JOURNAL OF ADMINISTRATION AND ECONOMICS

Measurement and Analysis of Excess Demand Gap in the Iraqi Economy
for the Period 1980-2008
Over the past three decades, the Iraqi economy was exposed to very harsh economic conditions marked by wars and the economic blockade, the results of which were negative economic deterioration in the productive abilities.
An accompanying significant expansion of monetary issuance, which reached great rates exceeded the rates of GDP (gross domestic production) growth, led to a rise in the general level of prices and the deterioration in the Iraqi dinar exchange rate, and, resulted in the growth of a much highe
r total demand rates than the growth rates of the overall supply.
All these circumstances led to what is called macroeconomic excess demand gap for the equivalent of 590% of the total value of the offer.
The discussion recommends achieving an economic balance to overcome the excess demand gap through balancing the level of the total demand, not of the equilibrium level of income, through the harmonization of the total pumping and leakage elements

The idea of Islamic banks appeared in the second half of the twentieth century. During a short period of time, these banks were able to achieve successes represented increments in them, the growth of its resources, increased investments and higher profits, through its dealings according to the modalities and means of investment fit with Islamic sharia law, such as Murabaha, Mudaraba and Musharaka.
Although there are many studies that evaluated the performance of Islamic banks, but there was no study to assess the performance of the means of investing in these banks in particular so we will try to find a set of indicators to assess the financial performance of these means to indicate the degree of success compared to usurious loan through evaluative indicators fit with the nature of Islamic banks on the basis of the data of selected sample of Islamic banks and through the five sections.
Study starts from the hypothesis that there is the ability of Islamic banks on the planning and development and invest their money in accordance with legitimate modes of finance.
To test this hypothesis, two Arab countries were selected to evaluate the performance of the investment means of Islamic banks as was the selection of Faisal Islamic Bank and the Export Development Bank in Sudan and Dubai Islamic Bank and Abu Dhabi Islamic Bank in the United Arab Emirates for the period 2004-2009.

Economists have disagreed about various subjects, especially in the field of economic development, but they all agreed on the important of investment (Specifically the Foreign Direct Investment) for the economic growth and development, it is noted that countries that have high investment rates have achieved a high rate of growth and economic development, and this prompted economists to consider FDI as a Locomotive of the Economic growth and Development.
The current research aims to study and analysis the effect of FDI on capital transmission, organizational and technical skills, expansion of foreign trade, reduce the rate of unemployment, increase the production, productivity and achieve balance in Bop.
It is noted that countries that have high investment rates have achieved a high rate of growth and economic development, and this prompted economists to consider FDI as a locomotive of the economic growth and development.

The objective of the research is to study the reality of cultivated areas with crops in Iraq and the average per capita share of cultivated with crops for the period(1980-2010).The result showed that the growth of population by 2.9% per year was accompanied by a growth in cultivated area 0.03% per year. As a result the average per capita cultivated area decreased from 1.03 donum in 1980 to 0.37 donum in 2010. The result also showed that the area cultivated with cereal consisted 82% of the total area cultivated with crops and the results also showed that the greatest growth of crop groups was in tuber group of about 3.8% per year while the least growth was in forage crops of about (-4.7%) per year. The result also showed that there was a competition between the crops group on cultivated area as when there was any increase in cultivated area of any crop group would result in a decreased of another crop group and the cereal group was the most competitive with other crop group. The result also showed that the area cultivated with cereal crops was the most effective in total area cultivated with crops then the forage crops group while the other groups were less effective and the population and per capita income were not influential in total area cultivated with crops. The study recommended the necessity of increasing the cultivated area to fulfill the increasing demand on agricultural commodities and to increase the productivity as a solution to increase the production. It is necessary also to formulate some long run integrated agricultural policies for all crops.

The research aims to identify the structure of the production costs of fish farms, depending on the field data for fish farmers in the district towns. The study included 54 fish tank a total area amounted to 265 acres spread over 20 farms of the season production in 2010 produced (291.19) tons, which represents 30% of the farmers produce who keep fish in the district of cities have adopted economic analysis and statistical record of the raw data results indicated that the fixed costs were 22.8% of the total overall costs, and management costs are the highest proportion of costs on to hit 72% of the total fixed the college. The cost of changing reached representing 77.2% of the total costs and costs accounted for concentrated feed Top of the total variable costs increased by 51.1%. Were estimated as a function of the total costs and were in accordance with the logic of economic theory where the cube model is most appropriate for the relationship adopted in the research and for compatibility with the statistical tests, standard and economic development. this function was derived function of the average total variable cost and marginal cost to calculate the optimum size. Show that the optimal size of production, which minimizes the cost is 23.6tons while the actual production of the sample is 14.55 tons. Was also reached to the space that best achieve optimum production and found to be 28.1 acres of the research sample, while the rate of the real space have already been laid for the $ 13.2 acres that must be expanded in areas that are raised by the fish to expand production optimization. Calculated the lowest possible price to offer the product in his product from the calculation of the average total cost estimated in the long term, a (2739.6) dinars kg. and calculated economies of scale achieved the expense of flexibility and cost and show that most farmers operating within the region and economies of scale.

In light of the digital economy dominated the knowledge and attention has capital intellectual requirement can not be waived as a basis for creativity and innovation, a cognitive ability high for any company and the player base to build a strategy for change and the main idea in the production process and then support the competitive advantage of the company. For the purpose of managing intellectual capital of direction the right and work to develop the energies and creative abilities to him and his investment in the proper form to be the availability of information costs appropriate to serve decision-makers, as the decision-wise are taken in the light of sound information. and it came this research highlights the importance of the role of information costs of intellectual capital and its importance in supporting the competitive advantage of the company and to indicate the importance of research have been applied through a prospective study on a sample of industrial companies in the province of Nineveh

It is known that the number of net profit is the bottom line of the income statement, which is prepared on an accrual basis. The debate has started on ineffectiveness of this statement since 1980, and this debate has escalated with the increasing of the bankruptcy cases of the economic units in the United States of America, where their income statements disclose high level of net income , while they were facing shortage in the liquidity ,as a result of the lack of enough money. Because of the above reason ,the need emerged to cash flow statement, which is prepared according to cash basis to decrease the misleading ,and falsifications which may occur when using different accounting ,policies and methods . Possibly the most important virtues of this statement it's ability to evaluate the earning's quality and to provide financial information not found in the balance sheet and income statement ,which we can use to determine. The ability of the economic unit to generate cash flows from the operations which enough to meet it's obligations against it's creditors and shareholders .

This research aims to clarify the relation between certification ISO14001 and Environmental costs. To achieve that we reviewed the literature which explain the research's variables . In this light , we put the main and sub hypothesis , and tested this hypothesis by questionnaire designed to measure the research's variables . The sample of research was "20 " in the general company for pattery Industrial .
The most important conclusions of which this research has reached from the practical aspects are the existence of significant correlation between the most variables of certification ISO14001 and the Environmental costs .

This study aims at identifying the impact of the electronic information overload on the knowledge management functions in industrial companies in Jordan. The study population consisted of all industrial companies in Jordan. The study sample included senior and middle managers working in these companies. The researchers used descriptive statistical methods such as the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, frequencies and percentages. To test the study hypotheses, the researchers used constructive statistical methods, such as the analysis of both types of linear regression, Simple and Multiple Regression, to pinpoint the connections and impacts of independent aon dependent variables of the study and its sub-dimensions. The researchers also used the two ways analysis of variance to test whether there were statistically significant differences in the knowledge management functions due to the demographic factors of the senior and middle managers in the industrial companies in Jordan, using the SPSS Program.
The study revealed number of results, such as: "there is a significant statistical effect at the level of (0.05) for the electronic information overload (the technological overload and organizational overload) on the knowledge management functions (acquisition, generation, transfer, sharing, and application of knowledge) in the industrial companies in Jordan.The personal overload was excluded from the stepwise regression model. The results revealed that the absence of statistically significant differences in the knowledge management functions due to demographic factors for senior and middle managers in the Industrial Companies in Jordan with the exception of the sex category.
In light of the results, the study provided a number of recommendations including: the work on adopting a technology consistent with the nature of the activities of the industrial companies in Jordan, and also providing technical capabilities to reduce the electronic information overload exposed by industrial companies in Jordan during practicing their activities.

This study is based on the (descriptive-analytical) method to deal with its variables. The problem of the study has created number of inquiries that has included the impact of intellectual blow method on knowledge transferring processes, in addition to define the connection relation between them. The aim of this study have been defined by its variables diagnosis that are represented by intellectual blow method and knowledge transferring by processes in order to motivate the interest of banks managers to present the best banking service through raising performance level and this surely will achieve the public satisfaction as long as it is considered as on of the important indicators that the bang tries to achieve since it is considered as the real profit for the bank.
The importance of the study arises from comprising new variables that could be adopted in the case of drawing new strategy for working in the banks. The study has attempted to present an intellectual framework contribute in forming a knowledge system that maintains banks ability in using the intellectual blow as one of the mechanisms of transferring knowledge and participating in it .

This study aimed to examine the exploratory and analytical study, seeks to investigate the reality of human resource management information systems practices and applications in Jordanian banking sector. Also it aims to identify the obstacles that hinder the adaptability of such systems in this sector.
Population consisted of (16) main commercial banks which included human resource departments in Jordan. The unit of analysis for this study was the individual human resource manager. Total population of (16) human resource managers in these banks were represented in this study.
Data obtained were processed and analyzed by (SPSS). The study concludes that: The level of offering human resource information system infrastructure was moderate in the study population. In light of the study results, a number of recommendations were suggested including: Jordanian banks should work on building information systems for human resource management, integrated or comprehensive as these systems play a fundamental role in improving the activities related to human resources management.

The interest of countries and investors is increasing in the credit rating of sovereign debt in recent years , because it detemines the cost and size of funding of countries , and shows the future cedit risk of investors.
Hence , it is appeared the importance of this topic has been emerged , which has received much attention from researchers and specialists. So, it was choosing this research entitled „ Factors affecting in the change of credit rating of sovereign debt : Moody’s agency model / analytical researchers „ to analyze the methodology of the credit rating of sovereign debt and the factors affecting the classification.
The problem of the reseach included identifying the most influential factors in the credit rating of sovereign debt.
The research finds out a set of conclusions. The most important of them indicated that the financial strength factor is the most influencing factors in the credit rating of sovereign debt for Moody’s agency.
The research was presented a set of recommendations. The most important of them indicated to the concern of states with a factor of financial strngth and development of Moody’s agency to the critria used in the issuance of credit rating for sovereign debt , and invreasing categories of factors affecting the rating for the disposal of ranges set by the agency in the third step before the rating committee to determine the rating to reduce the personal judgment.

The development of management accounting represents one of the most important challenges that faced the current organizations,due to the fact that many of them aim at evaluation their performance .
The performance balanced Scorecard with its different perspectives is appeared to measure and evaluate the strategic, financial, and operational performance . It also represent one of the current management accounting techniques,
The study aims at studing the impact of plementing Modern Models relevance of the measurement of performance and their harmony with the current environmental changes is "Balanced Scorecard" which represent atool for developing the system of evaluation performance aiming for providing informations that are more adequate and appropriate in adefinite date for the Top management to conduct their decisions and support their strategy.
To fulfill the aims of the study afield study has been made on a employees of Iraqi Industrialcompanies whose stocks Listed in Iraq stock exchange.
The data of study have been accumulated by using investination lists and rxamining the truth or fault of the study through number of statistical Reliability and Validity , One-Sample T-Test,The most important results of the study are the insufficient of the traditional financial measures of performance in evaluating performance, and that Iraqi industrial companies are neetimplement one of the technigues of strategic management Accounting is Balanced scorecard
The cards duty is to evaluation the financial measures of performance and non-financial measures of performance in order to influence on the information
system of the management Accounting and on the nature and the type of the
Accountig information needed by the management in order to support and conduct their decisions.

The research aim to build and design mathematical model to determine the Production Size in (Fath) Factory for Blankets Manufacturing, to achieve the research aims, case study Methodology have been used to collect and analyize the Data, in addi to linear Programming Tech nigues, and (QSB) Program to Solve the model., Finally the research offered many conclusions improved the effectiveness of (LP) to solve the Production size Problem, Some Recommendations have been Presented due to it.

The service sector has been growing rapidly and vigorously, which implies that service orientation has become a major trend nowadays. Many organizations have started to become more service-oriented and adopt various service solutions in order to remain competitive. One of these solutions is adopting service culture as a competitive mean to stay in business through instilling organizational strategies and policies to retain employees and customers as well.
This study aimed at measuring how employees in insurance sector perceive the relation of service culture dimensions (credibility, respect, fairness, pride, teamwork, shared information, friendship, and customer care) to their loyalty and customer\'s loyalty as well.
The study sample consisted of (350) constructs selected randomly from the total population of (2366) .A (225) of the distributed were eligible to statistical analysis which represent (15%) of study universe.
The study revealed the following results:
Service culture dimensions have a positive relationship in building employees loyalty, whereas (Pride, shared information, teamwork, customer care) have positive relationship in building customers loyalty whereas credibility, respect, fairness, friendship have weak relationships in customers loyalty.
Demographic variables (education level, administrative position, and years of experience) have an impact on customers loyalty, whereas sex have not..

Business organizations today greatly seeks to improve their performance is very large, "relying on the performance of its members and their initiatives, they should care about them and provide social support for them represented" system of material incentives (direct, indirect as well as moral incentives), and all this makes them perform their work and their activities and their events organizational efficiently and successfully and in doing so seek to make their initiatives of the organization for change and reform and the performance of the business better.
Here is the problem of pointing the study by provoking a series of research questions the following: -
1 - Do you practice the organization of social support systems effectively?
2 - To what extent is there in the organization's ideas and initiatives by individuals working?
In order to answer research questions above, and to measure correlations between me and the impact of the study, was used a number of statistical methods to data collected Balastbana distributed to employees in the organization examined, was to reach a set of conclusions of the most important: -
1 - having a capacity of individuals working to make initiatives and take advantage of them in the field of employment and this is what explains the presence of a degree of flexibility to have the issue of dealing with them and therefore they contain ..
2 - are affected by social support systems, the initiative examined, the individual in the organization, noting that "this was mixed Atather" This is what was approved by the results.
In conclusion, to study a set of proposals for the schools researched.

The sought research seeks for the impact of strategic leadership in the organizational development of one of the industrial companies the Iraqi State Company for spinning and weaving cotton / Baghdad, focusing on the problem which can be identified as follows: is the strategic leadership of one of the elements active in the life of organizations, including industrial and service sectors alike, should be identified and the nature of the roles adopted in order to contribute to the development of the organization. For the purpose of achieving the objectives of the research have emerged his hypotheses main points, showing correlation and influence among the research variables was chosen as the company area for the application of research and selection of hypotheses, and then select a sample unintended consists of (29) leadership position included the Director General and Deputy Director General and Board of Directors Board of Directors and department heads of production and service questionnaire form was adopted for this purpose as well as to support the accuracy of answers and the answers in order to obtain balanced .
It has been used Find a set of statistical methods in data analysis and research found a number of conclusions, including: concentration of lead the company to exercise the roles strategy, the most important strategic decisions because of their role in shaping the future of the organization, and also showed that there is a great role for a personal strategy because of its capabilities and skills require vision and strategic thinking to deal with the conditions of uncertainty and instability and provided a number of recommendations, including strengthening the role of the company's strategic decision to serve the success and superiority and the emphasis on thinking and strategic vision.

This study aime is to shed light on the electronic payment systems and the most important advantages offered to the banks through a survey about the opinions of managers and staff of government banks in Syria to keep pace with the technological progress in the provision of banking services and knowing the quality of banking services across the global information network. And a clarification that the improvement of quality of service and the development of banking product are major success factors. To achieve the objectives of the study a survey was designed to identify and distribute to the study community of the government banks in Syria, but the study sample was represented in the Syrian Commercial Bank and Land Bank of Syria. The number of questionnaires distributed was (77) (50) were restored for identifying valid statistical analysis, and study found the following:
.1. Provide banking services through the Internet leads to lower costs
2. Syria is one of the countries that are late in adopting e-commerce and taking advantage of it, and this is despite the availability of electronic means and payment systems, but not in the conventional sense in the developed countries.
And the lack of customer confidence in these methods has led to a recession in the cycle or wheel of e-commerce development, as well as the absence of infrastructure for the latter.

Organizational culture has become an organizational resource that is paramount in achieving the effectiveness of the or Organization, and business Organizations seeking to consolidate these ethics in the Organizational culture and requiring workers to the outward appearances ethics distinct modes determine the proper handling of customer relationship management. Have been identified for the purposes of the this research culture of the Organization as the direction of management and its disposal towards its employees and its customers, and has to do with the Organization within the community, and the gate to deal with the laws and government regulations and their applications. The organizational excellence, it refers to the highest levels of knowledge that reflect the performance of employees and the Organization its goats .adopted a research sample of deliberate size (50) responsible in the company’s overall marketing medicines, for the purposes of statistical were treatment (40) questionnaire, which was obtained from the sample above, showed that this analysis and its relations with retaliation and sympathetic to the culture of the Organization discussed in the effectiveness of the organization, as well as analysis specific and personal to members of the sample. The research found that the target variable is the most important factors in the effeteness of the Organization, which focuses upon the company’s management, which emphasizes the need to consolidate and develop the concepts of justice and public welfare departments of the company and the insurance regulatory climate that achieves this.

This research discussed the effect of modern Leading pattern, which represented by converting and alternating Leading pattern in crisis management in organizations depending on their abilities in adapatation of various situation and crises that reflects positivly in the organization and the community. So this research aims to measure the range of the variable of modern leading pattern in crisis management and that was choosen through two suppositions the first was the correlation relation ship , and the second was for the effect .
For this purpose many of statical styles one of them was the variable spearman (R2) and then a chevied a group of conclusions, one of them was the importance of modern leading pattern role in managing the crisis specialy and the success of the organization in general so depending on that the recommendations are presented

In this research , we use the path analysis to determine the variables effecting of the money supply for the period ( 2004 – 2009 ) , partitioned its effects to direct and indirect effects and also to study the relationship with multi – regression analysis . and then path analysis is applied through from the proposed causal models , then used the stepwise regression method for a sample estimator for each proposed model to determine the direct , indirect effects and proposed causal effects in the Full model .
There are direct and indirect effects on the money supply either, in the Reduce model there are also direct and indirect effect . The direct effects in according to order and its importance of the money supply is ( private sector debts , net foreign assets , semi - cash ). In this model the path has been deleted ( net government debt) for its effects on the money supply was little depending on the standard regression weights , which valued less than 5% . ( the reduce model ) is more efficient and accurat, than the ( Full model ) depending on the value of statistic test which was less than the tabular value .

No doubt that step wise procedure (SP) is one of the best procedures of serial choice of regression variables, but it suffers – as I see – from abasic defect that, in most applications it can't getrid of the effect of first selected variable on selecting the other ones in case of presence of linear correlations between them. The first selected variable stands as a screen before joining the other important variables "totally or partially" the finalsubset. Consequently, (SP) fails selecting the best subset regression variables (BSRV). So there will be no use of retesting it during the procedure unless one breaks the screen in such away like raising the significance level of testing the selected variables such that it won't be less than 0.10 and according to their importance. This is what the researcher has proposed to make the (SP) more efficient than foreword to select (BSRV). But one must notice that this proposal may lead to select additional variables that have weakened contribution in explanation of social phenomenon.

The social status of the religious shrines is one of the important issues in the field of behavior of the religious tourist for its effective role in cultivating the human behavior through the process of imitating the personality of the religion symbol which leads to a change in the tourists behavior toward the sublime and genuine social values .for this reason two variables interact to form the philosophical and conceptual framework of this study which is entitled (impact of social status for Religious shrines in the social control to the Religious tourists in Iraq) which is initiated from general and individual questioner . The general questions aims at specifying the level of the study variables. As for the individual questioner, they present the problems of the study. The aim behind answering these question is to bring on the theoretical philosophy and conceptual objectives of these variables which is one of the important issues for the Iraqi society for its contribution in developing the social capital and ,to specify the level of the study variables and to test its hypothesis , many statistical and non parametric procedures are connected to analyze and treat the data depending on well established statistical programs(SPSS-ver. 19) which are represented by the mathematical mean and stander deviation ,the relative significance to find on the level of the variables and the correlation factor of spearman to measure the nature of the relationship between the variables and the simple linear regression formula is used to measure the impact relation depending on the questioner as a tool of measurement 396 copies of questioner are distributed to the employee of the religious shrines in holly Najaf as follows: ( Al Emam Ali shrine, Hood and Saleh,Kadeja, Muslim bn Akel,Hany bn Arowa,Al muktar Al thakafee,Maetham Al tamar,komail bn Zead and Saffy Al safa).15% of 2800 employees of these shrine are subjected to this study. The importance of this study lies in using social status of religion shrines in social control of religious tourist in Iraqi society through application theoretical concepts in field work
The study reached to the following result:
1. Social status in religion shrines affects the social control of the religion tourists.
2. There is a weakness in awareness to understand the social status of religious shrine by tourists who comes to such places in large numbers.
The awareness in general, was in medium level.
The study also presented a number of recommendations:
1. The researcher has recommended the importance of depending social awareness of the importance of the religious shrines in social control.
2. The employment of religious shrines to control the religion tourists socially.

The study started with exploring the problem which is expressed through a number of theoretical and applied questions. The response to these questions is meant to explain the theoretical philosophy and the notional concepts of these variables as they are new subjects in Arab environment, in general, and in Iraqi environment, in particular. Then, there is testing the co-relationships and the impact relationships and the possibility of achieving them in the area of application which is constituted of the five-star hotels in Iraq. The sample of the study consists of (89) managers. The importance of the study involves in establishing a philosophical and notional evolvement for the nature of the variables of the study depending on the efforts of applying the study on the actual nature of establishing the wise capital for achieving the Sustainable tourism development. In order to achieve this, nine main hypotheses are formed, all are tested and accepted by a set of non-instructed statistical tools, and questionnaire is used as a way to collect the data and information from the sample of the study, The study also presented a set of recommendations the most important of which is the concern with putting a strategic work program depending on establishing continual and strong relations with the working personnel which leads to the contribution in recruiting of what the hotel needs of the qualified people, their number and their qualifications .

The study aims at investigating the influence of the values held by the high-leves Leaderships on the organizational adjustment conducted by the organizations to meet the changes which happen in the External Environment. This study is applied on tourism organizations in the city of Baghdad. The study is based on a questionare designed to measure the variables of the study. After doing the statistical analysis, the researcher concluded that there is an influence of the values of high-level leaderships in the process of organizational adjustment in general.

Readable Mass media became a variable in constituting the mass consciousness and their attitude toward the issues presented in the readable mass media day and night. These days the importance of the media springs up from their dependence on the readable, audible, the visible and heard, and the electronic mass media more than in the past.
The great development in the technology of readable mass media is the reason behind the mass s much dependence or mass media in their persistent trial to know what is going on around them events and issues in different fields ,and in tourism in particular.
The importance of each of these readable mass media (the press) lies in the way it effects the consciousness of the tourists through it characteristics and merits.
The impact of the readable mass media is clear on the religious tourism because the mass media sheds light upon the religious tourism as the important type of tourism ,the demand for tourism is a response to the spiritual and religious motives ,and the religious tourism is everlasting tourism and through the whole year , with or without an occasion .Besides , the religious tourism provides an income through its direct or indirect outcome.
The evolvement of the tourism consciousness about the religious tourism through the various readable mass media is considered as one of the most important subjects for it clarifies the importance of the religious tourism ,the investment of its earnings ,and eliding its negative effects ,it also creates the suitable atmosphere for a special society of religious tourism who is conscious of its values to achieve as big earning as possible ,for instance the states in the Islamic world pay attention to the tourism consciousness for it is related to the success of tourism activity in their countries ,they paid much attention to people in charge of tourism consciousness such as workers in tourism activity , the official and non official institutions and organizations , the citizens , the government and the tourists .
The religious tourism in the holy city of kerbala which is considered as one of the most famous places on the local regional and universal level , is characterized by the existence of centers of religious tourism represented by the shrines of AL Hussein and ALAbass (god s peace on them ) .

The purpose of this research is to measure the compatative capability of the Iraq government banks and its rule to adupt the competition feature through focusing on the electronic banking services.
Due to the pattern of the bank services in its conterty it is necessary for the Iraqi banks management to the look for methods in order to make bank services one of the most compatative field between its branches AL-Rafidaine and AL-Rasheed banks in Baghdad.
The researcher concluded that the Iraqi government banks use a private site on the Net, to introduce itself and its brauches in addition to offer the simple and electronic services to their customers. This services which are in its first steps such as the E-plastic cards, cash- machine and the draft.
So, the researcher, received into a number of recommendations in which one of the most important is that the Iraqi government banks can compete in the locale as much as in the regional level by using the electronic methods the complementary services.
The communication revulsion made the E_banking services something inevitable to modernize and develope the future of bank services.