Vision Journal for Social Studies

This study aims to analyze propaganda strategies in the political discourse of U.S. President Donald Trump directed toward the Middle East through his official page on X. It seeks to identify the major themes, media frames, propaganda strategies, and linguistic and symbolic features employed in this discourse. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach and relies on qualitative analysis of digital political discourse, supported by framing theory as its main theoretical framework. The sample consisted of 120 official posts related to Middle Eastern issues published between January 2024 and December 2025.
The findings reveal that the discourse focused primarily on major strategic issues related to U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East, especially the Arab-Israeli conflict, relations with Gulf states, Iran, and regional security. The strategic frame and the responsibility frame were the most dominant media frames. The study also found that the most prominent propaganda strategies were self-image enhancement, emotional appeal, and the distortion of the other’s image. In addition, the discourse relied heavily on a direct and clear style, along with promotional and polarizing language. The results further indicate that visual and symbolic elements played a noticeable role in strengthening the political message, while implicit propaganda appeared more frequently than explicit propaganda. The study concludes that X has become an influential platform in managing international political communication and shaping public perception of Middle Eastern issues.

This research aims to analyze the reality of economic diversification in Iraq in light of fluctuating global oil prices and demonstrate the extent to which Iraq can reduce its dependence on oil revenues. The study\'s importance stems from the Iraqi economy\'s heavy reliance on the oil sector as the primary source of public revenues and GDP, which makes it vulnerable to economic fluctuations resulting from changes in global oil prices. The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach to examine economic data concerning the contribution of different economic sectors to GDP and the composition of public revenues from 2010 to 2020. The study revealed a clear weakness in Iraq\'s level of economic diversification due to the oil sector\'s significant dominance in the national economic structure. Oil revenues constitute the largest share of total public revenues and exports. The results also showed the limited contribution of other productive sectors, such as agriculture and industry, to the GDP. The study recommends using fiscal policy tools to support non-oil productive sectors, encourage local and foreign investment, and strengthen the role of the private sector. This will contribute to achieving sustainable economic diversification and reduce dependence on oil as the primary source of income.

This study aims to examine the impact of educational guidance on enhancing the professional performance of teachers within the Iraqi religious education system, focusing on integrating Islamic authenticity with contemporary educational approaches. The research addresses the concept of educational guidance and its role in improving professional competence, teaching methods, assessment strategies, and building teachers\' professional and ethical personality. It also explores the main challenges facing educational guidance, including administrative, professional, social, and technological challenges, and discusses strategies to overcome them. The study concludes that effective educational guidance contributes to improving the quality of religious education and achieving high professional performance among teachers, emphasizing the necessity of employing modern technologies, developing educational policies, and leveraging practical experience to ensure the sustainability of guidance.

This study examines the legislative challenges and the balance of constituent units within a federal state amid separatist tendencies, as one of the most complex issues facing modern composite systems. Although federalism aims to strike a balance between state unity and the autonomy of its components, its practical implementation reveals deep complexities related to the distribution of legislative powers and the integration of laws between federal and local levels. The weakness of legislative coordination represents a major manifestation of this imbalance, leading to conflicting legal provisions and inconsistencies in application—as seen in the Iraqi experience, which has resulted in overlapping and contradictory legislation between the central and regional authorities, particularly in areas of shared competence. The first problem arises from the absence of a coherent legislative framework capable of ensuring harmony among the various levels of authority. Unregulated legal plurality weakens the federal structure and undermines institutional effectiveness. Moreover, the ethnic and political diversity that should enrich the federal system often becomes a source of division when not managed through a unified legislative approach. The principle of political consensus, though intended to ensure balanced participation, frequently turns into a tool of legislative paralysis that obstructs decision-making and weakens federal governance. The second challenge concerns reconciling the principle of legislative autonomy for the constituent units with that of federal balance. Genuine federal stability cannot be achieved without granting regions real legislative independence in managing their internal affairs while preserving the unity of the national legal framework. The study concludes that overcoming these challenges requires fostering a federal culture based on legislative cooperation and establishing a precise constitutional delineation of competencies that ensures equilibrium between the requirements of unity and the aspirations of autonomy within a cohesive and stable federal state.

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Objective: This research aims to examine the role of Knowledge Transfer (KT) through Artificial Intelligence (AI) in enhancing the quality of higher education within Iraqi universities. It further investigates the mechanisms by which knowledge dissemination and transfer, mediated by AI, contribute to elevating educational quality among faculty members in the target institutions. Methodology: The study utilized a stratified random sample consisting of (381) faculty members. Data analysis was conducted using various statistical methods via the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, v.20). Problem Statement: The research problem is centered on the insufficient awareness among some faculty members in the studied Iraqi universities regarding the strategic importance of AI-driven knowledge transfer and distribution in improving higher education standards. Findings: The study reveals a statistically significant relationship between AI-enabled knowledge transfer processes and the enhancement of higher education quality. Furthermore, the results indicate significant differences among the investigated universities concerning their knowledge transfer practices. Recommendations: The study recommends that university leadership must modernize knowledge transfer processes by integrating AI applications that align with contemporary technological shifts. Moreover, there is a critical need to intensify training programs and foster a digital culture among faculty members, aimed at achieving comprehensive Quality Assurance (QA) in the Iraqi higher education sector.

This research examines Sharia-compliant sale contracts in Iraqi Islamic banks, with a focus on the extent to which these banks adhere to such contracts in accordance with the Iraqi Islamic Banks Law No. (43) of 2015, from a jurisprudential, legal, and applied perspective. The study aims to establish the Sharia foundations of sale contracts, analyze their legal regulation, and evaluate their practical implementation, while identifying Sharia-related shortcomings and deviations and proposing scholarly solutions consistent with the objectives of Islamic law (Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿa).The research adopts a descriptive, analytical, and comparative methodology, examining classical jurisprudential texts, Sharia resolutions of the International Islamic Fiqh Academy, Sharia standards issued by the Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI), in addition to the Iraqi Islamic Banks Law and reports of local banks. The findings reveal that Sharia-compliant sale contracts—most notably murābaḥah to the purchase orderer—constitute the backbone of Islamic financing. However, practical application in Iraqi banks is, in some cases, marked by deviations from the objectives of Sharia due to weak Sharia supervision and the reliance by some banks on formalistic structures that fail to achieve genuine ownership and risk-bearing. The study also notes the limited use of other contracts, such as salam and istisnāʿ, despite their juristic legitimacy and capacity to meet diverse financing needs. The research further confirms that Islamic Banks Law No. (43) of 2015 provides a general Sharia framework for operations, yet requires more detailed regulation of sale contracts, mandatory Sharia supervision, and the imposition of a degree of risk-sharing on banks to ensure genuine Sharia compliance. Accordingly, the study presents a set of practical recommendations, including the issuance of detailed contractual regulations, strengthening the authority of Sharia supervisory boards, diversifying financing instruments, establishing specialized judicial divisions, and linking banking practices to the objectives of Sharia in justice and risk-bearing. This research constitutes a scholarly contribution to assessing the reality of Islamic finance in Iraq and lays the foundations for developing practical applications that ensure banks’ compliance with Sharia principles and the achievement of sustainable development in accordance with Islamic law.

The foreign privileges granted by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent during his reign to some European countries played a role in serving the interests of the Ottoman Empire. They had a significant impact in stimulating trade across its territories, increasing financial revenues, and stabilizing economic conditions. They also played a role in establishing political relations and gaining European allies, enabling the Ottomans to create a kind of balance of power in Europe. This helped in confronting external challenges and limiting aggression against Muslim countries. They also contributed to imposing its control over the Mediterranean and expanding in Europe at the expense of the major powers.

The study aims to identify the impact of applying Total Quality Management (TQM) to improving employee performance in government institutions in Baghdad Governorate, specifically focusing on employees working in the Department of Religious and Charitable Institutions. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to analyze the data and extract the results collected from the main study tool (the questionnaire), which is divided into three axes (strategic orientation, continuous improvement, and training and development). The study results reveal statistically significant differences at the significance level of (0.05) for the dimensions of TQM in improving institutional performance, with a positive correlation between the independent variables of TQM and the dependent variable (improving institutional performance). The study recommends conducting further survey studies to identify the types of training and development courses that employees need during their work, and the necessity for senior management to monitor employee performance, identify their problems, communicate with them to identify and address any variables that may affect their performance, benefit from their skills and experience, and involve their opinions in planning the tasks and duties required by the job.

This study examines the role of media in promoting critical thinking among the public, considering it a cornerstone for cultivating an informed society capable of discerning accurate information from misleading content. The research focuses on analyzing the relationship between media discourse and the audience’s methods of processing information, highlighting factors that influence individuals’ capacity to adopt a critical perspective in media consumption. The study also explores dimensions of critical literacy, including analysis, evaluation, and comparison skills, and how media can contribute to strengthening these competencies through tools such as journalistic analysis, intellectual debates, and media literacy programs. The research employs a critical-analytical methodology, based on content analysis of selected traditional and contemporary media outlets, and assesses their impact on public critical thinking. The study further discusses strategies that media institutions can implement to promote critical literacy, such as encouraging objective dialogue, providing reliable references, and motivating independent reasoning. Findings indicate that effective media does not merely transmit information but engages the audience in interpretation and analysis, thereby enhancing society’s ability to confront misinformation and make informed decisions. The study concludes that media serves as a pivotal instrument in fostering critical literacy when applied through a conscious and comprehensive approach. Its role extends beyond news dissemination to include developing audiences’ critical thinking skills through continuous educational and awareness initiatives.

This study aimed to determine the relationship between organizational cynicism as a dependent variable and job performance as an independent variable, relying on demographic variables that serve as indicators for the dimensions of the dependent variable organizational cynicism, which are (cognitive/belief dimension, affective dimension, behavioral dimension). Job performance will be the main independent variable, and a descriptive analytical approach was used. The study population consisted of administrative staff at the level of chief observer, assistant director, director, and senior director at the Sunni Endowment Office, with a total of 60 employees. After conducting the appropriate statistical analysis, the study reached several conclusions, including: there is a relationship between organizational cynicism and job performance. The study made a number of recommendations, including: building trust between senior management and employees by supporting and motivating employees to improve their job performance, creating a healthy work environment in line with available resources, as the lack thereof affects productivity, working to motivate employees who have the capacity for innovation and creativity and adopting new ideas to develop the work of the office, as building a positive institutional culture among employees leads to greater transparency, respect, and fairness in the office. The negative effects of this phenomenon cause an increase in employee turnover, a decline in work ethic, a reduction in job performance, and generate negativity among employees, leading them to reduce opportunities for creativity and innovation, which affects the office\'s ability to achieve its strategic goals.

This study examines Smart Contracts in Decentralized Finance (DeFi) from a comparative jurisprudential and regulatory perspective. Smart contracts represent a paradigm shift in digital contracting through blockchain-based automation. The research explores the jurisprudential foundations for classifying such contracts—whether they constitute valid digital agency or a self-executing autonomous agreement. It also analyzes their conditions of validity, including consent, subject matter, and enforceability, and evaluates their conformity with Islamic legal objectives such as justice, protection of wealth, and avoidance of uncertainty and exploitation. Furthermore, the study reviews the regulatory frameworks governing smart contracts in modern financial systems, referencing Arab and international models, and addresses associated ethical and technical risks such as system breaches, fraud, and lack of human accountability. The study concludes that balanced fiqh-based and regulatory frameworks are essential to harness the benefits of smart contracts while maintaining compliance with Islamic principles, by integrating Sharia supervisory tools with technical auditing mechanisms. Ultimately, it aims to establish a framework that harmonizes classical jurisprudence with digital innovation toward a secure and sustainable Islamic digital finance system

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The goal of this research was to develop a practical marketing campaign for an event on behalf of the organizing company. The campaign sought to raise brand awareness, boost customer engagement, and enhance overall marketing performance. A descriptive-analytical approach was employed and supported by a questionnaire distributed to 252 customers and business owners. The results showed that the success of Al Jabal Markets depends not only on marketing campaign implementation, but also on creating deep emotional and interactive connections with consumers to ensure marketing performance sustainability. The research recommends well-planned promotion of such events to enhance brand presence, cultivate customer loyalty, and support cross-promotional growth.

This study aims to examine the relationship between media and intellectual conflict in contemporary societies, with a focus on the impact of media coverage on shaping and directing public orientations. The research is based on the premise that media is not merely a conduit for information but an active agent in constructing and reconstructing societal awareness, reflecting ongoing intellectual conflicts among diverse societal currents. The study employs an analytical and descriptive methodology, selecting a range of media content that addresses controversial, social, and intellectual issues, and analyzing its narrative framework while observing its effects on social and psychological dimensions. The research highlights the role of different media platforms in framing intellectual conflict, whether through topic selection, narrative style, or presentation methods, and the consequent influence on public attitudes and orientations. Preliminary findings indicate that media coverage of intellectual issues plays a central role in shaping public opinion, potentially reinforcing divisions or fostering intellectual reconciliations depending on content framing and the degree of neutrality. The study also demonstrates that media-society interaction is a dynamic process, influenced by prevailing cultural norms, education levels, and the strength of media institutions. The study concludes that understanding the relationship between media and intellectual conflict requires the development of conscious media strategies, balancing freedom of expression with social responsibility, and emphasizing the promotion of critical awareness among audiences, thereby mitigating the negative impacts of intellectual conflicts on social cohesion.

This study aims to examine the transformations in crisis news coverage from traditional print journalism to live broadcasting via social media platforms, analyzing the impact of these changes on news quality, journalists’ roles, and audience-media interaction. The study employed a descriptive-analytical methodology, collecting data from theoretical sources alongside a field study using questionnaires, interviews, and content analysis.
The results revealed that digital transformation increased the speed of news delivery, enhanced audience interaction, and allowed public participation in news dissemination and opinion formation. However, challenges emerged, including occasional reduction in information accuracy, time pressures on journalists, difficulty verifying news, and the spread of misleading information on digital platforms.
The study recommends adopting a hybrid model combining the accuracy of print journalism with the speed and interactivity of digital media, training journalists in digital reporting skills, developing verification tools, and raising public awareness about the importance of fact-checking before sharing.

This study aims to explore the impact of electronic advertising on consumer behavior, through a survey that targeted students at Samarra University in the field of electronic advertising and its impact on their purchasing decisions and behavior toward products and services. The data was collected through a questionnaire distributed to a random sample of students, and the data was analyzed using appropriate statistical methods.
The study reached results, perhaps the most notable of which are: the existence of an impact of the characteristics of electronic advertising on the consumer behavior of Samarra University students, as well as the presence of an impact of the content of the electronic advertising message on Consumer behavior of Samarra University students, and also the presence of an impact of electronic advertising incentives on the consumer behavior of Samarra University students.

The statute of limitations for administrative liability claims is considered an important topic in administrative life due to the consequences arising from it and the fact that it leads to the lapse of the administrative bodies’ obligation to compensate those who have suffered harm as a result of their illegal activity. The statute of limitations for administrative liability claims varies according to the field of application, as the claim for compensation for damages resulting from illegal administrative decisions lapses after 15 years, while damages resulting from the physical actions of the administration are subject to a short statute of limitations. The researchers divided this study into three topics, which they concluded with a number of recommendations, the most prominent of which are: legislating a special law for administrative procedures in Iraq, similar to the Civil Procedure Law and the Criminal Procedure Code, due to the difference in the nature of administrative disputes from the disputes considered by the civil and criminal judiciaries, as well as amending the State Council Law No. 65 of 1979, by including a text regulating administrative liability lawsuits filed before the Administrative Judiciary Court, in terms of the conditions for filing them, their statute of limitations, and making their jurisdiction general and comprehensive for all types of disputes in which the administration is a party.

The Iraqi banking sector is undergoing fundamental transformations driven by the Central Bank\'s directives towards enhancing financial inclusion and digitalization. Accordingly, this research aims to measure and analyze the impact of digital transformation, with its various dimensions (Core Banking Systems, E-banking, Digital Financial Reporting, and IT Spending), on improving the financial management efficiency of banks listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange (ISX). To address the research problem, a descriptive-analytical approach was adopted to frame the concepts, alongside a quantitative econometric approach to test the hypotheses. The research sample consisted of (10) commercial banks whose financial data were consistently available during the period (2018–2024), utilizing control variables including (Bank Size, Bank Age, Growth Rate, and Financial Leverage). Using Panel Data regression models via EViews software, the research concluded several findings, notably a statistically significant positive impact of digital transformation on financial management efficiency. The adoption of core banking systems and e-banking applications contributed to reducing the operating cost ratio and improving the Return on Assets (ROA). The research recommends that banks must increase capital allocations directed towards technological infrastructure, and regulatory bodies should mandate detailed disclosure of digital spending in annual reports.

This study examines television program presenters’ reliance on digital technologies and its impact on their professional performance in the context of rapid transformations in contemporary media. The research problem lies in the lack of clarity regarding the extent to which digital technologies influence the quality of professional performance and whether this reliance contributes to skill development or creates new professional challenges. The importance of the study stems from its attempt to clarify the relationship between digital technologies and presenters’ professional performance and to provide scientific insights that can support media practice and professional training. The study aims to identify the level of presenters’ reliance on digital technologies, analyze their impact on professional performance, and explore the main challenges associated with their use. Using a descriptive analytical approach and a questionnaire as the main data collection tool, the study found that digital technologies have significantly enhanced professional performance, improved presentation quality, and strengthened audience interaction. However, they have also imposed challenges related to time pressure, information verification, and managing digital interaction. The study concludes that conscious and well-organized use of digital technologies is essential to balance technological advancement with professional and ethical standards in television media.

This study aims to conduct a spatial analysis of the industrial sector in Karbala Governorate, focusing on Al-Ataba Industrial City as a case study. It seeks to identify the patterns of industrial localization and examine the geographical and economic factors influencing the distribution and development of industries, as well as their role in supporting the governorate’s economic growth. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology based on official statistical data and field observations, in addition to analyzing key industrial indicators such as the number of establishments, number of workers, production value, added value, and wages.
The study also reviews the theoretical framework of industry and industrial localization and highlights the most important natural and human factors affecting industrial development in Karbala, including geographical location, raw materials, energy resources, transportation, capital, and market availability. The findings indicate that construction and food industries represent the most significant industrial activities in terms of establishments and production value. Despite the advantages of Karbala’s strategic location, the sector faces challenges such as energy shortages and high operational costs. The study concludes that improving infrastructure and supporting industrial planning are essential for sustainable industrial development.

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This study seeks to explore the intellectual economic approaches that have contributed to shaping and consolidating the concept of Islamic economics. It investigates the nature of the relationship between Islamic and positive economic systems at the levels of terminology, methodology, and conceptual frameworks. The study originates from a pivotal problematic: uncovering the points of intersection and divergence between economic concepts in both systems, and determining the effectiveness of intellectual approaches in keeping pace with contemporary economic developments.
The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, grounded in the philosophical and historical analysis of economic thought. The findings reveal that the intellectual approaches between the two economic systems range from apparent convergence in terminology to fundamental divergence in philosophical foundations and objectives. Furthermore, the study concludes that Islamic economics possesses a comprehensive intellectual framework capable of providing effective alternatives to contemporary economic issues when its intellectual approaches are systematically employed. Finally, the study highlights that understanding these approaches enhances the ability of Islamic economics to interact with international economic variables without compromising its epistemological and ethical identity.

This study examines the effectiveness of public relations campaigns in enhancing public trust in health institutions after the COVID-19 pandemic. The research stems from a core problem represented by the decline in public trust due to conflicting information, misinformation, and limitations in health communication during the crisis. The importance of the study lies in evaluating the communication campaigns adopted by health institutions to mitigate the post-pandemic effects and providing a scientific perspective on rebuilding trust and improving institutional image. The study aims to measure the impact of public relations campaigns in clarifying health messages, reducing misinformation, and improving communication between institutions and the public. Results from the field analysis indicate that the campaigns were clear, easy to understand, and significantly contributed to restoring trust and reassurance. They also highlighted the humanitarian efforts of medical staff, thus enhancing the public image of health institutions. The findings emphasize the importance of digital platforms and rapid response in fostering positive public interaction. The study recommends maintaining health campaigns beyond crises, ensuring transparency in messaging, developing platforms for direct communication, and adopting interactive communication strategies to combat misinformation and strengthen sustainable trust between the public and health institutions.

This research aimed to identify the effect of the IMPROVE strategy on the mathematics achievement and algebraic thinking of second-year intermediate students. The experimental research method was employed, and the study was conducted on a sample of 64 students, equally divided into two groups of 32 students each: an experimental group that studied using the IMPROVE strategy and a control group that studied using the traditional method. The two groups were matched for certain variables that could influence the results of the experiment. An achievement test consisting of 40 items and an algebraic thinking test consisting of 18 items distributed across three skills were developed. Both tests were validated for reliability and possessed some psychometric properties. The results showed the superiority of the experimental group over the control group in both the achievement test and the post-test of algebraic thinking. The research recommended several measures, including: conducting training courses and workshops for mathematics teachers on how to implement the IMPROVE strategy in teaching mathematics, and instructing mathematics teachers to develop algebraic thinking skills when teaching the subject.

This paper examines the unconscious repetition theme in The Stranger by Albert Camus through a psycho-Freudian lens (A Psychological and Freudian Reading). It also goes beyond the customary existentialist and absurdist interpretations to contend that the protagonist, Meursault, is driven by very rooted repetitive ways of behaviour that indicate internal psychological processes. The major theoretical perspectives involved are general principles of habit formation and conditioning, and basic Freudian concepts, the repetition compulsion (Wiederholungszwang)) and the death drive (Thanatos) and defensive mechanisms such as repression and denial. The methodological strategy involves a close textual examination of the behaviour of Meursault, his feelings, and the sensory impressions, tracing the appearances of the given aspects throughout the story. The findings show that the affective detachment of Meursault, the focus on the sensory stimuli like the sun, his insistence on routine, and the mechanistic nature of his violent outburst are not just artificial features of an absurd hero but can be interpreted as signs of the compulsion to repeat. The investigation clarifies the way these tendencies escalate out of normal activities to the deadly struggle at the beach and are later replicated and condemned by the populace during his trial. To this end, this reading therefore resolves that the course of Meursault is not merely a philosophical indulgence into nihilism, but a psychological study of a man trapped in a loop of unconscious repetition, with the outcome of his repetitive fate being the tragic one.

The Middle East is one of the regions most exposed to tremors and instability in the balance of power system, especially after the American occupation of Iraq in 2003. Since the occupation of Iraq, the Arab region has been characterized by ambiguity and indeterminacy. A group of changes have occurred that have put the world and the region on new paths. Regarding the geopolitical effects, at the level of the international system, international players repositioned themselves in light of the Iraq War, especially in response to the decline of unilateralism. As for the regional dimension, in addition to the geopolitical transformations it brought about, the destruction and rebuilding of Iraq, which was a major regional state, had a major impact on the balance of regional power, which was reflected in the changing landscape of regional powers and alliances in light of the weakness of Arab ruling systems, and in light of the lack of an active actor to play a balancing role to the Iranian role in the region, at the same time that Iranian movements in the region are based on the idea of weakness and contradiction of Arab responses. The occupation of Iraq was in the interest of major non-Arab regional powers (such as Iran, Turkey, and Israel) in the Middle East region. However, the Arab revolutions, which took place in the Middle East region, were expected to have the greatest impact in changing the balance equations. These variables impose a new form of the balance of power in the Middle East region.

This study examines the relationship between leadership style and employee motivation, with particular attention to the moderating role of organizational culture. Drawing on the literature on leadership and motivation, the study investigates whether overall leadership style, along with its dimensions—transformational, transactional, autocratic, and laissez-faire—has a significant impact on employee motivation.
A quantitative research design was adopted, and data were collected through a structured questionnaire distributed to a sample of employees working at the Iraqi Tourism Authority. The empirical analysis was conducted using SPSS version 29 and included tests of discriminant validity, internal consistency reliability, descriptive statistics, normality assessment, and regression-based hypothesis testing.
The measurement results indicated acceptable validity and reliability of the study constructs, with Cronbach’s alpha values exceeding the recommended thresholds. Descriptive findings showed that survey participants generally held positive perceptions of leadership style, organizational culture, and employee motivation.
Regression results revealed that leadership style has a statistically significant positive effect on employee motivation, with all direct hypotheses supported. Among the leadership dimensions, laissez-faire and transformational leadership demonstrated the strongest explanatory power, whereas transactional leadership showed the weakest effect, though it remained statistically significant.
Furthermore, organizational culture significantly strengthened the relationship between leadership style and employee motivation, suggesting that leadership becomes more effective when embedded within a supportive cultural environment.
The study concludes that employee motivation is shaped not only by leadership behavior itself, but also by the organizational context in which this behavior is practiced. These findings contribute to the leadership literature by highlighting the combined importance of leadership style and organizational culture in explaining motivational outcomes.

This study aims to identify the optimal sites for surface runoff water harvesting within the Wadi Al-Dhibaa Basin, located in the western plateau of Al-Muthanna Governorate, southern Iraq. The basin features a clear topographic gradient, descending from the elevated southern headwaters (106–140 m above sea level) toward the low northern alluvial plains (14–70 m), which directly influences surface runoff dynamics and water accumulation patterns.
The study relied on Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data from the NASA Shuttle Radar Topography Mission with a spatial resolution of 30 m, processed using ArcGIS 10.6 to derive flow directions using the D8 algorithm, calculate flow accumulation, extract the drainage network, and classify streams according to Strahler’s stream order method. The analysis identified 71 stream segments totaling 37 km, distributed across four orders, with the first-order streams being the most numerous (38 streams) and the fourth-order stream representing the main channel of the basin.
Results indicate that the outlets of third-order streams are the most suitable locations for surface runoff harvesting, as they naturally converge upstream tributaries before joining the main channel, enhancing water collection efficiency. Geological factors, particularly the widespread Dammam limestone formation with moderate permeability, combined with seasonal rainfall averaging 105.42 mm per year, further support the feasibility of the proposed water harvesting structures.
Integrating topographic, hydrological, and geological analyses within a GIS framework provides a robust scientific methodology for selecting runoff harvesting sites, supporting sustainable water resource management in arid and semi-arid environments, and offering a practical foundation for small-scale water harvesting development.

The present study explores posthumanism in the literary work by examining the novel of Fantastic Mr. Fox by Roald Dahl. It makes its way through the perplexity of the animal-human boundaries in literature and, in particular, the work of Roald Dahl as a posthumanist author. the literary devices of Dahl enhance the level of compassion and inclusiveness, as well as the posthumanist principles. Fantastic Mr. Fox novel explores the concept of posthumanism with the possibility of humans being featured as animals and their agency is made apparent. Animal characters and their cooperative effort to help the fox family are an illustration of the protection of common features and animal rights. The methods used by Dahl encourage compassion, which causes the reader to reevaluate his or her relationship with animals. The current study at hand investigates the part played by posthumanist literature in ensuring harmony and interrelatedness amongst all living beings.

The current research seeks to identify waste recycling and its role in climate quality in the outskirts of urban areas in Baghdad. To achieve the current research objective, the researcher relied on a descriptive and analytical approach using a sample of (150) employees in the Baghdad Municipality. To collect the necessary data and information, a questionnaire was designed to collect data and information, and its validity and reliability were verified. After its application, the research concluded:
1. The Baghdad Municipality uses specialized technical software for modern waste recycling.
2. The Baghdad Municipality is interested in using artificial intelligence tools to identify the areas most affected by waste for recycling and utilization.
3. The Baghdad Municipality focuses on improving climate quality in urban areas by disposing of waste as a first step and then recycling it.
4. There is a significant positive correlation between the possibility of recycling waste in urban areas and the extent of climate improvement.

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This research aims to estimate the volume of surface water losses in the reservoirs of the Haditha and Habbaniyah dams. To achieve this objective, the study adopts a dual approach: a descriptive methodology to identify the causes of water loss and the factors influencing it, and a quantitative methodology to process climatic data collected from selected stations in the study area over various time periods.
The research reveals that substantial quantities of surface water are lost through several processes, most notably seepage and evaporation. The study focuses on evaporation rates, which are determined by two main sets of variables:
1.Climatic Factors: Including solar radiation, temperature, relative humidity, and wind .
2.Water-Related Factors: Including water quality, depth, and the volume and shape of the water bodies
The interaction of these factors has directly contributed to increased water loss and a subsequent reduction in the water levels of both lakes This study seeks to clarify the technical potential for estimating water losses.

The study of democracy, its obstacles, and its significance contributes to correcting the course of a troubled political process and rescuing it through constructive criticism, followed by evaluation and reform. A research gap has bee observed in addressing certain shortcomings from a historical-philosophical perspective, particularly by examining the most important views of philosophers upon whose ideas major governments and global constitutions were founded, such as Plato, Aristotle, Hobbes, John Locke, Rousseau, Voltaire, and Montesquieu.
This study addresses the key ideas of these thinkers, who shaped the trajectory of democracy, as well as the pitfalls that may obstruct its path—almost as if they were living among us or predicting current events through rational inference. It adopts their methodological approaches, embracing what they advocated and avoiding what they warned against.
The research plan involves analyzing the most significant philosophical perspectives related to the subject, drawing from their intellectual experiences as they outline the course of each political action and its outcomes—whether negative or positive. This is done in order to address the problems they identified and compare them with the issues currently facing parliamentary work. It also aims to identify the correct path followed by effective parliaments around the world.
The study finds that several factors reduce parliamentary effectiveness. For example, when all election winners participate in government, the parliament lacks a genuine opposition capable of correcting the democratic process. Additionally, prolonged tenure in power may lead officials to develop narcissism and arrogance. The rule of law is the fundamental safeguard of both democracy and the state. Furthermore, excessive parliamentary privileges have encouraged opportunistic competition for seats. Evidence of this can be seen in the 2025 elections, which witnessed one of the highest numbers of blocs and candidates globally, where gaining parliamentary seats appeared to be a means of acquiring benefits or spoils.
These findings can help reform and improve the functioning of both parliament and government, serving as a practical guide for organizing their work.
The study employs both the analytical and critical methodologies.

Tourism is one of the most important economic sectors for supporting development, particularly in developing countries. It contributes to job creation, increased foreign exchange earnings, enhanced investment, and improved infrastructure. Studies have shown that tourism can directly and indirectly contribute to poverty reduction and improved living standards by providing employment opportunities and stimulating related economic activities. Tourism is also an effective tool for promoting local entrepreneurship, particularly in small-scale projects such as handicrafts and tourism services. However, tourism faces several challenges, including weak linkages between the tourism sector and the local economy, revenue leakage abroad, and the unequal distribution of benefits. Furthermore, tourism employment is often seasonal and low-wage, reducing its sustainability. Literature indicates that maximizing the economic benefits of tourism requires local ownership of tourism projects, skills development, and enhanced integration with other sectors, such as agriculture. Good governance and supportive policies are also important for achieving a fair distribution of benefits, especially through community-based tourism models. However, tourism can also have negative impacts, such as increased living costs and pressure on local resources. In light of global changes, particularly following the pandemic, strengthening the resilience of tourism communities is essential. This can be achieved by diversifying the local economy and developing adaptation mechanisms. Therefore, achieving sustainable tourism development requires balancing the economic, social, and environmental dimensions.

In light of the escalating intensity of the relationship between conflict, competition, power projection, and resources, the foreign policy strategies of many states have increasingly addressed issues of energy security, the development of related infrastructure, and the formation of a shared energy system as key geopolitical factors that determine a state’s influence and level of impact. This is evident in the case of Russia, which has treated energy as a fundamental geopolitical weapon of state power and a decisive tool for exerting influence. The concept of energy security has been defined in multiple ways according to state interests, energy security objectives, and geopolitical approaches that address energy security through four main criteria: energy resources and their relationship to state power and political influence, and how Russia has perceived and utilized this dimension.
The study focuses on Russia—one of the world’s leading energy producers and exporters—as a model of states that have successfully employed energy as a tool to impose influence at the international level and to attempt a shift in the balance of power from a unipolar system to a multipolar one. Energy represents a crucial factor in shaping the trajectory and orientations of Russian foreign policy, particularly in its relationship with the European market. It is also used as a strategic weapon to expand influence, through targeted investment in the energy sector aimed at controlling strategically important infrastructure and limiting Western influence in regions considered part of Russia’s sphere of influence across key strategic areas of the Russian space.
Furthermore, the study examines Russia’s efforts to expand its influence in European markets despite the sanctions imposed during and after its war with Ukraine. The study concludes that Russia has been able to exploit its energy resources to exert influence at the international level, a trend that is expected to continue despite threats of increased sanctions and the challenges it faces

This study examines the limits of relying on default (in absentia) judgments in imposing accessory sanctions on public employees, given their unstable legal nature due to the possibility of appeal within specified time limits. The core issue concerns the legality of imposing final employment consequences based on a judgment that has not yet become final. The study aims to clarify the role of the time factor in determining the legal effect of such judgments, the limits of administrative reliance on them, and the role of administrative courts in reviewing related decisions.
The study concludes that definitive accessory sanctions should not be imposed before the judgment becomes final. Administrative intervention should be limited to temporary measures that do not affect the core employment status. It recommends explicit legislative regulation to balance public interest and the protection of public employees’ rights.

The study of tourism demand trends through tax reforms aims to analyze and examine the reality of the tourism sector by utilizing econometric analytical methods, data, and graphical representations of tourism demand trajectories for previous periods, alongside future forecasting of tourist arrivals. This study focuses on tax reforms as effective fiscal policy tools intended to reduce costs, thereby stimulating and forecasting tourism demand through a proposed econometric model. Furthermore, the study seeks to provide a viable economic vision based on statistical data to enable policymakers to build a tourism sector capable of supporting the state budget and addressing unemployment. Ultimately, it aims to secure the future of the tourism sector by constructing an econometric model that links the trends of tourist inflow to Iraq.

This research examines the impact of fluctuations in investment budget implementation on the sustainability of domestic growth in Iraq for the period 2004–2025. It focuses on differentiating between the effects of negative and positive financing shocks using a non-linear analytical approach. The research employs a descriptive-analytical methodology, and data were collected from reports of the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Planning, the Federal Board of Supreme Audit, and the International Monetary Fund. The results show that budget implementation volatility (measured by standard deviation and coefficient of variation) is negatively correlated with indicators of domestic growth sustainability, most notably the percentage of projects completed within the allotted timeframe, the rate of municipal GDP growth, and the employment index in the construction sector. Furthermore, the research indicates that negative shocks cause greater and longer-lasting damage compared to positive shocks. The research concludes that achieving sustainable domestic growth in Iraq requires a fundamental approach to addressing implementation volatility through reforms in spending systems, fiscal decentralization, and revenue diversification.

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) is radically transforming human resource management (HRM), increasing efficiency, accuracy, and strategic capabilities across all HR functions. This paper summarizes current research on AI applications in HR, focusing on key areas such as recruitment, talent management, employee engagement, employer branding, and employee experience. AI technologies are revolutionizing recruitment by automating and streamlining decision-making, while AI-powered analytics are providing deep insights into talent management, improving employee performance, and development. In employee engagement, AI enables real-time feedback and the development of personalized strategies, significantly improving morale and motivation in the workplace. Furthermore, AI is enhancing employer branding and social media marketing, facilitating targeted recruitment campaigns and personalized communications. Despite these advances, the integration of AI into HRM raises ethical challenges, particularly in the areas of data privacy and algorithmic bias. This article highlights the need to address these issues to ensure the responsible use of AI. By balancing the benefits of AI with ethical considerations, this study aims to provide valuable insights into AI's potential to modernize human resource management practices and enhance organizational effectiveness. Through this analysis, the article contributes to the ongoing debate on the strategic integration of AI into human resource management, shedding light on the potential of AI to advance human resource management practices.