential oils found between 0.8-0.9. However the optical rotation of orange oil is higher than other oils and it reach 86 - 90 All extracted essential oils were dissolved in ethanol.
Qualitative tests of extracted oils showed the triterpens, tritepenoids, aldehyde and ketons has been found in extracts oils, essential oils used in cake making instead of vanilla. These extracted oils showed high efficiency specially the cake with cardamom oil

Communities in general and those of the marshes in particular suffer from the minimal economical and social abilities to satisfy the peoples basic needs the way of dealing with issues of poverty, unemployment and marginalisem.
The ministry of agriculture has adopted a policy to fulfill the agriculture requirements in way matching with the nature of the local communities in addition, the ministry has increased the opportunity of training those concerned with using such equipment by providing them with waistbands comprehensive guidance to master all scientific skills 120 farmers from gurna -modayneh and al-dayr attained the worse this policy proved to be capable of over coming poverty aguestionnair on the development of knowledge and skill on the part of the farmers as part of the assessment of the social activity.
The research aimed to identify the extension participitation level of rural commun ities in planning program and level dissimination knowledge to improve, the results revealed that the level of participitation on arrange 18-294degree, the average degree was 94.7,A 60% of the farmers at the high level of participitaion. The average of degree of knowledge improve for all cateyory was 2.32 degree scale and it's at the high level degree research recommended to improve planning assistance farmers to effectiveness of agrichural rural communities level.

There are many problems facing the production and marketing of meat in Iraq on the basic lines from old legislation which are unsuitable in this time for the meat health, in addition this activity has not enough substructure to deal with the world progressive in this field the marketing centers which are not enough with the absence of biosecurity and biosafety standards.
For these reasons we reporting this research to give some solution for these problems by strategical studying for dealing with production and marketing by governmental authority for the general goal to reach food security and safety for human

The aim of this study was to evaluate the economic return to the breeding of honey bees in apiaries a Zine El Abidine dissolved Alkriet other site for the period from 10/01/2009 to 01/06/2010 were calculated as the total cost of the project was the first by 13.475 million Iraqi Dinars and reached the fixed costs of the project 11350000 Iraqi Dinars. The proportion of fixed costs of production amounted to 16% of the total overall costs.
As for the running costs hit rate of 84% of the total overall costs, and for the chairs costs used to create the parcels were worth 5000000 Iraqi dinars. Or constitute 44% of the total running costs in this project there is economic gain, because the total cost is greater than total revenue of any that the profit is greater than zero there is economic gain of S 40525000 Iraqi dinars and was up to the dinar to the amount invested in the production of honey is 4 dinars, representation a very high percentage, is the main reason for the higher profits to lower costs for inputs where production amounted to 58% of the total the running costs are low compared to demonstrable revenue from these projects and this confirmation of the forgoing, the cost of honey production projects for
low-income high. The return on average farm work 39673750 dinars, and the amount of production at break-even point 179.47 kg.
As for the site Alkriet will account the total costs of the project and the amount of 29000000 Iraqi Dinars and reached the fixed costs of the project 3900000 Iraqi dinars, while the costs of production inputs have reached 25100000 Iraqi dinars, while the proportion of the costs of fixed production amounted to 13% of the total overall costs.
As for the running costs has reached 87% of the total overall costs and found that this project will be profit and total economic profit 25 million Iraqi Dinars, which represents a high proportion, while the return on working farm reached 23, 117 and 500 Iraqi dinars, which is very rewarding and the volume of production when you break- even point 404.84 kg and this indicates that these projects which high income and economically profitable.

In the present study the effcct of diazinon on common catp (Cyprinus
carpio L.) wai investigated. The parameters employed: Behavior of lish and
aetermination of residue of diazinm in exposed fish were subjected to diazinon
either as tcute exposure (0.05 ,0.025 ppm for 72h) or sub acute exposure (0.006
ppm for 15 day). The most proninent results was -as following changes in
iet nvio" of fishes shortly after tcute exposure to (0.025) and (0'050) ppm
respectively, these changes manilested by respiratory dyspenia , nelvousness
signs n
loss of balance and llexures of vertebral column after (120) days from the
end of exposure during (72) hrs d (15)Co and PH (7.5),The residual of diazinon
*", "o-[l"t"ly disappear at (4Q days in acute