Journal of Business Economics for Applied Research

The Study aim to find the relationship and influence between Conscious leadership in the dimensions (self-consciousness, Awareness and emotional others, cognitive-consciousness, situation-consciousness) in enhancing Strategic Clarity (Clarity of objectives, Clarity of activities and procedures, Structure clarity, Resource visibility, Clarity of the employee\'s role). For the academic leaders at the University of Kirkuk, as the study problem was identified by several questions represented in the nature of the relationship and influence between the study variables In order to verify the validity of the hypotheses, all of them were subjected to multiple tests, and the researchers used a questionnaire in order to obtain data, and the research method used in it is the descriptive analytical approach, The research was applied with an intentional sample and (132) were distributed A questionnaire on the research sample represented by the academic leaders at the University of Kirkuk, and (126) questionnaire forms were retrieved The valid ones for analysis are (119), i.e. (90.1%) of the studied sample, and the researchers used a set of statistical methods By processing the data and extracting the results, one of the most notable conclusions was that there was an effect of Conscious leadership in enhancing strategic Clarity.

The study aimed to identify the concept of the impact of the leadership contract in consolidating the indicators of leadership responsibility represented by leadership behaviors, organizational practices and cultural traits of administrative leaders at Tikrit University. The descriptive analytical approach was used to present theoretical and conceptual ideas, process and interpret data. The field of study was determined by the colleges of Tikrit University. The research community was represented by instructors holding the title of professor and assistant professor, numbering (1042) individuals, from whom a purposive sample of (281) individuals was selected. The questionnaire was distributed electronically, which is the main tool of the study, from which (259) questionnaires were retrieved. After analyzing the data, the study reached a set of results, the most prominent of which was that the leadership contract has a significant impact on the indicators of leadership responsibility (leadership behaviors, organizational practices, cultural traits). The study concluded with a number of recommendations, the most prominent of which is to develop continuous and regular programs to evaluate the behaviors, organizational practices and cultural traits of administrative leaders with the aim of identifying the leadership responsibility gap and addressing it through development programs that primarily aim to achieve integration between Organizational behaviors and practices and the development of cultural traits, and that the terms of the leadership contract be included in development programs and its terms be emphasized in meetings and conferences, especially those that aim to prepare the next generation of leaders to establish them in their principles and values.

The current study aims to highlight the impact of the quality of administrative information in its dimensions of (accuracy, clarity, appropriate timing, reliability) and its impact on the freedom and independence of workers, as this dimension is manifested in giving working individuals sufficient freedom, independence, ability and the ability to pass judgments, and the freedom to dispose of the tasks facing them. During the exercise of their work to the extent that the organization allows employees to distinguish in the performance of their job duties, as independence gives discretionary freedom to the individual in scheduling work and in determining the procedures to be followed in its implementation, and freedom and independence give individuals the opportunity to regulate their feelings and behaviors to achieve goals based on their personal values. Therefore, two variables were addressed in this study, the independent variable is the quality of administrative information in its dimensions above, and the approved variable includes the freedom and independence of employees. The study sample included workers in the upper, middle and supervisory administrations in the General Directorate of Education of Nineveh. To achieve the goal of the current study, it has adopted the descriptive analytical approach in analyzing and describing the relationship between the variables and the dimensions that make up them. The current study used personal interviews and a questionnaire as a basic tool in data collection, (350) questionnaires were distributed, (309) valid forms were retrieved for analysis, and ready-made statistical software such as (SPSS) and (Amos) were used through a set of statistical tools, including (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, response rate, and coefficient of Correlation, and impact relationship analysis) for the purpose of analyzing the data of the field in question and extracting the diagnostic description of the variables, and in light of that the current study reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is the presence of a significant effect of the quality of administrative information on the freedom and independence of workers. While the study suggested developing and preserving information systems, periodically reviewing the quality of information with appropriate planning, and increasing granting workers greater freedom and independence in the practice of their work to regulate their feelings and behaviors and achieve goals based on their personal values.

The research aims to demonstrate the role of leadership styles in reducing job slack. A survey study of the opinions of a sample of administrative leaders at the University of Mosul. A sample of (190) administrative leaders was selected. The research followed the descriptive approach in analyzing data and extracting results using the SPSS statistical program. The research reached several conclusions, the most important of which is the existence of a statistically significant and significant correlation and impact between leadership styles and job slack.

The topic of the impact of some macroeconomic variables on the value of the local currency is one of the topics that have attracted the attention of researchers and writers because of its importance in the economy. This research, which is closely related to the Iraqi economy, aims to measure the impact of some macroeconomic variables on the value of the local currency in the Iraqi economy, and to estimate and analyze The impact of macroeconomic variables on the value of the local currency The ARDL methodology was used to estimate the relationship in the short and long terms through the statistical program (Eveiws10).
The results of the benchmark side showed the existence of a positive and weak relationship between some macroeconomic variables represented by (public debt and the exchange rate) and inflation, and that there is an inverse and moral relationship at a level less than (5%) between government spending and inflation in the Iraqi economy during the research period.
The research concluded with a set of recommendations, the most important of which was that the government should not interfere in the work of the Central Bank of Iraq until independence works in achieving price stability through the exchange rate tool, as the exchange rate is a matter of monetary policy, and that the public auction works to control the supply of the monetary mass Raising the value of the local currency.

The research aimed to determine the extent of the availability of the dimensions of leader well-being represented by (happiness at work, positive feelings towards work, physical health, perceived social value, life satisfaction) among the functional staff in the General Directorate of Education in Nineveh Governorate. The descriptive analytical approach was adopted in processing the data collected through a questionnaire distributed to a sample of (120) respondents representing the functional staff in the researched organization. Several statistical methods were used in analyzing this data according to the ready-made software (SPSS). The research reached several conclusions that confirmed the availability of these dimensions at high levels in the researched organization, in addition to presenting a set of proposals that emphasize the need to work on adopting these dimensions and enhancing their possession by the researched organization in order to achieve its goals.

Universities in private universities, scientific research in universities, private universities, scientific research, universities in private universities, and universities in universities are represented in universities. By adopting the descriptive analytical method, through the use of the statistical program (AMOS), after presenting the results of the analysis to the social dimension. The level of work directly in the management of sustainable human resources, the institution of sustainable management of human resources in the institution of sustainable management in the work environment there are differences in the field of work in the field of work and the practice of sustainable management practices of sustainable human resources in this field. The researchers made recommendations, perhaps the most important of which is to consider sustainability as consultations in the field of public relations and social affairs, and the message of social affairs in the field of public relations and public affairs.

This research seeks to demonstrate the role of Strategic Entrepreneurship in enhancing Marketing Capabilities, as well as clarifying the relationships of correlation and impact between the two variables. Researchers in their scientific products. As for the second method, it is an analytical exploratory method, through an exploratory study in the light of the preparation of a questionnaire prepared for the purpose of collecting data and information related to the research. The most important of which is the main question: Is there a role and impact for strategic entrepreneurship in enhancing marketing capabilities, and to answer these questions, a hypothesis was formulated for the research that reflects the relationships and influences between the research variables, which resulted in a set of main and subsidiary hypotheses that were tested using a number of statistical means for the data that It was collected by a questionnaire distributed to (111) individuals surveyed in the organization in question, which was the General Company for Northern Cement. Strengthening the marketing capabilities of the researched organization.
Based on the conclusions reached by the research, both theoretical and field, proposals were presented that are consistent with these conclusions, as well as proposals for future studies related to the two dimensions of the current research

The research aims to determine the role of strategic physiognomy in enhancing the quality of educational service at the University of Mosul, and the focus of the research problem is the low level of educational service quality. Among the research variables and in light of these questions, the formula of three main hypotheses explaining the relationship and influence between the research variables, and in light of them, a hypothesis was developed for the research that illustrates this. After collecting data and information and processing it using the statistical program (SPSS. V. 25), a set of results were reached, the most important of which are: There is a significant correlation and impact between strategic intuition and the quality of educational service in the research institution. In increasing absolute confidence among employees when applying the principles of strategic physiognomy and using training and continuing education methods for Improving these principles in order to reach and make innovation, success and excellence by applying these principles and inspiring thinking, which has become one of the most important branches of strategic physiognomy.

The research aims to analyze and measure the relationship between public spending (the approved variable) and the explanatory variables in Iraq during the time period (2020-2020). Through the use of the Autoregressive Distributed Time Gaps (ARDL) methodology using Time Series Data during The study period. In order to achieve this goal, the theoretical aspect of public spending has been shortened. As well as clarifying the relationship between economic variables and public spending in Iraq, then presenting and analyzing the results of quantitative measurement. The research reached many results, the most prominent of which was the existence of a positive significant relationship between government spending and the variables, total fixed capital formation, and public debt. And a significant inverse relationship between the dependent variable, government spending, public revenues, and population number. As a result of these results that emerged from the standard analysis of the model, it is worthwhile for the study country to adopt ways and methods to reduce government spending rates within the limits of public revenues available to each country. The research aims to analyze the impact of macroeconomic variables on government spending, as well as to evaluate the behavior of government spending in the State of Iraq.

The Study aims to identify how to Measure the Digital Divide in Asian countries, in addition to referring to the concept of the digital divide and how to measure it through one of the most important methods approved for its measurement, which is one of its most important indicators And then measuring the degree of its impact on each of the independent variables (pre-university education, technical education and vocational training, research, development and innovation, information and communication technology, economic performance, and the enabling environment). In a group of positively selected countries and with statistical significance in the digital divide, the study showed some proposals is the need for universities to shift towards digital management completely in order to bridge the Digital Divide as well as reduce the gap of illiteracy and ignorance and transform it from the traditional economy to an economy that Depends on Knowledge and Digital tools in its Production to Reduce the Digital Divide Countries must set up an affiliation fund dedicated to information and communication technology, through which the basic strategic Activities of the Knowledge Economy can be financed by us. Education, economic performance, and providing an enabling environment in Asian countries by providing advanced infrastructure of information and communication networks and their applications.This will lead to rapid progress, economic and social development, and enhance the well-being of individuals and society. It was concluded from the study that there is a digital divide between Asian countries, where it reached The value of the coefficient of determination in Asian countries (59), and this thesis came out with the content that there are differences and degrees of disparity between Asian countries in terms of the exploitation of information and communication technology, good education and the appropriate environment in exploiting these developments and how to use them.

In light of the increasing financial responsibilities of governments, adopting financial discipline has become necessary to maintain an optimal balance between public expenditures and revenues. Moreover, to avoid borrowing and accumulating debts. In general, Iraq suffers from the poor exploitation of the available financial resources as a consequence of its economy being unilaterally dependent on the oil sector for financing, making it vulnerable to external shocks and political and economic conditions that harm public spending. This study aims to clarify the impact of financial discipline in addressing dual shocks in the short and long terms for 2004-2020 using the ARDL model methodology. Furthermore, the study assumes that financial discipline does not have a positive role in facing the double shocks that the Iraqi economy was subjected to during the study period. This study's finding shows an inverse relationship between the indicators of financial discipline (deficit, public debt, and public expenditures) with the GDP, while the relationship was direct with the public revenue index. Finally, the study offers some significant recommendations to achieve economic stability, such as the need for economic policymakers to adopt financial discipline in the medium term, reduce the dependency on the oil sector, and lean towards investment.

The features of the economic reality in Iraq from the perspective of sustainable development refer to wide and complex imbalances in all its economic sectors (except for the oil sector) that led to significant declines in the resources of these sectors and transformed it from its development path to distorted paths that are unable to achieve the sustainable development goals that cut many of The developed and developing countries of the world have taken quite a few strides to reach more objective applications in the aspect of sustainable development and the economic growth that precedes it. This situation was also manifested in the decline of the knowledge economy and its fields of information and communication technology, and the research reached a conclusion by analyzing the data envelope (DEA), which defines the years of high and non-high productivity, stating that Iraq is one of the countries importing technologies, and this means that it suffers from a deficit in its technological balance of payments unless its technological policies change. By directing human capital to work in the areas of advanced knowledge and expertise, knowledge does not grow except in an environment conducive to information technology. Communications and individuals qualified for creativity and innovation, which raises the capabilities of enabling production efficiency. Iraq has begun the experience of the knowledge economy a short time ago, but its experience still depends on the traditional factors of achievement, and this requires working according to serious and active national plans to follow the path of developed countries in this field.

Information technology prowess is a dynamic balance of business efficiency and flexibility, and is represented by the organization’s ability to exploit and explore information technology capabilities. On the other hand, customer satisfaction is an essential and essential element for the success of the organization. Excellence, sustainability and increasing market share, and with the tremendous technological changes, achieving customer satisfaction has become a goal that is not easily realized, especially in organizations whose work depends mainly on information technology. Accordingly, the research aims to demonstrate the impact and the correlation between information technology prowess and achieving customer satisfaction. The research adopted the questionnaire as a tool for data collection by surveying the opinions of a sample consisting of (98) leaders in Korek Telecom, and statistical tools were used to analyze the responses. The results revealed the existence of an impact and a significant correlation between information technology prowess and customer satisfaction, and a set of recommendations were presented in light of the conclusions reached by the study.

The study aims to allocate assets and its impact on the performance of the investment portfolio. The research problem was based on several questions: What is the extent of the impact of asset allocation on the performance of the international investment portfolio? In order to answer the research question and achieve the study objective, the research hypothesis was based on "There is a statistically significant effect of asset allocation on the performance of the international investment portfolio". On this basis, the optimal international investment portfolio was selected using the Markowitz correlation model for the countries' indicators in the study sample during the period from 2017 to 2020. To address the research problem and test its hypotheses, financial and statistical analysis was used, using a set of descriptive statistical tools such as the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, common variance, correlation coefficient, and simple regression under study, applied to the Evews12 program. The research concluded with a number of results, including that the process of asset allocation affects the performance of the investment portfolio, and that the success of the process of asset allocation in the investment portfolio depends on the scientific methods followed by the investor to choose the optimal index or stocks in the investment portfolio. The research showed that the correlation between the returns of the market indices of the countries in the study sample is weak, and this is due to the lack of similarity of the assets traded within the markets of the countries in the study sample, and the truth has a positive effect on the efficiency of the portfolios composed of these indicators. The portfolios are usually built on the basis of Markowitz correlation. There are also other foundations and methods for building the optimal investment portfolio by the investor. Among the most important proposals proposed by the researchers: Investors should pay attention to asset allocation processes when forming their investment portfolios and not resort to random diversification, the effects of which may be reflected in not ensuring the benefits of the portfolio from investing in the least possible risk and not being satisfied with the standards and foundations used by the current study in the field of selecting the indicators nominated for building the portfolio. There are many foundations that can be adopted in building the portfolio, including (alpha, high price, low price, and PLE multiple, etc.) that can achieve a better trade-off between risk and return.

The study aimed to identify the credit risks of private banks listed in the Iraq Stock Exchange and their impact on profitability indicators. The method of suggestive data was used, which combines cross-sections and time series. Since granting credit is one of the main sources of income in banks, the risks related to this credit affect the profitability of banks. In our research, we try to find out how credit risks affect profitability in banks based on annual data that included (27) banks listed in the Iraq Stock Exchange for the period (2011-2019). The study concluded that some banks witnessed an increase in credit risks, and the Credit Bank came in first place with an average of (67) and the best banks according to the credit risk index are the Cihan, Erbil and International Development Banks. As for bank credit risks and their impact on bank profitability, it was found that there is an inverse relationship between bank credit risks and return on equity, i.e. the higher the bank credit risks, the lower the return on equity, i.e. the hypothesis is stable. First, it was also shown that there is an inverse relationship between bank credit risks and return on equity, i.e. the higher the bank credit risks, the lower the return on equity, and the second hypothesis was proven.

The current research aims at diagnosing the availability of brand dimensions in the company in question, as these dimensions are important for their impact on the brand’s reputation and value and a main reason for achieving the organizations’ goals of profits and market share, And measuring the availability of the dimensions of the brand in the company under study, and the problem lies in the weakness of customers’ interest in and loyalty to the company’s brand in question, The sample was selected from the clients of Asiacell in Nineveh Governorate, and it amounted to (354) people. Statistical methods were used, including the descriptive approach, in analyzing the data and extracting the results using statistical programs (SPSS V26, Amos), The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is that customers’ answers show that loyalty to the brand is available in the company in a limited way, and it ranked fourth, As the customer\'s awareness and level of awareness of the brand contribute to his link and loyalty to it, recommendations were put forward, the most important of which is the need to use advertising and promotional programs to attract the customer and his awareness of its brand.

The continuous and permanent incompatibility of the objectives between companies that seek to provide the necessary internal financing for investment and expansion of the company, and the shareholders seeking to obtain a reward for their investments, constitutes an area for competition between them in obtaining the largest part of the profits, which gives dividends distribution decisions, based on a set of main determinants, Great and strategic importance to the company and shareholders. From here, the research aimed to diagnose and preview the main determinants of the dividend policy, while providing a comprehensive and integrated picture of the intellectual and theoretical frameworks that framed the direct and indirect impact mechanisms that can be exercised by those determinants that varied between financial, economic, political and institutional variables in the interpretation of dividend payments. In addition to the research attempt to answer the questions that embodied the problem of the study, which is represented in what are the main determinants of the dividend policy and what are the mechanism and nature of the influence that these determinants can exercise in the dividend policy? Subject to the influence of a matrix of financial, economic, political and institutional variables, which interact with each other to draw a map of their behavior and trends, in addition to the variation of the mechanism, nature, direction and size of the impact of financial, economic, political and institutional variables between positive and negative in the policy followed in the distribution of profits for business companies listed on the Amman Stock Exchange. Continue The research was conducted with an experimental quantitative analysis in which the generalized moments (GMM) method was employed ralized Method of Moment based on Panel Data Balance for a number of business companies listed on the Amman Stock Exchange for the period (2010-2020), and was reinforced by Serial Correlation Test, Wald Test and Normal Distribution Test (Normality test), used to determine the nature, size, and direction of the effect that these parameters can have on the dividend policy indicator.
The research found a variety of determinants of dividend policies in terms of including profitability, liquidity, growth, financial leverage, debt, market value to book value, ownership structure, company age, cash flow, inflation, changing government policies, tax considerations, as well as Its impact varies from one company to another. On the other hand, the research confirmed the unification of the direction of influence in terms of being positive for the profitability, liquidity and market value variable to the book value versus the negative impact of the financial leverage variable in the profit distribution policies in the study sample companies in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.

This study sought to find out the role played by digital leadership (as an independent variable) in enhancing Organizational Pride (as a dependent variable) in Zain Telecom Company in Iraq. The research problem was identified in knowing the extent to which digital leadership contributes to enhancing organizational pride, and accordingly a hypothesis was built for the study, which reflects the correlation and influence relationships between its main variables and its sub-dimensions, and (Zain Telecom Company) in Iraq (the headquarters in Baghdad) was chosen as the field for the application of this study. The researchers depended on the descriptive analytical approach in completing their research. The study sample consisted of (41) managers who represented the company\'s (middle leaders and supervisory) leaders from its community of (54) managers. The questionnaire was adopted as a basic tool in collecting and analyzing the data that were processed and analyzed using the statistical program (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) (SPSS).
The study reached a set of results, the most important of which is the absence of a significant statistically significant effect between digital leadership in its dimensions and organizational pride in Zain Telecom company, and this means that the company’s leaders did not have a clear perception of the importance of digital leadership and the great role it plays in raising the company’s position and making employees They feel proud to belong to it.

The research aims to test effect of accounting conservatism in limiting the real earnings management in the environment of the Iraqi banking sector. As the unconditional accounting conservatism was addressed through the measure of the market value of equity on its book value in agreement with the study (Beaver & Ryan,2000). When the real earnings management was measured by adopting a model (Roychowdhury, 2006), for a sample of the 8 banks listed in the Iraqi Stock Exchange for a period of 10 years from 2011 to 2020. The descriptive analytical approach was used to discuss the research variables and test its hypotheses. A number of results were reached in the research, the most important of which is that there is a significant negative impact of unconditional accounting conservatism in managing real profits, meaning the higher the levels of the previous (unconditional) accounting conservatism, the lower the levels of real profits management.

The research aims to study the availability of entrepreneurial resources at the University of Kirkuk, to know the impact of these entrepreneurial resources in it, whether they are financial, intellectual, social or technological resources, which contribute to the development of the university and its leadership. The researchers used the descriptive analytical approach to collect, describe and analyze data by means of a questionnaire. Which was the main tool of the study, which represented the study population of (132) individuals, represented by (the president of the university, the assistant president of the university, the dean, the assistant dean, the head of the department). 121 questionnaires (3) of them were damaged and (118) questionnaires were valid for analysis. The study concluded that the entrepreneurial resources at the University of Kirkuk, whether financial, intellectual, social and technological resources, are somewhat limited due to the lack of sufficient support, especially financial resources, which are important resources. Through financial resources, other resources can be obtained, and the study recommended obtaining support from the Ministry of Higher education and scientific research to increase the provision of financial resources and investment in young energies through training, study, scholarships and fellowships to increase intellectual resources, in order to achieve integration between financial and intellectual resources towards activating technological resources.

The research dealt with the subject of enlightened marketing as an entrance creativity. The research tried to provide a clear vision in its theoretical aspect and clear answers in the field about its variables and the significance of their dimensions, as the research adopted in its field context the enlightened marketing variable as an independent variable represented by (customer orientation, customer value, innovative marketing, community marketing). Creativity as an a dependent variable, so the two researchers chose some construction organizations and productive timber organizations in the city of Mosul.
The two researchers adopted the questionnaire as a main tool for collecting data and information on the field side, and the researchers distributed (43) forms to the managers of the construction organizations and the productive timber organizations investigated in the city of Mosul. And (40) valid forms were retrieved for analysis, the research variables and dimension were described and diagnosed, and the correlation and impact relationships for the research variables were clarified.
The primary data was analyzed using the statistical package for applications of social sciences (SPSS V.21) and the following statistical methods were used (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, multiple simple correlation coefficient, simple and multiple regression).
The research reached a number of results, the most important of which was that, through the results of the description and diagnosis, it was found that the management of the surveyed organizations has a permanent readiness to help the customer.

The main objective of the research is to determine the correlation and impact of environmental capacity on job desertification in Zain Iraq and Korek Telecom.
The research problem was represented by the main question, which states what is the role of environmental capacity in limiting the process of job desertification?
The researchers relied on the descriptive-analytical approach in order to interpret and analyze the data used, in addition to taking the questionnaire as a main tool for collecting data on the sample surveyed. The sample size according to (Thompson\'s equation) from a population size of (225).
The research reached a set of conclusions, perhaps the most prominent of which are: that there is an inverse correlation between environmental capacity and job desertification from the point of view of the sample members in the field investigated, and in light of the conclusions, the researchers presented a set of recommendations, perhaps the most important of which is that telecommunications companies work to pay attention to investing in capacity Environmental, which is the ability to provide resources and exploit them correctly and meet the needs in a timely manner, because this will lead to the reduction of job desertification.

The current study seeks to achieve the goal of providing health care by identifying the provision of medical services. The first image of the graph in the output graph is represented, the method, the method, the method, the function, the function, the label, the method, the label, the label and the behavioral intent. The data of the study, the study, the study, the study, the study, the study, the study, the study, the pharmacists, the samples, the samples, the factors, the volume was (341), and the modeling was used by equations, the hypotheses of the study hypotheses. The study reached a number of results, the most important of which was that Job Relevance has a significant impact on the perceived benefit of using Internet of Things technology in the medical field. medical. It was also found that the Subjective Norm has a direct and significant impact on the functional status of medical staff.

The aim of the current research is to show the adoption of human engineering to address job cynicism, and in order to achieve the objectives of the research, a hypothetical diagram was designed that explains the nature of the relationship between the current research variables, and the research relied on the descriptive analytical approach. The main question of the current study was, is there an impact and a role in the directorate under consideration to address job cynicism through its adoption of human engineering programs? For the purpose of testing the research hypotheses, the research was applied to a sample of individuals working in (Nineveh Health Department) to obtain the required information through the (questionnaire) prepared for this purpose, as the research community consisted of (410) individuals, from whom a sample of (384) was withdrawn. An individual representing the segment of workers in the Nineveh Health Department of the people\'s officials, units and administrative affiliates. Among the most prominent conclusions (there is a direct and indirect correlation and influence with positive statistical significance between the human engineering program variable in the treatment of job cynicism) and the most important proposals (the organization under consideration should increase interest in showing the features of human engineering programs).