Journal of Education for Humanities

The current research aims to identify (the extent to which the earth science curriculum for the fifth scientific grade includes climate change phenomena from the point of view of male and female teachers). The sample consisted of male and female teachers in the Nineveh Governorate Education Directorate and from the earth science curriculum for the fifth scientific grade in Nineveh Education schools for the academic year (2023 - 2024 AD). The total number of its members reached approximately 100 Of male and female teachers of the earth science curriculum, the researcher prepared two research tools (the earth science curriculum), of which the first tool was (an applied sample), and included from paragraph (70), including (35) male teachers, (35) female teachers, and the second (an exploratory sample). It included about (30), about (20) males, and (10) females, and the total number of teachers in the subject (Earth Science) was (55) And its teachers, about (45), by taking their opinions, it was applied on Monday, corresponding to (12/18/2023 AD), and continued until Thursday, corresponding to (2/29/2024 AD) on members of the research sample, and after collecting the data and analyzing it statistically using the (t-test) test) for two independent samples, and the Pearson correlation coefficient, Cronbach's alpha, the reference mean and the relative weight, the researcher reached the following results:
1- The percentages achieved for positive impacts reached (76.84), achieving first place. As for the field of negative impacts, which reached (74.78), it achieved second place. The field of impact on climate change achieved third rank, reaching (74.9), while the field of climate change application achieved It ranked fourth (72.28) and the field of knowledge of climate change ranked fifth and last (69.74), respectively. This indicates the inclusion of the earth science approach to consolidate the concept of climate change in all fields. These are good percentages, according to the point of view of the members of the research sample as a whole, in consolidating the concept climate change.
2- The percentages achieved for the field of influence on climate change amounted to (78.26), achieving first place, as for the field of positive impacts, which reached (77.52), it achieved second place, the field of knowledge of climate change achieved third place, reaching (76.68), while the field of influences achieved Negativity ranked fourth, amounting to (75.34), and the field of climate change application ranked fifth and last, amounting to (73), respectively, this indicates the inclusion of the earth science approach to consolidate the concept of climate change in all fields, and these are good percentages, according to the point of view of the members of the research sample as a whole, in establishing The concept of climate change.
3- The calculated T-value reached (2.70) is more than the tabulated T-value, which amounted to (1.99) at a significance level of (0.05) and a degree of freedom (68). This means that there is a statistically significant difference between the viewpoints of male and female teachers of the Earth Sciences curriculum to include Climate change in the content of the curriculum for the fifth science grade, in favor of males, as both genders find that the curriculum designers had included climate change in the earth sciences curriculum according to their point of view.
The researchers came out with a number of conclusions and recommendations, including an emphasis on the preparation and training directorates in the Iraqi Ministry of Education to hold workshops for teachers dealing with consolidating the concept of climate change and applying it in schools and clarifying it to their students. Among the proposals is the extent to which the earth science curriculum scheduled to be taught to students in the fifth scientific grade should be included in developing the concept of climate change. They have it from the point of view of its teachers

The current study aims to conduct a hydrological assessment of the soils in the Alqosh area, located in northern Iraq, covering an area of 308.4 km². To achieve this, the natural factors influencing the soils of the study area, including geology, topography and slope characteristics, climate, and vegetation cover, were examined. Additionally, 15 sites were selected across the study area to measure infiltration characteristics (initial infiltration and cumulative infiltration) using a double-ring infiltrometer. It was observed that the natural factors, particularly geology and topographical features, play a significant role in shaping the soils of the study area, with similarities observed in some of the physical and chemical properties of the soils. The results obtained from field measurements of infiltration, based on the Kostakov equation, indicate that the initial infiltration depth ranges from 0.041 cm/min at the Sheikh Maqloub site to 0.838 cm/min at the Sharafiya site, with an average of 0.2016%. Cumulative infiltration depth showed a significant variation, recording 5.293 cm/min at the Alqosh site and 86.296 cm/min at the Sharafiya site, with an average of 32.1924%

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The research aims to study the sociological transformations in the novels (A Small Death) and (The Translator's Crime) by Muhammad Hasan Alwan. The study relied on the descriptive analytical approach, and was divided into an introduction, two chapters, and results, as follows: The first chapter: Transformations between the center and the margin, and the second chapter: The social situation. The study concluded with a set of results, the most important of which are: Everything on this planet consists of a center and a margin, and the center does not necessarily remain a center. Sometimes the margin may turn into a center that exceeds its status if it were a center. The social, political, and cultural influences appear clearly in both novels, and the text is based on them, and they provide it with social details that transform between a center and a margin according to the social situation. Muhammad Hasan Alwan proved the effect of religious, political, social, and psychological circumstances and their effect on the development of the characters, shedding light on those transformations despite the characters being subject to a complex and changing society under multiple historical eras with various directions

The phenomenon of heat waves is of great importance in climate studies due to its significant effects on human health, the environment and various activities. The research aims to identify heat waves in Iraq, which are characterized by the phenomenon of climate extremism, and to know their causes and effects. Therefore, the climate data on the frequency of heat waves for climate stations in Iraq for the period (1990-2023) were relied upon. These waves varied in terms of their classification based on the time period, as well as in their annual and monthly distribution. The study also showed the occurrence of (307) heat waves during the study period distributed across all stations, and that short heat waves are the most frequent in Iraq, as (182) heat waves were recorded, representing a percentage of (59.20%) of the total heat waves, followed by medium heat waves, representing (105) waves during the study period, representing a percentage of (34.29%), while long waves recorded (20) waves, representing (6.51%) of the total heat waves. The statistical results also showed that the general trend of heat waves is towards an increase in all Study area stations.

This research includes "The Philosophical and Educational Effects of Imam Muhammad Metwally Al-Shaarawy". The philosophical and educational thought of Imam Al-Shaarawy focused on the influences and positions in the thought of Imam Al-Shaarawy, which included in its content the philosophical and educational effects and was a means of sailing in the images and forms of rhetoric, and a beacon that illuminates life and guides to knowledge. This study aims to consolidate and establish the philosophical and educational effects in the thought of Imam Muhammad Metwally Al-Shaarawy in the minds of readers and to strive to increase interest in these effects in our society, which Al-Shaarawy expressed in his philosophical and educational positions and ideas, as well as to strive to liberate and enlighten the minds in society and create an educated generation in this direction. The positions of Imam Al-Shaarawy consist of two aspects, which are the philosophical effects and the educational effects. The researchers used (the descriptive analytical method) to achieve the goal of this research. The researchers dealt with (the intellectual and educational opinions in the thought of Imam Muhammad Metwally Al-Shaarawy) (studying the positions of Imam Al-Shaarawy on the philosophical effects, which included his position on existence, the soul, the mind, blessing, affliction, and the evil eye. As for the educational effects, they included education, the teacher, the student, and knowledge

Therefore, effectiveness is the effective element in the school's workflow. It is based on providing services to achieve the results of the previous administration, by supporting and assisting it in facing the challenges it faces. Through the effective element that provided it, the school is managed and empowered to achieve this.
The aim of the research is to identify the organizational effectiveness of middle and secondary school principals from the point of view of faculty members. The aim of the current research is to identify the organizational effectiveness of middle and secondary school principals from the point of view of faculty members.
The researcher adopted the descriptive analytical approach, and the community for the current research consisted of middle and secondary school teachers in the city of Mosul for the academic year (2024-2025), as their number reached (3132) male and female teachers from the right and left sides of the city of Mosul, and the research sample consisted of (351) male and female teachers from middle and secondary schools in the city of Mosul.
In order to achieve the research objective, the researcher was required to build the research tool, which is (organizational effectiveness). After verifying the validity and reliability of the research tool, it became in its final form consisting of (38) paragraphs. The research tool was applied by distributing it to male and female teachers during official working hours for the period from 1/17/2025 to 2/11/2025 AD. After the process of collecting and transcribing data using the (Microsoft Excel) program, The researcher used appropriate statistical methods to achieve the research objectives, utilizing the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) program, including a single-sample t-test, a two-sample t-test, a Pearson correlation coefficient, a t-test for the significance of the correlation coefficient, and a Cronbach's alpha coefficient.
After statistically analyzing the data, the results revealed the following: - Middle and secondary school principals have an above-average level of organizational effectiveness from the perspective of faculty members.
2- Gender (male, female) did not affect the level of organizational effectiveness among middle and secondary school principals from the perspective of faculty members.
The researcher came up with a set of recommendations and proposals:
- Involving school principals in training courses to enhance organizational effectiveness and enhance their competencies in the field of professional development for school staff.
2- Preparing middle and secondary school principals on the topic of organizational effectiveness by holding seminars, workshops, and training courses conducted by the Ministry of Education and the General Directorate of Education, and providing them with publications on the subject.
Suggestions
In light of the findings, the researcher proposes the following future studies:
1. Organizational effectiveness and its relationship to organizational justice among middle and secondary school principals from the perspective of faculty members.
2. Organizational effectiveness and its relationship to emotional balance among department heads at the University of Mosul from the perspective of faculty members

This research aims to study the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in enhancing military performance through its applications in military geography, with a focus on the Battle for Mosul as a case study. The research highlights how AI technologies such as spatial analysis, 3D modeling, big data analysis, and remote sensing are used in planning and executing military operations. The study emphasizes the critical importance of these technologies in providing accurate information about terrain, monitoring enemy movements, and precisely identifying targets, contributing to improved operational efficiency and reduced human and material losses. Alongside the analysis of the Battle for Mosul, the research examines the experiences of major global powers such as the United States, China, and Russia in employing AI in the military field. In the United States, the Department of Defense relies on advanced AI systems for real-time battle data analysis, drone management, and the development of future operational strategies. China has focused on AI advancements to enhance its capabilities in cyber warfare, intelligent surveillance, and autonomous combat robotics. Meanwhile, Russia has adopted AI in air defense systems, field surveillance, and geographic terrain analysis to strengthen its offensive and defensive strategies. The research demonstrates that AI has become a crucial tool in modern warfare, enabling military forces to make rapid and effective decisions, especially in complex geographical environments such as urban areas and challenging terrains. The study concludes with recommendations for developing AI strategies in military geography, aligning with international experiences and lessons learned, to enhance national security and achieve operational superiority

The appointment policy for the two positions (Diwan al-Insha and Diwan al-Kitab) in the Sultanate of Granada during the Islamic era witnessed a remarkable development, reflecting the state\'s response to political and social challenges. This policy was based on several criteria, most notably loyalty to the state, competence, and educational and religious background, in addition to certain conditions that must be met. These administrative positions were often granted to those favored at court, particularly those from prominent Andalusian families or figures with tribal and scholarly influence. A balance was maintained between the various social classes, however, these positions were often filled through inheritance or recommendation. The state sought to maintain the stability of the administrative apparatus by strengthening the centralization of power and monitoring the appointment of local employees in the provinces and cities

The research aims to develop a scale of giving behavior among students at the University of Mosul and to verify the validity and reliability of the scale. The research sample consisted of (460) male and female students from the University of Mosul, specializing in (scientific or humanities). To achieve the research objectives, numerous studies and theoretical frameworks were reviewed. In light of these, (6) domains of giving behavior were presented to experts to demonstrate their relative importance. Based on these studies, and through a survey of students\' opinions, theoretical, and studies, (60) items were formulated and presented in their initial form to experts in educational and psychological sciences. Using the statistical package SPSS, using the Pearson correlation coefficient, the scale now consists of (44) items distributed across the domains (behavioral intentions, perceived behavioral control, normative beliefs, behavioral beliefs, empathy, and attitudes toward behavior). The researchers performed reliability testing using the test-retest method and Cronbach\'s alpha, thus achieving the research objective of developing a scale of giving behavior. A number of recommendations and proposals were formulated

The aim of the research is to identify:) The effect of the circular debate strategy on acquiring geographical concepts among fifth-grade literary students. The current research community represents the morning government preparatory and secondary schools in Nineveh Governorate / Al-Qayyarah District, Urban Education) affiliated with the Nineveh Education Directorate 2024 2025. The experimental group, numbering (28) students, and the control group, numbering (28) students, were randomly selected. The test of acquiring geographical concepts was prepared by the researcher. The tool became composed of (45) paragraphs in its final form After preparing the teaching plans and the tool, the experiment began (10/24/2023) and continued until (12/24/2023). After the experiment ended, the researcher applied the research tool to the students of the two research sample groups. The experiment lasted (11) weeks for the two groups, with three lessons. After correcting the students\' answers to the tool, the researcher collected the data and identified them using statistical methods according to the SPSS statistical program. The results showed that there was no statistically significant difference at the (0.05) level between the average acquisition of geographical concepts for students in the experimental group taught using the circular debate strategy and the average acquisition of geographical concepts for students in the control group taught using the traditional method. The researcher also reached a number of recommendations, including that the Preparation and Training Unit in the General Directorate of Education in Nineveh Governorate conduct training courses for geography teachers for the preparatory stages on the debate strategy. He also recommended proposals, including: The effect of the debate strategy on the acquisition of geographical concepts among fifth-grade preparatory students

This study examines the Syrian crisis in its early stages (2011-2013), beginning with its political, economic, and social roots, moving on to its transformation from peaceful protests to armed conflict, and finally its internationalization and catastrophic repercussions. The study relied on a historical analytical approach to monitor the internal (such as security repression, corruption, and sectarian divisions) and external (such as regional and international intervention) factors that shaped the course of the crisis.
The results concluded that:
1-The revolution in Syria was not born of the moment. Rather, it had several precursors, foremost among them the events in Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya.
2-The security forces responded violently to the revolution in Daraa, seeking to eliminate the leaders of the revolution. This resulted in the sympathy of many citizens, in addition to the executions, which played a significant role in gaining sympathy at home and abroad for the revolution.
3-The Syrian regime, with its totalitarian authoritarian structure based on the Ba\'ath Party and the security services, failed to accommodate the demands for reform, which pushed the protests toward militarization.
4-Regional interventions also transformed the conflict into a \"proxy war,\" further complicating its complexity. The repercussions included hundreds of thousands of victims, economic collapse, the displacement of millions, and the disintegration of the social fabric

This study focuses on the political role of Halide Edib during the years 1912–1954. Halide Edib emerged during a time when Ottoman women lived under the constraints of traditions and customs. Despite this, she stood out as an enlightened woman and a pioneering figure in the Ottoman feminist movement. She took advantage of the freedoms brought by the Constitutional Era and actively participated in military and political events. Halide Edib expressed her views on the significant developments occurring in the Ottoman Empire and on the social status of women through conferences she organized and gatherings where she spoke publicly. Her political and military contributions spanned the Balkan Wars, World War I, the Turkish War of Independence, the proclamation of the Turkish Republic, the era of Kemalist reforms, World War II, and the period of political pluralism. She was elected as a member of the Turkish Parliament in 1950 and remained active in politics until her retirement in 1954

The current research aims to identify the effect of the problem-centered learning strategy on developing chemical exploration among second-grade intermediate female students in chemistry. To achieve the research objective, the researchers formulated the following null hypothesis: There is no statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) in the pre- and post-test scores of the students of the two groups in developing chemical exploration The researchers adopted the experimental design of two equivalent groups, which includes two groups: experimental and control. According to this design, the sample was randomly selected from (second-grade intermediate female students of Mecca Intermediate School for Girls) in Mosul. The research sample consisted of (82) students. The selection fell on Section (B), consisting of (41) students, to represent the experimental group, and Section (A) to represent the control group. The researchers began applying the pre-chemical exploration scale on (20/10/2024). The researchers applied the post-chemical exploration scale on (19/12/2024). Then the data were collected and analyzed statistically using the t-test for two independent samples using the statistical program (SPSS). The results were as follows: There is a statistically significant difference at a significance level of (0.05) between the average scores of the scale for second-grade intermediate female students in the experimental and control groups, in favor of the experimental group

This study aimed to investigate the effect of the Peer Teaching Strategy on the academic achievement of fifth-grade literary stream students in the subject of Geography. A purposive sample was selected, consisting of 27 students from Hamidat Secondary School for Boys to represent the experimental group, and 28 students from Al-Zanazel Secondary School for Boys to represent the control group. The experimental group was taught using the Peer Teaching Strategy, while the control group was taught using the conventional method.
To achieve the study\'s objectives and test its hypotheses, the researchers prepared an achievement test consisting of 40 items in its final form. After preparing the necessary lesson plans and research instrument, the experiment was conducted from October 7, 2024, to December 23, 2024. Upon completion of the experiment, the test was administered to both groups, and the collected data were statistically analyzed using the independent samples t-test.
The results indicated a statistically significant difference at the (0.05) level between the mean scores of the experimental group and the control group, in favor of the experimental group. This finding highlights the effectiveness of the Peer Teaching Strategy in enhancing academic achievement.
Based on these results, the researchers recommended that teachers move beyond traditional methods and adopt the Peer Teaching Strategy, which has proven effective in various studies. They also suggested conducting further research on the impact of the Peer Teaching Strategy on the achievement of fourth-grade literary stream students in Geography and the development of their focused thinking skills

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The title of this research addresses a form of concise literature that remains relatively unfamiliar to the Arab reader due to its novelty in the Arab world: Haiku poetry. This ancient poetic form, which traces its roots back to Japanese heritage, has spread globally through translation. It first gained prominence in the West, and subsequently reached the Arab world through foreign translations. One of its notable points of arrival in the Arab context was Iraq.
This study seeks to explore the thematic structures in Iraqi Haiku poetry, specifically through the works of Ali Muhammad Al-Qaisi, focusing on his \"war haikus.\" It analyzes the humanistic and social connotations embedded in these poems and examines their connection to the tumultuous Iraqi reality during a period of instability. These poems are distinguished by their use of a condensed and economical poetic language, which conveys meaning with minimal words while preserving the depth of poetic imagery.
Furthermore, the texts reflect psychological and societal dimensions that embody the suffering of the Iraqi individual. They demonstrate the poet’s ability to address local issues with a universal humanistic perspective that transcends geographic boundaries, making his contribution a significant addition to contemporary Arabic Haiku poetry. Al-Qaisi’s war haikus go beyond local concerns, encompassing other nations and portraying events that serve as a documentation of historical moments experienced by those countries. At the same time, they reveal a poetic competence that has enriched the modern Arabic Haiku poem.

This study explores the impact of natural and environmental variables—namely geographical location, climate, soil, and water availability—on the functions of the city of Baghdad. The findings demonstrate that these factors were not merely marginal in the emergence and development of cities, but rather essential and active elements that significantly contributed, alongside political authority, to shaping the political, economic, and cultural functions of urban centers. Natural and environmental conditions could act as catalysts for growth and prosperity; however, when disrupted by uncontrollable changes, they could also lead to urban decline and functional deterioration.
Using a historical, analytical, and interdisciplinary approach, the research examines the interaction between natural and environmental elements and the urban functions of Baghdad—how their integration supported the city\'s flourishing, and how their imbalance contributed to its decline.
The aim of the study is to highlight the importance of natural factors in explaining the trajectories of urban functions in Islamic cities, through an alternative interdisciplinary perspective that connects geography with major historical transformations

Groundwater is a vital resource in arid and semi-arid regions, as it plays a fundamental role in meeting the agricultural and urban needs of the population. This research dealt with analyzed the spatial characteristics of groundwater in Zummar district, relying on field data extracted from (33) wells distributed throughout the region. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques were employed, using the Inverse Distance Weight (IDW) method, to analyze the spatial distribution of these characteristics. The results showed that the geological structure and topographic nature play a role in the variation in the spatial distribution of groundwater in the region. and that the depths of the wells range from less than (60 m) to more than (165 m), and the fixed water level ranges from (7 m) or less to more than (28 m), and the moving level ranges from less than (25 m) to more than (100 m), and water subsidence varied between (15 m) or less to more than (60 m). As for productivity, it reached its lowest (1 liter/second) and the highest is (15 liter/second). These results reflect the hydrogeological variations within the region and emphasize the importance of spatial analysis in understanding groundwater distribution, which supports sound planning for water resource management and exploitation

The research includes an investigation and study of a section of the manuscript \"Al-Fawa\'id al-Mustajaddat \'ala Qurrat A\'yun Uli al-Raghabat\" (Newly Derived Benefits upon the Delight of the Eyes of the Desirous), titled: \"(Chapter: On What is Built on the Dammah or its Substitute),\" authored by Sheikh Abi Khudair Muhammad ibn Ibrahim al-Dimyati, who passed away in the year 1303 AH. This work pertains to Arabic grammar. In it, the author compiled and confined to a single chapter all that is structurally built on the dammah vowel sign (or its substitutes).
In my investigation, I relied on two manuscript copies. I designated one as the primary source, coding it as (A), and the other for collation and comparison, coding it as (B). I transcribed the manuscript and collated the two versions. The research is structured with an introduction, two sections, and a list of sources and references.
The first section is dedicated to the study and is divided into two parts. In the first part, I provide a biography of the author, his scholarly life, and his works. In the second part, I explain his methodology, describe each of the two manuscript copies according to the established rules of manuscript investigation, and detail my own methodology for the investigation and editing. I have also attached photographic samples of the manuscript copies.
The second section is devoted to the edited text, which has been transcribed, vocalized, and its issues referenced

Our study aimed to delve into the opinions of contemporary criticism, analyzing and evaluating them in line with their efforts to study the rhyme of the modern poem. Our study focused on these opinions and discussed them in depth to identify their positives and negatives. Our study also discussed the importance of these opinions and their role in moving the wheel of the modern poem. Our study also addressed the strong relationship between the semantic aspect and the phonetic aspect and the reliance of the first on the second, which is something that contemporary criticism has not paid much attention to. Our study also addressed the rhythmic structure of the modern poem by identifying the harmony and strong connection between psychological motives and the selection of rhymes. The rhymes come to express this aspect, and the poem may contain several psychological propositions. This is what allows the free poem, in particular, to create and find that diversity in the poet\\'s rhymes. One of the important matters that our study has stopped at and that is worth mentioning is that critics are satisfied with commenting on the rhythmic aspect left by the rhyme, without looking deeply into the relationship between the poetic images and the choice of a letter for this rhyme. This was not paid attention to by our critical study sample in its treatment of the rhythmic structure of the modern poem. What our study aimed to do was to reveal the existence of a strong connection and bonds between the images employed in the poem and the choice of the appropriate letter for these images. The poem that is full of the kinetic image, for example, and its dominance over other images, we certainly find the poet choosing a rhyme letter that is consistent with the energy. All of this that was presented in brief for our study is a vision towards the text and the counter-text

This research aims to investigate the effect of the m.u.r.d.e.r strategy on cognitive depth among fifth-year secondary school female students in Arabic language. The researchers adopted a quasi-experimental design , The research population consisted of fifth-grade science-track female students in morning secondary schools in the center of Nineveh Governorate for the academic year 2024–2025 (second semester). The researcher used a purposive sampling method and selected Zainab Secondary School for Girls ,The research sample totaled 99 students, with 52 students in the experimental group taught , and 47 students in the control group taught using traditional methods, The researcher ensured equivalence between the two groups in several relevant variables , and formulated 55 behavioral objectives for the Arabic literature and text units, and synthesizing. Fourteen lesson plans were prepared—seven for the experimental group using the M.U.R.D.E.R strategy and seven for the control group using traditional methods. Two plans were reviewed by a panel of experts to ensure their appropriateness, and developed a cognitive depth test (post-test) covering Arabic literature and text topics, consisting of 30 objective questions (multiple-choice, fill-in-the-blank, and true/false). The test was validated for reliability and consistency. The experiment was conducted in the second semester of the academic year (2024-2025), starting from Sunday, February 23, 2025, to Thursday, April 17, 2025. After the experiment, the tool was applied to both groups of the study. Data were collected, analyzed, and several findings, recommendations, and suggestions were drawn, including:
1. There was a statistically significant difference in cognitive depth in favor of the experimental group taught with the M.U.R.D.E.R strategy.
2. The M.U.R.D.E.R strategy can be effectively applied in teaching Arabic literature and texts at the fifth secondary level.
3. Studying the effectiveness of the M.U.R.D.E.R strategy in helping Arabic language department students acquire grammatical concepts and develop reflective thinking.

argumentative discourse in political literature does not merely present ideas but relies on rhetorical mechanisms to produce a cognitive certainty in the audience, the study of ironic metaphor in The Characteristics of Despotism and the Deathbeds of Enslavement by Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi offers deep insight into how such certainty is constructed. Kawakibi employs ironic metaphor as an argumentative tool that creates dissociation between appearance and reality, exposing the falsity of the outward image of despotism. Through extended, ironic, and metonymical metaphors, the discourse establishes a satirical parallel between false values and destructive outcomes, destabilizing the perceived legitimacy of tyranny. Since ironic metaphor inherently relies on a mismatch between the surface of expression and its deeber context, Kawakibi effectively harnesses this feature to build a discourse of cognitive certainty that compels readers to perceive the true nature and perervasive harms of despotism. This research highlights the critical role of ironic metaphor-not as mere stylistic ornamentation, but as a strategic mechanism in resisting tyranny and fostering a critical awareness that paves the way for change

There is no doubt that poets throughout the ages have shown a profound interest in nature, as they maintained a direct and intimate connection with it. They were deeply influenced by their natural surroundings and the world around them, expressing their sorrows and joys through poetic imagery largely drawn from the landscapes they inhabited. Nature, with its elements and phenomena, became a living, breathing entity in their verse.
Place, in particular, holds a powerful and profound presence in the human psyche. It is closely tied to one’s consciousness from early childhood, leaving lasting impressions on memory—impressions imbued with varying emotions of joy or sorrow, and memories ranging from the pleasant to the painful. In the human imagination, place preserves both minute details and overarching scenes, lying dormant in the depths of memory until the right moment arises—when they resurface, expressing long-suppressed emotions and thoughts in a moment of reflection or nostalgia. For the poet, place transcends the ordinary and penetrates the depths of the soul.
In this study, we have explored the significance of place, then examined in detail the most important locations that appear in the poetry of Al-Nabigha al-Shaybani—particularly the ruins and the desert—and the emotions, memories, and contemplations associated with them

The current research aims to identify "The Effect of the Karplus Model on Developing Listening Skills among First Intermediate Grade Female Students in the Arabic Language Subject." The researchers adopted an experimental design. The research population consisted of first intermediate grade female students for the academic year 2024–2025 (second semester). The sample included (84) students, divided into two groups: an experimental group with (43) students and a control group with (41) students. The researchers ensured equivalence between the two groups in several relevant variables. A listening skills test consisting of (22) multiple-choice items was developed and verified for validity and reliability. The experiment was conducted during the second semester of the academic year 2024–2025. After collecting and analyzing the data statistically using the SPSS program, the study reached the following result:
There was no statistically significant difference at the (0.05) level between the mean scores of the experimental group (taught using the Karplus Model) and the control group (taught using the traditional method) in developing listening skills.
In light of these results, the researchers arrived at a number of conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions for further research

The current research aimed to identify the future orientation among educational counselors in Duhok Governorate and to examine the significance of differences in the level of future orientation based on the variables of (gender, years of service, and age). The researcher adopted the descriptive-correlational method. The research population consisted of 169 individuals, and the research sample included 136 male and female counselors.
To achieve the research objectives, the researcher developed a Future Orientation Scale. After verifying the validity and reliability of the scale, the final version consisted of 43 items. Following the application of the instrument, data were statistically analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The results showed the following:
The research sample demonstrated an above-average level of future orientation.
There were no statistically significant differences in the level of future orientation based on the variables of gender, years of service, or age.
The researcher concluded with several recommendations, the most important of which are:
The need to include future planning skills in professional development programs for educational counselors.
Organizing regular training courses focused on developing future orientation and linking it to counseling competence within the school environment.
Enhancing the participation of counselors in school committees related to planning and policy development, thus granting them a more effective role in building an advanced educational environment

The study aimed to identify the level of psychological and social skills among university professors at the University of Duhok and their relationship with certain variables: gender, academic specialization, and years of service. The study adopted a descriptive methodology, and the research sample consisted of 362 male and female faculty members who were randomly selected from six colleges at the University of Duhok for the academic year 2024–2025.
To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher developed a Psychological and Social Skills Scale, which in its final version consisted of 40 items. The psychometric properties of the scale were verified. After administering the tool, the data were statistically analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The results were as follows:
1. Professors at the University of Duhok possess a high level of psychological and social skills.
2. There are statistically significant differences in the level of psychological and social skills based on gender, in favor of females.
3. Statistically significant differences were found in the level of psychological and social skills based on academic specialization, in favor of the scientific disciplines.
4. Statistically significant differences were also found in the level of psychological and social skills based on years of service, in favor of those with more than 15 years of experience

The research topic focuses on studying the water requirements of rice cultivation in an agricultural climate within the boundaries of the (Akre) district in Duhok Governorate. It aims to address certain questions such as estimating the water needs of the crop, determining the sufficiency of water requirements for the crop, and assessing their compatibility with other factors such as climate in the study area. This will be achieved through the application of several methods including empirical, descriptive, subjective, and analytical approaches.
Rice is one of the strategic food crops that require large amounts of water during the growth period, and the climate of the study area falls within the semi-arid climate. The rising temperatures in summer have contributed to the success of rice cultivation in the region. Estimating water requirements is essential for optimal productivity, conserving water resources, enhancing irrigation management, minimizing losses, and determining the water needs for rice cultivation in the Akre district utilizing the CROP WAT program created by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
This program utilizes climate data (maximum and minimum temperatures, relative humidity, wind speed, actual sunshine hours, and rainfall), soil data (soil type and depth), and crop data (crop type, growth period, root depth, etc.) to calculate evapotranspiration and establish irrigation schedules using the Penman equation. The most prominent rice varieties in the Akre district (such as Shash Mahi, Tahaluf, Kas Naditi, and Sadri) have varying total water requirements ranging from 1000 to 1800 mm, with water consumption ranging between 8-12 mm. Flooding irrigation generally met the water needs of each variety without affecting its productivity, which ranged from approximately 2-8 tons per hectare depending on the cultivated area for each rice variety within the study area boundaries

This research examines the prominent military role of the family of Al-Mughirah ibn Shu'bah, particularly Al-Mughirah ibn Shu'bah and his son Al-Mutarrif, during the Umayyad era, with a focus on their role in fighting the Kharijites and their involvement in supporting or opposing the Umayyad authorities.
This research includes three sections:
The first section revolves around the prominent role of the sons of Al-Mughirah ibn Shu'bah, Urwah and Al-Mutarrif, as a decisive element in confronting the Kharijites and repelling their military threat to the Umayyad state. This role came as an extension of their father's approach, as the two brothers relied on advanced military and political tactics that demonstrated great acumen and shrewdness, enabling them to inflict heavy losses on the ranks of the Kharijites and weaken their power.
The second section revolves around the revolt of Mutarrif ibn Al-Mughirah against the Umayyads, which was a striking stance that differed from his family's traditional position supporting them and the foundations of their state. Mutarrif turned against them and declared his revolution in rejection of the policies of the Umayyads and their leaders—especially Al-Hajjaj—which he viewed as violent, bloody, and contrary to Islamic law. However, his revolution ended in failure due to his inability to find a strong ally to rely upon.
As for the third section, it revolves around the impact of the military role—in both its supportive and opposing forms toward the Umayyads—of the family of Al-Mughirah on the Umayyad state. This impact can be summarized as contributing to the suppression of the Kharijite revolts and weakening the position of their Alid opponents, thereby supporting the internal stability of the state. Furthermore, the supportive role of the family of Al-Mughirah toward the Umayyads effectively contributed to taming Iraq and bringing it under the authority of the state, as Iraq was one of the regions that most threatened the stability of the state due to the numerous hostile movements that originated from it.

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

The Andalusian historical imagination has long captured historical events, figures, and symbols, transforming them into raw poetic material through artistic representations grounded in rhetorical and aesthetic tools. This contributed to the reshaping of the Andalusian historical archive through a literary lens. This study aims to uncover the pathways of historical evocation in Andalusian poetry by tracing the historical imagination that invested historical references in the construction of poetic texts. This evocation was not a traditional or literal recounting intended merely to document history; rather, it was a conscious evocation imbued with symbolic and suggestive meanings, intertwined with emotion and imagination—testifying to the creativity of the Andalusian poet, who managed to infuse historical events with personal experience, whether he was a witness to those events or an observer reconstructing them from a distance.
Andalusian poetry thus functioned—through this interplay between poetry and history—as a symbolic memory that preserved collective consciousness, and as an artistic means of safeguarding cultural identity amidst the political, social, and even civilizational transformations that Andalusia experienced. The historical imagination was able to reframe these transformations within a poetic vision that transported history from its objective domain into the realm of aesthetic and emotional expression.
This study adopts the historical-analytical method, which links historical contexts with poetic production by tracking historical events, interpreting their poetic implications, and connecting them to their temporal and social environments. It draws on a number of literary and historical sources, such as The History of Arabic Literature by Dr. Omar Farroukh and The Revival of Heritage in Andalusian Poetry during the Taifa and Almoravid Periods by Dr. Ibrahim Mansour Muhammad Yaseen. The study also relies on the poetic collections of various Andalusian poets, including Ibn Abd Rabbih, which help illuminate aspects of the artistic engagement with history and heritage in Andalusian poetry

The current research aims to identify the level of mental control among University of Mosul students, as well as to identify statistically significant differences in their level of mental control according to the variables (gender, major, and academic grade). The primary research sample consisted of (840) male and female students, selected using an equal stratified random method from the University of Mosul's colleges, distributed among (10) colleges, To achieve the research objectives, the researchers constructed a mental control scale, in its final form, consisting of (40) items. The researchers extracted the validity and reliability criteria for the instrument using multiple methods, The results showed that the level of mental control among the research sample was average, and there were no statistically significant differences in their level of mental control according to the variables (gender, major, and academic grade). In light of the results, the researchers presented a number of recommendations and proposals.

The presence of characters in general, and female characters in particular, is a prominent feature in the poetry of Al-Naqā'id (flyting poetry). A preliminary reading of this poetic tradition reveals that women often appear as secondary figures, contributing to the development of peripheral themes in the works of Jarīr and Al-Farazdaq. Their portrayal, influence, and imagery vary depending on the poet’s stance and the manner in which they are invoked—sometimes praised, other times condemned; at times realistic, at others imagined. Despite their secondary role, these female characters support the primary figures in conveying the poem’s vision and enhancing the poet’s persuasive power, often through a narrative-driven approach that characterizes much of Al-Naqā'id poetry. This study aims to explore this phenomenon by first defining the concept of secondary characters and their unique function in poetry, then analyzing selected works of Jarīr and Al-Farazdaq, the two most renowned poets in this classical Arabic literary genre. The research relies primarily on "Al-Naqā'id"by Mu‘ammar ibn al-Muthannā (Abu Ubayda) as a key methodological source due to its critical role in compiling and interpreting the flyting poetry of these two poets

The research dealt with the study and investigation of the commentary of Sheikh Ibrahim Wahdi Al-Rumi on the interpretation of Al-Baydawi, may God have mercy on him (d. 1126 AH), Surah Maryam (from verses 1-10) in the interpretation, which is considered one of the valuable and rich interpretations. Sheikh Wahdi, may God have mercy on him, studied Surah Maryam from many aspects of jurisprudence, doctrine, principles, linguistics and rhetoric, and reviewed many useful issues for students of knowledge and its pioneers, His selection of al-Baydawi’s texts was not subject to a specific method, as his comments were not in one field but rather dealt with various issues. His selection of al-Baydawi’s text was not complete, but rather he followed the method of the marginalia in being satisfied with mentioning the phrase indicating the chosen text. When he cited Qur’anic verses, he cited part of the verse and did not cite a complete verse except a little, He also showed great interest in clarifying grammatical, rhetorical, and stylistic aspects, citing them frequently and discussing them at length. He would cite prophetic hadiths, sometimes citing their source, such as "Narrated by the Two Sheikhs" or "Tirmidhi." Other times, he would not cite their source. And God knows best.

Ibn al-Saati is a famous Arab poet from the Mamluk era, distinguished by his erotic poems that reflect his emotions. And his feelings towards love and beauty. The erotic introduction in his poetry usually relies on aesthetic suggestions and expression of Inner emotions are distinctively expressed. Ibn al-Sa'ati's erotic introduction is characterized by several features, Among them: the refined poetic language. Ibn Al-Saati uses an eloquent linguistic style that combines eloquence and metaphor, which enhances the aesthetics of the text. The poet relies on artistic imagery and aesthetic similes, which brings the erotic scene to life. Readers' minds. Expressing sincere feelings, the erotic introduction in his poetry reflects feelings of love and longing, and also touches on the meanings of separation and nostalgia. Sensory evocation: Ibn Al-Saati uses words that stimulate the senses, making the reader feel as if they are living the moment with the poet. In general, the erotic introduction in Ibn Al-Saati's poetic approach offers an emotional introduction that prepares the reader to immerse himself in a world of love and beauty, adding depth to his poetic experience The introduction also highlights his unique style of blending sincere emotions with profound philosophy, making it a literary masterpiece that reflects his poetic spirit and personality

The current research aims to identify the effect of the educational supports strategy in developing future thinking among fourth-grade female students in the Arabic language subject. The research sample consisted of fourth-grade science students at Makkah Al-Mukarramah Secondary School. The researcher adopted the experimental approach. The experimental group was (36) female students and the control group (42) female students. The two groups were equal in a number of variables, including: chronological age (in months), intelligence quotient, Arabic language scores in the first semester, the overall average for the first half of the year, the parents’ educational level, and the pre-future thinking scale scores. They were randomly selected. To achieve the research goal, the researcher adopted the future thinking scale prepared by Al-Kalo (2018), consisting of (30) paragraphs. Its validity was verified by presenting it to a group of experts in teaching methods, psychological and educational sciences. It was applied to the research sample, and then the data were statistically analyzed. The results showed a statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the average scores in favor of the experimental group. In light of the results, recommendations were presented. And the necessary proposals

This research aims to study the book (Tatmeem Al-Fawa'id bi Sharh Abyat Al-Shawāhid) authored by the esteemed Azhari scholar Sheikh Muhammad Qattah Al-Adawi. It introduces the book, its method of arranging the poetic evidence (Shawāhid) it addresses, and the purpose and reason behind its composition.
The study then delves into key areas examining the Sheikh's methodology in handling Ibn Aqil's poetic evidence and how he explained them. This includes his approach to clarifying the words within verses, explaining obscure and ambiguous terms, mentioning different narrations of the evidence, parsing poetic verses (I'rāb), elucidating the contexts surrounding the poetic evidence, and his way of dealing with disagreements among grammarians. It also clarifies his method of using and integrating the sources employed in his work, the extent of his influence by Al-Sajja'i, and the books and authors he explicitly mentioned in his work.
Furthermore, the study discusses the evidence he cited to support his arguments, including the Holy Quran, the noble Prophetic Sunnah, and Arabic poetry. Emphasis is also placed on his grammatical principles derived from Sama' (audition/tradition), Qiyas (analogy), and Ijma' (consensus). The research also highlights his grammatical doctrine, the extent of its influence by Ibn Aqil's doctrine, and a study of his grammatical choices, followed by an analysis of these choices and how he expressed and declared them. The research concludes with findings that summarize its core content

Mosul City, particularly its left bank, has been experiencing unregulated demographic and urban growth, giving rise to several urban phenomena, most notably residential fragmentation—the process of subdividing original housing units into smaller units for residential or investment purposes. This often occurs outside the scope of formal planning frameworks and urban standards. This research focuses on analyzing this phenomenon in the Nerkal and Al-Hadbaa sectors, which are among the most affected areas by urban transformations since 2003.
The study aims to investigate the extent, causes, and impacts of residential fragmentation on the urban environment and infrastructure, while also exploring its social and planning dimensions using spatial field analysis and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technologies. It seeks to uncover the interrelation between economic and social factors on one hand, and emerging patterns of residential expansion on the other.
Findings reveal that residential fragmentation in the two sectors has led to increased population density, heightened pressure on urban services, and significant alterations in the urban fabric. The phenomenon is also associated with a decline in the overall quality of urban life. Additionally, the absence of institutional oversight and proper urban planning has exacerbated the issue.
The research recommends the implementation of stricter urban planning regulations and the development of housing strategies that address the needs of diverse population groups. It also calls for strengthening the role of local communities and planning institutions in managing urban growth and mitigating its negative consequences

Azmi Bishara is considered one of the most important Arab thinkers who addressed various definitions and concepts of secularism, both in the Western and Arab contexts. He views the separation between religion and the state as one of the fundamental components of secularism in the Western understanding. He also points out the development of secularism in Europe and its impact on society and the state, as well as its influence on the Arab world. Furthermore, Bishara discusses the impact of secularism on Arab thought and the necessity of dealing with it flexibly. He criticized the replication of the Western model of secularism in the Arab world, emphasizing that the Arab reality requires a special approach that takes into account the region’s development and culture.
Bishara clarified that secularism does not mean the elimination of religion, but rather the separation between religious and political institutions to achieve pluralism and individual freedoms. He rejected viewing secularism as an ideology hostile to religion. In his thought, secularism is seen as a tool to free the state and society from the dominance of religion over politics, without eliminating religion itself or reducing its role in social life. Secularism, in this context, is a continuous transformative process aimed at creating an environment where individuals can respect their religious and intellectual freedoms, while avoiding religious domination over political institutions. This allows Arab societies to transition to modern and advanced states that preserve intellectual and religious pluralism

Al-shahid huwa man yuqtal fi sabeel Allah difa’an ‘an al-deen wal-watan aw li tahqiq qadiyyah ‘adilah. Fi al-Islam, tu‘tabar al-shahadah martabah ‘aliyah, faqad wa‘ada Allah al-shuhada’ bil-jannah wa karam khas. Walahu ahkam khasah minha: bi’anna al-shahid la yu‘tabar mayyitan bal hayy ‘inda rabbihi yurzaq. Takhtalif asbab al-shahadah, faminha al-qital fi sabeel Allah, wa himayat al-nafs aw al-‘ird aw al-watan, wa hatta al-mawt bisabab al-amradh aw al-kawarith athna’ nasrat al-haqq. Lil-shahid huquq khasah fi al-Islam, minha ‘adam al-ghusl fi ba‘d al-ahyan, wa al-takreem ‘inda al-dafn. Al-shahadah laysat faqat fi al-ma‘arikh bal tashmal al-tadhiyah fi sabeel Allah bi ayy shakl min al-ashkal. Al-Nabi Muhammad rafa‘a makanat al-shahid wa akkad anna al-shahadah bab min abwab al-jannah maftuh lil-mu’minin al-sadiqin Wa qad qassam al-bahth ila qismayn: al-qism al-aw wa yatadammanu mabhasayn: al-mabhas al-awwal hayat al-mu’allif, wal-mabhas al-thani wasf al-makhtoot ma‘a anmuthah; wal-qism al-thani huwa qism al-dirasa

The natural characteristics of any region are considered fundamental pillars upon which regional planning and sustainable development are based. In this context, the present study examines the spatial analysis of the natural features of Al-Hamdaniya District, located in Nineveh Governorate, utilizing Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques, which offer effective tools for analyzing and processing spatial and environmental data.
The study relied on a range of digital data, topographic maps, and Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) to analyze key natural variables, including terrain (elevation and slope), topographic patterns, and geological features. These variables were mapped using advanced software such as ArcGIS, with the aim of illustrating the spatial distribution of natural factors and interpreting their relationship with land use patterns.
The analysis results revealed significant variation in the topographic features across the district. The western and southern parts are characterized by gentle slopes and higher agricultural fertility, while the northeastern elevated areas present certain natural challenges. Furthermore, the variation in geological formations directly influences land investment efficiency and development planning.
This study contributes to providing an integrated spatial database that can support decision-makers and assist in formulating future planning strategies that align with the environmental and natural realities of the region. It also highlights the importance of employing GIS in spatial analysis, due to its precision and efficiency in representing data and scientifically interpreting geographical relationships

This research aims to investigate the use of pronouns and relative pronouns in the story of Moses -peace be upon him- in the Holy Qur'an, in accordance with the textual criteria advocated by the American linguist De Beaugrande: (casting, weaving, intentionality, contextuality, situationality, information, and intertextuality). From this scholar's perspective, if these textual criteria are met in any text, it is considered a text with a cohesive cast. However, if one of these criteria is missing, it is not considered a text. The Holy Qur'an was revealed in clear Arabic. Since these criteria were designed to analyze linguistic texts, it is no surprise that they serve the Holy Qur'an, elevate its status, and raise its standing. The goal behind this type of study is to demonstrate the textual analysis of texts, based on the criteria of syntax, including reference, and how reference operates within the rules and frameworks of the text discussed by linguists, including textualists. Just as the sentence has rules and foundations, the text must also have rules and foundations. Textual studies are still in their developmental stages.
The story of Moses -peace be upon him- is one of the most frequently cited stories in the Holy Quran, appearing in more than forty places across thirty-six surahs (chapters) of the Quran, in more than five hundred and fifty verses, both long and short. Therefore, we wanted to apply a mechanism and tools of textual linguistics, namely, referencing the story of Moses -peace be upon him- in the Holy Quran. The story of Moses -peace be upon him- may not always be mentioned in a chronological order with other Quranic stories. It may come before the stories of other prophets, or it may be mentioned chronologically within the stories of the prophets.
This research can be divided into an introduction and five sections. In the introduction, we dealt with a brief definition of textual linguistics, its mechanisms and tools of coherence, consistency and harmony in the text, as well as the text and the plot in language and terminology. Then the first section came to deal with the textual plot in the relationship of detail after generalization in the stories of our master Moses - peace be upon him - while the second section dealt with the textual plot in the relationship of condition and reward in the stories of our master Moses - peace be upon him -, and the third section: the textual plot in the relationship of question and answer in the stories of our master Moses - peace be upon him -, and the fourth section: the textual plot in the causal relationship or (the relationship of cause and result) in the stories of our master Moses - peace be upon him - as for the fifth and final section, it included the textual plot in the relationship of dialogue in the stories of our master Moses - peace be upon him - then the research ended with a conclusion in which we explained the most important The results reached by this research, then we appended the research with a list of sources and references in both Arabic and English

The aim of the research was to identify the impact of the "Think-Pair-Share" strategy on teaching second-grade middle school students Islamic concepts. To achieve the research objectives the researcher formulated three null hypotheses and intentionally selected a sample of second-grade middle school students in the Mosul District Center for the year (2024-2025) from the schools of the Mosul District Center namely (Martyr Walid Ahmed Intermediate School for Boys). The two research groups were randomly selected from this school using a drawing method. The sample consisted of (91) students divided into two groups: the first was an experimental group which included (45) students who studied according to the "Think-Pair-Share" strategy and the second was a control group, which included (46) students who studied the subject according to the traditional methodThe researcher used an experimental design with two equivalent groups and conducted an equivalence process for the students in the two research groups on a number of variables, including: chronological age calculated in months intelligence test achievement in Islamic education for the previous year the overall average of the two groups for the previous year and the educational level of the parents. To achieve the research objectives The research required the presence of a tool: First: A test to measure the level of acquisition of concepts by second-grade middle school students in the subject of the Holy Quran and Islamic Education, consisting of (30) paragraphs of the objective and essay type with a specific answer. The validity of the tool was verified in terms of its validity reliability and the strength of its discrimination and the discrimination of its paragraphs. After preparing the teaching plans and the tool the researcher applied the experiment in the academic year (2024-2025) on Monday (10/14/2024) and ended on Monday (1/6/2025). After completing the experiment the tool was applied to the sample students. After collecting and identifying the data it was processed statistically using appropriate statistical methods according to the statistical program SPSS. The results were as follow: There is a statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the average scores of the students of the experimental group who will study according to the strategy "Think, Pair, Share" and the average scores of the control group who will study according to the usual method of acquiring Islamic concepts. In light of the research results, the researcher came out with conclusions Several of them: that the use of the “Think – Pair – Share” strategy had an impact in raising the levels of acquisition of Islamic concepts by second-year middle school students. The researcher recommended a set of recommendations the most prominent of which is directing teachers of the Holy Quran and Islamic education in the secondary stage to adopt modern strategies in teaching including the “Think – Pair – Share” strategy due to its impact in increasing acquisition

The Islamic Scholars have shown a great interest to the Holy Quran, its interpretation, explanation, rhetoric, and grammar. They have captured and picked up the total benefits from the core of profound deep sources and getting, gems, pearls, coral, and passed them on to those who came after them, regardless their different approaches, diverse ideas, and diverse methods. This is due to the endless wonders and infinite wisdoms revealed in this great holly Quran. Scholars continue to pay attention to this holly Quran, searching for its objectives and rulings. Therefore, we find new interpretations being added to this science, enriching the Islamic library with new works. The Kurds also have an enormous role among those who have participated in this journey of challenging. Therefore, in this research, I have written about a Kurdish scholar who served the Islamic religion, contributed to its dissemination, and called for it in several ways, including: leadership, preaching, giving lessons and lectures, and writings. He is Mulla Musa al-Jalali. I briefly come across his personal, social, and academic life, then discusses his approach in his commentary on al-Naafi's commentary, which he titled "The Clear Paths on the Commentary of al-Madarik."

This study examines Al-Ajurrumiyyah, a foundational Arabic grammar primer, through an in-depth analysis of its manuscript commentary, "Al-Nafahat Al-Ilahiyyah ala Al-Ajurrumiyyah," by the esteemed scholar Ahmed Al-Omari of Mosul. The research primarily investigates Al-Omari's methodological approach and distinctive teaching style within his commentary. Findings reveal that Al-Omari's work is characterized by both comprehensiveness and succinctness, offering valuable insights, rules, and supplementary information that can significantly benefit students of Arabic grammar. The study also includes a detailed biography of the commentator and explores his unique method of presenting the introduction and expounding upon the core text. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of classical Arabic grammatical pedagogy as exemplified by Al-Omari's significant scholarly contribution.

The present study investigates the symbolism of colors in the poetry of the Mauritanian poet Sidi Abdallah bin Ahmed Dam. It was initially guided by a hypothesis—subsequently reinforced—suggesting that the poetry of Ibn al-Talabba al-Ya‘qubi exhibits a striking prominence of color, grounded in a conscious appreciation of its aesthetic and imagistic functions. The study concludes that this pronounced engagement with color reflects an aesthetic foundation and a literary vision endowed with a significant degree of artistic awareness.

All praise is due to Allah, Lord of the worlds. Peace and blessings be upon the noblest of prophets and messengers, our Prophet and leader Muhammad, and upon his family and companions. Prayer is the second pillar of Islam, the foundation upon which the religion stands. It brings the servant closer to his Lord and prevents immorality and wrongdoing, as stated in the verse: “Indeed, prayer prohibits immorality and wrongdoing” (Surah Al-‘Ankabut, 45). Allah has prescribed different types of prayers, including the obligatory ones that cannot be neglected, and voluntary ones that compensate for shortcomings, raise ranks, and erase sins. Among these voluntary acts is Witr prayer, a great form of worship that concludes the night prayer and is performed individually. The Prophet ﷺ encouraged it in many hadiths, including: “Make the last of your night prayer Witr.” He emphasized its virtue and significance. This research aims to highlight this blessed act of worship, presenting a clear understanding of its definition, ruling, timing, method, virtues, and etiquettes. It also addresses common misconceptions and questions related to it.
We ask Allah Almighty to accept this work sincerely for His sake, to benefit its writer and readers, and to make it a source of reward for us all

The research aimed to measure cognitive beliefs and identify the differences in cognitive beliefs among the research sample members according to the variables: gender (males and females), specialization (scientific and humanities), and years of service (less than 5 years / 5-10 years / 11-15 years / more than 15 years). The descriptive approach was used in the research. The number of members of the research community was (6314) male and female teachers affiliated with preparatory and intermediate schools in Mosul District, the center of Nineveh Governorate. A random sample of (682) male and female teachers was drawn from the research community members. Since the Authors were unable to obtain a suitable tool to measure cognitive beliefs, a scale was prepared for this purpose based on appropriate theoretical frameworks. The validity of the research tool was verified by apparent validity and internal consistency. The cognitive beliefs scale in its final form consisted of (22) items. The Authors used several statistical methods, including: t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and analysis of variance to process the data. The research results showed that secondary school teachers have advanced cognitive beliefs at a level higher than the theoretical average. There was no difference in cognitive beliefs among sample members according to the gender variable (male-female). The results also showed that teachers, both male and female, specializing in science subjects have a higher level of cognitive beliefs than their peers specializing in humanities subjects. As for the differences among sample members in cognitive beliefs according to the variable of years of service, the results showed that teachers with more years of service exhibit higher levels of cognitive beliefs. In light of the research results, the Authors presented a number of recommendations and proposals.

The Islamic creed plays a pivotal role in shaping the personality of a Muslim individual—not only in matters of worship but also in guiding daily behavior and ethics, especially in positions of responsibility within state institutions. This creed is built upon strong foundations of faith in God and the belief that He observes all actions, whether public or private. Such belief generates powerful internal accountability that discourages individuals from engaging in corruption or moral deviation. When a person is convinced that God will hold them accountable for every deed, they become more committed to honesty, justice, and the protection of public resources.
By reinforcing values such as truthfulness, sincerity, and responsibility, Islamic teachings contribute to creating a disciplined and transparent work environment where negligence of regulations and misuse of authority are significantly reduced. Furthermore, Islamic texts—both the Qur’an and the Sunnah—explicitly warn against all forms of corruption, making Islamic belief a strong source of moral deterrence and continuous self-reform
Thus, the impact of the Islamic creed on the individual extends beyond personal behavior to influence broader societal and institutional outcomes. It contributes to the development of a clean and efficient administrative system governed by integrity, justice, and accountability. This, in turn, safeguards national wealth from misuse and ensures the fair delivery of services. In this sense, strengthening religious and ethical values among individuals is one of the most effective and sustainable means of combating corruption within state institutions

The current study aims to analyze allusion in selected utterances from Mosuli Arabic Discourse. The lack of relevant research that has addressed allusion in the Mousli speech and examined its effect on revealing religious teachings, enhancing cultural norms, and reinforcing social relations in Mosuli society lends significance to this work. To bridge the gap, this study raises several questions, such as: What is the role of allusion in Mosuli Arabic discourse? Following this, the study hypothesizes that in Mosuli Arabic Discourse, allusion is a significant form of intertextuality, serving a distinct function and effect in daily communication