Journal of Kirkuk University Humanity Studies

Dead Man's Cell Phone, a play written by Sarah Ruhl, serves as a case study for this research project, which investigates the psychological displacement of identity that is brought about by the pervasive presence of digital technologies. The present study investigates Jean's profound emotional journey as well as the psychological ramifications that resulted from her unintended assumption of the life of another person, which was made possible purely by technological advancements. The purpose of this study is to illustrate how Ruhl critically analyzes the psychological fragmentation caused by technology by depicting characters whose identities are not only shaped but fundamentally destabilized by the digital remnants left by others. Relevant theoretical frameworks, such as postmodern identity and disembodiment in digital communication, as well as Sherry Turkle's influential work, The Second Self, are utilized to accomplish this.

This paper explores the psychological and political prison in narrative, character, and form in Colson  Whitehead\\\\'s The Nickel Boys and Basem Khandakji’s A Mask the Color of the Sky. Utilizing Michel Foucault’s conception of institutional power and discipline and Cathy Caruth\\\\'s trauma theory as a framework, the paper examines how, for both  novels, incarceration is represented not just as a place of physical confinement but also as a state of moral obliteration, uncertainty of identity and the degradation of the person by the institution. At the centre of the argument is the  claim that both novelists, though born in markedly different cultural and political coordinates, the American South (racially segregated) and the Israeli-Palestinian struggle, are expressive of a prison as the site of body repression, memory manipulation and self-discipline. This project seeks to understand how victims find meaning, retain  moral agency, and negotiate trauma in dehumanising oppressive carceral systems. It raises the following question: How are the novels depicting confinement as both a political and personal  condition? How  have these accounts also made use of narrative strategies to depict trauma and resistance? How do memory  silence and introspection function as acts of agency or survival? Methodologically, the analysis relies on comparative close  reading and discourse analysis which foregrounds symbolic structures, interior monologue, and the aesthetics of




silence. It concludes that The Nickel Boys challenges racism as a system compound of narrative irony and historical realism, and A Mask the Color of the Sky explores existential reflection, spirituality, and love as means of psychic survival, manifestations that Israel must investigate in the face  of its life in the confinement. In the end, both texts suggest that the imprisoned self is not  passive but dialogic, that it converses with the systems of power even as it\\\\'s silenced by them.

Lexical bundles play a significant role in determining the quality of writing in general, and academic writing in particular. While an increasing number of studies investigating the use of lexical bundles in academic writing, studies on examining this use across different disciplines, remain few. The current study aims to investigate the structural and functional characteristics of four-word lexical bundles employed in academic writing by analyzing 400 research articles from the literature and philosophy fields. The study employs Biber et al.’s (2004) framework to analyze recurrent word combinations for frequency, structural patterns, and functional purposes that show how writing practices in different disciplines affect language use. The Findings showed that both literature and philosophy articles use phrasal lexical bundles as their main structural pattern at 77% and 79% respectively. It also showed that the writing style of philosophy articles contains more clausal bundles than their literary counterparts. In addition, the functional distribution of referential expressions in literature writing reaches 80%, while philosophy writing shows equal use of referential expressions (54%), discourse organizers (24%), and stance expressions (22%). The findings support the view that









lexical bundles are closely tied to the communicative purposes of academic disciplines. The study offers implications for English for Academic Purposes (EAP), particularly in helping learners recognize and use discipline-specific language features effectively.
Keywords: Lexical bundles; four-word bundles; academic writing

The widespread adoption of social media platforms has fundamentally transformed communication behavior, particularly among university students, sparking concerns regarding its influence on various aspects of their life. This study specifically explores the effects of social media use on the writing skills of English Department Students in College of Education for Human Sciences in Kirkuk University. The research provides a quantitative and qualitative findings based on the communication patterns widely used across social media platforms. These platforms are commonly used by students for both interaction, making them ideal for analyzing the intersection of digital communication and student linguistics behavior. The findings reveal several notable trends. Firstly, a shift towards informal language use in academic contexts was observed, which appears to be contributing to a decline in formal academic writing skill. Secondly, this study highlights the urgent need for educational



institutions to integrate digital literacy and training into their curricula. Such measures could
help mitigate the negative effects of social media and promote healthier online behavior, enhancing students’ academic success.

This study explores the significance of clause classification in both academic and literary writing, highlighting how different types of clauses influence the effectiveness, style, and structure of written discourse. Clause classification provides a framework for understanding the organization and function of language, playing a crucial role in enhancing clarity and coherence. In academic writing, recognizing the relationship between main and subordinate clauses supports logical argumentation, fosters critical thinking, and ensures smooth information flow. The appropriate use of various clause types—such as noun, adjective, and adverbial clauses—contributes to grammatical accuracy and rhetorical effectiveness.
In literary writing, clause classification serves as a tool for analyzing tone, style, and meaning. Writers often manipulate clause structure to convey themes, create rhythm, or express character psychology. For example, the frequent use of subordinate clauses may suggest complexity or introspection, while brief main clauses can heighten drama or tension. An understanding of clause variation helps readers and critics uncover the nuances of literary expression and narrative technique.
By comparing academic texts with literary works, particularly F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby and its use of complex sentences, this study demonstrates how clause structures affect both readability and meaning. Through qualitative analysis, it also offers strategies for enhancing clarity and argumentation in academic prose. Ultimately, clause classification acts as a bridge between form and meaning, enriching language analysis, improving writing quality, and deepening literary appreciation

Time and place are two essential components in analyzing any literary work. Mikhail Bakhtin (1895- 1975) was a Russian philosopher and literary critic who believed that Chronotope investigated the perplexing relationship that combines time and space to assimilate historical incidents. In his essay, the Bildungsroman, he asserts Bildungsroman as an indication of the complicated pursuit of the hero to discover his identity in the context of spatial-temporal dimensions. This research investigates the Chronotopes that create additional world images within the novel\'s structure through the lenses of Bildungsroman. The term will enrich the plot with genres that discuss contemporary cultural inequalities and the abusive ecological practices of current policies. The postmodern novelist David Mitchell (1969) intends in The Bone Clocks (2014) to sustain the hallmark of Bildungsroman. It is a historical panorama of the social aspects of human culture. The book traces Holly Skyes\'s life from 1984 to 2043, where she meets many protagonists and engages in battles with supernatural creatures

This study examines the difficulty of translating repeated phrases in Arabic literature. It focuses on the poetry of Badr Shakir al-Sayyab, and its connection to examples in the Holy Quran. It uses both theory and analysis to understand the role and limits of these repetitions and find ways to translate them within the framework of translation theory. The study explores the methods used by literary and religious translators to convert these Arabic repetitions into English effectively.
In Arabic, repetition is used to make a text cohesive, emphasize certain meanings, and increase the rhythm and impact of the message. For example, in the Quran, repetition can convey warning or astonishment. However, when these repetitions are directly translated into English, they may appear unnecessary or may not show the same rhetorical effect they have in Arabic.
The research highlights difficulties involved in such translations by looking at examples like the repeated verses in Surah Ar-Rahman about al-Aliy, or expressions like \"Ala\" in



Arabic poetry, and prose examples. Translation tips provided include: (a) maintaining repetition for emphasis,
(b) using different tools to replicate the targeted effect, and (c) using translator’s notes as required.
The study also questions if repeated terms in literary translations carry different meanings compared to their usage in Quranic contexts. This shows that while repetition is a characteristic of Arabic style in classic translations, different stylistic norms in English may not be the renders that accommodate it successfully, and affect translation quality.

Abstract
Research on Classroom Interactional Competence (CIC) has drawn considerable insights towards its functions in second language acquisition. Previous studies have inspired language scholars to probe its effects on different learning variables in various English as Foreign Language (EFL) contexts. This study aimed to explore the effects of CIC on EFL students’ ideal L2 self and engagement in English communication classroom, highlighting the tertiary EFL students’ perspectives. In this research, a mixed research method design was employed using of qualitative and quantitative approaches. Quantitatively, the researchers gathered the data using a questionnaire distributed three times, pre, middle, and post the 15-week course on communication skills involving a total of 36 participants. This questionnaire consisted of three sections, including firstly, demographic information questions, secondly, 10 items to assess students\' ideal L2 self, and thirdly, 17 items to measure student engagement. Qualitatively, data were collected through conducted focus group interviews with two groups of four students at the end of the semester. While quantitative data was analyzed statistically using SPSS,




qualitative data was analyzed utilizing thematic analysis. The results of ANOVA demonstrated significant differences (p < 0.001) in EFL students’ ideal L2 self and engagement before and during the implementation of CIC over 15 weeks. Additionally, the majority of students expressed positive insights towards the role of CIC in progressing their motivation to be involved in all English-speaking opportunities. Adopting CIC in an English-speaking classroom has extended a more in-depth understanding of its significant functions in enhancing various learning factors. Thus, the findings of this study provide valuable insights that might be encompassed in future studies.

Historical versification represents a unique embodiment of the connection between classical Turkish literature and history. This intriguing literary form, which intricately blends letters and numbers to convey dates numerically, serves as an aesthetic medium that records the age of edifices built with particular artistry, as well as the birth and death of loved ones. Within this system-revealed through verbal calculations-are encapsulated various life events such as birth, death, marriage, war, peace, circumcision, fires, earthquakes, matters of inheritance, appointments, victories, conquests, and the construction or restoration of architectural structures. Such verses may appear in two hemistiches, a single line, a phrase, or even a single word. Historical poetry, which can be composed for virtually any event, stands out as a captivating genre because it offers a window into classical poetry nourished by and responsive to life itself.
This article examines the historical verses of Yaqoub Agha, a Turkmen poet from Erbil who lived in the 19th century. The study evaluates a number of his compositions that address events such as births, deaths, construction and reconstruction, appointments, and



dismissals. The primary objective of this research was to access the poet\'s divan, known to exist, and to publish all his historical compositions. However, despite extensive efforts, the divan could not be obtained. Instead, the historical verses were compiled from columns published by Abdullah Haddad in the Arabic-language magazine Barsh in 2004 and 2005, as well as from The Poets of Erbil, a book by Ata Terzibashi published in 2007. The collected texts have been presented and evaluated in terms of their content. No previous detailed study has been conducted on these compositions. Based on the findings of this research, Yaqoub Agha may be considered a member of a distinguished and well-known Erbilite family, with poetry characterized by elegance and fluidity.

XIX. yüzyılıda Irak Türkmen Klasik ve Türkmen Halk edebiyâtının değerli simgesi olan şâir Ömer Ağa Tercilli 1888 Kerkük Tercîl köyünde dünyaya gelmiştir. Ağa şâîrlik kişiliğinin yanında babacan, mert ve cesur kişiliğiyle şöhretini sağlamıştır. Şiirlerinde Fevzî mahlasını kullanmıştır. Manzûmeleri hem klasik üslûba dayalı olan Aruz vezniyle hem de Türkmen Halk edebiyatının ürünlerinden olan Horyatlar da ustalıkla nazm etmiştir. Ayrıca büyük filozof şâir Ömer Hayyam’in rubâilerini Türkçeye çevirerek şâirlik yeteneğini bir kez daha ispatlamıştır. Elimizde bulunan eser 1999 senesinde Ahmet Kuşçuğlu ile Behcet Merdan Gamgin taraflarından şâire âit şiirlerini bir şiir macmuası halinde basmışlardır. Bu macmuadan derlediğim gazellerini ele alarak Şâirimizin Aruz veznini gazelinde uygulama şeklini ve işlemlerini detaylı bir hâlde inceledik.
Çalışmanın amacı ise derin anlam ifâde eden seçkin sözcüklerle kurduğu kendine has üslûbuyla Klasik Türkmen Edebiyatına iz bırakan Ömer Ağa Tercîlli, dizelerinde taşıdığı derin anlamları ve duygusal katmanları günümüze taşımaktır. Ağa’nın şiirlerini hem bireysel hem de toplumsal bağlamda değerlendirerek, onun edebiyat tarihindeki konumunu ve dönemin şiir anlayışıyla olan ilişkisini ortaya koymaktır. Gazellerinde ise Aruz veninin ugulama şekilini de inceleyerek şiirlik ve şâirlik üstalığını gözönüne koymaktır.

With their history of more than a thousand years, the cornerstone of the folk literature that the Turkmens developed and created in Iraq is undoubtedly their hoyrats. It is possible to find the entire world view of the Iraqi Turkmens, their way of living, their life curriculum from birth to death, their wisdom, their joys and sorrows, in their hoyrats, which are a small poem in themselves in literary terms. The reason I chose this topic is to describe the Kirkuk hoyrats, especially the pun hoyrat, and to explain the striking meanings of the same word in the pun.
Hoyrats, whose first line consists of punning words with three, four or five syllables, and whose second, third and fourth lines consist of seven syllables each, are magnificent quatrains with striking meanings. Pun is the art of expressing or perceiving more than one meaning with a word. In literary terms, it takes names such as full pun, ink pun, pun intended, pun pun unfinished (incomplete pun) and muharref pun.
As for the origin of the word Hoyrat, it is thought to be taken from the word (hor) in Uyghur Turkish or other Turkmen dialects. Turkmen caravans, consisting of Tatars, Bashkirs, Turkmens and Gogis, still sing a special folk song in the form of four, which they call \"hor\".



With their history of more than a thousand years, the cornerstone of the folk literature that the Turkmens developed and created in Iraq is undoubtedly their hoyrats. It is possible to find the entire world view of the Iraqi Turkmens, their way of living, their life curriculum from birth to death, their wisdom, their joys and sorrows, in their hoyrats, which are a small poem in themselves in literary terms. The reason I chose this topic is to describe the Kirkuk hoyrats, especially the pun hoyrat, and to explain the striking meanings of the same word in the pun.
Hoyrats, whose first line consists of punning words with three, four or five syllables, and whose second, third and fourth lines consist of seven syllables each, are magnificent quatrains with striking meanings. Pun is the art of expressing or perceiving more than one meaning with a word. In literary terms, it takes names such as full pun, ink pun, pun intended, pun pun unfinished (incomplete pun) and muharref pun.
As for the origin of the word Hoyrat, it is thought to be taken from the word (hor) in Uyghur Turkish or other Turkmen dialects. Turkmen caravans, consisting of Tatars, Bashkirs, Turkmens and Gogis, still sing a special folk song in the form of four, which they call \"hor\".

This study aims to analyze Birds Without a Nest, a work by Sadeq Beshirli, one of the prominent figures in Iraqi Turkmen literature, from a literary perspective. Beshirli’s poems shed light not only on personal and social sufferings but also on the existential struggle of the Turkmen people. The work includes examples of both classical Divan poetry and free verse, blending traditional and modern styles. The poet enriches his expression using various literary devices such as simile (teşbih), metaphor (mecaz), allegory (istiâre), and poetic justification (hüsn-i ta‘lîl).
Through detailed analysis of selected couplets, the study reveals Beshirli\'s mastery in employing literary devices. In particular, the qasidas dedicated to Prophet Muhammad and Imam Ali stand out with their spiritual depth and classical style. With this aspect, Beshirli is seen as a poet who successfully merges traditional and contemporary expression in Turkmen poetry. In the study, literary devices and the commentary on qasidas are examined


This study aims to analyze Birds Without a Nest, a work by Sadeq Beshirli, one of the prominent figures in Iraqi Turkmen literature, from a literary perspective. Beshirli’s poems shed light not only on personal and social sufferings but also on the existential struggle of the Turkmen people. The work includes examples of both classical Divan poetry and free verse, blending traditional and modern styles. The poet enriches his expression using various literary devices such as simile (teşbih), metaphor (mecaz), allegory (istiâre), and poetic justification (hüsn-i ta‘lîl).
Through detailed analysis of selected couplets, the study reveals Beshirli's mastery in employing literary devices. In particular, the qasidas dedicated to Prophet Muhammad and Imam Ali stand out with their spiritual depth and classical style. With this aspect, Beshirli is seen as a poet who successfully merges traditional and contemporary expression in Turkmen poetry. In the study, literary devices and the commentary on qasidas are examined






This study aims to analyze Birds Without a Nest, a work by Sadeq Beshirli, one of the prominent figures in Iraqi Turkmen literature, from a literary perspective. Beshirli’s poems shed light not only on personal and social sufferings but also on the existential struggle of the Turkmen people. The work includes examples of both classical Divan poetry and free verse, blending traditional and modern styles. The poet enriches his expression using various literary devices such as simile (teşbih), metaphor (mecaz), allegory (istiâre), and poetic justification (hüsn-i ta‘lîl).
Through detailed analysis of selected couplets, the study reveals Beshirli\'s mastery in employing literary devices. In particular, the qasidas dedicated to Prophet Muhammad and Imam Ali stand out with their spiritual depth and classical style. With this aspect, Beshirli is seen as a poet who successfully merges traditional and contemporary expression in Turkmen poetry. In the study, literary devices and the commentary on qasidas are examined

Civil defense services are among the important services whose precise timing must be taken into consideration, because they are concerned with protecting people and their property as well as protecting state property. One of the geographer’s tasks is to study and analyze the distribution of these services in a manner consistent with the variables whose distribution varies within the city’s scope. The success of this service depends on the amount Its availability in all neighborhoods in a manner consistent with the size and functions of those neighborhoods. The main problem of the study was included in the following statement: ((The inefficiency of distributing the civil defense service in the cities of Tikrit and Al-Dour)), the research relied on several methods for the purpose of collecting information for its research study and reaching the desired results of the research, including the descriptive method and the method Analytical, as well as using GIS technology to analyze the spatial distribution of civil defense centers in the study area, as well as drawing and analyzing data to reach important results that benefit decision makers. The research reached a number of conclusions, including that the distribution of these centers, which number five, does not correspond to the population size. It does not meet the need for it in the study area, and the two cities suffer from a shortage of civil defense centers amounting to (5) centers, in addition to the shortage in its human staff amounting to (33) officers and (291) staff. Thus, there is a need for more civil defense centers, especially in the wheat and barley harvest season, which the study area is distinguished by being one of the regions famous for its cultivation.

The study of persons with disabilities in Iraq is of growing importance due to its social, economic, and humanitarian dimensions, as it concerns a large segment of society suffering from marginalization and lack of attention. This research gains its significance in light of the demographic changes and the security and economic conditions that Iraq has experienced in recent decades, which have significantly contributed to the increasing number of persons with disabilities. This necessitates shedding light on their distribution by type, age, and environment, as well as understanding their conditions, needs, and ways to integrate them into society.
The research followed a descriptive-analytical approach, relying on official statistical data and government reports, along with field surveys in some provinces, to analyze the geographical, demographic, and social distribution of this group. In addition, personal interviews were used to obtain accurate data that reflect the actual reality of persons with disabilities in Iraq during the period (2013–2023).
The total number of persons with disabilities in Iraq reached 5,910,416, with a rate of 136.42 per thousand. Baghdad ranked first in terms of rate with 187.42 per thousand, while Dhi Qar ranked last with 90.51 per thousand. This indicates that the geographical distribution of persons with disabilities in Iraq is uneven, with higher rates in some





provinces and lower in others. Additionally, the rate is higher in urban areas than in rural ones, with 77.08% living in urban areas compared to 22.92% in rural areas. Understanding the factors and variables influencing the geographical distribution of the disabled population can guide future development policies, as it helps direct efforts toward providing the necessary services to improve the quality of life for this population.

The two indicators (the index of longevity and the dependency ratio) are demographic indicators that give a clear picture of the productive power of the population and the extent of its vitality, which were used in this research to reveal the variables that occurred on the ages of the population and their variation between the governorates of the Middle Euphrates between the years 1997 and 2021.
The urbanization index index in the Middle Euphrates governorates was characterized by its high youth, as it declined clearly during the research period. After the value of the index was (0.085) in 1997, it decreased to (0.068) in 2021, and this is a result of the decrease in the proportion of the elderly, which indicates Despite the decline in the average age of the population, in 1997, Al-Muthanna Governorate recorded the highest index of longevity index, reaching (0.095), while Babil Governorate was at the bottom of the ranking with an index of longevity of (0.075), due to the high population fertility there. The ranking of the governorates changed for the year 2021, as the Governorate topped the list. Najaf has a longevity index of (0.072), and Al-Muthanna Governorate is at the bottom





of the ranking with a longevity index of (0.064). This is due to the high birth rate there.
As for the dependency ratio, it decreased during the research period. After it constituted (94.29%) in 1997, it decreased to (79.5%) in 2021, which indicates a decrease in the proportion of the population (young people + the elderly) with an increase The proportion of middle-aged people, spatially, Al-Muthanna Governorate ranked first in 1997 with a dependency ratio of (105.97%), and Karbala Governorate took the bottom of the ranking with a dependency ratio of (90.5%). This is a result of the low birth rate, and in 2021 Al-Muthanna Governorate did not change its registration The highest dependency ratio was (82.5%), and Najaf Governorate had the lowest dependency ratio, amounting to (76.46%). This is due to the high crude death rate, of which deaths of the elderly constituted a percentage of (42.8%) of the governorate’s total deaths. Therefore, the elderly must receive a sufficient amount of attention and care and benefit from the rise in the productive population group through the establishment of development projects that accommodate this group.

Electricity is an essential element in the lives of the population and in meeting their needs, as it is indispensable for its wide uses, as it is used in domestic life to operate many devices, and due to the shortage in its production, it has become numerous Its sources used in homes, including (national - private generators - private generators - solar energy), have become costly for families and increase the amount of spending on them monthly and annually, which constitutes a large burden on the family’s income. The research has reached several conclusions, including that the total monthly spending of the family on energy has reached (1461000000) Dinars per month, i.e. (17532000000) dinars annually, and spending will increase in the future if the same conditions and production continue, and there are many variables affecting the size of spending, namely the size of families, their income level, the number of devices, and the lack of rationalization.

This research explores the proposed overland connection project across the Strait of Hormuz between Bandar Abbas (Iran) and Ras Al Khaimah (UAE), viewing it as a new model in political geographical thought that reflects a shift in traditional concepts of borders, sovereignty, and regional influence. The study aims to analyze this project through the lens of geographical thought, focusing on its implications for the balance of power in the Arabian Gulf region and potential transformations in inter-state relations. It also seeks to examine the feasibility of transforming straits from points of conflict into bridges for integration and civilizational exchange
The research adopts an analytical and critical methodology and offers an in-depth intellectual reading of the concept of political geography in light of cross-border connectivity projects. It emphasizes the strategic geographical significance of the Strait of Hormuz as one of the world’s most vital maritime passages. The study also highlights the economic dimensions of the proposed project, particularly its impact on regional and international trade flows
Moreover, the research addresses the security considerations of turning the strait from a maritime checkpoint into a land transit point, with associated changes in regional control dynamics. It examines regional and global powers’ positions on the project and the divergence of interests among stakeholders, illustrating the tension between traditional and emerging geographical logics
The study outlines future scenarios for the project’s trajectory and proposes sustainable geographic cooperation models for Gulf states. It concludes that such projects could serve as a
framework for redefining borders in contemporary political geographical discourse.

The sulfur industry in Iraq represents a significant investment opportunity for both the Iraqi state, represented by its public and private sectors, and foreign investors. This industry is of great importance in local demand for its products. However, this industry remains underdeveloped and suffers from many problems compared to other countries around the world. Furthermore, its production capacity is small and medium compared to the large reserves possessed by Iraq. The sulfur industry is one of the most important extractive industries in Iraq after oil. This importance stems from its strategic role in developing industrial development, as it plays a significant role in supporting the national economy and developing various economic sectors and activities.
Mishraq sulfur has a significant economic importance due to its geographical location, which has contributed to the economic and commercial development of the




region. This is due to the large sulfur reserves spread throughout the Mishraq
region. The importance of sulfur has increased due to its increasing use in various industries, whether in its free form or by converting it into important materials such as concentrated sulfuric acid. Sulfur is one of the first chemical elements known to man, and has been known for a very long time. Because of its flammability, ancient humans considered it the basis for burning processes and the basis for creating flames. It was also used for disinfection, in addition to its numerous medical uses.
The Mishraq Sulfur Field is one of the largest mines in the Middle East, a source of sedimentary sulfur located in northern Iraq, 350 km north of the capital, Baghdad, and 40 km southeast of Mosul, on the western bank of the Tigris River, opposite the mouth of the Upper Zab River into the Tigris. This area is rich in oil and bituminous deposits. Sulfur is extracted using the Frasch process and contains approximately 1% bituminous materials, which limits the primary uses of sulfur. The Mishraq Sulfur General Company was established in 1969, and sulfur production began through a direct investment contract with a Polish company on December 28, 1971, a day later designated Iraqi Mines Day.
This research shed lights on the spatial industrial links of the Mishraq Sulfur Field, and conclude with conclusions and recommendations.

Al-Dibis Dam Lake is considered a vital water resource in northern Iraq due to its role in supporting agriculture and providing water for the population. This study aims to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the lake’s hydromorphological characteristics by analyzing changes in water levels, flow rates, sources of inflow and outflow, as well as the lake’s shape, depth, and surface extent using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The study also includes an analysis of the physical and chemical properties of the lake water to determine its suitability for human and agricultural use, along with an evaluation of monthly and annual water





discharges to identify dry and wet periods. The results indicate that human activities and climate change have significantly reduced the lake’s storage capacity and degraded water quality, leading to a decline in biodiversity. The study recommends developing a sustainable water resource management plan that balances various uses while preserving the ecosystem, especially in light of climatic variability between dry years (e.g., 2022) and wet years (e.g., 2019).

This research aims to study the problem of visual pollution of the urban landscape in the neighborhoods of the southern sector of the city of Najaf, and to analyze its manifestations and causes. Visual pollution levels have doubled as a result of various human activities and the rapid development of design patterns, which has weakened the aesthetic appearance within the city, including the lack of harmony and harmony of dilapidated and old buildings, as well as the overexploitation of spaces and the spread of informal housing. This has distorted the city's appearance and image to the observer in the various residential neighborhoods of this sector, with varying proportions between those neighborhoods. It is expected that the problem of visual pollution will take on an influential dimension that increases the depth of the problems of the urban structure of the city of Najaf, as it is one of the modern indicators for assessing the urban landscape. Therefore, this phenomenon must be addressed through sound planning and legal follow-up, along with a re-evaluation and study of the cultural, social and aesthetic influences that play an influential role in urban development. The researchers used the descriptive analytical approach to review the factors influencing the emergence of the problem of visual pollution in the study area and made use of the field study. The research came in three sections, the first of which is a theoretical and conceptual framework, the second




researched the causes that led to the emergence of visual pollution in the study area, and the third dealt with the proposed solutions to avoid the negative effects of this problem. The research reached a number of important conclusions through which the research was able to reach the development of many proposals that are considered treatments for the study problem. Times New Roman

The study aims to determine the physicochemical properties of agricultural soils to demonstrate their impact on agricultural productivity. This study analyzed a group of soil samples within the administrative boundaries of Chamchamal district, at a depth of 0-20 cm, to identify the physical properties (soil texture and bulk density) and chemical properties (potential of hydrogen pH, total dissolved salts (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and gypsum (CaSO4). The study also sought to identify the factors influencing the spatial variation of these properties among soil samples within the study area and their impact on agricultural production. The study demonstrated a significant relationship between the physicochemical properties and the productivity of crops grown in the region.

The demographic composition holds significant importance in population studies, as the distribution of the population by gender and age groups influences mortality trends. These trends vary in magnitude, rates, and causes depending on gender and age. Women have diseases specific to them, leading to the specialization of obstetrics and gynecology, while childhood diseases differ from those of old age. The study's results revealed that the highest cancer mortality rate was in the governorates of Najaf and Karbala, with a mortality prevalence rate of (83.3) deaths per 100,000 people, while the lowest rate was in Erbil Governorate, with only (0.3) deaths per 100,000 people.

This study highlights the phenomenon of housing fragmentation, which has been spreading in most cities of Iraq, including the city of Tikrit, as this phenomenon is one of the disruptive phenomena in human comfort. Fragmented housing causes the deterioration of the urban reality as a result of high rates of overcrowding and family clashing and leads to suffocating the city\'s spaces, which generates pressure on the services provided to the population, not to mention the high rates of noise and environmental and visual pollution resulting from the clash of housing and the diversity of their forms and designs.
This phenomenon has been spreading in a number of neighbourhoods of Tikrit despite the availability of large areas of vacant land that can be exploited in various urban uses, especially residential ones, if the state adopts appropriate housing programs in various ways to address this problem and prevent its aggravation, knowing that most of the city\'s residents prefer to live in independent houses with large areas and do not have the desire to live in fragmented housing. This study has reached a set of conclusions and provided a set of proposals to address this problem, including the distribution of residential land plots periodically and regularly, which helps to achieve sustainable residential and urban development.

This study investigates the fragmentation of land ownership and its impact on agricultural areas in the Al-Abbasi Subdistrict. It aims to identify the main causes behind land fragmentation and to assess its resulting effects. Al-Abbasi is considered one of the key regions with high agricultural productivity, covering a total area of 204.133 donums. Of this, 70.903 donums are classified as arable land, while 133.231 donums are deemed non-arable due to factors such as rugged terrain, paved roads, residential buildings, and other activities including industrial and commercial uses. These lands are distributed across the 12 districts that comprise the study area. The loss of such a significant portion of land has played a major role in declining agricultural productivity.
The research addresses key questions such as: What are the negative impacts of land fragmentation on agricultural areas? What role does the size of agricultural holdings play in this process? And do geographic characteristics influence land fragmentation?
Based on field studies and questionnaire surveys, several factors contributing to increased fragmentation of agricultural ownership were identified. These include population growth, pressure on agricultural lands, and urban expansion at the expense of farmland. A particularly significant factor has been the proximity of agricultural land to residential settlements, leading to the sale and reclassification of land from agricultural to residential use. Moreover, a primary reason behind the intensification of this issue is the division of agricultural units through inheritance, which has emerged as a central driver of land fragmentation.

Iraq's thermal characteristics are marked by marked variations due to its geographical location between 29° and 37° north latitude, and its diverse terrain, which includes plains, deserts, and mountains.
In the summer, temperatures rise significantly, exceeding 50°C in some central and southern regions. The climate is dry with little humidity, except for some areas near water bodies. In the northern regions, particularly mountainous regions such as the Kurdistan Region, temperatures are less extreme, making them relatively moderate.
In the winter, temperatures drop significantly in the north, sometimes reaching below zero. Winters are mild in central and southern Iraq, with daytime temperatures often ranging between 10 and 15°C. The daily temperature variation is markedly wide, especially in desert areas, causing heat stress for living organisms and agricultural activities. These characteristics play a significant role in determining lifestyles, crop selection, and cooling and heating methods across the country.



The study concluded that the highest thermal anomaly recorded in Basra station was (13.3°C), and the lowest thermal anomaly recorded in Rutba station was (1.39°C). The highest thermal range for maximum temperature was recorded in Mosul station (30.3°C), while the lowest thermal range was recorded in Rutba station (25.8°C).

This study aims to analyze the phenomenon of drug abuse in Kirkuk, focusing on the social
and economic aspects influencing its spread. The research relied on a descriptive analytical
approach, supported by a field study that included a random sample of (120) drug offenders
between the ages of 14and 30. Data was collected using questionnaires and field surveys and
analyzed using statistical tools such as frequencies and percentages to analyze influencing
factors. The results showed a statistically significant relationship between poverty,
unemployment, weak family ties, and lack of awareness, and high rates of drug abuse .
The study also showed that the most affected groups are those suffering from economic
pressures or family disintegration. The research concluded that it is necessary to adopt
preventive programs targeting youth, while strengthening the role of educational, media,
and health institutions in raising awareness, in addition to supporting families facing
difficult economic circumstances

Qaraqosh and to attempt to interpret the reasons behind their emergence and the
spatial variation in their distribution across residential neighborhoods. It also seeks to
evaluate the efficiency of these commercial institutions and their capacity to serve the city
and its surrounding region. The study reveals an unequal distribution of commercial
outlets between different neighborhoods. Some neighborhoods—such as Baghdeda,
Soumer, and Sanharib—are characterized by a concentration of specialized, clustered,
industrial, and artisanal commercial services. In contrast, other neighborhoods—such as
Akkad and Kalakh—suffer from a deficiency in commercial services that is
disproportionate to their population size. Although the number of commercial
establishments has increased in parallel with population growth, this expansion has
occurred in a random manner, without adherence to planning standards, and without
balanced distribution across the city’s neighborhoods. The research also indicates that
most commercial shops are concentrated along the city’s main streets, leading to traffic
congestion due to the high number of shoppers in these commercial corridors.
Additionally, the lack of specialization among the shops within individual commercial
streets has created challenges that are inconsistent with the city’s historical significance and its cultural role. This study attempts to uncover the reality of the commercial
function in Qaraqosh, identify the major problems facing commercial establishments,
and propose a set of recommendations aimed at developing and enhancing the city's
commercial sector.

The aim of the study revolves around understanding modern irrigation methods
and their impact on the productivity of wheat and barley crops in Anbar
Governorate. The problem of the current study is that the agricultural sector is
still limited in agricultural production and that traditional irrigation methods
contribute to the decline in agricultural output. The study aims to highlight the
role of modern technology in the study area and the extent of its impact on the
future of irrigation water to rationalize consumption and achieve maximum
growth from water surplus for the future of the agricultural sector. In order to
achieve the study's objective, the researchers created a questionnaire distributed
across the districts of the study area represented by Anbar Governorate in its
entirety, to identify the feasibility of relying on these modern methods for
irrigating wheat and barley crops as used by farmers. They also consulted administrative departments and units. The study and its scope provided the
researchers with the necessary data, and it emphasized the importance of the
positive advantages of these modern methods, as well as identifying the obstacles
and issues that hinder the application of these methods. The study concluded the
effectiveness of these systems in increasing yield and area, and it offered some
suggestions and future directions to advance and expand the use of modern
irrigation techniques

Modeling is a simulation and approximation of reality to arrive at a solution to a problem
or phenomenon consisting of multiple spatial and temporal interactions affecting it. The
research aims to create models of the transportation network in the city of Hawija that
simulate reality and solve the problem of streets, their design, extension, and spatial
characteristics. It also aims to identify weaknesses in order to strengthen them and
strengths in the network to increase its efficiency. It also aims to propose streets that keep
pace with traffic directions, population concentrations, and the density of transportation
through them. This is to avoid future disruptions to the network and control future
challenges such as traffic congestion and the increase in transportation modes resulting
from population growth. This is especially true given that Hawija is a city that attracts
shopping from outside its geographical boundaries and is a district center. Furthermore,
the research proposes an intelligent transportation system as a model for future metro and
tram mass transit lines, using geographic information systems (GIs) .

This study examines the characteristics of women who benefit from social
welfare benefits in Kirkuk. This population group is important in shaping the nature
of economic and social conditions. This is linked to the crises Iraq has experienced in
general and the location of the study area, i.e. Kirkuk, in particular. The groups
covered by the social protection network provide insight into the nature of the
population and the economic problems it suffers from, related to low incomes and the
lack of investment in human resources. Kirkuk possesses natural resources that could
be expanded in tourism, agriculture, industry, and health. The research aims to reveal the characteristics and numbers of women
beneficiaries of the social protection network, who are the poor in Kirkuk, and to
interpret their spatial analysis among Kirkuk administrative units, as well as to reach
the extent of its contribution to reducing their poverty rate and overcoming their
difficult living conditions. The researcher depends on the descriptive approach in
collecting data related to the phenomenon of the study. The researcher also depends
on the analytical approach, which is characterized by analyzing spatial differences,
and the statistical approach, which relies on the statistical method to study the
phenomenon, which uses the language of numbers to highlight relationships using the
method of reasoning, analysis, and linking between phenomena and the factors
affecting them. The program (Arc Gis 10.7) has been used to draw and extract maps
to represent the phenomenon and show its spatial differences. It is found that sizes
and characteristics of women beneficiaries of social care in Kirkuk amounted to
(13411) in 2022. The research reached a set of conclusions and suggestions

It is no secret to all those concerned with the sustainable development of Iraq's available
natural resources, particularly natural gas, that this resource is fundamentally linked to
identifying effective, efficient, and rational ways to utilize it. This is in addition to the
necessity of adopting all measures that preserve the rights, share, and benefits of future
generations. It is worth noting that this policy and these measures may face a number of
strategic obstacles and challenges, some of which relate to the resource itself, while others
are related to the economic and political situation facing Iraq. Furthermore, the
demographic factor, whose growth rate indicates a significant requirement whose needs
must be met, is also important. The researcher relied on an objective (commodity)
approach to detail the current state of this product, while anticipating its future
production status. This is based on a fundamental hypothesis: By adopting an organized
production policy that meets current needs and overcomes the obstacles that prevent this,
it is possible to harness the product as an economic resource that ensures the current
needs of society and the requirements of future generations. Among the most prominent
findings from the research is that Iraq is taking steps that demonstrate a clear desire to
increase production of this vital resource. The most important recommendations are:
Increasing production of this natural resource requires us to be extremely vigilant against

The research focuses on studying the modeling of the risks of gully water erosion and
determining its spatial risks in the Lake Shirin basin, with an area of (71.12) km2, located
in the east of Kirkuk Governorate - Laylan District, and the water division areas
represent each of the Chiman Fold as its western border, the Bash Bulag Basin as its
northeastern border, and the Qara Hassan Basin as its southeastern border, The basin
consists of four levels of water drainage network, where the main valleys and their
branches meet in Lake Shirin within its southwestern borders. The study aims to evaluate
the spatial variation of the risks of water erosion in the basin according to several factors,
geological formations and the severity of the slope in shaping the general
geomorphological appearance of the surface of the region, The intensity of erosion was
calculated based on the Bargsma classification, building a geomorphological hazard
model, evaluating geomorphological hazards, and calculating the quantities and areas of
gully erosion in the basin of the study area. The results showed the presence of varying
levels of erosion, as the areas with very light gully erosion amounted to (30.72) km2, or 43.38% of the total basin area, while the percentage of areas with high erosion amounted
to (11.79) km2, or 16.65% of the total basin area, The research results show that the
Shirin Basin is exposed to the risk of gully erosion to varying degrees, respectively, as The
light-risk zone occupied the highest percentage, forming a percentage of (58.78)%, the
medium-risk zone, the medium percentage, formed a percentage of (25.45)%, and the
high-risk zone, the lowest percentage, forming a percentage of (15.87)% in the southern
parts of the basin. The spatial distribution of the intensity and variation of gully erosion
in the Shirin Basin is distributed within the central and southern lands with high
elevation and less slope, The reason for this is due to the intensity of rainfall, which
erodes the surface soil as a result of the strength and speed of the water flow. In addition,
the basin area is considered a medium-sized basin, as the rain is distributed in equal
proportions, which increases the processes of erosion and increases the risks of torrents
and floods. It has been shown that the geographical location and the exposed rocky
structure, The topographic and morphological characteristics of the basin play a pivotal
role in determining the severity and effectiveness of gully erosion in the Shirin Basin. The
study concluded that the region is exposed to water erosion of varying degrees of severity,
which leaves environmental and economic impacts. It is necessary to develop solutions
capable of reducing the risks of erosion in an effective and sustainable manner.

Modern and contemporary geographical technologies, especially GIS technology and
remote sensing system, have become an applied and vital field in geographical studies,
especially with the increase in human life problems, especially those related to the
management of natural, economic and urban resources . Most modern scientific research
in the geographical framework has proven that geographical technologies and their
software contribute greatly to solving the problem of eating, managing and analyzing
resources, with the aim of improving decision-making and decision-making processes to
address many contemporary issues .
From this point of view, the aim of the study came to reveal one of the important aspects
in solving the problems that our contemporary society suffers from using modern and
contemporary geographical technologies by addressing the topic : the contemporary
information revolution of industrial geography in light of the use of Gis technology and
remote sensing

The water system represents an interconnected terrestrial unit created by a set of natural
environmental factors. It consists of valleys and water channels of varying scales, forming
a water drainage network with a specific geographical scope, known as drainage basins.
Many geomorphological and hydrological studies rely on analyzing the geometric,
morphological, and topographical characteristics, as well as the characteristics of the
water network of surface water systems. This helps understand their hydrological
implications and utilize their results to develop the areas where these systems are located
and support sustainable development plans. These surface water systems are the result of
hydroclimatic indicators. Therefore, the current study aims to extract geometric and
morphometric data for a seasonal surface water system located in a semi-arid area,
represented by the Wadi alShor Basin in northern Iraq within the Nineveh Governorate,
with an area of 357,026 km2. Its outlets end in the Tigris River, and large quantities of
water flow through it following rainfall and rainstorms. This data is important for
predicting hydrological indicators. Later, the surface water and the possibility of exploiting its water, especially since most of the basin's lands are for agricultural use. A set
of measurements for the basin were obtained, the most important of which are the shape
coefficient (0.34), the elongation coefficient (0.66), the relative relief (3.72) m/km, the relief
ratio (13.25) m/km, the roughness ratio (0.11)%, the hypsometric integration (0.78), the
number of basin levels (6), the length of the channels (1.93), the branching ratio (2.56), and
the curvature coefficient (1.07). These values indicate that the surface water system of the
basin is hydrologically efficient.

Kirkuk is one of the most important Iraqi cities in terms of its ethnic and cultural
diversity. The research deals with the study of the demographic characteristics of the
population of Kirkuk city and population growth to identify the trends of population
growth in the study area، as well as the study of the geographical distribution of
population sizes by studying the numerical distribution and percentage of the population
at the level of residential neighborhoods in Kirkuk city، and the study of population
structures represented by age structure، gender structure، economic and social structure،
as the study of these structures and their classification represents a realistic analysis of one
aspect of the study of the population phenomenon by knowing the characteristics of the
population in Kirkuk city. The research aims to draw a clear picture of the current
population situation in the study area. The research aims to study the demographic
characteristics of the city's population، focusing on population size، geographic
distribution، and demographic composition.
The research concludes that Kirkuk represents a distinctive model of population
diversity. The significant increase in the city's population is a result of economic، social and political reasons، particularly after the discovery of oil، which led to improvements in
health، living standards، and the economy. In 2023، the population reached 1،087،871،
with a growth rate of 4.3%. This is due to the flourishing lifestyle in Kirkuk. The
continuous increase in population size in the study area requires strengthening
development plans and programs and achieving a balanced distribution of infrastructure
services to ensure the stability and well-being of society. Other factors control population
distribution ، including government policy، land prices، and the provision of services. We
note that the Rahim Awi neighborhood ranks first in terms of population ، reaching
94،688، with a population rate of 8.7%.

The current research aims to study the phenomenon of reluctance to marry in a
modern city and its distribution and geographical variation to identify the most important
reasons behind that reluctance and then search for ways through which this phenomenon
can be treated., The study found that the age group (30–34) represented the highest
percentage of individuals avoiding marriage, accounting for (39.7%.) This is primarily
attributed to deteriorating economic conditions and rising prices. Individuals with average
and below-average incomes made up (55%) of those abstaining from marriage. The
findings indicate that financial inability was the leading reason, cited by( 38.2%) of
respondents. Social factors also played a role, with high dowry costs ranking first among
them a (41%,) making it a significant social issue that contributes to delayed or avoided
marriages. The study concludes that resolving this issue requires providing non-repayable
or long-term repayable financial grants, as well as offering land plots or ready-to-live
housing units. Such measures would ease the financial burden on young people, remove
many of the obstacles they face before marriage, and encourage them to marry.

This research aims to study the most Important objective indicators in the city of Daquq
by adopting a descriptive and analytical approach. The study sample consisted of (18)
neighborhoods. The research relied on fieldwork and questionnaires to collect data, in
addition to using the outputs of ArcGIS software (version 10.8) for mapping and data
analysis,The study focused on five key objective Indicators: (1) average household size, (2)
percentage of young population, (3) percentage of household heads with higher education,
(4) illiteracy rate, and (5) number of households per housing unit,The average household
size In Daquq was found to be 5.1 individuals per household, indicating a medium
household size compared to other cities. The percentage of young people reached 34.6% of
the city’s total population, suggesting a youthful demographic structure that may affect
future educational and healthcare service needs. The proportion of household heads with
higher education was 3.5%, a low rate that indicates challenges in higher education levels
among the population. The illiteracy rate was 11.6%, reflecting the need for literacy
programs and enhanced basic education, The number of households per housing unit was
28.4%, which may point to overcrowding or shared housing among families.Based on
these Indicators, Daquq's neighborhoods were classified into high-quality neighborhoods,
which are characterized by low Illiteracy rates, a higher proportion of educated household
heads, and fewer families per housing unit; medium-quality neighborhoods with average
values across the indicators; and low-quality neighborhoods suffering from high illiteracy,
low higher education rates, and overcrowding,These findings reveal a clear disparity In
the social and demographic indicators among Daquq’s neighborhoods, highlighting the
need for targeted planning and developmental interventions to improve the quality of life
in lower-level neighborhoods.

This research dealt with studying the residential function in the city of Dibs from several aspects
according to the priority in the study. It first dealt with studying the residential units in terms of
area, which showed the presence of different areas in the city and overlapping with each other in
a random manner, starting with an area of (100 m2) to (150 m2), (200 m2), (300 m2) and more
than (300 m2) due to the absence of urban planning for several decades resulting from the lack of
security, political and economic stability in the country, which led to the emergence of randomness
in the expansion of the city. Then it dealt with studying the residential units in terms of ownership,
which showed the presence of several types of ownership in the city, starting with the outright
ownership of its residents, which is represented in the areas of the old city, then the residential
units rented to its residents and the residential units that were built on agricultural lands and the
residential units that were built in violation of areas designated for other purposes within the city,
such as green spaces, street prohibitions, etc. After that, the material used in building the
residential units was studied. Four main types of building materials were found to be used in the
construction of Dibs City, the most commonly used being blocks and bricks, followed to a lesser
extent by thermostone and stone. The study then examined the number of floors of residential
units, revealing that most of the city's residential units consist primarily of one or two floors. The
number of three-story residential units is small and concentrated in the city center due to the small
land area and high prices. The study then examined the number of bedrooms, with most residential
units consisting of three rooms. The study then examined the types of roofs, revealing two types of
roofs: reinforced concrete and the other type, slate roofs and bricks. Finally, the study examined the residential units according to whether or not they contain garages.

This study is about local climate aimed to analyze the impact of Land Use and Land
Cover (LULC) changes on Land Surface Temperature (LST) in the city of Khanaqin over
the period from (1990 to 2024). The research relies on Geographic Information Systems
(GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) techniques, utilizing Landsat satellite imagery during
peak summer months, as the primary data source due to its historical availability and
global continuity. The objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of LULC changes
on LST by examining spatial and temporal variations and identifying the land use and
land cover types that have the most significant impact on surface temperature
fluctuations. The Mono-Window Algorithm was employed to derive LST from satellite
images across different time intervals, while the Normalized Ratio Scale (NRS) was used
to calibrate and standardize the retrieved LST values, allowing for accurate inter annual
comparison. To assess the relationship between LULC and LST, several polygons with
varying land use\cover types were analyzed. The results revealed a noticeable change in
LST between the studied periods. The most significant increase in LST was observed in
areas where forests were converted into barren land or urban settlements. Conversely,
areas that changed from barren land to water bodies or green parks experienced a
considerable reduction in LST

This research examines the apologetic discourse in the poetry of Ṭurayḥ ibn Ismail al-Thaqafi, a poet of the Umayyad period, through two poetic pieces addressed to Caliph Walid ibn Yazid. In these pieces, Ṭurayḥ utilizes the eloquence of al-Nabigha al-Dhubyani to create an apologetic discourse based on reasoning, logic, and a balance between sin and forgiveness.
The research aims to uncover the cultural structures embedded in this discourse as a mechanism to contain political conflict and affirm loyalty within a society governed by power struggles and the contrast between the center and the periphery.
The research applies cultural criticism methodology to reveal hidden cultural patterns that emerge in forms of apology, including the patterns of power, obedience, and the poet as an ally.
The study seeks to answer a central question: How did Ṭurayḥ manage to rebuild his relationship with power through an apologetic discourse that hides personal interests behind a mask of loyalty?

This study, entitled "Understanding the Particular within the Universal: A Maqasid-Based Study", aims to demonstrate the necessity of integrating the universal principles of Islamic law (Sharia) with its particular rulings. It affirms that deriving conclusions from particular rulings is a pathway to understanding the universal objectives of Sharia. Moreover, the study explores the mutual use of both the particular and the universal as means of inference in achieving the higher objectives of Islamic legislation (maqasid al-sharia).
To achieve these aims, the study adopted several research methodologies: the inductive method, which was employed to gather the views of jurists and scholars in the field of usul al-fiqh; the comparative method, used to address differing scholarly perspectives; and the analytical method, to understand the relationship between particulars and universals through the lens of maqasid.
The core research problem revolves around the nature of understanding the particular within the universal from a maqasid-based perspective. Specifically, it seeks to answer: What is the significance of merging particular rulings into universal principles to achieve the goals of Sharia? And how feasible is the integration between universal foundations and specific rulings?



The study arrived at several conclusions, the most important of which is that understanding particular legal issues should be guided by comprehensive jurisprudential systems that differentiate between constant and variable rulings. These systems must also consider changing circumstances and fulfill societal needs through the application of specific rulings. Finally, the study recommends greater academic focus on this topic, considering its importance in deepening the study of jurisprudential and legal foundations.

This research addresses the issue of weak trust between Islamic banks and society due to the absence of fair financing solutions that meet the needs of low-income groups without violating Sharia guidelines. This has impacted the credibility of Islamic banking and led to a decline in the deposit base. The research attempts to address this issue by examining Islamic loans as a means of achieving financial solidarity and building bridges of trust, while clarifying the criteria for adhering to Sharia objectives. The research is divided into two sections: The first section addresses the impact of Islamic loans in enhancing trust through four questions: defining Islamic loans and their characteristics, distinguishing them from usurious loans, their social dimensions in achieving solidarity, and their economic role in supporting financial inclusion. The second section addresses the use of artificial intelligence in developing Islamic lending mechanisms through four questions: using artificial intelligence to analyze customer needs, accelerating Sharia-compliant loan procedures, enhancing transparency through digital platforms, and ensuring compliance with Sharia provisions through smart monitoring tools. The study utilized the Rafidain Islamic Bank - Islamic Banking Department as a practical example of offering interest-free loans within the framework of Islamic Banking





Law No. (43) of 2015. The results demonstrated the importance of integrating artificial intelligence technologies with Sharia-compliant regulations to enhance community confidence in Islamic banks and achieve sustainable financial development.

This research paper aims to study the development of the Hanafi school of thought - one of the four Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence - by tracing its historical works and analyzing its methodology, in an effort to apply its jurisprudential texts to contemporary issues, thereby contributing to the renewal of Islamic jurisprudence and keeping pace with new developments.
The importance of the research lies in the fact that it highlights the richness of the Hanafi heritage and its jurisprudential depth, and traces the stages of the school's development throughout different eras. It also facilitates access to its rulings and their connection to contemporary reality, making it an effective tool in developing Islamic jurisprudence to meet modern challenges.





The study relied on the inductive analytical method, which included enumerating the most important books of the Hanafi school and classifying them into categories such as: the books of Zahir al-Riwaya (such as Al-Mabsut and Al-Jami' al-Saghir by Imam Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-Shaybani), and the books of non-Zahir al-Riwaya (such as Al-Amali and Al-Mujarrad), and the books of the Matn (such as Mukhtasar al-Quduri), and the books of Sharh (such as Bada'i' al-Sana'i' by al-Kasani), and the books of Fatawa (such as Al-Fatawa al-Hindiyya).
The study reached several results, the most important of which are the richness of the Hanafi school and the diversity of its sources, and its flexibility in dealing with new developments throughout history, with an emphasis on the role of the books of Sharh and Fatawa in clarifying rulings. It also recommended encouraging comparative studies between schools of thought, and strengthening the link between jurisprudential heritage and modern developments, and developing educational curricula that rely on the basic Hanafi books.
In conclusion, the paper affirms that the Hanafi school possesses a rich jurisprudential legacy capable of responding to the requirements of the times, through an inductive methodology that links historical origins with practical applications, which opens new horizons for the renewal and development of Islamic jurisprudence

The Islamic community today is in dire need of someone to explain to them that the Islamic religion is not a bloody religion and is not a belief that does not know mercy and humanity. Rather, it is a religion of mercy, humanity, emotion, and feelings, which I addressed in this research with an important topic, which is (manifestations of emotion in the purified books of the Sunnah of the Prophet, collected and studied).
I strived hard to highlight the human and emotional aspect of the words and actions of the Prophet Muhammad, may God bless him and grant him peace, as mentioned in the




books of the pure Sunnah. In this research, I shed light on how the prophetic emotion was reflected in different situations, whether it was the emotion of love, sadness, mercy, anger, etc., and how the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, expressed it in a profound educational and humane manner.
In the research, I relied on a number of books that specialized in collecting and studying the purified Sunnah of the Prophet, such as: Sahih Al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim, Musnad of Imam Ahmad, Sunan Abu Dawud, Sunan Al-Nasa’i, and others. I also relied on books of history, language, and literature to draw from them the texts in which the feelings of the Prophet Muhammad, may God bless, In this research, I highlight how these feelings and emotions contributed to building a strong relationship based on love and mercy between the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, and his family and companions, may God be pleased with them all, and even with non-Muslims, which clarifies and shows the deep human dimension in the purified biography of the Prophet.
The aim of this research was to correct and clarify the misconceptions about the dryness and sharpness of the traditional religious discourse that spread in Islamic society, indicating that emotion was strongly present in the Sunnah, and had a great influence in raising them and calling them to what was good for them in this world and the hereafter.
I concluded the research with a call to incorporate this genre into contemporary religious discourse so that it becomes more relevant and influential on Islamic societies.

Qur’anic exegetes have shown great interest in the Holy Qur’an in general and in Qur’anic readings (qirāʾāt) in particular, each according to their intellectual tendencies, scholarly background, and human capacity. Some scholars focused solely on the authentic (canonical) readings, while others extended their attention to include various types of readings, especially the anomalous (shādhdh) readings. Scholars of Qur’anic recitation primarily concentrated on the sound, authentic readings and their interpretation, as these are considered Qur’an—recited and ritually binding. The anomalous readings, on the other hand, received less attention and few scholarly works were devoted to them, as they are impermissible for recitation in prayer due to their lack of tawātur (mass transmission).
Authentic readings are ten in number. Any reading beyond these ten is categorized as "anomalous readings" (qirāʾāt shādhdha), which are not mutawātir, cannot be considered Qur’an, and are invalid for ritual prayer. Therefore, they lack a fundamental condition of a sound reading, and scholars have agreed unanimously that such readings should not be used in recitation, since they are not Qur’an due to the absence of tawātur.
Despite this, anomalous readings represent a significant intellectual heritage and a rich source for exegetical study, legal argumentation, clarification of Qur’anic meanings, and more. Among the exegetes who gave considerable attention to Qur’anic readings was al-Māturīdī (d. 333 AH), who frequently cited and relied upon them in his tafsīr Ta’wīlāt




Ahl al-Sunna. He often interpreted verses by referring to various readings, both canonical and anomalous, and had a
profound mastery of tafsīr and its sciences. In this research, I focused specifically on anomalous readings as cited in his tafsīr, highlighting how he uniquely referenced some readings that were not mentioned in other available sources.
The research is divided into two main sections:
The first section discusses the life of al-Māturīdī—his name, lineage, teachers, students, and his written works.
The second section defines the sound (authentic) readings and their conditions, followed by a detailed explanation of the anomalous readings. It also includes the names of the four readers beyond the ten canonical ones, whose readings are considered anomalous, as well as the types of anomalous readings. The section concludes with juristic opinions on the use of anomalous readings as evidence, their legal status, research findings, and a list of sources.

This study aims to clarify the concept of discernment (tamyeez) as understood by Muslim jurists and to examine its impact on subsidiary rulings, particularly those related to the behavior of minors. It outlines the relevant Islamic legal rulings concerning their rights and duties, specifying what is owed to them and what is required of them. Furthermore, the research seeks to explore the educational dimensions embedded in Islamic legislation, emphasizing the consideration given to crucial aspects in the formation of the minor’s personality. The findings indicate that the discerning minor (al-sabi al-mumayyiz) possesses full capacity for the acquisition of rights (ahliyyat wujub), like any other individual, and has partial capacity for the performance of legal acts (ahliyyat ada') due to his ability to discern and rationally understand. Nevertheless, this capacity remains incomplete, as the minor has not yet attained the age of legal accountability (takleef).

Economic efficiency, Islamic jurisprudence, objectives of Sharia, financial transactions, and economic theories form the basis upon which this study examines the concept of economic efficiency and its jurisprudential foundation within the framework of Islamic financial transactions, comparing it with contemporary economic theories. The research problem stems from the absence of a solid jurisprudential foundation for the concept of economic efficiency in Islamic banking applications, which has weakened the competitiveness of Islamic transactions compared to capitalist and socialist models. The research seeks to demonstrate that efficiency in the Islamic economic system is not limited to maximizing profits, but rather extends to achieving justice, solidarity, and good resource management in accordance with the greater objectives of Sharia. The research is divided into two sections. The first section addresses the conceptual framework of economic efficiency through three main points: defining economic efficiency linguistically, technically, and jurisprudentially; grounding it in the objectives of Sharia; and clarifying its relationship to the principles of justice and benevolence. The second section compares positivist economic theories with the Islamic perspective by examining the concept of efficiency in capitalism and socialism, identifying points of agreement and disagreement, and formulating a proposed Islamic model for achieving









economic efficiency in Islamic financial institutions. The study relies on inductive, analytical, and comparative approaches and concludes that building economic efficiency based on Islamic Sharia law achieves sustainable development and social justice and offers a civilized alternative to positivist economic systems.

This research addresses the topic of "Islamic Jurisprudence and Artificial Intelligence," a contemporary issue that requires renewed jurisprudential consideration. The world is witnessing rapid developments in the field of artificial intelligence and its applications in public and private life. This requires Islamic jurisprudence to accommodate these developments within its objectives-based frameworks and ijtihadi rulings. This topic explores the possibility of employing artificial intelligence to serve Islamic law, such as its use in the areas of electronic fatwas, analyzing complex financial transactions, providing assistance in Sharia courts through judicial intelligence, and remote religious education using smart technologies. The research also discusses the legal challenges arising from the use of artificial intelligence technologies, such as privacy and personal data protection, determining intent in automated actions, bearing legal and Sharia responsibility for AI actions, and the extent to which machine actions comply with the principle of accountability, which requires reason and discernment. The research relies on major jurisprudential principles, such as the principle that matters are governed by their objectives and the principle that certainty cannot be removed by doubt, in addition to the five objectives of Sharia as key criteria for assessing the legitimacy of these applications. The research also presents the views of contemporary scholars and jurisprudential bodies, while

This research addresses the topic of "Islamic Jurisprudence and Artificial Intelligence," a contemporary issue that requires renewed jurisprudential consideration. The world is witnessing rapid developments in the field of artificial intelligence and its applications in public and private life. This requires Islamic jurisprudence to accommodate these developments within its objectives-based frameworks and ijtihadi rulings. This topic explores the possibility of employing artificial intelligence to serve Islamic law, such as its use in the areas of electronic fatwas, analyzing complex financial transactions, providing assistance in Sharia courts through judicial intelligence, and remote religious education using smart technologies. The research also discusses the legal challenges arising from the use of artificial intelligence technologies, such as privacy and personal data protection, determining intent in automated actions, bearing legal and Sharia responsibility for AI actions, and the extent to which machine actions comply with the principle of accountability, which requires reason and discernment. The research relies on major jurisprudential principles, such as the principle that matters are governed by their objectives and the principle that certainty cannot be removed by doubt, in addition to the five objectives of Sharia as key criteria for assessing the legitimacy of these applications. The research also presents the views of contemporary scholars and jurisprudential bodies, while





analyzing the future legal vision for regulating the use of artificial intelligence, achieving a balance between protecting the objectives of Islamic law and keeping pace with rapid technological development. The research concludes with recommendations that encourage combining the jurisprudence of authentication and the jurisprudence of precaution, to ensure that dealing with artificial intelligence is regulated within a sound and integrated Islamic perspective.




analyzing the future legal vision for regulating the use of artificial intelligence, achieving a balance between protecting the objectives of Islamic law and keeping pace with rapid technological development. The research concludes with recommendations that encourage combining the jurisprudence of authentication and the jurisprudence of precaution, to ensure that dealing with artificial intelligence is regulated within a sound and integrated Islamic perspective.

This research examines the concept of intellectual invasion in terms of its content, substance, and definition. It discusses its means and objectives in general. It elaborates on the role of intellectual invasion in trends in Quranic interpretation and its most prominent means of influence on trends in interpretation, namely "modernity." It discusses this in detail in terms of definition, describing its characteristics, features, and domains (cognitive, political, economic, social, religious, etc.), as well as its content and objectives. It also discusses its equivalent from an Islamic perspective, the term "renewal," and provides a detailed definition and foundation for it. It also explains its characteristics and provides a comparative overview between "Western modernity" and "Islamic renewal." It also cites examples of Muslims who are alienated by modernity and have modernist Quranic readings, such as Muhammad Arkoun, Muhammad Shahrour, Nasr Hamid, and others. It also outlines the rules and regulations. The interpretive principles of how to deal with the Qur'anic text are also highlighted, highlighting the necessary controls for dealing with other civilizations, ideas, and trends that have come to us, to avoid being swept away by any newcomer and to preserve our moral and doctrinal constants, customs, traditions, values, and lofty principles derived from our true religion.

This research deals with the significance of the gender noun on knowledge and the indefinite article in the light of the sciences of grammar and jurisprudence. This necessitated providing definitions that clarify the nature of the vocabulary of the subject. We devoted the first section to defining the gender noun and explaining its types. We also defined the duality of the indefinite article and knowledge, and the relationship that It combines grammar and jurisprudence. We devoted the second section to studying the gender noun and its significance on the definite noun and the indefinite article in the context of the conversation of Arabic scholars and their opinions. The research reached a number of results, the most important of which is that the gender noun indicates knowledge when the article (al) is added to it, and it also includes some knowledge such as (the demonstrative / pronouns / relative). While the gender noun denotes the indefinite article in its linguistic origin, and this is what makes it equal to the indefinite article in meaning and essence.

This research presents an analytical phonetic study of Al-Ain by Al-Khalil bin Ahmad Al-Farahidi, the first Arabic dictionary and one of the most prominent achievements in the history of Arabic lexicography. The researcher presents the ongoing debate over whether the dictionary should be attributed to Al-Khalil or to Nasr Al-Laythi. However, he favors the idea and implementation of Al-Khalil, based on the method's consistency with his profound contemplative vision.
The study aims to reveal early phonetic awareness in Arabic thought, provide an in-depth reading of the structure of the dictionary based on scientific foundations that combine semantics and sound, and establish a foundation for a linguistic effort that deserves re-evaluation and analysis in light of contemporary linguistic studies

Conscious critical discourses founded upon openness, inclusivity, and the bridging of intellectual cross-pollination constitute an expansive epistemological repository, given the visions, ideas, and mechanisms they encompass, which possess the capacity to influence and reshape entrenched perceptions, seeking to renew them in accordance with a critical system that aspires toward divergence, enhancement, and development. In alignment with this approach, we observed that the discourse of the critic Sami Shihab Al-Jubouri at times adopts a position of rootedness, and at others shifts toward deviation and departure from the conventional. Through his two works dealing with the dialectics of critical discourse concerning the poetry of Abu Al-Ala’ Al-Ma’arri, and through his reliance on the mechanism of meta-criticism, we were able to discern the scope of his critical field and trace the transformations oscillating between a univocal vision grounded in the issuance of judgments based on particular mental orientations, and a binary vision that seeks to reinforce prior knowledge structures and reshape them within new frameworks. In accordance with this orientation, the research plan comprised a prelude and two main sections: the prelude discusses the project of meta-criticism, the structure and types of discourse, as well as the notion and forms of vision, concluding with a brief biography of the critic Sami Al-Jubouri.
The first section, titled “Univocal Critical Vision,” investigates the importance of selecting texts amenable to judgment, the notion of disregarding certain concepts, and ultimately, the steering of judgments toward their intended ends.
The second section, “Binary Critical Vision,” elucidates the role of observation and the reinforcement of concepts through a spirit of reliance on prior foundations via binary opposition, dialectical analysis, and the uncovering of internal tensions, in addition to addressing the dynamics of voice and counter-voice.

The book Al-Qasun Al-Yani'a by Ibn Saeed Al-Maghribi is a cognitive and intellectual discourse worthy of attention and reading; for the information and news it contains that are distinguished and appreciated. The book is a milestone in the field of biographies and translations due to the styles and linguistic craftsmanship it contains that attract the recipient to the area of coexistence with the entire text. Therefore, the role of the recipient emerges to examine it according to the principles of reception theory, which includes the terminological apparatus that serves its path, and its multi-mechanism apparatus. We decided to define two mechanisms: breaking the horizon of expectation and aesthetic distance. Accordingly, the plan came to include: the introduction to present the concept of reception discourse and its importance in developing texts; in addition to an introductory summary of the writer Ibn Saeed Al-Maghribi. We devoted the first axis to breaking the horizon of expectation and shed light on its value within Al-Maghribi's discourse, The second axis came to clarify the value of aesthetic distance and what it achieves in terms of qualitative purposes that have the power of representation and modifying previous visions in the text.

This research endeavors to investigate the theme of identity and the search for it within the poetry of two Kurdish poets, Nasri Hisami and Qasim Tabak. Through a detailed textual analysis of their poems, the researcher seeks to uncover the diverse aspects of Kurdish identity, including national identity, linguistic identity, cultural identity, and individual identity, as portrayed in the works of both poets. The study adopts a comparative approach to examine the thoughts and perceptions of the two poets regarding the issue of identity and the various factors influencing the construction of Kurdish individual identity. The findings demonstrate that both poets, albeit through different approaches, attribute significant importance to the concept of identity. Through their poetic works, they strive to defend Kurdish identity and highlight its fundamental pillars. Furthermore, the study illuminates the differences between their perspectives on issues related to identity.

This research addresses the topic of "The Semantic Evolution of Terms between Linguistics and the Objectives of Islamic Law," through an applied study of a group of terms used in financial transactions, such as "sale, usury, loan, salam, cancellation," and others. It aims to demonstrate the impact of temporal and social contexts on the changing meanings of these terms, while also highlighting the role of Islamic objectives in regulating this evolution and ensuring the stability of concepts. The research proceeds from the premise that linguistics is not limited to the rules of grammar and morphology, but extends beyond them to trace the evolution of meaning according to usage, making it an essential tool for understanding Islamic law and its application to reality, The research is divided into two sections: theoretical and applied. The first section addresses the relationship between linguistics and objectives, highlighting the importance of context and intent in understanding the meaning of terms. The second section analyzes linguistic and legal texts, demonstrating how context has influenced the transformation of meaning, while establishing scientific controls to prevent semantic deviation or false interpretation, The study concluded that understanding the connotations of words in light of the objectives is the basis for renewing ijtihad and
keeping pace with developments without compromising fundamental principles. It also highlighted the difference between permissible semantic development that serves the objectives and prohibited change that leads to substitution and distortion, thus contributing to the promotion of a precise and disciplined contemporary legal language.

Argumentation is a term that encompasses profound connotations, including linguistic, philosophical, communicative, and guiding meanings via a discourse addressed to a recipient. The purpose is to present arguments—i.e., proofs and reasoning—to dissuade them from a particular opinion or behavior, or both. This is achieved after verifying and verifying the proportions, values, credibility, quantity, and type of arguments presented. This is as stated in the theory of its first founder, Aristotle, which has survived to this day. his is the persuasive, evasive, and deductive style, which was also employed by the poet of the Messenger (PBUH), Hassan bin Thabit Al-Ansari Al-Khazraji, in his dedicated defense of the Noble Messenger and Islam, with convincing arguments, some of which were presented in a satirical, mocking style, which greatly affected the polytheists, causing them to dissuade them from their opposition and struggle against the Noble Messenger and Islam. We have included in the research two axes preceded by an introduction The first is a brief interpretive argumentative reading of some poetic examples of satirical poetry, and the second is a rhetorical argumentative reading of Hassan ibn Thabit\'s satirical poetry, followed by a conclusion of the most important findings of the study. Then comes the sources and references. Success comes from God.

John Badeau, born in 1903 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, was a prominent American figure with a clear impact on the Middle East. After completing his studies in the United States, he moved to the Middle East at the request of the Reformed Church there. He moved to Iraq in 1928, where he worked in the field of Christian missionary work until 1936. He then moved to academic work, and his impact on academic life was clear. He moved to Egypt and became a professor at the American University, later becoming Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences. In 1943, John Badeau became President of the American University, and he had a clear impact on opposing the establishment of Israel by a decision of US President Truman and the UN General Assembly resolution calling for the partition of Palestine in 1948. This research addresses his family, upbringing, and work. The research is divided into two sections. The first section covers his upbringing, early education, his move to the Middle East, and his work as a Christian missionary in Iraq. The second section talked about his move to academic work in Egypt at the American University as a professor, then dean, then president of the American University until 1953.

This study examines the civilizational role of the al-Shiraji family in Damascus during the centuries (6-9 AH / 12-15 AD). The family represented an exemplary model of scholarly households that combined intellectual and administrative contributions to Islamic civilization. The research reveals several key aspects that distinguished the al-Shiraji family, whose members excelled in Hadith sciences and jurisprudence while holding prominent religious and administrative positions. A significant finding of this study is the phenomenon of integration between scholarship and administrative work among family members, many of whom combined specialized academic expertise with leadership roles in managing educational and religious institutions. The study also highlights the social dimensions of the family's influence through their close ties with city notables and students of knowledge, establishing them as fundamental components of Damascene social fabric. The research explores the family's adaptability to political changes from the Ayyubid to Mamluk periods, and emphasizes the crucial role of women in preserving and transmitting Hadith heritage, demonstrating active female participation in scholarly fields during this era. Findings show the al-Shiraji family's remarkable ability to maintain scholarly and administrative continuity across three consecutive centuries despite military challenges, including the Timurid invasion. This study makes significant contributions to understanding the formation mechanisms of scholarly and administrative elites in Islamic urban centers. Its importance lies in revealing a comprehensive model of science-society interaction in Islamic history, opening new research horizons on the role of family units in civilization-building. The research employs analytical historical methodology, drawing on diverse historical sources including biographical dictionaries and historical chronicles to present a holistic view of the family's civilizational achievements.

History is one of the important doors of knowledge that must be open at the present stage, because it is the path of all humanity, and we believe that history is the history of peoples, but we must think in a more accurate scientific way, so that we do not neglect the role of individuals in history and its events, as they influence the course of history through their works, achievements and production.
Rather, the making of civilizations was carried out by historical figures, and history mocks important figures who left an impact behind them in areas of life, and the Chinese Empress Tzuhsi, who was a concubine and then became an empress, after she married the Chinese Emperor Shianfeng (1850-1861), as she was able with her cleverness, brilliant intelligence and activity to be the first lady in China and rule the Celestial Empire after the death of her husband in 1861AD, when she was twenty-five years old, and with her political cunning she bore full responsibility for the Chinese people with all its contradictions.
The research includes several main topics, most notably: a brief biography of Tzuhsi's life until she reached marriageable age, and then her marriage to Emperor Shianfeng in 1853 AD, her powerful role in the Second Opium War, and her ascension to the throne of China in 1861 AD.

Western historical writing has been characterized by the dominance of a Eurocentric perspective in addressing historical events. It has portrayed human history as European history. This stems from the belief that civilizations that emerged outside the European continent had a greater impact on human civilization as a whole and left a cultural legacy far superior to that of Europeans in their ancient and medieval eras. One of the historical periods in which this perspective dominated most of all was the Crusades, which shone a spotlight on European kings and knights in the 6th-12th/13th-15th centuries CE. During this period, the West invaded Islamic lands in the East, arousing the spirit of jihad within Muslims, who succeeded in confronting the invasion and uprooting the occupation.
The twentieth century witnessed serious Western attempts to move toward a clearer understanding of the Islamic aspect of the Crusades. This was embodied by three of the most prominent contemporary Western historians and Orientalists who made distinctive contributions to the study of the Crusades, attempting to trace the extent to which they were similar or divergent from one another.
First, in their view of Islamic figures.
Second, in the extent to which the image they presented conformed to or diverged from the narratives woven by our Islamic sources.
These are Stephen Runciman, the renowned British historian and author of (A History of the Crusades), and the Orientalist Hamilton Gibb, often called the "Dean of Arabic Studies," a specialist in medieval European history and the hallmark of an Orientalist who had extensively studied Islamic history.

Saudi -Italian relations occupy an important position in the framework of international relations, given the long history of investment and economic cooperation, which directly contributed to strengthening the economic partnership between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the countries of the world, especially with Italy, the issue of research, which witnessed more development, especially in the field of economic partnership, and established this in sound cooperation, represented in the fact that Italy is one of the most prominent commercial partners of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
According to the Saudi perspective, Italy is an essential station in Saudi -European relations. Italy is not only the forefront in the arrangement of Saudi -European commercial partnership, but also comes within the introduction to the countries that have close relations with the Kingdom, in light of the convergence of visions and attitudes regarding many issues, which created a solid ground for cooperation in the political, economic, commercial and investment fields, and encouraged businessmen in the two countries to establish joint economic projects, which is what is It reflects the development of relations and cooperation between the two countries, and this cooperation has framed with agreements and memorandum of understanding signed between the two countries.
This Research discusses economic relations between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Republic of Italy for forty years, which were reflected in the agreements and notes of cooperation and understanding in the commercial fields and stimulating the movement and protection of investments in both countries.

The pact of April 17, 1963, is one of the unitary projects that were agreed upon in Cairo between Iraq, Syria and the United Arab Republic, after negotiations conducted by officials in the three countries that extended through rounds of negotiations. The features of the rapprochement appeared after the Baath party managed to gain power in both Iraq and Syria following the coup d’état of February 8, 1963, and March 8, 1963, which paved the way for a major Iraqi-Syrian rapprochement that resulted in re-communicating with the United Arab Republic through discussions that concluded with the signing of the Pact of April 17, 1963.
The research tackled (the attitude of the United States of America on the pact of April 17, 1963) deals with the follow-up of the preparatory conditions for signing the pact and the attitude of the United States of America regarding the declaration of the pact
The United States of America was keeping pace with the political developments taking place in the Arab region and aware of their limited impact on Israeli security. Although the pact includes a pledge to liberate Palestine and unify the military efforts between the three countries to achieve that goal, the United States was aware that they are just slogans raised without the real
possibility. to achieve it.

In his upbringing, the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) combined the best of the best features of the classes of people and was
a high model of sound thinking and sound consideration, and there is no doubt that fate surrounded him with protection and reassurance, when the tendencies of the human soul
move to explore some worldly pleasures and when he accepts to follow the traditions of the well-known and not
commendable jahiliyah, divine providence intervenes between him and them to prevent this from happening, The Prophet (peace be upon him) was characterized by virtuous morals and noble qualities
among his people until he was called the truthful and faithful, and events occurred during his birth and before his mission that he lived
and dealt with the meanings that he carried, and I found
that knowing these qualities is very important, so I decided to collect them through a modest research that sheds
light on his attitudes among his people before the mission exclusively , which I addressed in two researches
The first section, entitled "The Biography of the Prophe
Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him before the Prophetic Mission) , dealt with his biography from birth, as he grew up as an orphan of his parent
, through his noble lineage, the care of his grandfather and uncle, and his marriage with Mrs. Khadija, the mother of the faithful, may Allah be pleased
with her, referring to the divine care that concerned
with her.





The second section explained the most important events that took place in
his life before the Prophet's mission, including what happened at his birth, the most important of which were the shaking

The current research aims to uncover the most important obstacles facing scientific research in the field of education and psychology from the point of view of faculty members in the departments of education and psychology in both Kuwait and Kirkuk universities, and for this purpose, the researcher prepared a scale according to the necessary scientific steps such as conducting an open questionnaire and referring to previous studies and extracting the psychometric properties of the scale such as honesty and stability, The scale in its final form consisted of (34) paragraphs distributed on five axes according to the source of the issue, whether it is related to the researcher or the research sample or the measurement tool or obstacles related to publication procedures or administrative obstacles, and then the scale was applied to a sample of (27) teaching staff members in the specialized departments of education and psychology in both Kuwait University and the University of Kuwait, Then, through the weighted mean and relative weight of the scale items, the results were presented according to the research objectives and the views of faculty members on the obstacles to educational research were compared according to some variables such as (gender, scientific title, academic degree and number of published research) and then, in light of the research results, the researcher presented a set of recommendations to the relevant authorities in order to solve the issues facing researchers, and a number of proposals for conducting future




research complementary and related to the subject of the research.

Learning test-wise strategies is one of the important steps that helps university students overcome anxiety, fear, and confusion about tests, and experience dealing with them, to develop positive attitudes toward tests as they are a type of scientific evaluation during the learning process, and it also benefits the teacheres as it helps him to accurately evaluate. Student achievement, and measuring learning outcomes, which are important goals of the educational process. The current research is concerned with effective strategies in teaching the students. The current research aims to identify the prevailing test wisdom strategies among university students, and to identify statistically significant differences in them according to the variables: gender (males, females), Specialization






(scientific, humanities) of university students. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researchers used the descriptive, correlational approach and prepared a tool to measure
test wisdom strategies, which consisted of (28) items divided into five strategies: using the test, avoiding error, guessing, logical deduction, using stimuli, and after verifying the psychometric properties. For the tool, it was applied to a sample of Alanbar university students, which numbered (400) male and female students, for the academic year (2023/2024). Findings revealed that university students employ multiple test-wisdom strategies. The results showed no statistically significant differences in test-wisdom utilization levels according to gender (male-female). However, statistically significant differences were found in test-wisdom application levels based on academic specialization (scientific vs. humanities), favoring science majors, and academic level (first-year vs.

Adolescence, coinciding with the high school stage, is a period of significant physical, psychological, and social transformations. Students at this stage are exposed to various pressures stemming from academics, social relationships, hormonal changes, and future aspirations. These pressures can lead to elevated levels of psychological distress, negatively affecting their mental and physical health, academic performance, and social relationships. In the context of Erbil city, additional factors such as the social, economic, and cultural conditions experienced by the community may compound these pressures.
The current research aims to identify the overall level of psychological distress among high school students and to find the differences in the level of psychological distress according to the variables of gender and specialization. Also, Determine differences in the






level of psychological distress according to the variables of academic year and economic status. The significance of this research lies in providing fundamental data on the level of psychological distress among an important segment of students and contributing to the understanding of factors that lead to students' exposure to psychological distress. The population of the current research consists of preparatory school students in Erbil city, totaling (32,254) male and female students. The research sample comprised (390) male and female students distributed according to the research variables. The researchers prepared the research instrument and utilized the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and appropriate statistical methods to analyze the data and interpret the results. The researchers reached several conclusions, including: students exhibit a high level of psychological distress; there are differences between genders in favor of males; there are also differences according to economic status, favoring the poor economic status; and differences between students according to academic year, favoring the twelfth grade. In light of these findings, the research concludes with a number of recommendations and conclusions.

The current study aims to identify the early non-conformist cognitive schemas and to identify the level of intellectual extremism among university students and to identify the differences according to the university variable in both the scales of early cognitive schemas and intellectual extremism and to know the nature of the relationship between early non-conformist cognitive schemas and intellectual extremism. The research sample consisted of (400) male and female students from the University of Kirkuk and the University of Koya for the academic year (2024-2025) To achieve the research objectives, the researchers adopted the Jeffrey Scale of Early Cognitive Schemas and the Titan Scale of Intellectual Extremism. After statistically analyzing the data, it was concluded that university students have cognitive schemas that do not Consensus and that the sample suffers from intellectual extremism, as there are statistically significant differences according to the university variable in favor of the University of Kirkuk, and there is a significant correlation between cognitive plans and intellectual extremism. Based on these results, the researchers presented a set of recommendations and proposals
1- Raising parents' awareness of the importance of caring for their childhood years and their impact on mental health and the development of a child's future personality.
2- Raising students' awareness of how to confront and overcome negative circumstances and experiences that have developed.






3- Activating the role of universities in combating intellectual extremism by holding seminars and
conferences and publishing scientific research.
In light of the research findings, the researchers propose a set of recommendations.
In light of the research findings, the researchers propose a set of recommendations:
1. Conducting research on early cognitive schemas among middle school students.
2. Intellectual extremism and its relationship to family upbringing.
3. Conducting a study examining the relationship between incompatible cognitive schemas and intellectual extremism and other variables (self-control, personality traits). (Incompatibility,
extremism, schemes).

The mental health studies provide evidence on the increase, depth and impact of mental health issues on young people, in universities and schools and society in general, across continents and nations. We could say that students in Iraq face significant mental health issues, especially after the spread of digital education in educational institutions there. The present study aimed to investigate the role of hope and psychological resilience in promoting mental health among university students within a rapidly evolving digital learning environment. This research is situated within the context of the global digital transformation in education at all levels. Therefore, understanding the impact of hope and resilience on mental health is crucial for developing a healthy and effective educational environment. Strengthening hope and resilience can significantly contribute to improving students' academic performance and psychological well-being.
The study sample consisted of 250 university students (102 males and 148 females), randomly selected from Salahaddin University, representing both scientific and humanities disciplines. Standardized scales were used to measure levels of hope, psychological resilience, and mental health. The findings revealed that both hope and psychological resilience play a significant role in enhancing the mental health of university students in a digital educational environment. Furthermore, the results indicated statistically significant gender differences in hope, resilience, and mental health, in favor of female students. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that hope and psychological resilience are key strategies for improving student well-being and supporting their adaptation to digital learning environments. In light of the results, the researchers offer a number of recommendations and suggestions.

The aim of the study was to investigate the extent to which the skills of the culture of the numeracy on the level of students in the preparatory stage in Iraq have been brought to the attention of parents from parents. The analytical descriptive method was used to obtain the results of a random sample of them. The sample reached (425) Conducting the Statistical Analysis The present study has reached the following results:
- There were statistically significant differences between the mean responses of variables related to the gender variable among parents in the sample of the study for the benefit of parents where the parents' average of (2.857), the standard deviation (0.773), the mean of mothers reached (2.427) (0.697).
- The source of significance in the differences between the averages of the variable age groups in the digital knowledge was in favor of the age group 35 and less compared to











the age group 45 and above.
The source of significance in the differences between the mean responses of the variable of the categories of education in the digital knowledge was a function in favor of the higher education category compared to the education category bachelor or lower. The differences were also significant for the higher education category compared to the education category with the bachelor degree

This research titled "The Role of the Kurdish Academic Journal in Terminology Development" examines terminology, which refers to words used in specialized fields that constitute a significant portion of any language's vocabulary. Terminology forms the backbone of a national language and has therefore attracted the attention and study of linguists and researchers.
In 1970, following the March 11 Declaration, a group of Kurdish intellectuals and writers established the Kurdish Academy of Knowledge in Baghdad as part of granting cultural and heritage rights to the Kurdish nation. As a cultural institution, its mission was to preserve and promote the Kurdish language. From this perspective, the aim of this research is to use descriptive analytical methodology to highlight the role of this journal in the creation, analysis, and presentation of Kurdish terminology, as well as in enriching the Kurdish language dictionary with terminology from various fields. The journal played a key role in developing specialized terminology in fields such as: administration, linguistics, education, medicine, philosophy and logic, etc., thereby enriching specialized dictionaries across different domains. All efforts of the Academy were directed toward filling the gaps in Kurdish language vocabulary by creating terminology that would replace Arabic, Persian, Turkish, and foreign terms with authentic Kurdish equivalents.
The most important finding of this research is that the Academy has had a significant position in serving Kurdish terminology, as they made considerable efforts in creating and formulating Kurdish terminology and succeeded in establishing appropriate terms for several different fields. This research also revealed that Kurdish is a robust and powerful language suitable for all sciences, as it has the capacity to provide and create appropriate terminology for most scientific concepts.

Commerce is one of the fundamental aspects of human life. Therefore, it is essential to understand how to engage with it effectively. What are the factors that contribute to commercial success? How does linguistic communication influence business interactions? The aim of this research is to analyze and provide recommendations for employers regarding linguistic skills in commerce.
Commercial development is significantly influenced by writing skills and linguistic abilities, as they contribute to achieving positive outcomes. Writing skills vary, and employers must understand their importance to enhance commercial success. Therefore, employers should focus on developing and improving their linguistic skills, as they play a crucial role in fostering successful business interactions. This research is both theoretical
and practical, discussing writing skills within the framework of commercial opportunities, customer engagement, and employer communication. We have relied on a variety of
research methods, including descriptive analysis, particularly focusing on commerce in Erbil. The study examines applied linguistics structures and the impact of writing skills in commerce, emphasizing how linguistic proficiency aids in data collection and analysis.
Ultimately, the findings highlight the significance of linguistic skills in commercial success.

Since the relationship between cinematic shots and the language of poetry is based on shared connections, they engage in a face-to-face interaction of interrelation, association, and intellectual cohesion. The foundation of cinematic shots lies in imagery, movement, and lighting, while the essence of poetic language is rhythm and meter. Rhythm itself consists of a sequence of motions and pauses. The significance of this connection lies in the presence of poetic imagery and musical movements, where the mutual interaction between cinematic shots and poetic language becomes evident. Through this harmony, resemblance, coherence, and the interweaving of sounds, we observe a strong poetic expressiveness on both intellectual and dynamic levels .