Journal of Studies and Researches of Sport Education

The aim of the research was to develop educational units for teaching technical performance, achievement, and cognitive attainment in the high jump event for female students. The researchers used the experimental approach with two equivalent groups—experimental and control—with pre- and post-tests. The research sample consisted of first-year female students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The researchers utilized the statistical package (SPSS) to extract the following results. They concluded that the educational units applied using the McCarthy model contributed to improving the technical performance, achievement, and cognitive attainment in the high jump event for first-year female students. The researchers recommended the necessity of using educational units based on the McCarthy model to teach technical performance, achievement, and cognitive attainment in the high jump event.

This study examines the consequences of commercialization in Iraqi handball clubs as a strategy for sustainable development. Using a qualitative, applied–developmental approach, data were collected through purposive interviews with 18 handball experts and specialists. The interviews were analyzed using open, axial, and selective coding until theoretical saturation was reached. The findings identified four major consequences of commercialization: increased social participation through public engagement in sport, reinforcement of national identity via sports symbolism and collective pride, economic growth through job creation and sustainable revenue, and managerial development through professionalization and innovation. The study concludes that commercialization represents a multidimensional approach that can enhance financial sustainability, strengthen social capital, promote national cohesion, and improve managerial structures, offering policymakers a viable pathway for developing Iraqi handball.

This study aimed to identify the effect of psychological hardiness on anxiety and hesitation in performing certain defensive skills in youth football. The experimental method was employed, and the research sample consisted of youth players from Al-Minaa Football Club. Following the implementation of psychological hardiness exercises, the main findings indicated that psychological hardiness plays a significant role in reducing debilitating anxiety and psychological hesitation in the performance of certain defensive football skills among youth players. Accordingly, the study recommended the adoption of psychological hardiness training exercises due to their substantial role in decreasing debilitating anxiety and psychological hesitation in performing defensive football skills among youth players.

This research addresses the challenges faced by Iraq\'s sports facilities due to political instability, security issues, and economic dependence on oil. It aims to explore solutions for optimizing sports venues to support urban branding. A qualitative approach was used, gathering data from 21 experts, including sports facility managers, officials, coaches, athletes, and citizens. Interviews were conducted, and the data analyzed using MaxQD E software. The findings highlight various factors influencing the effectiveness of sports facilities, such as branding, tourism development, cultural revival, technology, social responsibility, economic value, and service quality. The research concludes that improving sports venues can enhance social and economic development, ultimately contributing to urban branding in Iraq

This study examines the relationship between sleep quality, hormonal concentrations and anaerobic performance in elite athletes. Thirty athletes received a TST, REM, and NREM sleep improvement sleep intervention. The confounding variables that were studied included cortisol, testosterone, and sport performance measures (i.e., lactate and fatigue resistance). After CBT and MCT, significant changes were found in sleep quality, including increases in TST and REM sleep and a small decrease in NREM sleep. Hormonal measurements evidenced a decrease in cortisol levels and an increase in testosterone levels after the intervention. What is more, the athletes exhibited improved anaerobic performance in that their lactate thresholds were significantly higher and they fatigued less. Strong relationships were found between changes in sleep quality and hormonal status, indicating that sleep improvement itself may enhance performance. Results emphasize the relevance of sleep for recovery and performance enhancement for athletes, and indicate that sleep interventions should be considered as an integral part of training programs, in order to improve athletic performance to its fullest potential. The research adds further evidence of the role of sleep as part of the athletic performance-support package.

Despite the growing global momentum of women's sports, professional women's sports marketing in Iraq continues to face numerous challenges. These challenges stem not only from cultural and social constraints but also from the lack of targeted marketing strategies and insufficient media attention. This qualitative study aimed to explore the enhancement of professional women's sports marketing in Iraq through a phenomenological approach. The research population included federation managers, professional coaches, national team players, sports journalists, and marketing experts, selected using purposive and snowball sampling techniques. Data were collected through 20 semi-structured interviews until theoretical saturation was reached and analyzed using Van Manen’s phenomenological method. The results revealed key barriers such as traditional mindsets, lack of infrastructure, weak media coverage, and financial limitations. However, opportunities were also identified, including increased sponsorship support, the use of digital media, and shifting public attitudes toward women’s sports. Based on the findings, improving sports infrastructure, enhancing media coverage, strengthening women’s managerial skills, and attracting financial support were identified as key strategies for advancing women’s sports marketing. Emphasizing the importance of academic research and collaboration between universities, sports federations, and the private sector, this study highlights the need for comprehensive and sustainable strategies to promote professional women's sports in Iraq. The findings may contribute to fostering a culture of women's sports, improving competitiveness, and increasing the economic return of this sector.

This qualitative study aimed to examine the development of professional football

This study used grounded theory to create a new framework for improving refereeing in Iraq. It involved 15 interviews with referees, experts, and academics. Data were coded in three stages—open, axial, and selective—and results validated through peer review and inter-coder agreement. The study identified five key factors for improving referee professionalism: skill development, financial and organizational support, better infrastructure, media representation, and international cooperation. These lead to more accurate refereeing, higher competition standards, improved job status, and a more positive public view. The study recommends holding international workshops to boost Iraqi referees’ skills and global presence.

Recently, prestigious leagues and the promotion of sports competitions are being studied as an indicator of development in sports in countries. Therefore, the overall aim of this research is to design a model for the promotion of futsal club competitions in the Iraqi Premier League. The method of this research was qualitative; the grounded theory method based on the Strauss and Corbin method was used to build the conceptual model of the research. The participants of this research were university professors in the field of sports management, sports marketers, heads and vice heads of sports organizations, managers, coaches, veterans and experts in Iraqi sports, and line and staff managers of sports federations. The sampling method was purposeful and accessible. In the present study, theoretical saturation was achieved after conducting 18 interviews. The tool of this research was in-depth interviews. The interview questions were open-ended in order to clarify the issue from the interviewees' language. Based on the results of the qualitative data analysis from the interviews, the paradigmatic model was presented, including: causal conditions (cooperation and transfer of performance experiences, planning and structural reform, and standard design of sports venues), background conditions (sports motivation and examination of the technical-functional status), pivotal phenomenon (indicators of the promotion of futsal competitions), intervening conditions (technical factors, financial factors, media factors), strategies (sustainable development, evaluation and formulation of rules, improvement of education and talent acquisition, and promotion of sports marketing), and consequences (improvement of service delivery, improvement of performance, and economic and environmental improvement). According to the results of the research, it is suggested to the managers of the organizations in charge of Iraqi sports, especially the Football Federation, to establish a system of brainstorming sessions with the presence of past and current officials and organizers of the Premier League competitions, to lead to the transfer and sharing of knowledge of holding competitions. In addition, by focusing on the construction of sports halls and venues with methods compatible with the environment and the country's culture and tradition, they lead to the display of values ​​and encouragement of sports lovers.

Aim: The present study aimed to identify and explain the factors affecting the technological development of swimming in Iraq.




Methods: This study employed a qualitative approach utilising a descriptive phenomenological method to investigate the experiences and perspectives of practitioners and experts regarding swimming and technology in Iraq.  The research participants included specialists in sports technology, experienced coaches and swimmers, managers and officials from the swimming federation, as well as individuals with expertise in technology and swimming in Iraq.  Purposive sampling continued until theoretical saturation was reached, resulting in 15 interviews.  Semi-structured interviews facilitated data collection, while data analysis was conducted utilising Colaizzi's method (1978).  The findings' validity was ensured by having the coding reviewed and confirmed by the interviewees, while the reliability of the interviews was assessed and validated through process audit and intra-subject agreement.

Results: Data analysis identified 106 factors influencing the technological development of swimming in Iraq, categorised into five primary themes. The first theme, "Stakeholders' lived experience of the current state of technology in swimming," includes three sub-themes: "Perception of the current level of technological infrastructure in swimming," "Assessment of technological knowledge and skills," and "Understanding existing supports and barriers." The second theme, "Potential facilitating factors for technological development," comprises three sub-themes: "Existing capacities for upgrading infrastructure," "Needs and motivations for learning and applying technology," and "Opportunities arising from policymaking and support." The third theme, "Challenges facing technological development," features three sub-themes: "Structural and cultural constraints," "Executive and operational barriers," and "Risks and concerns related to technology." The primary theme of "Proposed Solutions for Technological Development" was organised and elucidated through three sub-themes: "Strategies for Improving Infrastructure and Access," "Strategies for Enhancing Human Knowledge and Skills," and "Strategies for Effective Policymaking and Support." The primary theme of "Perspectives and consequences of technological development in swimming" is organised into three sub-themes: "Expectations of the impact of technology on athlete performance," "Perceptions of changes in coaching and management processes," and "Social and cultural consequences of technological development."

Conclusion: this research identifies the key factors influencing the technological development of swimming in Iraq, as perceived by experts in swimming and sports technology. The findings offer a foundational framework for policymakers, sports managers, and other stakeholders to formulate and execute effective operational programmes. Focusing on these factors and prioritising interventions accordingly can yield effective solutions for enhancing technological standards and advancing the sport of swimming in Iraq.

The aim of the study was to identify the degree of mental flexibility in learning the skills of sending and receiving transmissions in volleyball for female students and to identify the impact of the Posner model in learning the skills of sending and receiving transmissions in volleyball for female students, as for the two research hypotheses, the researcher assumed that there are significant differences between the results of the two researchers developed the experimental method by designing the two control groups In the light of the results, the two researchers came to a set of conclusions, most notably that the use of the Posner model contributed to the students learning the skills of sending and receiving transmissions in volleyball by emphasizing the correction of misconceptions and misguided conclusions, the researchers recommend that the Posner model be applied in the units of the second stage in the morning study of the Faculty of physical education and sports sciences for girls/University of Baghdad, numbering (64) students .the scale was distributed, skill tests were applied, and then the results were properly educational and employed in an effective manner

The integration of contemporary instructional techniques—such as technological tools, training equipment, and multimedia resources—along with careful consideration of the learning environment and its organization, plays a critical role in addressing the decline in coordination abilities and weaknesses in skill performance, particularly in basketball skills and techniques. This study aims to explore the influence of instructional design grounded in the Daniel Model on selected coordination abilities and the acquisition of accurate standing shooting in basketball among first-year female students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Maysan.

Methodology: An experimental design was adopted to suit the objectives of the research. A purposive sample of 20 female students was chosen to represent the study group.

Findings: The post-test results demonstrated notable progress in coordination capacities—such as motor linkage, balance control, spatial estimation—and in the execution of precise standing shots in basketball.
Recommendations: It is suggested that educational programs be enhanced through the application of the Daniel cognitive model, as it has the potential to elevate students’ performance levels across a broader range of skills

The study aimed to design a virtual learning environment in the Metaverse using the HomeCourt application and to identify its effect on learning some basic basketball skills for female students. The researcher adopted the experimental method with two equivalent groups (pre- and post-test), as it is considered one of the most effective methods for obtaining reliable knowledge. The study employed a design of two equal and independent groups  experimental and control)                                      )

The research community consisted of second-year female students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, College of Basic Education – Al-Mustansiriya University, for the academic year (2024–2025), totaling (30) students. A sample of (24) students was selected after excluding (6) players due to their participation in sports clubs, thus representing (80%) of the research community. The sample was randomly divided (by lottery) into two groups: a control group of (12) students and an experimental group of (12) students.

The researcher identified the required skills and their tests, conducted the pre-test, and then designed the virtual learning environment in the Metaverse using the HomeCourt application. Data were analyzed using the statistical package SPSS. The findings revealed that the virtual situations provided by HomeCourt contributed to enhancing accuracy in shooting and passing through repeated drills and immediate feedback, which positively reflected on the students’ skill performance.

The most important recommendations include designing blended educational curricula that combine virtual reality and real-life practice within the Metaverse using the HomeCourt application, along with applying similar skills on an actual basketball court under the supervision of a coach to reinforce what was learned virtually.

 


The study aimed to design a virtual learning environment in the Metaverse using the HomeCourt application and to identify its effect on learning some basic basketball skills for female students. The researcher adopted the experimental method with two equivalent groups (pre- and post-test), as it is considered one of the most effective methods for obtaining reliable knowledge. The study employed a design of two equal and independent groups  experimental and control)                                      )

The research community consisted of second-year female students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, College of Basic Education – Al-Mustansiriya University, for the academic year (2024–2025), totaling (30) students. A sample of (24) students was selected after excluding (6) players due to their participation in sports clubs, thus representing (80%) of the research community. The sample was randomly divided (by lottery) into two groups: a control group of (12) students and an experimental group of (12) students.

The researcher identified the required skills and their tests, conducted the pre-test, and then designed the virtual learning environment in the Metaverse using the HomeCourt application. Data were analyzed using the statistical package SPSS. The findings revealed that the virtual situations provided by HomeCourt contributed to enhancing accuracy in shooting and passing through repeated drills and immediate feedback, which positively reflected on the students’ skill performance.

The most important recommendations include designing blended educational curricula that combine virtual reality and real-life practice within the Metaverse using the HomeCourt application, along with applying similar skills on an actual basketball court under the supervision of a coach to reinforce what was learned virtually.

The aim of the research was to identify the effect of training using the rebound force method, the explosive force of the upper and lower limbs, on some offensive skills in volleyball. The researchers assumed that there are statistically significant differences between the results of the pre- and post-tests in the explosive force of the upper and lower limbs, and the skills of smashing and blocking in volleyball. The experimental method was used to suit the nature of the research problem. The research community represented the Premier League volleyball clubs, numbering (5) clubs in Anbar Governorate. The research sample was the players of the Hit volleyball club for the sports season (2024-2025), numbering (12) players. The sample was chosen intentionally, with a percentage of (20%) of the community, and the (libero player) was excluded to target the researchers’ offensive skills. The researchers concluded that rebound strength training proved effective in improving the players\' performance, which helped raise the level of the skills studied. The researchers recommend relying on rebound strength training due to its effective impact on the players in the research sample by developing the explosive power of the upper and lower limbs, and the skills of smashing and blocking in volleyball. They also instructed coaches to diversify their training and the necessity of training using new methods that serve to achieve success.

This study to be identified the relationship Between the balance (static and dynamic) and some offensive skills (passing and shooting). Young football players under 19. Research is used a descriptive correlational methodology but a purposive sample K (32) players from Al- Sina'a Sports Club. Static balance (Measured a single- leg stance test) And dynamic balance (Measured by one jump over markers test) It was also considered the accuracy of passing and shooting using standardized tests. Results Statistically robust, exposed significant positive correlations between the study variables, with the highest correlation value between dynamic balance and shooting skill (r= 0.92). It is concluded motor abilities is represented by equilibrium a clear positive impact develops offensive skill performance. Then, the research Recommend prioritization the training of both static and dynamic balance inside youth training curricula to increase fundamental attacking skills.

Despite the efforts made in the field of long jump training, many young players suffer from deficiencies in technical and numerical achievement. This reflects the need to develop traditional training programs and adopt more effective and specialized methods that are compatible with the nature of motor performance and the requirements of the target age group. Here, the f20 method has emerged as a modern training method based on short-term, high-intensity repetition, which has proven effective in developing the technical and numerical performance of young players. The research aimed to prepare a training program using f20 that suits the youth category and to identify the effect of the training program in developing the physical abilities associated with the long jump, and to identify the effect of the training program in improving the long jump achievement for youth. The research sample was chosen from the youth category long jump players, numbering (5). The researcher conducted the exploratory and main experiment. After completing the statistical equations and discussing them, the researcher concluded that the (f20) method has proven its effectiveness in developing physical and technical performance. The researcher recommended applying the (f20) method in a training manner and lessons within the long jump training programs for youth.

This study aimed to design and implement rehabilitation exercises to restore spiral line muscle strength and reduce the intensity of non-slipping low back pain among young swimmers. It further sought to examine the effectiveness of these exercises in enhancing muscle strength, alleviating pain, and determining the superiority of their application compared with conventional rehabilitation methods. The experimental approach was employed using a two-group design (experimental and control). The sample consisted of 13 young swimmers from various Baghdad clubs diagnosed with spiral line–related low back pain, without complications, and attending the Physical Therapy Unit at Al-Karkh General Hospital. All participants were intentionally selected (100% of the population) and randomly assigned into two groups: six swimmers in the experimental group and seven in the control group. The experimental group followed a six-week rehabilitation program with three sessions per week. Data were analyze using SPSS, and results indicated that the rehabilitation exercises significantly improved spiral line muscle strength and reduced low back pain levels (V.A.S.) in young swimmers. The experimental group outperformed the control group, demonstrating the effectiveness of the program. The study recommends incorporating appropriate warm-up routines to prepare the spiral line muscles for both resistance and non-resistance rehabilitation exercises. Additionally, attention should be given to the duration of muscle elongation for the back and abdominal muscles when using resistance, ensuring alignment with athletes’ physical capacity and avoiding overstrain.

The study aimed to develop a logical desirability thinking scale for performing basketball skills among fifth-grade middle school female students and to organize the classroom environment to foster creativity in physical education lessons. The researcher employed an experimental method with an experimental and control group design on a sample of middle school students. The findings indicated that the logical desirability thinking scale was appropriate for fifth-grade female students and suitable for its intended purpose. The scale met the scientific criteria for acceptance of psychometric cognitive measures. The researcher recommended emphasizing the stimulation of students’ motivation by utilizing a creative classroom environment in physical education, specifically in basketball lessons, to encourage students to exert effort and achieve the educational objectives of the lesson. This approach supports both skill development and the cultivation of positive learning behaviors among students.

The study aimed to develop two scales to assess tolerance capacity and psychological distress among youth athletes at the Sports Talent Care Center for Athletics. A descriptive correlational approach was used. The sample included 97 athletes participating in running, throwing, and jumping events, selected through a comprehensive census method during the 2023/2024 sports season. The results showed that both scales are valid and reliable, with sound psychometric properties in sports psychology, and are suitable for talented youth athletes. The study highlights the importance of using scientifically validated psychological measures in athlete development. Accordingly, it recommends that sports talent care centers focus on providing a supportive psychological environment that reduces stress and negative situations to enhance athletes’ psychological well-being and performance.

    The research aims to identify the effect of the personalized learning strategy enhanced with immediate feedback on learning the handstand skill among fourth-grade elementary pupils. The researcher adopted the experimental method with the two-group design (experimental and control) due to its suitability for the nature of the problem, as it is considered one of the most appropriate designs for testing the effect of independent variables on dependent variables while controlling extraneous factors and allowing for accurate scientific comparison of results. The research community was intentionally determined and represented by the fourth-grade pupils of Al-Balagh Primary School, whose total number was (117) pupils. After conducting a random draw (lottery method), (20) pupils were selected for the experimental group who were taught using the personalized learning strategy enhanced with immediate feedback, and (20) pupils were selected for the control group who were taught using the traditional method, while (10) pupils were chosen as a pilot sample to ensure the validity of the teaching tools and tests before conducting the main experiment. The results indicated that adopting the personalized learning strategy enhanced with immediate feedback effectively contributes to improving the learning of motor skills by actively involving the pupil in the learning process and increasing motivation toward correct performance. The researcher recommends including the personalized learning strategy and immediate feedback within physical education curricula at the elementary stage due to their clear impact on developing skill performance and fostering learning independence among pupils

          This research examines the relationship between psychological pollution and serve reception accuracy in badminton among second-year students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The importance of the research stemmed from the researcher\'s observation that some students\' performance during matches was affected compared to their level in training. This led him to hypothesize that psychological factors, particularly psychological pollution, influence performance accuracy, the researcher adopted a descriptive correlational approach and selected a sample of ten players from the University of Diyala badminton team. Two tests were administered: one to measure psychological pollution, and the other to measure serve reception accuracy. The results showed a significant and inverse correlation between the two variables. It was found that higher levels of psychological pollution among players lead to lower serve reception accuracy, which negatively impacts overall performance in matches, the research concluded that players with higher levels of psychological pollution had less accurate serve reception than their teammates, while players with lower levels of psychological pollution performed better in serve reception. Hence, the researcher recommended focusing on proper psychological preparation for players, conducting serve-receiving drills under match-like conditions, and studying the impact of psychological stress on other skills in badminton.

The current research aims to identify the effect of agility and flexibility exercises on learning the skill of throwing and receiving the ball accompanied by performing some rhythmic gymnastics jumps, due to the importance of these exercises in achieving coordination between physical abilities and specialized motor skills. The researcher adopted the experimental method as it is suitable for the nature of the problem, through a two-group (experimental and control) design with pre- and post-tests to measure the extent of improvement in skill performance. The research population was intentionally selected and consisted of third-stage female students in the College of Basic Education / Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Diyala for the academic year (2024–2025), with a total of (19) students. The sample was divided randomly (by lottery) into two groups: (8) students in the experimental group and (8) students in the control group, while (3) students were allocated for the exploratory sample. The results showed that the experimental group students who applied agility and flexibility exercises accompanied by jumps outperformed the control group students who learned according to the traditional method, indicating the effectiveness of these exercises in improving the learning of the throwing and receiving skill in rhythmic gymnastics. The researcher recommends incorporating such exercises within the rhythmic gymnastics curriculum to make the learning process more engaging and efficient, and to contribute to enhancing motor performance among female students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences.

The research aims to understand psychological empowerment and its relationship to some basic defensive skills in volleyball for students, using the Psychological Empowerment Scale developed by the researcher, Assistant Professor Dr. Duaa Farouk Mohamed, Faculty of Physical Education for Girls, Zagazig University, Egypt. The scale's domains include (purposefulness, influence, competence, independence, and self-confidence), and the number of items, Scale (42) paragraphs, and defensive skills tests in volleyball, as psychological empowerment for volleyball players means developing mental skills such as concentration, self-confidence, and dealing with pressure, to increase and improve performance. This can be achieved through mental training, setting realistic goals, and learning from mistakes, which makes, The player is able to deal with competitive situations efficiently and also focuses on building the player’s confidence, mental focus, dealing with pressures and preparing for the match. The researcher used the descriptive approach with correlational relationships between the research variables and through collecting data and processing it statistically with the educational package (spss). The researcher concluded that, Psychological empowerment of the player has a positive impact on defensive skills in volleyball, as well as on defending the field, enhancing self-confidence, and stimulating the player’s mental processes through thinking, perception, and imagination, as mental abilities such as concentration, self-confidence, and calmness contribute to enhancing quick and accurate defensive responses, and empowering, Players can make sound decisions under pressure, thus directly improving the effectiveness of defending the court. The study recommended that to improve defensive skills in volleyball, teams and coaches can implement strategies such as developing motor response speed through specialized exercises, and maintaining a stable and alert position during play. The opponent, monitoring the attacking player to anticipate the ball's path and plan the defense, as well as adjusting the hand position based on the preferred defensive strategy.

This study aimed to identify the independent leadership personality among fourth-year students at the College of Basic Education for Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Al-Mustansiriyah University, for the academic year 2025–2026. The researcher employed the descriptive method to achieve the study objectives. The research sample consisted of (50) fourth-year students from the College of Basic Education, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Al-Mustansiriyah University, for the same academic year. The findings indicated that the fourth-year students possess leadership and independence traits, as all participants (100% of the sample) achieved levels ranging from very good, good, to moderate. The researcher concluded with several recommendations, emphasizing the importance of benefiting from the components of the independent leadership personality studied by students when designing training programs, academic curricula, and methods for preparing and selecting athletes.

The research aims to identify skill exercises using a self-efficacy approach in teaching students the skill of scoring in soccer. Self-efficacy is the individual\\'s belief in their personal ability to achieve a specific goal or successfully perform a specific task. This concept was developed by psychologist, Albert Bandura, this belief includes a person\\'s confidence in his ability to deal effectively with life\\'s challenges and overcome obstacles to achieve the desired results. The self-efficacy style is affected by a group of factors, including mastery experiences and previous successes that enhance confidence in ability.

To repeat it in the future Alternative experiences: Seeing others succeed in a similar task can increase an individual’s belief in his ability to perform it Verbal persuasion Encouragement and support from others can enhance the feeling of ability Physiological and emotional states Positive feelings and health conditions can affect an individual’s confidence in his ability to perform, and the researcher used the experimental method due to the appropriate nature of the research problem . The two groups (experimental and control) for pre- and post-tests, and the research sample consisted of (12) students The researcher used the statistical package to process the data using the statistical program (spss). The study concluded that the students in the research sample have the ability to deal with data and gain the player’s confidence in his ability to perform skills, and this has a positive impact on the development of the two scoring skills. In football, it builds self-confidence, increases focus, improves technical performance, and encourages the player to continue training and overcome difficulties. This directly reflects on mastering these skills and performing correctly, which motivates the player to put in more effort in training. Repetition of skills leads to the development of better scoring techniques and improved ball control. The study recommended the use of this variable in other sports.

This study aimed to design preventive exercises to reduce injuries to the shoulder joint ligaments associated with the spiking skill in volleyball among students. The researcher employed the experimental method using a one-group pre- and post-test design. The research sample was purposively selected and consisted of (21) players from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the Al-Mustansiriya University. The findings indicated that the designed preventive exercises significantly improved shoulder joint flexibility among the University of Basrah volleyball team players. Accordingly, the researcher recommended adopting preventive programs based on stretching and muscular strength exercises within volleyball training units to reduce shoulder joint injuries.

This study aims to reveal the nature of the relationship between a number of physical and technical abilities and the performance of the forehand and backhand groundstrokes in tennis among juniors (12–14 years old). The importance of the study stems from its attempt to identify the physical and motor characteristics that contribute effectively to improving the skill performance of these two strokes, allowing its results to be used in developing training programs for junior players at the Al-Jadriya Tennis Academy.

A descriptive approach using correlational relationships was used because it was appropriate for the nature of the problem. The sample included 14 players out of 24 representing the original research population.

A number of physical and skill tests were selected with the help of experts, applied to the players, and then statistically analyzed.

The results showed a significant correlation between some physical and motor abilities, such as the speed-specific strength of the arms, transitional speed,

and explosive arm strength, and the accuracy of the forehand and backhand strokes, while no statistically significant relationship was found between speed strength in the legs and skill accuracy.

1- There is a significant correlation between physical and motor abilities (speed strength of the arms, transitional speed, explosive strength of the arms) and the accuracy of the front and back groundstrokes in tennis.
2- There is a non-significant correlation between the speed strength of the legs and the accuracy of the forehand and backhand groundstrokes in tennis.

The study aimed to design a specialized physical fitness program for the rehabilitation of quadriceps muscle injuries in female football players and to examine its effectiveness on muscular strength, flexibility, and motor coordination. The research sample consisted of one experimental unit that included two female players suffering from quadriceps muscle injuries from Hebheb Football Club. The training program was applied for a period of six weeks, with three training sessions per week, and included exercises aimed at increasing muscular strength, improving flexibility, and enhancing motor coordination. The results showed a clear improvement in all the studied variables, as the researcher observed an increase in the explosive strength of the legs, better control of movement during changes of direction, and increased flexibility of the injured muscles. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that applying a specialized physical fitness program is an effective method for rehabilitating quadriceps muscle injuries in female football players. The study also indicates that regular and progressive training contributes to reducing recovery time and improving overall physical performance. Accordingly, the researcher recommends integrating such specialized programs into muscle rehabilitation processes, with careful monitoring of players’ performance to ensure maximum benefit and reduce the risk of premature return to competition.

This research aims to demonstrate the effect of increased physical intensity on developing some basic physical and skill abilities among young volleyball players, given their significant importance in improving technical and physical performance. The study focused on three key variables: speed-related strength, motor response, and the smash skill, one of the most prominent offensive skills in volleyball. The researcher adopted a training program based on gradual and increasingly intense exercises, which was implemented on a group of young players, with the aim of developing their physical and skill abilities under conditions similar to actual playing conditions. Results after the program's completion showed a clear improvement in speed-related strength, motor response speed, and a significant improvement in smash skill performance in terms of strength, accuracy, and timing. Through these results, the research confirmed that increased physical intensity is an effective means of enhancing young players' physical and skill performance, which contributes to better preparing them for competitions and provides a strong training base for developing athletic performance in volleyball.

  The study aimed to design specialized training exercises to develop reaction speed and select technical skills of futsal goalkeepers. An experimental research design was adopted, employing a single-group pretest–posttest approach. The research sample comprised four goalkeepers from the University of Diyala futsal team, who were intentionally selected. The findings revealed a statistically significant relationship between offensive and defensive skill performance and reaction speed among futsal goalkeepers. Accordingly, the researchers recommended enhancing the motor and technical performance of futsal goalkeepers through the application of modern training methods grounded in sound scientific principles.

     This study aims to evaluate the relative contribution of selected physical and physiological variables to the respiratory reserve level among futsal players and middle-distance runners, using a descriptive survey method. The sample consisted of 12 athletes equally divided between the two groups. Physiological and physical assessments included heart rate, respiratory rate, speed endurance, and leg explosive strength, along with respiratory reserve measured via specialized medical equipment. The results revealed significant differences between the two groups across all studied variables. Middle-distance runners showed superior performance in respiratory reserve, heart rate efficiency, speed endurance, and leg power, while futsal players recorded higher respiratory rates. The study also highlighted varying contribution rates of each variable to respiratory reserve, reflecting the impact of training type on physiological and physical adaptations. The study recommends regular functional assessments of athletes’ respiratory and circulatory systems, and encourages further research involving other sports disciplines and additional variables to enhance athletic performance based on scientific foundations.

The aim of the research was to design educational situations by practically employing the components of the Progressive Inquiry Model in physical education lessons for football, targeting fifth-grade preparatory students. The study sought to identify the model’s effect on creative thinking and the performance of medium and long passing skills in football, the experimental method was adopted, using a design of two groups: an experimental group and a control group. The sample included 64 students, randomly selected at a rate of 38.788% from the total population of fifth-grade preparatory students at the Gifted Boys Secondary School, under the jurisdiction of the First Rusafa Directorate/2, for the academic year 2024–2025. After preparing both the test and the scale, the researcher designed instructional exercises that incorporated the elements of the Progressive Inquiry Model within educational situations during physical education lessons. These were based on the applied foundations of constructivist theories. The practical steps were applied to the experimental group, at a rate of one lesson per week according to their scheduled curriculum, over a period of eight consecutive weeks; the instructional content consisted of exercises based on the components of the Progressive Inquiry Model, with four instructional exercises per practical lesson. Each skill (medium and long passing) was allotted four practical lessons, with each exercise lasting six minutes, at the conclusion of the experimental phase; the results were analyzed using the SPSS program. The findings indicated that employing instructional exercises based on the Progressive Inquiry Model in practical football lessons was appropriate for fifth-grade preparatory students. The application of such exercises contributed to improving the level of creative thinking and enhancing the performance of both medium and long passing skills in football among the students who received this method, outperforming their peers who were taught without it. The researcher recommended the importance of considering mental, particularly creative, measurements for each student during practical lessons to support the performance of medium and long passing skills in football. Moreover, it is essential not to overemphasize the role of cognitive structure but instead to focus on practice and repetition to improve these skills through the effective use of the Progressive Inquiry Model in designing motor programs for skill performance in physical education

This research aims to identify the impact of an educational approach using immediate and delayed feedback on learning some basic volleyball skills for junior players, given the significant importance of feedback in developing skill performance and correcting errors during learning. The researcher used an experimental approach with a three-group equivalent design (one experimental group with immediate feedback, one experimental group with delayed feedback, and a control group without feedback). The sample consisted of (24) junior players from Al Madina Sports Club for the (2024-2025) season. An eight-week educational program was developed, comprising (16) learning units, which included exercises for serving and passing skills from above and below, using modern technological means to display and correct performance. The results showed significant differences between the pre-tests and post-tests for all groups, in favor of the post-tests. The experimental group that used immediate feedback outperformed the other two groups, as this method contributed to the speed of skill learning and the accuracy of performance by providing learners with real-time information to correct errors. The researcher attributed this improvement to the repetition of exercises and the provision of direct information that enhanced motor perception and skill understanding. The research concluded that the educational approach based on immediate and delayed feedback effectively contributes to improving the learning of basic volleyball skills. The researcher recommends the necessity of adopting these two methods in sports education to develop motor performance, and conducting future studies for different age groups and in other team sports.

The current research aims to:
- The effect of using virtual reality technology on the learning of some basic hand skills for students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Science in the Faculty of Basic Education at Al-Mosul University.
- Detecting the statistical differences in the test between the experimental group and the control group in the post-test of basic hand skills for the students of the Department of Physical Education and Sports Science in the Faculty of Basic Education at Al-Mosul University.
Wasthoor al-Bahadhir
- Absence of statistically significant spiritual differences in the post-test between the experimental group and the control group in the post-test of basic hand skills for students of the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences in the College of Basic Education at Al-Mosul University
And the researchers used the experimental method to suit the nature of the current research:
The sample of the current research included the students of the Department of Physical Education and Sports Science in the Faculty of Basic Education at Al-Mosul University. There were (36) students, and actually (18) students for the experimental group and (18) students for the control group.
- Effectiveness of technical recruitment Virtual reality in improving and developing the basic skills of the hand.
- The superiority of the people of the experimental group, which is based on the virtual reality technology, over the people of the control group in the test of the basic skills of handball.
And the recommendations of the scholars of my group of recommendations:
- Emphasizing the use of virtual reality technology as the best method in teaching the basic skills of the hand.
- The need to prepare programs for teachers to train them on how to apply the use of virtual reality technology, as well as how to make plans for applications in teaching.
- Conducting future studies on the effect of using virtual reality technology as a method of developing skills for various sports activities under our educational system.

The importance of the research lies in the relationship between the muscle fatigue index and the anthropometric body measurements during the practice of physical education lessons among middle school students. The study aimed to identify the muscle fatigue index among the research sample and to identify the anthropometric body measurements and to identify the relationship between them. The descriptive approach was used for its suitability to the nature and problem of the study. The sample was chosen intentionally, and they were middle school students (males and females) in schools affiliated with the General Directorate of Education in Nineveh (Mosul Center). Data were collected through testing and measurement, and collecting Arab and foreign sources. Then the results were identified through statistical methods. The researchers also used a set of standardized measurements and tests to ensure the accuracy of the results according to the study objectives. Among the conclusions reached by the researcher is that the body measurements of the team sample appeared inconsistent in comparison and there is a slight effect of some body measurements on the performance of the determinants that affected the muscle fatigue index of the players in the research sample, and there are inverse relationships in the body measurements with the muscle fatigue index, the subject of the study, through the level that the research sample obtained, and weakness in the percentage of contribution of the most important body measurements. (Weight, age, total height, palm length, leg length), and among the recommendations reached by researchers is the need to pay attention to body measurements, especially in the final stages before signs of muscle fatigue appear, to select players to invest them properly and save time and effort.

his study examines the effect of visual–spatial intelligence using the Small-Sided Games (SSGs) strategy on developing dribbling skills among preparatory school students. Dribbling is a fundamental team sports skill often taught through traditional methods that emphasize repetitive mechanical practice, overlooking cognitive and perceptual dimensions. A quasi-experimental design was employed with thirty students divided into an experimental group, which received SSG-based training, and a control group, which followed conventional instruction. The findings revealed that the intervention significantly enhanced both dribbling skills and visual–spatial intelligence in the experimental group. Post-test comparisons showed meaningful differences favoring the experimental group, and a moderate correlation between pre- and post-test scores indicated sustained improvement. The results highlight the effectiveness of integrating visual–spatial intelligence with SSGs in physical education, providing an engaging and interactive environment that promotes skill development. These findings suggest practical implications for educators and coaches seeking to adopt modern, cognitively enriched teaching strategies to improve motor performance in preparatory students

This study aims to investigate the effect of a counseling program based on the self-check technique in reducing motor anxiety and developing selected basic basketball skills among players of the Specialized Basketball School for Gifted Students in Hit District, Al-Anbar Province. The researcher employed an experimental approach using an equivalent-groups design (experimental and control) with pre- and post-testing. The sample consisted of 30 players, randomly divided into two groups. A psychological counseling program was designed, consisting of 12 sessions implemented within weekly training units. A 40-item motor anxiety scale was used, in addition to standardized tests measuring dribbling, passing, and shooting skills. The results revealed statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests in favor of the experimental group, indicating the effectiveness of the counseling program in reducing motor anxiety and improving skill performance. The study recommends incorporating such psychological programs in sports training due to their clear impact on both psychological and motor performance.

This study aims to identify the nature of the relationship between emotional response and perceived self-efficacy among volleyball players in the Iraqi Premier League clubs. These psychological variables play a pivotal role in influencing both the mental and physical performance of athletes, particularly under the intense pressures of elite-level competition. The researcher adopted the descriptive correlational method due to its suitability for the research problem. The sample consisted of 80 players randomly selected from eight clubs out of a total of 90 players.

     Two primary instruments were used to collect data: the Emotional Response Scale developed by Thomas Tutko and adapted into Arabic by Mohammed Hassan Allawi, and the Perceived Self-Efficacy Scale developed by Yasser Ali Hussein. After verifying the validity, reliability, and objectivity of both instruments, statistical analysis was conducted using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The results showed a statistically significant positive correlation (r = 0.85), which exceeds the tabulated value (0.22) at a significance level of 0.05.

     The findings indicate that players with high levels of self-efficacy are more capable of regulating their emotional responses during competitive situations, thereby enhancing their emotional stability and technical performance. The study highlights the importance of integrating psychological training programs into athletic training plans, particularly those aimed at improving self-efficacy and emotional control.

This research aims to examine the role of school administration in supporting sports activities and enhancing students’ participation in school championships, focusing on schools under the Baghdad Karkh Second Education Directorate. The descriptive method was used due to its suitability for the study’s nature, and data were collected from physical education teachers to evaluate administrative, material, and organizational support. The findings revealed that the level of administrative support ranged from moderate to above average, with motivational programs playing a significant role in increasing students’ enthusiasm for sports. However, limited community participation and financial constraints were identified as major obstacles. Results also indicated that planning and organizing sports events require further improvement, particularly in aligning schedules and promoting awareness of the importance of sports. The study concluded that school administration plays a vital role in the success of sports activities through motivation, provision of resources, and effective planning. It recommends developing diverse motivational programs, strengthening community involvement, and establishing sustainable financial and organizational strategies to create an active school sports environment that supports students’ physical and psychological growth

he aim of the research is to identify the degree of communicative intelligence among first-year students at Anbar University / College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences and to prepare educational units according to the mobile reporter strategy and to learn some types of basketball scoring among the research sample and to identify the effect of the mobile reporter strategy on communicative intelligence and learning some types of basketball scoring among the research sampleAs for the research hypotheses, there are statistically significant differences between the results of the pre- and post-tests of the control and experimental groups in communicative intelligence and learning some types of basketball scoring, and there are statistically significant differences between the results of the post-tests of the control and experimental groups in communicative intelligence and learning some types of basketball scoring The researchers used the experimental method by designing the control and experimental groups to suit the nature and problem of the research on a sample of first-year morning study students at Anbar University / College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences for the academic year 2024-2025, numbering (83) After collecting the data, appropriate statistical methods were used to extract the results. In light of the results, the researchers reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which is that the mobile reporter strategy had a major role for the students, as it made them active students who depend on their learning within groups and choose a different reporter in each lesson. This increased the level of interaction and communicative intelligence.

Among students, thus increasing their level of learning skills, and diversity within the educational unit through the involvement of more than one alternative for learning, such as videos, posters, or the mobile reporter who changes in each educational unit, contributed to improving the level of students’ reception of the educational material. The researchers recommended the necessity of using the reporter strategy Mobile reporting and its proper use within educational units, emphasizing the importance of giving students the greatest role in developing their mental abilities by using homework sheets that motivate students to find solutions to the problems they face

The study aimed to design an assistive device, in addition to preparing exercises using this device that functions similarly to a coach, and to determine its effect on the accuracy of selected basic skills in table tennis. The researcher employed the experimental method with a single-group pre-test and post-test design, as it was appropriate for the nature of the research problem. The research sample consisted of a group of players from the University of Technology table tennis team for the 2024–2025 academic year. The results indicated that the use of the assistive device and the exercises performed with it played a major role in the improvement observed in the experimental group, contributing significantly to the development of accuracy in basic table tennis skills. The researcher recommended using such devices to develop other skills not addressed in the study and emphasizing the diversification of exercises using assistive tools to enhance learning efficiency and achieve faster skill acquisition

  The study aimed to identify the effect of professional training on improving handball students’ performance, as well as to examine the relationship between the effectiveness of functional training and neuromuscular coordination and the improvement of handball students’ performance in shooting accuracy skills. The researcher employed an experimental method using a one-group pre-test and post-test design. The research sample included third-year students from the College of Basic Education, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences. The results showed a clear improvement in jump shooting and set shooting performance after applying coordination exercises, indicating the effectiveness of these exercises in developing accuracy and timing during jumping and shooting. The researcher also recommended training on all types of shooting skills in order to enhance the ability to perform difficult roles efficiently for the longest possible period.

This study aimed to design training exercises performed under opponent pressure and to identify their effect on developing speed–strength and heading accuracy among youth football players. The researchers employed the experimental method using two groups (experimental and control) with pre- and post-tests, as it was appropriate to the nature of the study. The research sample consisted of (18) players from Ahrar Maysan Football Club. The results indicated that the implemented exercises (training under opponent pressure) had a positive role in developing the physical and offensive tactical abilities represented by the variables under investigation, namely speed–strength and heading performance. Accordingly, the researchers recommended utilizing opponent-pressure training exercises in football training programs to enhance players’ physical capabilities and offensive tactical performance.

    The researcher conducted his current study entitled (Professional pressures and their relationship to job satisfaction among workers in the Hit Youth Forum), the aim of which was to identify the level of professional pressure to which workers in the Hit Youth Forum are exposed and what is the impact or relationship of these pressures on their job satisfaction. The researcher used the descriptive approach in the style of survey studies and causal relationships by applying the measures of occupational stress and job satisfaction to the research community and his sample that was targeted by him, namely the employees of the Hit Youth Forum. After distributing the measures to them and their responses to them, and then processing the data obtained from that statistically.

The aim of the research was to design training exercises using multiple balls to develop anticipation skills and decision-making speed in football goalkeepers. The researcher adopted the experimental method with a single experimental group, as it was the most appropriate for addressing the research problem. The research population was selected intentionally and consisted of the goalkeepers of Al-Zawraa Sports Club in football, numbering (6) youth goalkeepers aged (17–20) years.The researcher concluded that the application of multiple-ball training exercises is an effective means of developing anticipation skills and decision-making speed among goalkeepers. These exercises contributed to improving the goalkeeper’s ability to read the ball’s trajectory and respond to rapidly changing situations with speed and effectiveness. The researcher recommends incorporating multiple-ball training exercises into regular training programs for goalkeepers across all age groups to ensure the development of anticipation skills and decision-making speed.

The study aimed to investigate the use of high-intensity exercises combined with beta-alanine supplementation and their effect on explosive power in football players of Al-Karkh Club. The researcher employed the experimental method, as it was the most appropriate approach to address the research problem. A single experimental group design with pre- and post-testing was used. The research sample consisted of 25 players, representing 5% of the research population, who were deliberately selected. The researcher concluded that the explosive power exercises used played a significant role in developing this ability among the study sample. Accordingly, the researcher recommends the use of explosive power exercises due to their clear and effective impact on enhancing this physical capacity.

The aim of the study was to identify the effect of consuming vitamins (C and B12) in conjunction with endurance training prepared for the experimental sample, as well as to identify the differences between pre- and post-tests and measurements (the experimental variable) in some blood parameters, immune activity, and performance endurance for both the experimental and control groups. The researchers employed the experimental method, as it was appropriate for the nature of the research problem. The research sample consisted of youth wrestlers from the Basrah Oil Club, aged between 13 and 15 years, with a total number of 21 participants. The researchers concluded that the experimental variable, which included aerobic and performance endurance exercises accompanied by vitamins (C and B12), had a positive effect on the dependent variables under investigation, namely chemical and functional measurements, blood parameters, immune activity, and performance endurance. The researchers recommended emphasizing the integration of training programs with nutritional supplements and vitamins that enhance energy production efficiency, immune activity, blood parameters, improve recovery ability, and increase performance endurance.

The aim of the research:The study focuses on the intake of vitamins (C – B12) in conjunction with endurance exercises prepared for the experimental research sample, and identifying the differences between pre- and post-tests (the experimental variable) in some blood measurements, immune activity, and performance tolerance for both the experimental and control groups 

  The importance of the research lies in monitoring the effect of endurance exercises on the functional systems in order to bring about positive changes that reflect on skill performance during matches, as well as to reduce the phenomenon of fatigue and enhance tolerance to it—since this phenomenon is caused by many energy residues, decreased immune activity, and weak tolerance of skill performance among wrestlers who take natural vitamins.                                                        

Research population and sample:The study was conducted on wrestlers from Al-Basra Oil Club in Basra Governorate for the (2024–2025) season, in the youth category, whose ages ranged between (13–15) years, with a total of (21) participants

The researcher concluded:That the experimental variable, which included aerobic and endurance exercises accompanied by vitamins (C and B12), had a positive effect on the dependent variables under study (biochemical and functional measurements, blood indicators, and performance tolerance) among wrestlers in the experimental group.                                                                                                
The researcher recommended:Emphasizing the integration of exercises with nutritional supplements and vitamins that enhance the efficiency of energy production, immune activity, blood indicators, recovery ability, and performance tolerance                                                                                                                         

  The study aimed to identify the values of certain kinematic variables (kinetic transfer between body segments, movement smoothness in relation to changes in momentum of speed–strength, and take-off time) of the straddle vault skill on the horse in women’s gymnastics. The researcher adopted the descriptive method using the correlational approach. The research sample consisted of (32) female students randomly selected from second-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences / University of Baghdad for the academic year (2024–2025). The researcher concluded that the kinetic transfer between body segments of speed–strength is significantly related to and contributes to improving the technical performance of the straddle vault skill on the horse in women’s gymnastics, showing a direct relationship among students of the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences. That is, the lower the values of kinetic transfer, the higher the values of technical skill performance for this skill. The researcher also recommended the necessity of focusing on kinematic analysis of female students during the performance of the straddle vault skill in women’s gymnastics due to its diagnostic and corrective role in identifying and correcting technical skill errors.

    Challenge management is a contemporary administrative topic in the field of management. It is a multifaceted form of management that casts its shadow over institutions, defining successful behaviors for the administrative challenge process that ensures the continuous progress of administrative institutions. Challenge management is one of the important processes, tools, and techniques for managing the challenge aspect to achieve the desired business results in sports institutions. These include organizational tools that can be used to help individuals make transformations that lead to embracing and achieving the challenge. The administrative challenge approach is considered one of the contemporary methods that can be utilized by sports institutions to adapt to the major challenges imposed by the nature of management in sports institutions. Therefore, we find that there is an urgent need to challenge work methods and tools in all types and levels of sports institutions so that they can keep pace with the rapid development sweeping the world today. There is no doubt that challenging work methods and tools necessitates a change in the behavior of individuals in these sports institutions. Although managing employees in sports institutions presents many challenges and difficulties, Administrative, but in the event of establishing smart systems that achieve the interests of both management and employees, this is the way to reduce the problems facing both parties. This study aims to identify the contemporary administrative challenges facing the heads of sports clubs from the point of view of their members. And the extent to which they are able to develop these administrative challenges through learning and previous practical experience. The researcher used the descriptive approach with a survey style because it is more appropriate to the nature of the problem. Therefore, the research sample was selected using the (intentional) method. The research sample consisted of (173) administrators, representing 100% of the research community. The sample was distributed as follows: First: The exploratory research sample included (10) administrators from the research community. Second: The final application sample included (163) administrators from the research community. The researcher presented the results of the contemporary administrative challenges facing the heads of sports clubs from the point of view of their members. The most important conclusions: 1- Preparing a scale for the contemporary administrative challenges facing the heads of sports clubs from the point of view of their members. 2- There is a clear discrepancy in the scale of contemporary administrative challenges facing sports club presidents from the perspective of their members. 3- The study results prove that the availability of administrative challenges capabilities among sports club presidents, in accordance with the requirements of the current stage, is a key factor for administrative success and a high level of achievement

The importance of this research lies in developing specific exercises and understanding their impact on improving explosive power and spikes in volleyball players. The research problem was summarized as the need to design a specialized training program containing specific exercises that directly target the development of explosive power and spikes. This would ensure improved physical and technical performance for junior volleyball players, enabling them to execute attacks more efficiently during competitions. The research objectives were: (to develop specific exercises for improving explosive power and spikes in junior volleyball players, and to identify the impact of these specific exercises on explosive power and spikes in junior volleyball players). The researcher used an experimental method with two groups, experimental and control, as it was suitable for the research problem. The research population consisted of 15 players from the Martyr Saad Khalaf Suwaif Sports Club for Juniors, who will participate in the 2025-2026 Iraqi Premier League for Juniors in Sports Science. The players were randomly divided into two groups of six players each, experimental and control. Three players were excluded for a pilot study, and homogeneity was established between the groups. The two groups were tested for the variables (height, weight, chronological age, and training age). Appropriate equipment and tools were used, as well as appropriate tests and measurements for the variables under investigation. The statistical package (SPSS 26) was used to process the results. The results were analyzed and discussed according to modern scientific sources. The researcher reached conclusions, including: (The effectiveness of the exercises prepared by the researcher in developing explosive power and the smashing action in the research sample, and there is a clear improvement in the post-tests over the pre-tests for both the experimental and control groups in the tests under study). As for the recommendations, they include: (Adopting the special exercises prepared by the researcher in the volleyball age group programs, and the necessity of diversifying the exercises and making them enjoyable and exciting to increase motivation and improve focus during training sessions).

The research aims to identify the level of adaptive leadership among handball coaches working in the elite league for the sports season 2024-2025. The researcher used the descriptive approach with the survey method to suit the type of study. The research community was determined from the Iraqi elite clubs, numbering (14) teams. The research sample was chosen intentionally from the club players, and their number reached (270) players who were distributed into three groups: first, the building sample (166) players Secondly, the exploratory sample consisted of (4) players and thirdly, the main application sample consisted of (100) players. The study tool was designed in light of the researcher’s knowledge of previous studies and research to build the scale of the current study, which aimed to identify the level of adaptive leadership of elite club coaches in the Iraqi Handball League. The scale, in its final form, contained (14) paragraphs after carrying out all the scientific steps to build scientific scales Among the most important findings reached by the researcher were the development and standardization of an adaptive leadership scale for handball coaches in the elite league, with the adaptive leadership scale achieving a "good" rating. The most important recommendations of the study were the adoption of a scale to measure the level of adaptive leadership among handball coaches and the holding of development courses in the field of adaptive leadership for coaches working in handball.

  The study aimed to identify the extent of the effect of the method proposed by the researcher. The researcher used the experimental method with a single group due to its suitability for the nature of the study. The sample included players affected by this injury, specifically football players from Basra Governorate, aged between 20 and 30 years, with a total of 7 players. The proposed method was applied over six weeks to treat the injury, restore the normal range of motion of the foot, and achieve complete recovery, through three rehabilitation sessions. The researcher concluded that the proposed method had a positive effect in treating the injury and recommends using this method for similar cases. Additionally, the researcher advises performing proper warm-up exercises for all body joints before physical activity.