JOURNAL OF AL-QALAM UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

This study investigates the morphological and semantic evolution of the Kurdish suffix (-ewe), moving beyond the traditional view of it as a simple repetitive marker. Adopting a Morpho-Semantic Typology approach, the research analyzes the suffix's functions across three distinct historical and linguistic stages: the classical poetic period (Nali, 1890), the modern narrative period (Ibrahim Ahmad’s Zhani Gal, 1972), and the contemporary official period (The Kurdish Education Law, 2022)
By employing the framework of Grammaticalization, the study demonstrates that (-ewe) has evolved from a concrete spatial-directional marker (Reversive) into a highly abstract and productive grammatical tool (Iterative and Inchoative). The findings reveal a significant statistical shift: while the Iterative function (signifying repetition or procedural review) was virtually non-existent in the 19th century, it has become the dominant function in modern official discourse, accounting for over 55% of its usage in contemporary legal texts. The research concludes that (-ewe) is a strategic terminological instrument in the Kurdish language, essential for achieving linguistic economy and legal precision. This evolution reflects the dynamic capacity of Kurdish morphology to adapt to the requirements of modern administration and statehood.

This study investigates the plural morphology in Kurdish from the perspective of Natural Morphology. Kurdish possesses four competing plural morphemes: -an, -ekan, -at, and -gel. Using the three core principles of Natural Morphology — transparency, uniformity, and iconicity — each morpheme is analyzed through Kurdish sources such as Haji Marif (1979), Amidi (1987), Mahwi (2010), Saeed (2013), and Hajar's Hanbane Borine (1990).
The analysis demonstrates that -ekan is the most natural morpheme and is predicted to become the dominant definite plural marker. The morpheme -an remains strong but is specializing for indefinite plurality. The morpheme -at survives through lexical specialization in commercial and loanwords. In contrast, -gel fails on all principles due to semantic opacity and low productivity, and is undergoing extinction in spoken Kurdish, surviving only in literary contexts .

Since ancient times, literature has consistently documented and refined human experiences in an aesthetic style, serving ethical and social causes that regulate individual behavior within society. In the modern era, a genre of literature has emerged that predicts and warns against the consequences of totalitarian regimes governing some societies: dystopian literature. This genre has become increasingly prevalent in contemporary world literature, including Hebrew literature. Indeed, the contemporary generation of Jewish writers in the occupied territories is considered the dystopian generation.

In the story \\"The Sea Flood\\" by A. B. Yehoshua, a dystopia is presented, characterized by the totalitarianism of the regime, the suppression of thought, and the loss of individuality. Yehoshua employs a wealth of symbols and allusions to depict a dystopian environment devoid of humanity. Its outward appearance is one of heroism and idealism, while its underlying reality is a profound sense of loss regarding the value of heroism for an individual lacking identity, and for regimes that sacrifice their own people for a cause destined to end in catastrophe. This catastrophe will only occur if solutions are found that are appropriate to the realities of the present time and place, rather than relying on pre-established laws that are no longer applicable. Joshua produced a masterpiece of Hebrew literature at the time of its writing, and reiterated his warning upon its republication. His literary prophecy has proven true, foreshadowing the state of his society in 2026.

This study aims to compare the word “father” in the Old Testament according to the Hebrew alphabetical order in the BDB dictionary. Like other kinship words, such as “brother” or “mother,” the word “father” is derived from a two-letter root. It is well-known that The father has a prominent position as a protector and leader of his family. The study shows us that the word “father” came alone in an abstract form, then a noun was added to it to become an idiom. Afterwards, this noun in Hebrew has been compared with its counterparts in other Semitic languages. It is found that some nouns have a common origin in Semitic languages, except for the Akkadian, and that there are phonetic exchanges among nouns when they are compared. For illustration, a Hebrew text has been cited along with the Arabic translation.
The Old Testament dictionary (BDB) has been chosen for this study as it is a standard linguistic reference for Hebrew and Biblical Aramaic. Moreover, it provides a linguistic analysis of words and roots, which helps in a broader understanding of word meanings.

This study examines the image of the Arab in the imagination of modern Hebrew literature and analyzes the ways in which this figure was constructed as a mythological-narrative formation that exceeds direct realistic representation. The research is based on the assumption that the presence of the Arab in Hebrew literature was not an objective reflection of historical reality, but rather the product of symbolic systems and ideological discourses that contributed to shaping modern Hebrew identity.
The study analyzes selected works by major Hebrew writers, including Moshe Smilansky, Yosef Haim Brenner, S.Y. Agnon, Yonatan Ratosh, A.B. Yehoshua, and Yehuda Burla. It identifies five central literary myths: the myth of common Semitic origin, Orientalist fascination with the East, the idea of returning to ancient Hebrew roots through encounter with the Arab, the representation of the Arab as a biblical Hebrew model, and the legend of the Jews of Khaybar.
The study concludes that modern Hebrew literature played a central role in producing a symbolic narrative about the Arab, which functioned as an active element in shaping collective identity and structuring the imagined relationship between self and other.

With the spread of scientific and technological advancements worldwide, a new type of crime has emerged, closely linked to technology and the proliferation of information systems. This type of crime, known as cybercrime, now threatens societies across all sectors. It differs from traditional crimes in its distinct characteristics and perpetrators. One of its most significant dangers is that it transcends temporal and spatial boundaries, making it highly impactful on societies. Therefore, the government must play a proactive and crucial role in mitigating the effects of this crime and exert concerted efforts to curb its dangerous spread.
The widespread threat posed by cybercrime has become undeniable. Despite the modern advantages of technological developments and the conveniences they have provided to humanity, evident in the advancements made, cybercrime has become a nightmare threatening political, social, and financial stability. Consequently, it is essential to study the concept of cybercrime and the effectiveness of government measures to protect society from such crimes, especially given their unique characteristics.

Most members of the Russian political elite were drawn from the government bureaucracy in Moscow or St. Petersburg, or attained their influential positions through personal connections with Russian President Vladimir Putin, either in St. Petersburg or within the security services, as will be detailed in subsequent papers. Only ten percent came to power through the electoral process, and another ten percent are businesspeople who amassed their wealth independently of any connection to Vladimir Putin.
The elite is divided almost equally between individuals who wield political influence solely through their government positions and those who wield influence outside of their official roles. Individuals in the first group are typically quickly removed from the political scene after leaving government service, while members of the second group tend to retain their influence regardless of their official positions at any given time, remaining influential for extended periods even after leaving government service. Both types of elites, whether from the public or private sector, have played a significant role and exerted considerable influence on the Russian political system during Putin's presidency. As for Russian President Vladimir Putin, he is one of the most influential leaders in Russian political life. Understanding the president's behavior plays a vital role in analyzing the course of the Russian political system, especially since he is considered one of the unique and influential leaders in Russian politics since he assumed power in 2000. Putin's security environment is a major factor influencing the way he governs in Russia. The combination of his intelligence background, his nationalist leanings, and his strong personality directly affects how he deals with political, economic, and social issues. In addition, Russia is characterized by the presence of a multi-level political elite, some of whom stood by Putin and some of whom opposed his policies. All of this has had a clear indication of how he dealt with them and remained steadfast in power from 2000 until 2025.

This research aims to study and analyze the procedures of criminal lawsuits related to traffic offenses from a comprehensive legal and procedural perspective. These procedures form the cornerstone for achieving justice and deterrence in modern societies. The study focuses on reviewing the legal aspects that regulate such crimes, highlighting mechanisms for investigation, trial, and enforcement. It also seeks to uncover the challenges faced by judicial and executive authorities in efficiently implementing these procedures, such as the complexity of legal processes, prolonged trial durations, and insufficient public awareness of traffic laws.
Moreover, the research examines the local and international legal frameworks governing traffic offenses, comparing legal systems in various countries to identify best practices. The study proposes practical solutions and recommendations to enhance the efficiency of judicial systems and traffic-related legislation, aiming to prevent traffic offenses and mitigate their negative impact on individuals and society. The research relies on analyzing legal texts, judicial rulings, and jurisprudential opinions to provide a comprehensive and integrated view of the subject.

Intellectual terrorism is a dangerous phenomenon that threatens the stability and security of societies, given its direct impact on the minds and intellectual values of individuals. It seeks to spread extremist ideas and sow fear and intellectual turmoil among members of society. Due to the seriousness of this phenomenon, modern legislation has been keen to establish a legal framework aimed at criminalizing acts that undermine intellectual security, through enacting laws that criminalize incitement to violence and extremism, and impose penalties on those who commit such acts.
In Iraq, the criminalization of terrorist acts is based on a set of legal texts, primarily the provisions of the Iraqi Constitution and penal codes, particularly the Penal Code and the Counter-Terrorism Law, which aim to protect the security and safety of society from anything that threatens its intellectual and social stability. The judiciary also plays a fundamental role in implementing these legal texts by prosecuting perpetrators of terrorist crimes and adjudicating related cases, thereby contributing to both general and specific deterrence and protecting society from the dangers of ideological terrorism. Therefore, the research requires explaining the legal basis for criminalizing intellectual terrorism through the legislative texts that criminalize these acts, and then explaining the role of the Iraqi judiciary in combating intellectual terrorism through the application and interpretation of laws in a way that achieves the protection of the intellectual security of society.

Contractual balance in digital platform contracts refers to achieving relative equilibrium between the rights and obligations of the digital platform and the user, in a manner that prevents the professional party from exploiting its technical or economic superiority to impose unfair terms within standard, non-negotiable contracts. The importance of this principle is particularly evident in the digital environment due to the electronic nature of the contract, the speed of its conclusion, and the user’s weaker bargaining power. Under Iraqi law, the regulation of contractual balance is grounded in the general provisions of the Iraqi Civil Code No. 40 of 1951, particularly the principles of good faith, adhesion contracts, abuse of rights, and the doctrine of unforeseen circumstances. Judicial intervention constitutes the primary mechanism for addressing contractual imbalance. In contrast, the UAE legislator relies on the UAE Civil Transactions Law Federal Law No. 5 of 1985, which authorizes judges to amend unfair terms in adhesion contracts and enshrines the principles of justice and good faith in the performance of contracts. Moreover, the UAE legal system enhances the protection of contractual balance through consumer protection and electronic transactions legislation, which impose clear obligations on digital service providers regarding transparency, disclosure, and data protection, thereby providing regulatory protection alongside judicial safeguards

This research explores the profound relationship between the phonetic structure of Quranic words and the direction of meaning, in light of the integration of Arabic linguistics and modern phonetics (phonetics and phonology). It seeks to uncover one aspect of Quranic inimitability that has not been sufficiently studied in contemporary scholarship: the phonetic-semantic inimitability. The research is based on the premise that sounds in the Holy Quran are not merely verbal devices, but rather perform a deliberate semantic function that contributes to constructing meaning and intensifying the psychological and pragmatic impact of the text.
The research employs a pragmatic analytical approach, along with textual induction of Quranic verses in which the correlation between sound and meaning is evident, such as words with strong sounds in contexts of punishment and soft sounds in contexts of mercy. This is compared with the findings of linguists such as Ibn Jinni in "Al-Khasa'is" and with the conclusions reached by modern studies in the fields of sound symbolism and cognitive linguistics. This research also aims to demonstrate the impact of this relationship on guiding Qur'anic interpretation, highlighting its role in supporting the objectives of Islamic law, and offering a contemporary phonetic-semantic re-reading of the Qur'anic text. The research concludes that phonetic structure represents an active semantic element in Qur'anic discourse, and that neglecting it leads to deficiencies in interpretive understanding, thus necessitating the integration of phonetic analysis into modern Islamic legal and linguistic studies.

This study examines the issues of diptotes (non-declinable nouns) in the commentary of aiming to reveal his methodological approach in presenting grammatical disagreements, analyzing morphological causes, and weighing different scholarly opinions. The research proceeds from the premise that al-Ashmūnī was not merely a transmitter of earlier views, but rather exercised a critical analytical method grounded in verifying the underlying cause (ʿillah), balancing analogy (qiyās) and attested usage (samāʿ), and examining whether the prohibiting factor remains or ceases.
The study addresses selected applied issues, including: the pattern faʿāl between declension and non-declension; the diptote noun with the definite article or in construct state; proper nouns coined on plural patterns; and the pattern faʿlān with two augmentations. It presents the opinions of early grammarians—foremost among them—and analyzes them in light of morphological reasoning.
The study concludes that the core of disagreement in these issues lies in determining the morphological cause and verifying its applicability, as well as assessing the effect of its persistence or disappearance on the ruling. It further demonstrates that al-Ashmūnī adopted a precise analytical method based on systematic analogy, the principle that theoretical supposition is treated as actual presence, and careful consideration of authentic Arabic usage. The research thus highlights that the study of diptotes serves as a revealing field for understanding the interplay between analogy and transmitted usage in the Arabic grammatical tradition.

This research addresses the issue of the judicial notification deadline as a fundamental element in regulating judicial procedures. It represents the means by which litigants are informed of the procedures taken against them, thus ensuring the principle of adversarial proceedings and enabling them to exercise their right to defense. The importance of the notification deadline is not limited to its being a procedural formality; rather, its impact extends to forming a cornerstone in achieving a balance between guaranteeing the rights of litigants on the one hand, and expediting the resolution of disputes on the other.
The research discusses the issue of the legal nature of the notification deadline, and whether it is considered a procedural or substantive rule. It also analyzes the legal consequences of respecting or violating this deadline, especially in light of the difficulties that arise in practical application regarding the validity of notification and the application of related legal timeframes, most notably the appeal deadlines.
The research employs an analytical approach to examine the legal texts regulating notification deadlines, alongside a descriptive approach to present the basic concepts, and utilizes a comparative approach to highlight the different jurisprudential and judicial trends in this field. The research concluded that the notification deadline is a procedural deadline of a mixed nature, combining formal and substantive aspects due to its close connection with the guarantees of due process and the rights of the defense. It also revealed that respecting this deadline ensures the validity of procedures and the proper application of legal time limits, while violating it may lead to the invalidation of the notification, the suspension of time limits, or the infringement of the rights of the defense, which negatively impacts the fairness of procedures and the stability of legal positions.
Therefore, the research emphasizes the need to regulate the rules governing notification deadlines and to unify judicial approaches regarding them, in order to achieve a balance between considerations of expeditious justice and the guarantees of a fair trial.

Understanding ethical values leads us to explain human behavior, considering behavior as a whole as an expression of the self. Ethics, therefore, becomes a framework for viewing human action in expressing the self, a desire that aspires to order, consistency, and harmony, aiming for an intrinsic understanding of human behavior. The research objectives are linked to the ethical standard's goal of studying and thoroughly monitoring the direction of human activity to uncover the values and principles that determine the varying human behaviors. Ethics favors and approves some behaviors, condemns and deems others reprehensible, commands and forbids certain stances, permits and prohibits, thus defining, in general terms, the patterns of human behavior and, in all cases, calling for the adoption of a style of activity that, in its entirety, represents a model for human action in society.

This study examines heat stress in the work environment as one of the occupational hazards of a physical nature to which workers may be exposed during the performance of their duties, particularly in environments characterized by high temperatures or in jobs carried out under harsh environmental conditions. Heat stress is not merely a temporary climatic phenomenon; rather, it represents an occupational issue with significant health and legal implications, closely linked to the worker’s right to a safe and healthy working environment.

The study highlights the importance of maintaining an appropriate thermal level within the workplace in order to achieve a balance between the heat gained and the heat lost from the human body, thereby reducing the health risks that may begin with heat cramps and may develop into more serious conditions such as heat stroke. The risk of heat stress becomes particularly evident in sectors that require intense physical effort or that take place in enclosed or poorly ventilated spaces, such as mines, quarries, construction work, and heavy industries.
The study also addresses the role of legal regulation in confronting these risks through national legislation and international conventions, which emphasize the necessity of providing a safe working environment, regulating working hours and rest periods, and adopting the necessary preventive measures to protect workers’ health while achieving a balance between production requirements and humanitarian considerations.

This research dealt with the issue of legal restrictions on the immigrant’s right to practice commercial work in Iraq and in Dhi Qar Governorate, as it aims to clarify the legal status of the economic immigrant, distinguish him from the refugee and the resident foreigner, and analyze the legal restrictions imposed on his commercial activity in Iraqi legislation.
The research was based on the comparative descriptive analytical method, through extrapolation and analysis of relevant texts, primarily the 2005 Constitution, Trade Law No. 30 of 1984, Foreigners’ Residence Law No. 76 of 2017, and Investment Law No. 13 of 2006, with comparison to Egyptian legislation and international agreements.
We reached a number of results, the most important of which are that the immigrant’s right to trade is not a constitutional right but a legal license, and that Article (8) of Law No. 30 of 1984 trade absolutely prohibits retail trade, and that the principle of reciprocity in Article (9) led to legislative deadlock. The research also revealed a conflict between the Trade Law, which has a protectionist philosophy, and the Investment Law, which has an open philosophy, which confuses the legal status of the immigrant merchant. We suggested the necessity of amending Article (8) of the Trade Law to move from absolute prohibition to a licensing system that restricts capital and employing national labor, and amending Article (9) To adopt the principle of restricted national treatment instead of reciprocity, and to issue a unified law to regulate the commercial work of foreigners, establishing a one-stop-shop system, in order to achieve a balance between protecting the national economy, attracting investments, and harmonizing Iraqi legislation with its international obligations.

One of the defects that often characterizes legislation is its rigidity and the legislator’s failure to amend it even when it no longer meets the needs of individuals and society. While land ownership was relatively simple at the time of the issuance of the Iraqi Civil Code and the Iraqi Real Estate Registration Law, it has now become a burden weighing heavily on individuals, and many may even die before obtaining a plot of land on which to build a home. Land investment has become one of the most significant forms of investment for capital owners, creating a real housing crisis within society. Positive law, by permitting ownership of dead land (unused land) prior to its reclamation, has turned land into a commodity that may remain unused for years in pursuit of higher prices and greater profit.
In contrast, Islamic jurisprudence views dead land differently, as an individual is not considered its owner before reviving it through forms of reclamation such as construction or cultivation. Real estate registration alone does not prove ownership of dead land unless actual reclamation has taken place. This research adopts the perspective of Imami jurisprudence and proposes its codification as a practical solution to the housing crisis and the problem of land stagnation, rather than merely as a theoretical academic exercise.

This study examines the transformations of feminist discourse in contemporary Turkish literature from a comprehensive historical and structural perspective. It traces the reflections of the feminist movement in literature, which gained significant momentum since the 1980s, within the context of constructing female identity, critiquing patriarchal language, and redefining gender roles.

The study adopts a methodological framework that divides the evolution of feminist discourse into three main phases: the stage of “national feminism” prior to 1980, the stage of “individual awakening” between 1980 and 2000, and finally the stage of “pluralism and postmodernity” in the present era. The theoretical foundation of the research draws upon Simone de Beauvoir’s notion of “the Other”, Judith Butler’s theory of “performativity”, and Hélène Cixous’s concept of “écriture féminine”.

Through the analysis of selected texts by prominent female writers—such as Duygu Asena’s provocative language that challenges taboos, Leyla Erbil’s experimental narratives that dismantle patriarchal linguistic structures, and Elif Shafak’s polyphonic novels situated within the framework of intersectional feminism—the study concludes that feminist discourse in Turkish literature was not merely a shift in thematic content, but rather an intellectual revolution that democratized language and narrative techniques. In conclusion, the study underscores the pivotal role that feminist literature plays today in reconstructing collective memory and advancing historical justice

This study examines the phenomena of the loss and insertion of the “y” sound in verb structures in Iraqi Turkmen Turkish. These phonological changes are presented through examples, and a comparative evaluation is conducted with Modern Turkish, taking into account the historical development of the lexical items. The study first addresses examples related to the loss of the “y” sound, one of the phonological processes observed in Iraqi Turkmen Turkish, followed by examples concerning the insertion of the same sound. These data are analyzed within a diachronic framework by comparing them with Orkhon Turkish, Old Uyghur, Karakhanid, Khwarazmian, Chagatai, and Modern Turkish. Based on these examples, historical sound changes are identified, and conclusions are drawn from the findings

God Help the Child novel which is written by Toni Morrison digs deep into the negotiation and the complex formation of identity, specifically within the contexts of trauma, race, and the personal growth. This novel focuses Bride, who is an African American woman who is the experiences of her childhood refusal and an emotional neglect shaped her real identity and her self-perception into her adulthood. Throughout her journey, Morrison examined how early experiences of differentiation and familial rejection affect self-worth and the pursuit of acceptance in society. The exploration of identity in the novel has been shown by Morrison’s focus on appearance and race revealing the ‘intersections of social and personal identity formation. This article analyzes the role of ‘societal standards, trauma, and the resilience in shaping Bride’s evolving sense of self and personality, by discussing and examining these themes, the study participates to a deeper comprehending of Morrison\'s commentary on resilience, identity, and the legacy of trauma within ‘African ‘American experiences.

Prof. Dr. Suphi Saatçi, one of the most distinguished representatives of Modern Iraqi Turkmen literature and cultural history, harmonizes the voice of collective memory with poetic aesthetics in the work under review. This collection consists of poems written with the responsibility of an intellectual who internalizes the challenges and grievances of his community. This research article aims to comprehensively evaluate Saatçi’s poetic universe, shaped by the philosophy of "art for society," from both structural and thematic perspectives. The work blends traditional poetic forms with a modern sensibility through a total of 38 poems. The poet established a rhythmic texture by utilizing syllabic meters with specific pauses, while employing free verse in some of his works. Saatçi emphasizes the historical and cultural depth of the Turkmen presence through a didactic style while maintaining a lyrical language. In this work, themes of individual narratives are replaced by social issues, the systemic injustices faced by the local population, the profound suffering resulting from the events in Altunköprü and Tuzhurmatu, and the heavy toll imposed on the region by its natural resources. Notably, the masterful use of the hoyrat form and the art of cinas adds significant cultural richness to the work. Consequently, this article demonstrates from an academic perspective that Saatçi’s poetry serves as an expression of social resilience and functions as a critical bridge for transmitting cultural identity to future generations.

The literature of Iraqi Turkmens is considered one of the most prominent literary heritages of the Turkic world. Poems, horyats, and verse texts occupy a significant place in this literary tradition.
This study examines the transcription of the text \\"Every Night Has a Morning\\" by the well-known author Salah Hamit Kümbetli, one of the leading figures of Iraqi Turkmen literature. The primary aim of this study is to transfer this text into Latin script in accordance with established scientific rules.
The linguistic features of the text were preserved throughout the transcription process. Special symbols such as ḳ, ġ, and ḥ were used to represent the distinctive sounds of Iraqi Turkmen Turkish. The poems and horyats included in the work were transcribed without altering their original forms.
This study aims to contribute to the enrichment of written sources of Iraqi Turkmen literature and to ensure that these texts are passed on to future generations.

This research examines the crime of obstructing justice, a crime that undermines the course of criminal justice and threatens the integrity and effectiveness of the judiciary. It focuses on the legal framework in Iraqi legislation and aims to highlight the elements of the crime, the perpetrator's criminal responsibility, and the prescribed penalties. The study also analyzes the role of these provisions in upholding justice and preventing corruption in judicial proceedings. It reviews the elements of the crime, including the material element, represented by the illegal act (such as providing false information or submitting forged documents), and the moral element, which requires the perpetrator's criminal intent to obstruct justice. The research also identifies instances of responsibility, whether individual or resulting from incitement or complicity. The findings indicate that Iraqi legislation, through the articles of the Penal Code, punishes perpetrators of obstructing justice with severe penalties ranging from imprisonment to fines, given their significant impact on protecting the integrity of the judiciary and guaranteeing the rights of litigants. The research recommends strengthening preventive measures and judicial training to reduce these crimes, as well as developing legislation to keep pace with modern challenges, particularly with the increasing use of technology in judicial procedures.

The aim of this study is to fully identify the narrator Muhammad ibn Ali Abu Samina, a figure shared by both al-Sayrafi and al-Hamdani. This is achieved through research into the sources of biographical evaluation (rijal) that reveal the identities and circumstances of narrators. The goal is to determine the soundness or weakness of their chains of transmission (isnad) and the hadiths they transmitted in the Prophetic tradition (Sunnah). The study examines the narrators' reliability in terms of the chains of transmission, their authenticity, and their weaknesses, ensuring that the hadiths are not weak. The soundness of a hadith depends on its chain of transmission and the narrators themselves. If the narrators are unreliable, the hadith is weak; if they are trustworthy and reliable, the hadith is strong and accepted. The study also considers the transmission from original sources, such as the works of early scholars of hadith, to confirm the authenticity of the hadith text. These sources indicate weaknesses in the narrations of Muhammad ibn Ali Abu Samina, whether he is Abu Samina al-Hamdani or Abu Samina al-Sayrafi. It is said that their hadiths contain mursal (disconnected) narrators and unknown narrators. Furthermore, the researcher identifies the narrator through biographical dictionaries of hadith narrators, such as al-Najashi, al-Kashi, Ibn al-Ghadha'iri, al-Wahid al-Bahbahani, Amaqani, and others, citing the opinions of earlier scholars. It includes their statements about him, where they accused him of weakness, extremism, and being unreliable, and of narrating from weak narrators. However, Muhammad ibn Ali al-Sayrafi was one of his students, namely Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Barqi, who narrated extensively from him. Ibn al-Ghadha’iri said about them, meaning al-Hamdani, that his hadith is both known and rejected, that he narrates from weak narrators, and that all of his narrations contain mursal hadiths. He also said that al-Sayrafi was an extremist and known for lying. As for al-Najashi, he criticized the first, saying that he was an agent, and he said about the second that he was weak and had corrupt beliefs, meaning that he did not adhere to the Imamite creed, and so on. In this research, we used the descriptive-analytical method, where we collected everything written in the sources of biographical evaluation about them and their circumstances in the chain of transmission and the narrators of hadith. After that, we discussed the evidence that explicitly criticized them through the scholars of biographical evaluation. The conclusion of the research, through these discussions and points, is that we see that these two men are narrators of hadith, but most scholars of biographical evaluation criticized them. In their writings, this criticism stems from the frequent discussions about the weakness of their narrations and their fabrication of hadith, or perhaps their extremism in creed and belief. Therefore, researchers investigating the identities and circumstances of these individuals must verify the statements of early scholars to establish their reliability, the truthfulness of their narrations, and the sources from which they received information. The ultimate goal of this research should be to ascertain the truth and the pleasure of God Almighty, not to exaggerate or be biased towards one's own school of thought and creed.

This research examines the phenomenon of proxy warfare as one of the most prominent forms of indirect conflict in contemporary international relations, through an applied analytical study of the war between Russia and Ukraine. The study aims to clarify the conceptual framework of proxy warfare, identify its characteristics and tools, and analyze the role of international powers in managing conflicts through indirect means, in line with the transformations of the international system following the Cold War, The research adopts both the descriptive-analytical method and the case study approach, utilizing theoretical literature in international relations to interpret the nature of the conflict. It particularly focuses on the role of NATO and the United States in supporting Ukraine, in contrast to Russia’s efforts to maintain its regional influence. The study also explores the tools of indirect warfare, such as indirect military support, economic sanctions, and media warfare. The findings indicate that the Russian-Ukrainian war represents a hybrid model combining conventional warfare and proxy warfare, reflecting an evolution in the nature of international conflicts toward more complex forms. The study further concludes that major powers increasingly prefer managing conflicts through intermediaries to reduce risks and costs, a strategy that contributes to prolonging conflicts, increasing their complexity, and directly impacting the stability of the international system.

This study examines the legal impact of modern technology on the role of intermediaries in the acceptance of commercial bills (commercial transfers), with a particular focus on the transition from traditional paper-based systems to digital environments. The research highlights how electronic signatures, digital platforms, and smart technologies such as blockchain have reshaped the legal nature of acceptance and redefined the intermediary’s role. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to analyze the traditional legal framework governing commercial bills and compare it with emerging digital practices. It finds that technology has significantly transformed the intermediary’s role from a mere facilitator to a digital trust service provider involved in verification, authentication, and execution processes. The research concludes that while electronic acceptance of commercial bills has gained legal recognition in many jurisdictions, legislative frameworks still face challenges in regulating digital intermediaries, ensuring legal certainty, and addressing cross-border transactions. Accordingly, the study recommends updating commercial laws, strengthening cybersecurity protections, and establishing unified international standards for electronic commercial instruments

Money laundering and organized crime are among the most serious threats facing Iraq at present, as the rise in the level of illicit financial activities has directly weakened the state and its institutions and undermined political, economic, social and security stability. Therefore, money laundering and organized crime are considered a serious threat to Iraqi national security, and strategic policies must be adopted through legislative reforms, strengthening the work of regulatory institutions, developing security agencies and increasing international cooperation to combat this phenomenon.

The privileges of public administration and its various instruments are directed toward achieving a set of objectives related to organizing public services and ensuring their regular and stable functioning, within the framework of adherence to the principle of legality and respect for the requirements of the public interest. These privileges are clearly manifested in the special powers granted to the administration, which enable it to issue administrative decisions and take the necessary measures to implement them directly and in a binding manner against individuals, often without the need to resort beforehand to the judiciary. This situation has granted the public administration a distinctive position compared to individuals, as it exercises its authority under the banner of achieving the public good and serving society, thereby providing it with effective legal tools that enable it to perform its functions and accomplish the objectives of the state.
However, the administration’s enjoyment of such exceptional powers may, in certain circumstances, result in interference with the rights and freedoms of individuals that are guaranteed by law and protected by the constitution, particularly when these powers are exercised in an unbalanced manner or beyond the limits established by the legislator. Consequently, a significant issue arises concerning how to reconcile enabling the administration to carry out its duties efficiently on the one hand, while ensuring the protection of individual rights and freedoms on the other.
Although the legislator has granted the administration these broad powers, this was done in response to the nature of the state's administrative activity, which is characterized by continuous movement and development. It is difficult for rigid legislative texts to keep pace with the rapid transformations that occur in administrative work and the requirements of public services. Therefore, the administration needs a certain degree of flexibility that allows it to respond to emerging developments and successive changes within society, which justifies granting it these legal privileges.
Nevertheless, these powers cannot be left without controls or oversight, as this may lead to an abuse of authority or a deviation from the purposes for which these powers were originally granted, potentially resulting in arbitrary practices that affect the legal positions of individuals. Hence, the vital role of the administrative judiciary has emerged as a supervisory authority responsible for ensuring respect for the principle of legality and for subjecting all administrative actions to the rule of law. The administrative judge examines administrative decisions and verifies their legality, and also works to annul decisions that are proven to violate the law or deviate from achieving the public interest.
From this perspective, the present research seeks to shed light on how the administrative judge confronts the privileges of public administration when it exercises its authority to issue administrative decisions, through mechanisms of judicial review aimed at achieving a balance between the requirements of the public interest and the protection of the rights and freedoms of individuals.

Criminal evidence in Iraq has witnessed remarkable development in light of scientific and technological advancements. Modern scientific methods have emerged as effective tools for detecting crimes and identifying perpetrators, thus contributing to the efficiency of the criminal justice system. Reliance is no longer limited to traditional evidence such as confessions and testimony, but has expanded to include advanced methods such as DNA fingerprinting, digital forensics, biometric techniques, and audio and video recordings.

Although Iraqi legislation, particularly the amended Criminal Procedure Code No. 23 of 1971, did not explicitly address these methods upon its enactment, it affirmed the principle of the criminal judge's freedom to form their conviction based on the presented evidence. This allowed for the use of modern scientific methods as technical evidence subject to the court's discretion. The Iraqi judiciary has also played a significant role in establishing the admissibility of these methods, especially in complex criminal cases.

The importance of these methods lies in their scientific accuracy and ability to minimize human error. However, their use raises legal issues concerning their legitimacy, particularly regarding the protection of the accused's constitutional rights, such as the right to privacy and bodily integrity, and the necessity of obtaining evidence through lawful means. Hence, the challenge lies in striking a balance between society's interest in combating crime and the accused's guarantees of a fair trial.

Therefore, developing the Iraqi legal framework to accommodate these methods has become an urgent necessity. This requires establishing clear legislation that defines the conditions for their use and their admissibility, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of criminal justice and safeguarding public rights and freedoms.

This study addresses the topic of artificial intelligence crimes in light of rapid technological and scientific advancements that have made it easier to commit crimes without human intervention. The research problem focuses on the adequacy of traditional penal rules to address AI crimes and the need for specific legislation for these offenses. This led us to answer several questions related to the concept of these crimes, their types, and the rules of criminal liability.The importance of this research lies in the fact that its main topic is novel yet rapidly evolving, raising practical challenges for the judiciary in the absence of both substantive and procedural regulations. Therefore, our aim is to shed light on the concept of AI crimes and distinguish them from traditional crimes. Based on our understanding of these crimes, we attempt to propose legal rules and solutions for addressing them criminally.Our research leads to several conclusions, most notably the inadequacy of existing penal code rules to address AI crimes. We propose that legislators enact specific legislation for these crimes that aligns with their evolving nature, both substantively and procedurally, drawing on comparative legislation that has preceded ours.

This article examines the current state of corporate governance in Iraq as a core legal and economic tool for strengthening transparency, protecting shareholder rights, and improving institutional performance. It evaluates compliance levels among companies listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange and identifies key gaps, including weak disclosure, limited board independence, and insufficient regulatory oversight. The analysis also highlights how economic constraints, political instability, and fragmented regulations undermine effective governance implementation. A regional comparative lens is employed to assess Iraqi practices against successful Arab governance models and to identify adaptable lessons. The research proposes mechanisms to activate governance in Iraq through legislative reform, stronger regulatory bodies, improved disclosure practices, and enhanced board capacity supported by effective audit and risk committees. It offers practical, actionable recommendations to reduce the gap between legal requirements and real corporate behavior. Additionally, the study presents an integrated reform framework aimed at reinforcing internal control, strengthening management efficiency, and enhancing corporate resilience. The findings emphasize that sustainable progress in governance requires coordinated institutional and legal commitments capable of fostering a competitive and transparent economic environment.

The rapid advancement of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) — including artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, and surrogacy — has generated a complex array of legal challenges directly affecting the identity and fundamental civil rights of children born through these methods. Issues of filiation, inheritance, guardianship, and the right to know one's biological origins stand at the forefront of these challenges, amid evident legislative gaps in many legal systems, particularly in Arab jurisdictions. This study employs a comparative analytical methodology examining the positions of European, American, and Arab-Islamic legal systems, exploring the adequacy of existing civil law rules to accommodate the novel legal statuses created by ART. The study concludes with substantive legislative recommendations designed to ensure comprehensive legal protection for ART-conceived children and safeguard their legitimate civil rights.

Abstract : This research highlights an educational Ottoman treatise by Hafiz Ahmed Effendi (d. 1242). It attempts to emphasize its scholarly value despite the difficulty of finding a comprehensive biography of the author in Arabic and Ottoman sources. The attribution of the treatise to him is confirmed through what is mentioned in the manuscript, copies of the statement bearing his name, and the details of the examination and its witnesses, which affirm the accuracy of its attribution. Its title, "Risālat al-Imtiḥān," corresponds to its content based on questions and answers. The research also reviewed the author's methodology, described the handwritten copies, outlined the approach followed in the critical edition, and concluded by presenting the verified text.

The present study aims to examine the effectiveness of the Posner Model, supported by artificial intelligence applications, in developing argumentative thinking skills in geography among intermediate-stage students at Imam Ali Ibn Abi Talib Secondary School for Boys. The research sample consisted of 80 students from the fifth literary grade. The experiment was conducted during the second semester of the 2025 academic year. The researcher employed the experimental design with two equivalent groups, formulated the behavioral objectives, and prepared the instructional plans for both the experimental and control groups. The researcher also developed the research instruments, which included an argumentative thinking skills test, a teacher’s guide for the experimental instruction, and a student’s instructional guide. The findings revealed that the students in the experimental group outperformed their counterparts in the control group on the post-test of argumentative thinking skills.

Human trafficking is one of the most serious organized crimes that threatens human dignity and fundamental rights. Its victims are numerous and include women, children, migrant workers, and other vulnerable groups. Despite legislative efforts by states to combat this crime, a gap persists between legal texts and their practical application, limiting the effectiveness of legal responses to this phenomenon. This research reviews the legislative development of human trafficking in national and international laws, particularly the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the Palermo Protocol, which defines the crime, its elements, and its various forms, such as sexual exploitation, forced labor, organ removal, and exploitation in begging or domestic service. The research also discusses the extent to which domestic legislation in several Arab countries aligns with international standards, highlighting legal amendments aimed at increasing penalties and expanding the scope of criminalization. The research focuses on the challenges facing the implementation of legal texts, most notably the lack of training among relevant agencies, weak coordination between security and judicial institutions, the difficulty in identifying victims due to fear or ignorance of their rights, and the prevalence of transnational trafficking networks. The research also indicates that some countries suffer from deficiencies in legal and social protection mechanisms for victims, which exacerbates their suffering and reduces their ability to cooperate with judicial authorities. The research also addresses mechanisms for enhancing practical implementation, including the establishment of specialized investigation and follow-up units, the development of victim protection and rehabilitation programs, and the strengthening of international cooperation in information exchange and training. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of raising public awareness about the seriousness of the crime and how to report it. The research concludes that criminalizing human trafficking remains a fundamental step, but it does not achieve the goals of deterrence and protection unless it is supported by effective implementation based on coordination, political will, and institutional support.

To avoid the expensive travel contracts concluded by tourism companies, and to facilitate accommodation during travel or temporary relocation within the country, a tourist accommodation exchange contract has been established between two parties with the same purpose: each staying in the other's home for tourism, visits, or medical treatment for a temporary period not exceeding thirty days. For a foreigner to enter Iraq to complete this exchange, they must obtain a visa or entry permit and then a temporary residence permit for thirty days.
Due to the difference in the nationality of the contracting parties on the one hand, and the place of its conclusion on the other hand, and the place of its execution, and the law of the location of the affected property, these laws conflict and require a specific mechanism to determine which of them should be applied, so is it the chosen law, or another law from the laws mentioned above.

Constitutional oversight is one of the basic guarantees for respecting the Constitution and achieving the principle of the rule of law. It is the tool used to verify the extent to which laws and legislation issued by the various authorities conform to the texts and provisions of the Constitution. The nature of this oversight varies from one country to another according to the political and legal system in force. Iraq has witnessed remarkable developments in the field of constitutional oversight following the change in constitutions and political systems since 1925 until the permanent Constitution of 2005, where Article (93) stipulated the formation of the Federal Supreme Court, which was entrusted with the jurisdiction to monitor the constitutionality of laws and interpret constitutional texts. This is an important step towards establishing effective judicial oversight.

Religious architecture in Al-Andalus is considered one of the most prominent manifestations of Islamic civilization, reflecting the interplay between religious values and artistic and architectural development. Minarets have occupied a distinctive place in this context as an architectural and religious element symbolizing the presence of Islam in the urban landscape, in addition to their primary function of calling the faithful to prayer and announcing prayer times. This study aims to examine minarets in Al-Andalus as a model of religious architecture by analyzing their architectural characteristics and their religious and cultural functions, while highlighting their role in shaping the urban landscape of Andalusian cities. The study also seeks to trace the evolution of minaret construction from the early days of Islamic rule in Al-Andalus, focusing on the most prominent examples of mosques and their minarets that emerged in the major Andalusian cities. The significance of the study lies in revealing the artistic characteristics that distinguished Andalusian minarets, in terms of their forms and geometric and botanical decorations influenced by Islamic arts, The study also demonstrates that minarets were not merely architectural elements, but also served as religious and cultural symbols reflecting the strength of the Islamic state and its cultural and urban prosperity, and played a role in establishing the identity of Islamic architecture in Al-Andalus.

This research presents an attempt to uncover the paradoxical structure that forms the backbone of literary criticism practiced by critic Sami Shihab in his book titled (Waiting for Grendizer as in Waiting for Godot), which does not merely constitute a collection of scattered critical essays but rather constitutes an integrated intellectual system that employs paradox as a tool to expose the contradictions embedded in contemporary Arab cultural reality. The research proceeds from the hypothesis that Shihab does not use paradox merely as a rhetorical device to beautify the text, but rather makes it a critical weapon with which to shatter false cultural idols and expose those narratives that continued to promote the myths of savior and redemption in an era when the promises of grand modernity were exposed and nothing remained but emptiness and futile waiting. The research traces how Shihab employs intertextuality between a Japanese anime text (Grendizer) and a classical theatrical text (Godot) to create a critical space that transcends the boundaries of genre and local culture, whereby Grendizer transforms from a superhero who inspires generations into a symbol mocking the waiting for an absent savior, while Godot borrows its existential philosophical weight to reshape awareness regarding the absurdity of waiting in an Arab context characterized by alienation and estrangement from itself. The research employs semiotic-narrative analytical methodology to uncover the mechanisms employed by the critic in constructing his paradoxes, with particular attention to the linguistic and suggestive level through which paradox is formed and becomes capable of bearing meanings that transcend the apparent to the latent. The study reveals that Shihab masters the art of inverting meanings and reshaping them, whereby paradox transforms from mere linguistic playfulness into profound critical awareness of a chronic disease that has afflicted Arab culture, the disease of passive waiting in which hope has turned into illusion and heroes into hollow idols. The research contributes to enriching contemporary critical studies with a rereading of a critical phenomenon that deserves foundation and development, while also opening new horizons for thinking about the relationship between paradox as a textual technique and paradox as an existential stance toward the world.

This research paper examines the structure and types of compound words in Central Kurdish within the framework of Distributed Morphology (DM). According to this approach, word formation takes place in the syntactic component through the combination of category-neutral roots and functional heads rather than through lexical storage of complete words.
In this research paper we used a descriptive–analytical method, the research paper analyzes a set of Kurdish compound words to identify the structural relations between their constituent roots. The analysis focuses mainly on synthetic compounds and primary compounds. The results show that Kurdish compounds are formed through the syntactic merger of roots, while their grammatical categories are determined by functional heads such as n, v, and a. The findings also indicate that the semantic relations in primary compounds are largely interpreted through encyclopedic knowledge. This study contributes to the understanding of Kurdish word formation and provides evidence supporting the Distributed Morphology approach to compounding.

The present study aimed to identify the effect of ballistic–plyometric training on developing special strength, selected kinematic variables, and shot put performance among youth athletes. The researcher adopted the experimental method using a one-group pre-test and post-test design. The research sample consisted of four youth shot put athletes under the age of 20 from Diyala Sports Club, selected intentionally., An eight-week ballistic–plyometric training program was applied, with three training sessions per week (24 sessions in total). The tests included measurements of special strength variables such as maximal strength, explosive strength, and speed–strength, in addition to analyzing selected kinematic variables of shot put performance including release velocity, release angle, release height, and the linear velocities of different body segments. Motion analysis was conducted using video recording and the Kinovea motion analysis software, The results revealed statistically significant improvements in all special strength variables, kinematic variables, and shot put performance in favor of the post-tests, with improvement rates ranging from 4.30% to 20.11% and very large effect sizes. The study concludes that ballistic–plyometric training is an effective method for improving special strength and enhancing kinematic performance variables, which positively affects shot put performance.

The book “Al-Adhkar” by Imam Al-Nawawi is a collection of supplications and remembrances (adhkar) reported from the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). It is organized according to the different situations and occasions a Muslim experiences in daily life.
Imam Al-Nawawi emphasizes the importance of remembrance (dhikr) in a Muslim’s life and explains its virtues and effects in purifying the soul and protecting it from heedlessness. He gathered supplications related to prayer, sleep, waking up, travel, eating, illness, and other situations, often mentioning the related hadiths and sometimes clarifying their authenticity.
The book is considered an important reference for nurturing a Muslim’s constant connection with Allah, aiming to organize a believer’s life around the remembrance of God in all circumstances.

Practice of Some Extracurricular Group Sports Activities among Intermediate School Students in Some Schools Affiliated with the Hawija Education Department
This study aims to investigate the practice of extracurricular group sports activities among intermediate school students in some schools affiliated with the Hawija Education Department. The researcher adopted the descriptive approach using the survey method. The study sample consisted of 400 intermediate school students selected from several schools. A sports activities questionnaire was used as a tool for data collection.
The results showed that five-a-side football is the most enjoyable activity for intermediate school students. It was also found that students practice sports activities mainly to renew their physical vitality and energy. In addition, the lack of facilities was identified as one of the most significant obstacles facing intermediate school students in practicing sports activities.
The study recommended that educational institutions should pay greater attention to overcoming the obstacles that hinder students’ participation in sports activities. It also recommended that officials in the Ministry of Education increase their support for school and extracurricular activities by organizing training and refereeing courses. Furthermore, the study emphasized the necessity of providing adequate material and human resources for practicing sports activities, especially basketball, handball, and volleyball, in order to encourage students to practice these sports at levels comparable to football

factors that contributed to the emergence of the state in the region of Tabaristan until 225 AH / 840 AD. Tabaristan was one of the important regions in northern Iran due to its strategic location on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea and its proximity to the Alborz mountain range. These geographical features played a significant role in shaping the political, economic, and military conditions of the region during the studied period.
The research aims to highlight the role of the natural environment—represented by mountainous terrain, coastal plains, rivers, climate, and soil—in influencing the political development and the formation of local authorities in Tabaristan. The study relies on a historical and analytical approach through examining geographical and historical sources that described the region and its natural characteristics.

The world is witnessing rapid transformations toward renewable energy as a primary means of addressing climate change and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In this context, the role of environmental legislation emerges as a crucial factor in directing and supporting the transition toward clean energy sources. The gravity of environmental pollution has occupied many scholars in their pursuit of the best methods to minimize pollution levels. Among these methods are tax incentives and their various tools used to support renewable energy. The Iraqi environment has suffered from numerous problems due to several factors, most notably rapid population growth and the lack of modern technology in treating pollution caused by development across various sectors, which has left negative impacts on the Iraqi ecosystem. This has prompted us to study tax incentives and demonstrate their role in supporting renewable energy. This research focuses on the extent to which tax incentives influence the shift toward renewable energy in Iraq, and identifies the key obstacles standing in the way of clean energy, despite Iraq possessing the fundamental requirements to support this transition.

The current research undertakes an analysis of the themes of migration and displacement in Colson Whitehead's The Nickel Boys (2019) and Yaa Gyasi's Homegoing (2016) from a comparative literary perspective, grounded in diaspora theory. Migration in African and African American historical contexts has often been controlled and regulated through coercive mechanisms like slavery, colonialism, and institutional racism, and these have significant and far-reaching consequences on culture, psyche, and generations. This research undertakes an in-depth qualitative analysis on how these two novels portray and explore themes of physical, cultural, and psychological displacement and how these impact identity, memory, and intergenerational trauma. From the findings, it has become evident that Homegoing places displacement in the historical continuum of the transatlantic slave trade, showing how displacement and forced migration fragment diasporic identities. The Nickel Boys portrays internal displacement due to institutional racism in America, showing how displacement can be an outcome of slavery's legacy. Despite these historical and contextual differences, these two novels show that there remains an inherent and significant link between displacement, culture, and resistance. This research has shown that contemporary African and African American literature is an important site in the reconstruction and remembering of silenced histories and diasporic memory. This research, therefore, undertakes a comparative analysis of these two novels and contributes to diaspora studies and African American literary criticism, showing how there remains an inherent and significant link between historical and contemporary displacement in the global African diaspora.

This research aims to study the phenomenon of phonetic substitution among short vowels (ḍammah, fatḥah, kasrah, sukūn) in Ibn Qutlubugha's (d. 879 AH) book Gharib al-Qur'an (The Obscure Expressions of the Qur'an), by tracing the applied examples that the author provided in his interpretation of the rare Qur'anic expressions. The research adopted the descriptive and analytical methodology, analyzing selected examples from the book and comparing Ibn Qutlubugha's opinions with those of other linguists and Qur'anic reciters (Qurrā'). The research reached several key findings: Ibn Qutlubugha was not merely a transmitter of recitations, but rather a critical scholar who preferred certain opinions over others based on linguistic reasoning; the forms of substitution included substitution between ḍammah and kasrah (e.g., zufilat – zafilat, yahab – yahib), substitution between ḍammah and fatḥah (e.g., qublan – qibalan, khuluq – khalaq), and substitution between sukūn and fatḥah (e.g., al-qaṣy – al-qaṣay). The research also revealed the dominance of the contextual factor in guiding phonetic substitution according to Ibn Qutlubugha, as well as his close connection to both the Basran and Kufan linguistic schools. The research concludes that the phenomenon of vowel substitution reflects the flexibility of the Arabic linguistic system and is not merely a set of errors, and it explains much of the recitational variation in the Holy Qur'an.

Morphological criticism is a type of linguistic criticism in which the critic examines and analyzes a text's words from a morphological standpoint to see how well their forms conform to the language's laws, analogies, and consistent rules, then judges them as correct or incorrect, arriving at the view that best aligns with known grammatical rules and forms. Morphological criticism relies on reviewing the statements of grammarians and language scholars regarding morphological issues-such as plurals, verbal nouns, nisbas, and diminutives-and distinguishing the sound from the erroneous, based on the critic's knowledge of the language's laws and morphological analogies. In Ibn al-Ahnaf's approach, morphological criticism looks at words in terms of their derivation: verbs have their patterns, as do derivatives and verbal nouns, and he generally prefers choices that fit morphological analogies. He also has views on singular and plural forms, selecting one or the other according to the meaning each conveys and what the context requires.

This study aims to examine the meanings and implications of the interrogative hamza in Sayd al-Khatir by Ibn al-Jawzi, and to identify the rhetorical functions it conveys within the text. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical method by collecting examples from the book and analyzing them according to their contextual usage. The study reveals that the interrogative hamza is rarely used in its original sense of seeking information; rather, it frequently conveys various rhetorical meanings, most notably denial, reproach, confirmation, and astonishment. The findings also indicate that this device plays a significant role in strengthening the meaning and enhancing the reader’s engagement, in line with the advisory and reflective nature of the book. The study concludes that the interrogative hamza serves as an effective rhetorical tool in Ibn al-Jawzi’s discourse, contributing to guiding the reader, raising awareness, and encouraging reflection and interaction with the text, which highlights the importance of interrogative style in shaping persuasive discourse.

The purpose of this research is to present a study of the concept of education through Surah Luqman, considering it a comprehensive model from the Book of God Almighty, encompassing all aspects of education that a person seeks to achieve in their life for the upbringing of the individual and society. This noble Surah aims to offer a vision for education based on its principles. Thus, it becomes an alternative to the imported educational curricula that have destroyed the Islamic nation because they do not conform to Islamic society. The researcher in this research aspires to highlight the educational aspects in the surah to make it a model to present to future generations to instill in them the noble positive values that were revealed through the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), who said: On the authority of Abu Hurairah, may God be pleased with him, who said: The Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, said: “I was only sent to perfect good morals,” which contributes to building a balanced Islamic personality and a distinguished Islamic society that will be a role model for other societies.

This study discusses the phenomenon of exploiting children on social media as “Kid Influencers,” considering it one of the modern digital issues associated with technological development. It focuses on the legal, social, psychological, and economic dimensions of this phenomenon, highlighting its impact on children’s rights, privacy, and psychological and social well-being. The study also addresses the concept of the child influencer, distinguishes it from talented children, and analyzes the commercial exploitation of children in the digital environment in light of the principle of the best interests of the child. A comparative analytical approach was adopted by examining Iraqi and Emirati legislations alongside relevant international laws and conventions. The study concludes that there is a legislative gap in regulating this phenomenon, requiring modern laws to protect children from digital exploitation and to strengthen the responsibility of digital platforms and families.

This study explores the discourse manipulation and ideological representation in the speeches of Iraqi Prime Minister Muhammad Shia Al-Sudani, focusing on the period from 2022 to 2025. Drawing on Van Dijk’s Critical Discourse Analysis framework (2006a), the research examines how linguistic and rhetorical structures function as instruments of ideological control within Iraq’s socio-political context. The analysis is based on six carefully selected speeches that exemplify key manipulative strategies used to influence public perception and legitimize authority. By integrating semantic, pragmatic, and rhetorical perspectives, the study identifies recurring patterns such as ideological polarization, positive self-presentation, and the negative portrayal of political opponents. The findings reveal that Al-Sudani’s discourse strategically constructs a narrative of unity, legitimacy, and reform, while subtly reinforcing existing power relations and shaping public cognition. Situated within the broader Iraqi political and cultural landscape, this study contributes to the understanding of how language operates as a tool of manipulation and power in contemporary Middle Eastern political discourse.

Administrative reform, with its various methods and its distinguished role in evaluating the governmental administrative system, is the main pillar of the judiciary and reducing financial and administrative corruption, through the friendly and effective and sober administrative supervisory system that stimulates accountability, transparency and administrative integrity to advance the practical reality of the governmental administrative system. Reform of the government administrative apparatus, represented by administrative, supervisory and judicial procedures to evaluate them and hold violators accountable to achieve the requirements of administrative reform and develop the level of job performance.

The public price is considered one of the most important basic pillars in financing the state, whether simple or federal. Since it was originally intended that all public price revenues collected within the simple state should go to the public treasury, granting some public institutions and facilities administrative and financial independence to enable them to perform their activities has become What is collected from this resource finances decentralized treasuries while maintaining the specific percentage whose proceeds go to the public treasury and resulting from the profits of public companies, and the authority to manage and invest oil wealth is in the hands of the central authority. However, changing the form of the state to a federal one has a complex composition and the presence of regions and governorates that are not organized in Region and the necessity of sharing public price products in a way that enables the units that make up the federation to exercise their functions, as the constitutions and legislation of some federal countries included the necessity of restricting oil wealth to the hands of the federal authority, with the need to recognize the existence of joint revenues between the federal and local governments, which are translated into constitutional articles guaranteeing the rights of the two governments.

The general rule governing the enforcement of judgments rendered by the administrative judiciary lies in the administration’s obligation to comply with and execute such judgments by virtue of the authority and binding force of res judicata This obligation reflects the commitment of state institutions to the rule of law and their subordination thereto in accordance with the principle of legality from which no deviation may be tolerated within a lawful state Respect for judicial decisions necessarily requires their prompt and effective execution as the law derives its true value only through the implementation of its provisions Consequently a state founded upon the rule of law cannot permit administrative authorities to refrain from enforcing judicial rulings since such conduct would inevitably undermine legal order foster disorder and erode public confidence in the supremacy of law.

This research aimed to identify the relationship between irrational thoughts and anger among primary school teachers in Tal Afar, and the extent to which irrational thoughts contribute to predicting anger. A descriptive correlational approach was used to study this relationship. The Irrational Thoughts Scale and the Anger Emotion Scale were used. The study population consisted of primary school teachers in the city of Tal Afar, and the study sample consisted of (100) male and female primary school teachers in the city of Tal Afar. The study yielded several findings: a positive correlation exists between anger and irrational thoughts among primary school teachers in Tal Afar. The results also indicated that irrational thoughts contributed to predicting anger among primary school teachers in Tal Afar by 48.8%.

This study addresses a profound epistemological gap in contemporary strategic thinking, which typically analyzes victory and defeat from a strictly materialistic perspective, ignoring the metaphysical dimensions and spiritual agency in deciding battles. The research problem revolves around exploring the esoteric exegesis (Tafsir Ishari) of Quranic verses related to Jihad and conquest to understand how the "Council of Saints" (Diwan al-Awliya) intervenes in directing events. The study relies on a methodology combining induction and analysis, strictly limiting its primary sources to the foundational texts of Sufi masters and accredited esoteric commentaries.
A major finding of the research is that the Ummah's decisive historical victories (such as the Ayyubid liberation, the Ottoman conquests, and the Battle of Al-Mansurah) were achieved primarily through the organic cohesion between outward military leadership and inward spiritual sainthood. Furthermore, the esoteric reading of Surah An-Nasr demonstrates that maintaining power requires an inward fortification through seeking forgiveness to prevent the spiritual disease of vanity. Finally, the study recommends that modern combatants adopt the "Jurisprudence of Integration" (Fiqh al-Jam). This concept balances the highest levels of material and technological preparation with perfect spiritual awareness and the negation of self-agency, alongside reviving the spiritual bond through frequent prayers upon the Prophet (PBUH) to secure divine support in future confrontations.

This research examines the topic of mission-oriented awareness and its impact on civilizational advancement, as a key concept in the Islamic worldview of life and humanity. It aims to highlight the role of mission-oriented awareness in shaping an integrated civilizational vision rooted in a doctrinal and value-based framework, reflected across various domains of human action. The study also emphasizes its role in stimulating both individual and collective effectiveness, achieving balance between the spiritual and material dimensions, and building a human capable of contributing to civilizational progress. The research concludes that mission-oriented awareness represents a fundamental pillar in guiding the path of renaissance by linking values to reality and activating divine laws of change and development.

This research aims to identify the impact of Wheatley's model on developing creative thinking among fourth-grade literary students in history. To achieve this objective, the researcher formulated the following hypotheses:
1- There are no statistically significant differences at the (0.05) level between the mean scores of the experimental group students who studied using Wheatley's model and the mean scores of the control group who studied using the traditional method.
2- There are no statistically significant differences at the (0.05) level between the mean scores of the experimental group students and the total scores of the control group who studied using the traditional method in developing creative thinking.
The research population, or sample, consisted of all fourth-year literary students in two sections of public secondary schools in Kirkuk. The researcher selected Al-Sayyab Secondary School for Boys in Kirkuk District as the sample for this research. The results showed the superiority of the experimental group, which used the Wheatley model, over the traditional control group. Based on these results, the researcher reached the following conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions:
1- This model has a significant impact on developing creative thinking skills among fourth-year literary students. This model helped give students the freedom to express their ideas and increased their understanding of the subject matter.
2- Its use led to an increase in students' ability to analyze historical events and understand historical matters more clearly.
Recommendations: • Expand the strategies and methods used in teaching history and move away from traditional methods.
• Conduct training courses for history teachers on the use of the Wheatley model. Suggestions:
 Utilize Wheatley's model in other intellectual aspects, such as mind mapping.
 Employ all modern methods in teaching history; role-playing is particularly useful in this field.

This study aimed to develop a predictive model for non-contact lower extremity injuries in youth soccer players using machine learning algorithms and biomechanical kinematic analysis. Additionally, it evaluated the effectiveness of a proposed neuromuscular training program conducted on stable surfaces to correct movement deviations and reduce injury rates. The study was conducted on a sample of 56 elite youth soccer players . Baseline screenings included isokinetic strength testing, 3D motion analysis during a Drop Vertical Jump (DVJ) task, and static/dynamic postural control assessments. Players were prospectively monitored over a 10-month period to record non-contact injuries. A Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression model was utilized to identify the most significant predictors. The results indicated that concentric knee extensor peak torque, hip transversal plane moment during single-leg landing, and center of pressure (COP) sway in single-leg stance were the most important predictors of injury. Furthermore, the implementation of the proposed neuromuscular training on stable surfaces yielded substantial improvements in unilateral strength symmetry and dynamic balance, thereby significantly reducing future injury hazard. The study recommends integrating machine learning-driven biomechanical screenings into preventative sports medicine protocols within sports academies and professional clubs.