Journal of college of Law for Legal and Political Sciences

This research aims to study the nature of the strategic rivalry between China and India over the South Asian region, by studying the case of the Maldives, as one of the most important geopolitical arenas in the Indian Ocean, and the research is based on the hypothesis that the sensitive geographical location of the Maldives, and its location close to vital international shipping lines, has made it a key focus in the equations of regional competition between the two rising powers .
The research also seeks to analyze the motives and tools of this rivalry, focusing on the economic, political and security dimensions, especially with regard to infrastructure projects, foreign investments, and security and maritime cooperation .it also discusses how both China and India employ a combination of different power tools to enhance their influence in the Maldives, in light of the latter's efforts to achieve a delicate balance in its foreign relations to ensure its national interests and preserve the independence of its political decision

The importance of criminal proceedings stems from their impact on the security and safety of society, and consequently, their connection to the state\\'s right to impose appropriate punishment on the perpetrator. Therefore, various legislations have granted the right to initiate criminal proceedings to the Public Prosecution, as it is considered the representative of society and acts on behalf of the social body in this matter. However, there is a difference between the applicable criminal systems regarding the extent to which this jurisdiction is restricted to the Public Prosecution, limiting the initiation of criminal proceedings to it alone, or granting this right to other entities. This difference is one of the distinguishing features of each system. The vast majority of legal systems adopt the principle of restricting the right to initiate criminal proceedings to the Public Prosecution, except in cases where the law stipulates otherwise

Iraq has undergone significant transformations in the course of political and economic reforms, reflected in the restructuring of institutional frameworks within both sectors. These reforms have had direct implications for political stability, necessitating the enactment of new legislation, the modernization of administrative structures, and the move toward the privatization of certain public projects. Furthermore, wars, economic sanctions, and corruption under previous regimes have undermined the efficiency of state institutions. Nevertheless, the post-transition period marked a new phase in establishing a democratic system aimed at strengthening political participation, expanding civil liberties, and promoting human rights principles

Listing securities in the capital market is the first and most important step to invest in the financial market, because of the advantages it achieves, as it is one of the company's means of advertising, evaluating its performance and providing sources of financing for it, on the one hand, and on the other hand, listing represents a guarantee for investors against the risks of investing in securities in the capital market, as it shows the investor the financial position of the company issuing the listed securities and the subject of investment, as well as it represents the source of financing of the financial market and its means of imposing control on the companies issuing listed securities. Based on this, this research came to explain the legal concept of listing securities in the capital market and its importance for both the market itself and investors and issuers of listed securities, as well as determining the conditions required for it and the procedures that companies must follow to approve the listing of their securities in the market.

Parallel investigation refers to a situation in which multiple authorities, whether national or international, conduct independent but simultaneous or related investigations into facts or actions of the same or similar nature, often in the context of cross-border crimes such as terrorism, financial crimes, or cybercrime. This type of investigation raises complex legal and regulatory challenges, particularly regarding defining jurisdiction, protecting individual rights, and ensuring the absence of duplication or conflicting results. Parallel investigations may occur between law enforcement authorities within the same country, such as when the civil police conduct a simultaneous investigation with the public prosecution or an independent oversight body. It can also occur at the international level, where different countries conduct investigations into the same case due to geographical or thematic links, such as if the crime was committed in more than one country, or if the accused or victims are of multiple nationalities. A prominent example of this is cooperation between European investigative agencies or between the United States and other countries on money laundering and terrorist financing cases..

This study addresses the criminal protection provided for the right to vote in Iraqi legislation, as one of the basic political rights that represent the essence of the democratic system, through an analysis of the constitutional and legislative texts that guarantee this right and criminalize acts that affect the integrity of the entire electoral process.
The study focuses on identifying electoral crimes in Iraqi legislation, including crimes affecting the polling process itself—such as abstention from voting and violation of the freedom to vote—or crimes affecting the polling system, such as the use of force to coerce voters and electoral bribery, while clarifying the prescribed penalties.
The study adopts a comparative approach by comparing Iraqi legislation with Egyptian legislation, as the latter is characterized by a more detailed organization of electoral crimes in the Law onthe Exercise of Political Rights No. 45 of 2014, alongside the clarity of its legislative drafting. The comparison aims to highlight similarities and differences in the scope of criminal protection, the philosophy of incrimination, and the degree of deterrence achieved by penalties in both legal systems.
The study concludes that the criminal protection of the right to vote in Iraqi legislation suffers from certain deficiencies, represented by the fragmentation of legal texts and their lack of comprehensiveness regarding some modern forms of interference with electoral will, compared to Egyptian legislation, which is characterized by greater integration and punitive rigor. The study suggests the necessity of developing Iraqi legislation by unifying and organizing electoral crimes within an integrated legal framework, and toughening penalties for acts that affect the essence of the right to vote—particularly electoral bribery and the exploitation of political money—to enhance the integrity of the electoral process.

The research examines the forms of U.S. support for the Zionist entity, which serves as a fundamental pillar in prolonging the 2023 war on the Gaza Strip. Washington provided a military bridge (via air and sea), along with political cover manifested in the use of the veto at the UN Security Council to obstruct ceasefire resolutions. This support has been reflected on the ground through catastrophic repercussions across all sectors (social, economic, health, and educational), creating an unprecedented humanitarian crisis.

: Amid discussions on international conflict and its treatment within both traditional and contemporary frameworks, it becomes clear that international conflict represents one of the most prominent phenomena in international relations, as it reflects the tensions and disputes among states and international actors. This concept has undergone fundamental transformations: in its traditional perspective, it was primarily grounded in hard power and military dominance, whereas the contemporary perspective emphasizes the complex interplay of political, economic, technological, and environmental factors.
Thus, international conflict has not disappeared but rather evolved in its forms and instruments. While the traditional understanding centered on hard power and military supremacy, the contemporary approach highlights a complex balance between hard and soft power, along with the emergence of non-traditional, transnational threats. Consequently, understanding contemporary international conflict requires a multidimensional analysis that takes into account economic, technological, environmental, cultural, and political dimensions, alongside military considerations

This study examines the pivotal role women play in achieving and building peace within the framework of United Nations resolutions, focusing on analyzing the evolution of the "Women, Peace, and Security" agenda since the issuance of the historic Resolution 1325 of 2000 and subsequent complementary resolutions. The study addresses the political, social, and legal dimensions of women's participation in peace processes, examines the effectiveness of these resolutions' implementation on the ground, and monitors the most prominent challenges facing member states in their implementation. It also highlights the importance of integrating women into peace negotiations and decision-making to ensure sustainable peace and security in post-conflict societies

The criminal responsibility and prosecution of ministers in the Iraqi constitutional system is one of the fundamental issues that reinforces the principles of accountability, transparency, and the rule of law. Ministers hold an important constitutional position that grants them extensive powers in managing state affairs, which necessitates holding them legally accountable when they commit criminal offenses, in fulfillment of the constitutionally established principle of equality before the law.
The criminal responsibility of ministers is based on the principle of equality before the law, as they do not enjoy any criminal immunity under the 2005 Constitution and are tried before ordinary criminal courts for all crimes they commit. This responsibility includes job-related offenses connected to their position, ordinary crimes unrelated to their duties, as well as the crime of breach of constitutional oath, with all procedurally guaranteed rights established by the constitution and law, without the need for prior authorization for prosecution.
However, the failure to issue the law regulating the jurisdiction of the Federal Supreme Court, as constitutionally stipulated, has created a legislative vacuum that has negatively impacted judicial practice. This has led to ambiguity and overlap in determining the competent authority for bringing charges and the competent court for trial, in addition to lengthy litigation procedures, political pressures, and difficulty in implementing judgments. Therefore, there is an urgent need to issue the law regulating the procedures and trial of ministers, and to enhance the independence of the judiciary to ensure the effectiveness of the ministerial trial system and respect for fair trial guarantees

It is very necessary to clarify and specify the authority that imposes the disciplinary penalty on the members of the State Council in terms of its formation and powers, and the guarantees that are granted to those subject to it, with the aim of preserving the independence, impartiality and integrity of the member of the Council and in order for him to be far from personal influences and the influence of the executive authority, because disciplinary accountability While it is a protection tool because the member does not violate what is legally established, it may at the same time prejudice his personal rights and job reputation until it is proven that he committed the violating act.
Therefore, a set of measures must be taken that protect him while he is subject to disciplinary questioning, as well as specifying the party that has the right to question him. The legal systems differed from one country to another in defining and following disciplinary measures on members of the State Council and the competent authority in imposing them. It is worth pointing out that the legal system that governs the disciplinary responsibility of members of the State Council differs from the system that governs other employees, and the way in which the disciplinary punishment is imposed on members of the State Council is intended to be in order for the members to perform their duties as well as to ensure The regularity and progress of work in the council, and the imposition of disciplinary penalties imposed on members must be commensurate with the size of the violation committed by them.
Therefore, legislation in countries is established in order to establish a disciplinary system for members that differs somewhat from the disciplinary system for employees, so we find that Egypt has given the right Imposing disciplinary punishments on a disciplinary board granted by the legislator with judicial jurisdiction, while in Iraq, we note that the legislator did not set a special system for them, as it subjected them to the amended Law of Disciplining State and Public Sector Employees No. 14 of 1991
Likewise, we find that both France and Egypt indicated in the law of the Council who is the competent authority to consider appeals and penalties imposed on members of the Council. As for the Iraqi legislator, he did not organize these issues, leaving that to the general rules, and this is considered one of the legislative shortcomings that the legislator must address.

Compulsory specific performance is one of the most prominent penalties prescribed by law to ensure respect for and fulfillment of contractual promises. Furthermore, it achieves contractual justice between the parties to the contractual relationship arising from their mutual consent. It also reflects the principle of the binding force of contracts. Its aim is not to compensate the creditor for the debtor's breach of obligations or promises, but rather to achieve specific performance, obligating the debtor to deliver exactly what they committed to.
It is clear that compulsory specific performance serves as a penalty to secure the creditor's anticipated interest at the time of the contract's conclusion, namely, receiving the promised item in kind. This ensures the debtor fulfills their obligation to the creditor precisely as promised, rather than substituting something else for the original. Conversely, this will lead to some legal systems prioritizing specific performance as a primary contractual penalty for breach of contract, while others, particularly those based on economic analysis, will refrain from this priority. This is especially true given the inclusion of the concept of effective breach of contract, which excludes specific performance as a primary penalty and relies instead on compensation

The regulation of armed conflicts at sea represents one of the most complex challenges faced by contemporary international humanitarian law, particularly amid technological advancements and the expanding scope of maritime military operations. “Prohibited zones” have emerged as intricate legal and military tools used to restrict movement and navigation in specific maritime areas, either to safeguard military operations or to deny adversaries access for hostile purposes. However, the establishment of such zones raises multiple legal issues related to their legitimacy, geographic limits, prior notification obligations, and their impact on freedom of navigation and the rights of neutral states. This study analyzes the conceptual and legal framework of prohibited zones in naval armed conflicts by examining their foundations in the law of the sea, the Geneva Conventions, and Additional Protocol I, while assessing their practical and legal boundaries in light of recent precedents. It further addresses the challenges posed by modern maritime warfare, including the use of drones, naval mines, and cyber operations. The research concludes that the concept of prohibited zones remains ambiguously defined in both theory and practice, calling for an international legal reform that ensures a balanced approach between military necessity, civilian protection, and freedom of navigation

threat to judicial certainty and the reliability of criminal evidence. It argues that deepfake technology no longer involves minor manipulation but enables the fabrication of highly convincing audio and video content used for extortion, defamation, fraud, and the creation of false evidence. The research identifies a legislative gap in Iraqi criminal law and demonstrates the limited ability of traditional offences to fully capture this novel conduct. It also highlights procedural shortcomings in investigation and proof when courts confront “synthetic” digital evidence and the phenomenon of plausible deniability. The study stresses the central role of technical expertise and strict chain-of-custody safeguards to preserve evidentiary integrity. It concludes that an explicit legislative intervention is necessary, coupled with clear procedural rules mandating forensic verification of contested digital media. Finally, it recommends capacity-building for law-enforcement and enhanced international cooperation given the cross-border nature of these crimes

over the past two decades, the global landscape of conflict has witnessed a fundamental shift from traditional warfare to a more complex pattern known as Fifth-Generation Warfare (5GW). This emerging form of conflict targets the internal structures of states through non-material instruments that blend technology, media, economics, and politics. In the Middle East, these dynamics appear with greater clarity due to fragile social fabrics and deeply rooted political and sectarian divisions, making the region highly susceptible to external penetration and influence.
This study seeks to analyze the theoretical foundations of 5GW, outline its defining characteristics and tools, and examine its manifestations within the regional context. It then provides an applied analysis of Lebanon and Iran as illustrative cases that demonstrate the strategic use of directed media, economic pressure, cyber operations, and internal agitation.
The findings reveal that 5GW operates primarily by reshaping collective perception and weakening public trust in state institutions, which ultimately undermines political and social stability.

Iraqi universities play a crucial role in achieving the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for 2030. Higher education contributes to human capital development by enhancing the knowledge and skills needed to address social, economic, and environmental challenges. Universities are not only educational institutions but also research centers that contribute to innovative solutions for societal problems, This research examines the efforts of Iraqi universities in areas such as poverty eradication, providing quality education, promoting scientific research, and achieving gender equality, It also highlights the challenges faced by Iraqi universities, such as limited funding and an unstable environment, which may impact their ability to achieve the SDGs

Fair competition is considered a fundamental pillar for achieving sustainable economic growth and driving the business environment; as it plays an important role in assistance and participation mechanisms that improve economic efficiency and stimulate invention and creativity in ways that serve this vital activity. In addition, it is an effective guarantee for providing goods and services of high quality at reasonable and fair prices, and it is also an important practice in finding the balance between production and consumption. In light of the Republic of Iraq's efforts to strengthen economic activity and openness to modern scientific ideas and methods that align with the legislator’s desire to develop the public and private sectors, the importance of establishing and reinforcing the principles of fair competition, equality of opportunity, and the prevention and penalization of monopolistic practices becomes clear, as this supports economic reform and prosperity, reassures investors, producers, and consumers, and at the same time strengthens their confidence in the process of economic growth and progress.
Based on that, it was the duty of the Iraqi criminal legislator to provide protection, establish criminal liability, and impose penalties on natural or legal persons who violate the provisions of laws regulating competition and preventing monopoly in the commercial environment, in order to ensure the smooth functioning of economic activity, as it represents one of the main pillars in achieving the public interest.

Tax is one of the oldest and most important sources of public revenue. Taxes have evolved with the development of the state\\\\\\\\'s objectives and roles in society, as there is a great connection between the tax system and the methods and methods of imposing and collecting the tax, and the state\\\\\\\\'s economic, social and political system applied during the imposition of the tax.
Tax is no longer only a source of revenue, but has become a means of achieving certain goals and influencing various aspects of economic, social and political life. In order to achieve social justice, the tax administration exercises broad powers towards taxpayers, and in return they have the right to appeal its decisions whenever they suffer injustice or prejudice to their rights.
Tax disputes or inequality, so tax disputes have characteristics that differ from the rest of the other disputes that arise between the parties. The tax dispute has characteristics, advantages, and reasons that may go back to the tax administration or the taxpayer himself, and it has its legal adaptation represented by defining its legal description, describing the parties to the tax relationship, and determining its legal and administrative nature.
On the other hand, the role that tax represents is a sovereign resource that various countries rely on to finance their budgets. Any delay in resolving tax disputes leads to a delay in the state receiving its dues.
The legislator has paid attention to this subjectivity through many methods, perhaps the most important of which is allowing the taxpayer to review the tax administration and dispute it, and at the same time enabling the tax administration to consider their objections and grievances according to specific mechanisms before resorting to the judiciary through discretionary authority to consider tax disputes

Administrative and financial corruption is one of the most serious challenges facing modern states, given its direct impact on weakening state institutions, wasting national wealth, and eroding citizens' trust in the government. This research aims to study the effectiveness of constitutional provisions in addressing the phenomenon of administrative and financial corruption in Iraq, by examining the clarity of these provisions and their implementation mechanisms. The analytical approach was adopted, through tracking and analyzing the constitutional texts and Iraqi laws related to combating administrative and financial corruption. The study reached many results, perhaps the most prominent of which is that there are many clear constitutional texts that emphasize combating corruption, especially Articles (78), (80), (102), (103), but this legal framework has not been activated sufficiently. Despite the existence of anti-corruption legislation, its implementation is weak. The fundamental problem lies in its poor enforcement on the ground, which limits its effectiveness in holding corrupt individuals accountable. The research recommends strengthening the independence of oversight bodies (the Integrity Commission and the Financial Control Bureau) and ensuring their protection from political pressure.

In the context of the war between Russia and Ukraine, drones have played an increasingly important role, and this trend is expected to continue in the near future for various reasons related to cost, accuracy, and operational effectiveness. Consequently, studies have begun to focus on the future of these drones in both military and civilian operations. The war and its developments have opened new horizons and schools of thought that focus on the implications of these drones and how they can be utilized in national strategies

One of the rights granted by the legislator to the litigants when filing a civil lawsuit is their right to resort to the judiciary to seek judicial protection for their rights and interests, by all means permitted by law, in order to achieve justice and equality between the two parties to the lawsuit, as litigation procedures are characterized by a formal nature that is carried out according to a specific form, and in the event that this form is not observed or violated, it is not taken into account. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the opponents to take into account this formality and not excuse themselves by ignorance of the provisions of the legal rule that must be followed, as one of the procedural duties undertaken by the opponent is their knowledge of all procedural actions that guarantee them judicial protection. Since the rule of inadmissibility of excuse of ignorance of the law in the Civil Procedure Code is considered one of the important fundamental rules that guarantee legal stability and preserve the rights and legal positions of the opponents, as it has a basis in practical procedural application, it has means that reveal the provisions that must be followed, through which the meanings indicated by the legislative text are extracted in a manner consistent with the legislator’s intent in adopting and applying the legal rule

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence has introduced unprecedented challenges to constitutional systems worldwide, particularly as governments increasingly rely on algorithmic decision-making in the administration of public affairs. This emerging reality raises profound questions about the extent to which such decisions fall under constitutional judicial review and whether they remain consistent with fundamental constitutional principles such as legality, equality before the law, and the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms. The challenge is no longer limited to establishing legislative frameworks for the regulation of artificial intelligence, but rather extends to developing precise constitutional standards that can prevent executive arbitrariness when public authority is delegated to automated systems that often lack transparency or adequate legal justification.
This research focuses on the constitutional review of governmental artificial intelligence decisions from a comparative perspective, covering a range of contemporary constitutions during the period 2020–2025. It highlights how constitutional courts and supervisory bodies have approached the accountability of algorithmic decision-making and explores the implications of integrating artificial intelligence into the functioning of public authority, particularly with respect to privacy protection, the rule of law, and the guarantee of fair trial rights. The study also questions whether traditional principles of judicial review remain sufficient, or whether new constitutional doctrines must be articulated to address the unique characteristics and complexity of algorithmic governance.
By comparing European, American, and Arab experiences, the research reveals divergent approaches: some jurisdictions have expanded the scope of constitutional review to balance technological efficiency with the protection of rights, while others remain reluctant to impose strict limits on executive discretion for fear of hindering innovation. The study concludes that constitutional review of governmental artificial intelligence decisions represents a cornerstone for the renewal of constitutional thought in the twenty-first century, and its effectiveness depends on the ability of constitutions to integrate established principles with novel mechanisms tailored to the digital environment and artificial intelligence systems

The issue of jurisdictional conflict is defined as a disagreement between two judicial bodies regarding their respective jurisdiction over a specific case. It is also defined as a dispute between two judicial entities concerning their jurisdiction over a particular matter, such as a conflict between two courts operating under the same judicial system, i.e., between administrative courts themselves, or between ordinary courts.
This research addresses one of the most important topics in administrative law: the issue of jurisdictional conflict within Iraqi law, using a comparative framework with administrative courts in France and Egypt. The research also examines the problem of jurisdictional conflict and the criteria used in allocating jurisdiction. Furthermore, it explores the judicial bodies responsible for resolving jurisdictional conflicts and the methods of resolution in France, Egypt, and Iraq. The legal texts pertaining to these judicial bodies and their rulings are discussed, and the legal texts regulating the jurisdiction of administrative courts and the specialized judicial bodies for resolving jurisdictional conflicts in Iraq are highlighted.
The research reached a number of conclusions, most notably that among the reasons for the occurrence of a case of conflict of jurisdiction is the inaccuracy of the criteria for distributing jurisdiction between judicial bodies, the ambiguity of legal legislation, or its instability and the frequent amendments made to it, and the failure of plaintiffs and those working in the judicial authority to keep up with the changes that occur to it, and the delay in issuing its executive and interpretive regulations, and that the text related to (the body for appointing the reference) suffered from legislative shortcomings in many aspects, as the legislator neglected to stipulate granting (the body for appointing the reference) jurisdiction to consider the case of positive conflict and the case of conflict resulting from conflict of judgments, in addition to neglecting to regulate the procedures for raising the matter of conflict to (the body for appointing the reference), which causes the length of the procedures.

This research aims to examine the role of the Head of State in safeguarding the interests of the people through the exercise of his various powers, whether presidential, executive, judicial, or legislative. It has been shown that these powers have a direct impact on protecting the public interest and ensuring citizens’ rights, as they enable the president to guide the work of the government and parliament, regulate legislation in accordance with the constitution and national interest, and intervene in case of violations or defects in laws before their enactment. The study also addresses executive powers in managing state affairs and declaring emergencies, judicial powers such as granting special pardons and ratifying death sentences, in addition to legislative powers in proposing laws, objecting to them, or withholding approval. The research emphasizes that exercising these powers wisely and responsibly ensures a balance between authorities, strengthens the protection of public interests, safeguards citizens’ rights, and positions the Head of State as a key figure in ensuring state stability, achieving the public good, and promoting the welfare of the people

This study examines the phenomenon of guided democracy within Iraq’s constitutional system by analyzing its legal foundations and the mechanisms through which it manifests in practice. The research is based on the assumption that, although the Iraqi Constitution clearly embraces democratic principles, the practical application has deviated from these principles due to the dominance of political patronage networks and the weakened effectiveness of oversight institutions. The study identifies key structural imbalances in the separation of powers, the limited independence of constitutional bodies, and the impact of political apportionment on the composition of high authorities, particularly the constitutional judiciary. It further explores legal and constitutional measures to curb this phenomenon, foremost among them empowering the Federal Supreme Court, restructuring the selection process of its judges to ensure independence from political influence, and expanding the scope of direct constitutional challenges to allow individuals and civil society organizations greater access to constitutional justice. The study concludes that establishing an independent and effective constitutional judiciary is essential for safeguarding Iraq’s democratic trajectory, preventing deviation toward guided democratic models, and restoring balance between constitutional norms and actual practice in order to strengthen the rule of law and support democratic transformation.

The principles and rules stipulated in international agreements concerned with the environment represent obligations that the international community must abide by and respect, and any action or behavior, regardless of whether it is positive or negative, carried out by a person of public international law constitutes a violation of this obligation and results in the occurrence of an environmental crime that establishes responsibility International, because these crimes have regional and international effects and dimensions, as it is not possible for any country to invoke absolute sovereignty over its territory and commit environmental crimes, as the availability of the elements arranges responsibility and fulfills its conditions, taking into account the possibility of being exempted from it and settling the dispute arising from it, and based on the above and for the purpose of strengthening a system Accountability for environmental crimes requires the existence of an international legal system within a specific legal framework It contributes to establishing mechanisms for accountability for environmental crimes in conjunction with the judicial bodies responsible for accountability for these crimes.

The revolution of technical development appeared through the technological modernization that societies achieved, to the point that this era is called the era of modernity and technical development. This modernity took different forms and many means aimed at creating the desired technical change at the world level.
Thus, technical progress was accompanied by new forms of committing crimes that borrow advanced methods from this technology, and we are faced with a modern form, which is technological crimes. The criminal images of the phenomenon of information crimes varied and their types spread. It no longer threatens many of the traditional interests that have been protected by laws and legislation since ancient times, but rather threatens many of the interests and legal centers created by information technology after its association with the communications and information revolutions. Therefore, giving a general picture of information crime and the problems it raises in international and domestic criminal law requires the importance of addressing the fundamental problems raised by this new type of crime and its impact on human freedoms and personal rights

Fair competition is considered a fundamental pillar for achieving sustainable economic growth and driving the business environment; as it plays an important role in assistance and participation mechanisms that improve economic efficiency and stimulate invention and creativity in ways that serve this vital activity. In addition, it is an effective guarantee for providing goods and services of high quality at reasonable and fair prices, and it is also an important practice in finding the balance between production and consumption. In light of the Republic of Iraq's efforts to strengthen economic activity and openness to modern scientific ideas and methods that align with the legislator’s desire to develop the public and private sectors, the importance of establishing and reinforcing the principles of fair competition, equality of opportunity, and the prevention and penalization of monopolistic practices becomes clear, as this supports economic reform and prosperity, reassures investors, producers, and consumers, and at the same time strengthens their confidence in the process of economic growth and progress.
Based on that, it was the duty of the Iraqi criminal legislator to provide protection, establish criminal liability, and impose penalties on natural or legal persons who violate the provisions of laws regulating competition and preventing monopoly in the commercial environment, in order to ensure the smooth functioning of economic activity, as it represents one of the main pillars in achieving the public interest

This study examines the future scenarios of the international system in light of the structural transformations it has undergone since its modern emergence following the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 up to the end of the second decade of the twenty-first century. The research is based on the assumption that the structure of the international system is determined by the size, type, and utilization of comprehensive power elements possessed by major powers, and that current transformations indicate a decline of unipolarity and the emergence of a multipolar international order. Using a foresight-based approach supported by historical and theoretical analysis, the study analyzes the characteristics and outputs of the current international system and develops three possible future scenarios. The research concludes that the international system is entering a transitional phase likely to produce a flexible multipolar order, characterized by shared leadership among several major powers and persistent structural uncertainty