The White Dome Journal

Abstract:
The study began its journey within the pages of the book «Poetry in the War of Dahis and Ghabra» by Dr. Adel Jassim Al-Bayati. This reference was not merely a passing reference, but rather the compass that guided the research to delve into the depths of one of the longest and bloodiest Arab epics. We find ourselves confronted with raw material: blood and carnage; the poetry of this war is not simply a string of words, but a vivid depiction of a battlefield permeated with the stench of death. Here, violence becomes a philosophy of life, based on confronting the different, where pride is attained only through bloodshed. This epic began with an incident that appeared simple on the surface: a wager on two horses (Dahis and Ghabra). However, it concealed within it the cunning of deception when Dhubyan ambushed the horse of Qais ibn Zuhair. With the first drop of blood spilled with the death of Nadba ibn Hudhaifa, the gates of hell were opened, remaining open for nearly forty years.

Abstract:
Based on the importance of the Holy Qur’an and the diversity of its topics, I addressed one of these topics as a field of study, which is the image of Satan and his methods in the Holy Qur’an.
This study aimed to clarify the images of Satan mentioned in the Qur’an, considering him to be the greatest enemy of man, and it does no harm to man if he knows the characteristics of his enemy and the images in which he is represented. The study also aimed to identify Satan’s methods of misleading man and keeping him away from the straight path, and his interest requires greater recruitment. A number of people wanted to turn away from God and become His followers, because of His hatred for man because God favored him over him. Satan was very successful if he had the appropriate environment that included weak souls, weak faith, and those inclined to lusts and pleasures, so he would easily mislead them, tempt them, and possess them.
This study was built on the descriptive inductive method and the analytical method.
I divided it into an introduction and two sections. In the first section, I discussed the image of Satan in the Holy Qur’an, and in the second chapter, I talked about Satan’s methods of misleading people. I ended the research with a conclusion and a set of results, followed by a list of sources and references.

This study aims to investigate the effect of employing the Osborn–Parnes model on the development of aesthetic concepts among first-year students of the Art Education Department in the morning study program in the course of Art History. The Osborn–Parnes model is regarded as one of the modern instructional models that focus on fostering creative thinking through problem identification, idea generation, analysis, and evaluation, thereby contributing to deepening students’ awareness of the aesthetic and artistic dimensions of artworks across different historical periods.
The study adopted an experimental research design. The research sample consisted of first-year students from the Art Education Department (morning study), who were divided into two groups: an experimental group that studied Art History using the Osborn–Parnes model, and a control group that studied the same subject using the traditional teaching method. To measure the level of development of aesthetic concepts among students, a cognitive achievement test and an appropriate scale were developed and administered as pre-tests and post-tests to both groups. The results revealed statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group, indicating the effectiveness of the Osborn–Parnes model in developing students’ aesthetic concepts. This superiority is attributed to the model’s ability to provide opportunities for positive interaction, stimulate analytical and creative thinking, and link theoretical concepts with artistic applications, which enhances students’ deep aesthetic understanding of Art History.
The study recommends adopting the Osborn–Parnes model in teaching Art History courses within Art Education departments, due to its effective role in developing students’ aesthetic concepts. It also emphasizes the importance of training instructors to use modern instructional models that contribute to improving the educational process and enhancing students’ cognitive and aesthetic levels.

This research aims to shed light on the Tricontinental Conference in Havana, held from January 4 to 16, 1966. It was a significant event in the context of global liberation movements and the rise of the Third World during the Cold War. The primary goal of the conference was to unify the efforts of liberation movements, bring together revolutionary forces and national liberation movements in Asia, Africa, and Latin America to confront American imperialism, and affirm the right of peoples to armed struggle against oppressive regimes and foreign occupation. It also aimed to form a united front against American imperialism, which viewed the United States as the primary enemy, and to strengthen solidarity to counter its influence. It supported causes such as the Palestinian cause, Vietnam, and liberation movements in Africa and Latin America. It also called for the cancellation of illegitimate debts and the fight against the exploitation of Third World countries.

This study aims to explore the relationship between employees› job satisfaction and the quality of tourism services in hotels. Employing a quantitative approach, a survey questionnaire was distributed to a sample of employees in the selected hotel as a case study. The findings revealed that the dimensions of job satisfaction collectively contribute to enhancing service quality, operating as an integrated system in which the effect of any single dimension cannot be isolated from the others. The results further indicated that job satisfaction dimensions significantly influence employees› service behavior. The study recommends adopting a strategic human resource management perspective that directly links employee satisfaction with tourism service quality to enhance the long-term competitive advantage of hotels.

This research, entitled (Employing rhetorical methods for persuasion in the book Al-Balagh Al-Mubeen by Sheikh Al-Balaghy), aims to reveal the role of rhetorical methods in influencing and persuading the opponent in the book Al-Balagh Al-Mubeen. The book is a story between two people, the first is a monotheist, and the second is an atheist. Each character tried to prove his belief and defend it with various rational proofs and arguments. The idea of ​​the book revolves around the concept of servitude to God (Glory be to Him) and the necessity of obeying Him. The writer tried to prove this by citing various rational and logical proofs, and citing the manifestations of the universe and modern inventions in the era of the Sheikh.One of the most important goals of the research was to show how the writer employed various rhetorical methods such as exclamation, command, question, appeal, and repetition in order to convince the opponent of his thesis.

This research aims to study the effectiveness of using theater as an educational tool in teaching the subject of Art Education, in light of modern shifts in educational thought that emphasize active learning, experiential learning, and positive student participation. The research is based on the problem of reliance on traditional teaching methods in many educational institutions for teaching Art Education, which limit creativity, free expression, and the development of aesthetic sense, despite the fact that theater possesses pedagogical and artistic potentials capable of developing the educational process.
The research adopts a descriptive analytical approach by analyzing educational literature and previous studies related to educational drama and educational theater, and linking them to the field of Art Education. The theoretical framework of concepts related to educational drama and educational theater, their origins and development, the objectives of Art Education, and the integrative relationship between theater and art education are discussed. Additionally, the research presents methods for utilizing theater in teaching Art Education, its role in developing creativity, aesthetic appreciation, social skills among learners, and highlights obstacles that limit its effective use, along with ways to activate its use in the educational environment.
The study concludes that educational theater represents an effective pedagogical tool that helps transform theoretical artistic concepts into vibrant educational experiences. It promotes creative thinking, artistic expression, aesthetic appreciation, and teamwork, as well as increasing learners’ motivation and positive participation in learning. The findings also confirm that inadequate teacher preparation and limited material resources are among the main obstacles to employing theater in art education. Based on this, the research recommends training Art Education teachers in educational theater methods and systematically integrating theater into curricula, given its positive impact on achieving the cognitive, affective, and skill-based objectives of Art Education.

This research aims to identify the effectiveness of the mental imagery strategy in improving the achievement of second-year intermediate school students in biology and developing their sustainable thinking skills. The researcher formulated the following two null hypotheses:
1. There is no statistically significant difference at the (0.05) level between the mean scores of the experimental group of students who will study according to the mental imagery strategy and the mean scores of the control group of students who will study according to the traditional method in the achievement of second-year intermediate school students.
2. There is no statistically significant difference at the (0.05) level between the mean scores of the experimental group of students who will study according to the mental imagery strategy and the mean scores of the control group of students who will study according to the traditional method in sustainable thinking. To achieve this, a two-month experiment was conducted. The researcher selected Al-Safwa Girls› Secondary School. The 68 second-year intermediate school students were randomly divided into two groups of 32 students each, with 4 students excluded from each group. The two groups were matched for the variables of chronological age and intelligence. The researcher adopted a quasi-experimental design for both groups, controlling for extraneous variables. The experiment was conducted in the first semester of the 2024-2025 academic year. An achievement test consisting of 40 items was constructed according to the table of specifications and behavioral objectives, comprising 34 multiple-choice items and 6 essay items. A sustained thinking test consisting of 30 multiple-choice items was also developed. The validity of both instruments was verified by presenting them to a panel of experts in measurement and evaluation, teaching methods, and psychology. Their face validity was established, and they were administered to two pilot groups. One group was used to assess the clarity of the items and instructions and the response time, while the other was used to determine the psychometric properties of the two tests. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the discriminatory power, construct validity, difficulty index, and effectiveness of incorrect alternatives, in addition to establishing the reliability of both instruments. After the experiment was completed, the results were statistically analyzed using a two-sample t-test. The two independent studies showed a statistically significant difference in favor of the experimental group in achievement and sustained thinking among second-year middle school students.

​This research aims to shed light on the Strategic Lens, represented by its dimensions (Stakeholder Engagement, Resource Mobilization, Knowledge Development, and Culture Management ), and its role in enhancing Organizational Excellence, which is manifested through the dimensions of (Leadership, Employee Satisfaction, Customer Focus, and Service Quality. The research was prompted by a central problem involving several questions regarding the nature of the relationship between these variables in the field . The primary question was: «Does the management›s adoption of a strategic lens contribute to enhancing organizational excellence”The study was applied to a sample of administrative leaders within the Authority, with data collected from102)) respondents. For data analysis and statistical processing, the research employed a set of statistical methods using SPSS and Smart PLS v.4 software. The most prominent results, which confirmed the research hypothesis, demonstrated a significant impact of the Strategic Lens on enhancing Organizational Excellence.

The present study aims to analyze the impact of artificial intelligence on the development of public relations within the Iraqi Tourism Authority by constructing an analytical framework that links the technical dimensions of artificial intelligence with the dimensions of digital public relations in the tourism environment. The study adopted a descriptive–analytical approach, and field data were collected using a scientific questionnaire distributed to a sample of (106) administrative leaders and employees working within the Authority. Data were analyzed using SPSS and SmartPLS v.4, employing a range of descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. The findings revealed that the level of artificial intelligence within the Iraqi Tourism Authority was rated as good, with the dimension of AI technologies and applications ranking first, followed by the human-oriented AI dimension, while AI ethics and AI systems design recorded moderate levels. This indicates a positive orientation toward adopting intelligent technologies, alongside a need to further develop analytical capabilities and strengthen organizational frameworks. The results also showed that the level of public relations was moderate, with targeted marketing and influencer marketing achieving relatively similar levels, compared with a relative weakness in content marketing and the utilization of user-generated content. Furthermore, inferential analysis demonstrated a statistically significant impact of artificial intelligence on public relations, confirming that the adoption of intelligent applications contributes to improving communication performance and enhancing interaction with the tourism audience. The study recommends adopting an integrated digital vision to support the transition toward smart public relations, strengthening investment in AI ethics, and developing digital content strategies to improve communication efficiency and achieve sustainable competitive advantages within the Iraqi tourism sector.

Academic guidance, in its broadest sense, is the social and psychological counseling of university students. The process is carried out through close monitoring of students’ problems. Its goal is to advise them and facilitate their gradual and systematic transition from the general education environment to the university education environment, where they become self-reliant in making decisions that determine their specialization and career paths. Academic guidance also helps students develop their academic and behavioral levels by providing them with various academic skills that enhance their academic achievement, discussing their academic aspirations, and familiarizing them with university regulations and laws. This is achieved through diverse guidance services, such as individual academic advising, guidance programs, and various consultations, enabling them to make appropriate decisions about their academic and professional future by making the most of all available possibilities and alternatives. Academic advising continuously streamlines administrative procedures to provide students with the best possible services and quality in record time, in accordance with the comprehensive quality standards the college strives for. This is done while also considering increased investment in educational projects and scientific research. The research problem lies in the lack of skills possessed by academic advisors and counselors due to shortcomings in guidance programs designed for university students. The research sample consisted of )196(students from the Department of Tourism Studies at the College of Tourism Sciences (Al-Mustansiriya University). One of the most important findings is that the students’ socio-anthropological framework was at an average level, reflecting an acceptable degree of social interaction, organization, and integration among students within the university environment. A key recommendation is to strengthen the role of academic advising in supporting students’ future planning by organizing guidance programs that clarify career opportunities related to their specialization.

Books of wisdom and aphorisms are regarded as among the most prominent rhetorical genres in which the pragmatic function of language is clearly manifested. In such texts, linguistic signs are not employed merely as descriptive tools; rather, they function as performative acts that exert a direct influence on the recipient, guiding behavior and shaping awareness. The researcher has selected Ghurar al-Hikam wa Durar al-Kalim by Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon him) because it represents an integrated model of directive discourse, given its semantic density, ethical depth, and rhetorical structure grounded in linguistic economy and persuasive function. Another reason for this choice lies in the book’s didactic and exhortative nature, which is highly compatible with the speech acts of encouragement and warning. Additionally, the researcher is inclined to examine a work that contains sayings of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) that have not received sufficient scholarly attention—particularly the present text under investigation.
The discourse of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) in this book falls within the framework of directive speech acts, which aim to influence human behavior not through mere reporting or description, but through motivation, alertness, correction, deterrence, and the construction of a value system. Among the most prominent of these directive acts are encouragement, understood as a motivational mechanism that calls for positive values and righteous conduct, and warning, viewed as a preventive and deterrent mechanism that steers individuals away from deviation and harm. This study adopts a modern pragmatic approach based on the speech act theories of Austin and Searle in order to analyze the pragmatic performativity of encouragement and warning in Ghurar al-Hikam wa Durar al-Kalim. It seeks to uncover their linguistic structures, illocutionary force, persuasive function, and the mechanisms through which they operate in constructing ethical and educational discourse. Furthermore, the study aims to demonstrate how Imam Ali’s aphoristic expression transcends its linguistic form to become an influential act that produces guidance, establishes values, and shapes both individual and collective consciousness within a discursive system that brings together classical Arabic rhetoric and contemporary pragmatic thought. The selection of texts was conducted randomly, as most of the book’s passages address doctrinal, religious, social, ethical, and even political themes. From these, a number of texts were chosen to examine the performativity of encouragement and warning,

This research aims to clarify the levels of understanding among management and employees in tourism companies regarding the importance of organizational loyalty and how this is reflected in overall performance. The research problem lies in the decline in interest in attracting talented students from these institutions, as well as the companies’ reluctance to adopt effective training policies that contribute to developing the talents of their staff. Consequently, this has affected the loyalty felt by employees towards these organizations, which is also consistent with the decline in the level of administrative work. One of the most important conclusions is that most of the management in the research sample share a vision regarding the necessity of attracting the best in the labor market and recruiting those capable of delivering optimal performance, even if this does not follow the required scientific and methodological approaches. Among the most prominent recommendations of the research is the necessity of establishing partnerships and joint cooperation programs with academic institutions and tourism education institutions at all levels and in all forms in order to attract the best among them, thus reinforcing the view of these institutions as a genuine source of talent for the tourism labor market

Basra Governorate is one of Iraq’s most important governorates in agricultural activity, due to its abundant natural resources and distinguished geographical location, which makes it suitable for growing various types of fodder crops, which livestock directly depend on. These crops represent the primary source of feed for livestock and poultry, and therefore their production and sustainability are closely linked to national food security. The study focuses on analyzing the reality of agricultural production to achieve its elevation, visibility, and spatial diversity, and to identify the functional factor affecting production in the administrative units of the governorate, However, the cultivation of these crops in the governorate faces numerous challenges, including climate change, water scarcity, and soil salinity. These challenges have led to variations in the area invested and the quantity of production, both spatially and temporally. This study relied on the agricultural seasons (2022-2025) to identify the types of fodder crops invested, their area, and their production.

The personality of ImamAlī, peace be upon him, was distinguished by its profound influence upon spirits, its impact on souls, and its compelling attraction to hearts, such that it touched the deepest affections of Muslims and non-Muslims alike. Books were written in reverence of his stature, and extensive works were composed to analyze his life and legacy, among them the three books examined in this study by three of the most prominent Arab writers and thinkers: Shaykh Muammad Abduh, Professor Abbās Mamūd al-Aqqād, and Professor George Jordac. They sharpened their intellects and refined their pens to present—even if modestly—their reflections on the personality of the Commander of the Faithful, peace be upon him, whose greatness has been the subject of many reports and remarkable accounts. Among them is a statement attributed to the Messenger of God, may God bless him and his family and grant them peace—though weak in its chain of transmission, it conveys a sound meaning: “O Alī, none truly knows God except you and I; none truly knows me except God and you; and none truly knows you except God and I.” That is, the true reality of Alī, peace be upon him, is known only to God Almighty and His Messenger, may God bless him and his family. Yet this does not preclude exploring the aspects of beauty and discerning the.

1, Develop a proposed strategy based on analogical coding theory,
2, Identify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy based on analogical coding theory in achieving rhetorical achievement among fifth-grade literary students,
3, Identify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy based on analogical coding theory in developing critical thinking among fifth-grade literary students,
To achieve the research objectives, the researcher formulated two hypotheses:
1, First Hypothesis: “There is no statistically significant difference at a significance level of (0,05) between the average scores of students in the experimental group who are studying rhetoric according to the proposed strategy based on analogical coding theory, and the average scores of students in the control group who are studying according to the traditional method, on the rhetorical achievement test,”
2- The second hypothesis: “There is no statistically significant difference at the significance level of (0,05) between the average scores of the experimental group students who study rhetoric according to the proposed strategy based on analogical coding theory, and the average scores of the control group students who study according to the traditional method in the critical thinking test,”
The research sample consisted of (61) female students from the fifth literary grade at Al-Quds Girls’ Secondary School, affiliated with the Diyala Directorate/Baqubah Education Department, for the academic year (2024-2025), They were randomly selected to implement the experiment, where Section (A) represented the experimental group with (30) students, and Section (B) represented the control group with (31) students, The researcher rewarded the two research groups (experimental and control) in the following variables: (the chronological age of the female students calculated in months, the intelligence test, the achievement in the Arabic language subject for the previous academic year, the second course, the previous rhetorical information test, and the pre-critical thinking test), The researcher prepared two tools: (the achievement test and the critical thinking test), Regarding the achievement test, it consisted in its final form of (20) paragraphs distributed over two questions, The first question included (15) objective multiple-choice paragraphs, and the second question included (5) paragraphs of the essay type, As for the critical thinking test, it consisted of five sub-tests, each of which included a number of situations, The validity and reliability of the two tools were verified, After the researcher finished teaching the two research groups the prescribed academic material, she applied the achievement test, A week later, she applied the critical thinking test, after using the statistical package (SPSS), The results of the current research demonstrated that the performance of the experimental group students, who studied according to the proposed strategy based on analogical coding theory, outperformed the performance of the control group students, who studied according to the traditional method, on the rhetorical achievement test and the critical thinking test, In light of the results, the researcher reached a set of conclusions, including: Teaching the proposed strategy based on analogical coding theory stimulated the students’ intellectual abilities and motivated them to learn and think in a sound manner, The researcher also made several recommendations, including: the necessity of adopting the proposed strategy in presenting Arabic language lessons, Among the current research proposals are: conducting a study similar to the current research on other variables (such as concept correction and logical thinking),

This research aims to determine the effect of the Letter Marathon strategy on the achievement of Arabic grammar among sixth-grade primary school students. In light of the research objective and procedures, the researcher verified the null hypothesis (there is no statistically significant difference at the 0.05 level of significance) between the mean achievement scores of the experimental group students who studied Arabic grammar using the Letter Marathon strategy and the mean achievement scores of the control group students who studied the same material using the traditional method. The researcher adopted a two-group experimental design, and the research sample consisted of 69 sixth-grade primary school students from Al-Khwarizmi Primary School for Boys, in the First Rusafa Education Directorate. The researcher ensured the equivalence of the two research groups in terms of the variables of students› age, parents› educational attainment, and their Arabic language grades in the fifth grade. The researcher formulated 67 behavioral objectives, divided into the three lower levels of Bloom›s Taxonomy. The researcher prepared an achievement test consisting of 30 items, distributed across the topics taught during the experiment. Appropriate statistical methods were used to analyze the data. The results showed that the students in the experimental group outperformed the students in the control group. The researcher recommended adopting the Letter Marathon strategy when teaching grammar in the primary stage and conducting further studies on the Letter Marathon strategy in teaching other subjects.

This research examines the existential philosophy of Maurice Merleau-Ponty as a philosophical project that seeks to reconstruct the understanding of human existence starting from the body and sensory perception, within a phenomenological framework that transcends the traditional dichotomies of subject and object, and mind and body. The research employs an analytical-interpretive approach in studying Merleau-Ponty›s key texts, highlighting his influence by and critique of Husserl›s phenomenology. The study concludes that the concept of the phenomenological body represents the ontological foundation of Merleau-Ponty›s philosophy, and that the concept of flesh constitutes the link between humanity and the world, thus redefining intentionality as an existential engagement with lived reality. Furthermore, the research demonstrates that Merleau-Ponty›s philosophy has contributed to the renewal of contemporary existential thought, opening new horizons for understanding the relationship between the self and the other based on interaction and integration, rather than separation and conflict.

This study is concerned with the critical edition (verification) of the manuscript “An Introduction to Performing the Noon Prayer after the Friday Prayer” according to the Shāfiī school of law, authored by Alī ibn Alī al-Shibrāmallisī (d. 1087 AH). In this treatise, the author (may Allah have mercy on him) presents the opinions of scholars regarding the issue of holding multiple Friday prayers and the ruling on performing the noon (uhr) prayer thereafter. He explains that there are four opinions on this matter, which ultimately return to two main views: the first is the absolute impermissibility of holding multiple Friday prayers, while the second permits multiplicity under certain conditions. He states that the first view represents the apparent position of Imām al-Shāfiī (may Allah have mercy on him), whereas the second view, which is the relied-upon (authoritative) position in the school, permits holding multiple Friday prayers to the extent of necessity, such as when a great river separates parts of a town, when villages are contiguous, or when it is difficult for people to gather in a single location .

The topic of general amnesty and public service is of great importance, encompassing two intertwined issues. The public administration operates under the concept of public service through its employees, who are organized under its authority. It has thus established their legal statuses and surrounded them with numerous guarantees and regulations pertaining to public service. Any change in the legal status of individuals, or any alteration in their legal positions due to criminal penalties and the issuance of a criminal judgment against an employee by a competent court, affects the employee›s rights and duties, and may result in administrative sanctions that terminate their employment. With the issuance of both general and special amnesties, a new problem has arisen concerning the administration›s role in addressing the original, consequential, and supplementary effects of the judgment issued against the employee, and in restoring the legal status of the public employee after being granted amnesty. This is what we will examine in this research and illustrate with various judicial decisions.

Domestic violence is a socio-psychological phenomenon and problem that many Western and Arab societies have suffered from in the past and up to the present era. It has spread widely in different forms, types and patterns, and this pathological and dangerous phenomenon has become a threat to the security and stability of families and society at the same time. The current research focuses on the issue of domestic violence and its impact on the delinquency of adolescent girls in contemporary Iraqi society as a dangerous indicator of the existence of many tensions and obstacles that affect the harmony of the family, which in turn affects the harmony of society as a while. The importance of the topic lies in highlighting and drawing attention to this phenomenon and its impact on an important segment of society, namely the segment of adolescent girls who are the future mothers of the coming generations. If we accept the fact that states and says that the danger of deviance is similar to the danger of epidemic diseases, This is what motivates us and many interested parties and researchers to study deviance and crime, especially since domestic violence is in itself a deviation from the norm in stable and safe social life.The importance of this research also stems from the fact that its findings will help raise awareness among families about the dangers of using violence against adolescent girls as a form of punishment through socialization. This leads to psychological and behavioral disorders, which in turn can cause adolescents to engage in retaliatory deviant behaviors as a reaction to the violence directed at them by the individuals with whom they live. The research also aimed to identify the most important factors and causes that lead to domestic violence against girls, to identify the most important manifestations of this type of violence, as well as to identify the effects of this type of violence on the individual, his family and his community, and to identify some solutions and recommendations that reduce this phenomenon.This research is considered a descriptive analytical research, and the researcher used the social survey method. As for the tools, she used the observation tool, the interview, and the questionnaire.The research sample consisted of a group of female social researchers working in schools and courts, as well as a group of community police officers, given that this sample had close contact with adolescent girls and their families. The sample size was 150 individuals, and the most important findings of the research were:
1- The results confirmed that the low economic factor is one of the main factors that leads to an increase in domestic violence, which in turn leads to the delinquency of adolescent girls.
2-One of the results of the research is that cultural heritage, especially among traditional families, is one of the main reasons that lead to domestic violence against girls.
3- The research results confirmed that drug use and addiction by one or both parents is one of the factors leading to domestic violence and its impact on the delinquency of adolescent girls.
4- The research results indicate that discrimination and segregation between the sexes, and here bias towards males, is one of the wrong methods of socialization and is considered one of the types of moral and coercive domestic violence that leads to the delinquency of girls.

The most important modern marketing tools and their impact on the performance of tourism companies: Marketing via social media: It enables tourism companies to reach a wide audience and increase brand awareness through platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. Promotional campaigns and attractive content can help attract new customers. Search Engine Optimization (SEO): By improving the company’s website and using With appropriate keywords, tourism companies can improve their visibility in search engine results and increase the number of visitors to their sites. Content Marketing: Creating valuable content (articles, blogs, videos) that helps companies build strong relationships with customers and provide useful information that enhances their decision to travel. Email Marketing: Email campaigns are an effective way to communicate with customers, as special offers and updates about tourism services can be sent, which increases the chances of repeat booking. Influencer marketing: Collaborating with bloggers and social media influencers can help companies reach Their target audience in a reliable and attractive way. Paid online advertising: such as Google and Facebook ads, can increase a company’s visibility and attract potential customers faster. The above directly affects companies’ performance, such as increasing awareness: Modern marketing tools enhance the ability to reach a larger audience, Which increases brand awareness. Improve Sales: Effective marketing strategies can To contribute to increasing sales and reservations. Building relationships: Continuous communication with customers through marketing tools can strengthen relationships and lead to customer loyalty. Data analysis: Modern tools allow analyzing customer behavior and preferences, which helps companies improve their services and meet market needs. In general, modern marketing tools are pivotal in enhancing the performance of tourism companies and guiding them towards success.

The events of the story of Prophet Solomon (peace be upon him) are among the topics most heavily woven with myths and ancient inheritances from Israelite narrations (Isra’iliyyat). These narrations have infiltrated Quranic exegesis, where many positions and fantasies—unsupported by explicit texts—have been constructed and passed down by commentators. Researching this story is particularly challenging due to its many “missing links” and the lack of authentic Hadiths that a researcher can rely on to bridge gaps and dispel the ambiguity surrounding various scenes. Consequently, we are left with no choice but to follow the context of the verses, avoiding reliance on traditional narrations except to uncover their content or to treat them as reports that are neither verified nor denied. Some of these accounts are merely interpretations adopted by one commentator and passed to others until they were erroneously perceived as authentic due to their frequent repetition.
I have found that the stories regarding Solomon within books of exegesis are numerous, often presented as the intended meaning of the verses. This reflected the scholars’ understanding and knowledge at the time, which is their right, as every era and place has its people and scholars—this being the secret of the Quran’s inimitability. Therefore, I aimed to clarify some of the ambiguities in the story of David and Solomon, demonstrating that what Solomon brought forth was “Knowledge” (‘Ilm) more so than “Revelation” (Wahy) or “Miracles” (I’jaz).
The views of commentators have varied between acceptance and rejection regarding certain details of the story. In this research, I present the most prominent opinions of classical commentators (scholars of narration) and the views of contemporary thinkers, exegetes, and literati, discussing each individually. Specifically, I analyze the concept of the “people’s sheep that strayed at night into the fields,” clarifying the concept of “tilth” (Al-Harth) through the context of the verses. I investigate the flaws and weak narrations, reinforcing the study with interpretations more suitable to the Quranic context. Through this work, I aim to demonstrate that God bestowed upon Solomon sovereignty, wisdom, and the “Science of the Book” (‘Ilm al-Kitab); thus, Solomon understood mysterious matters through this specific knowledge.

This study aimed to develop a theoretical framework by examining how “technology anxiety,” which causes employees to worry about future changes they perceive as potentially leading to job loss and financial ruin, impacts front office staff in Baghdad’s upscale hotels. The study focuses on the hotel sector in Baghdad, a region characterized by a rapidly evolving environment. With gradual improvement, and what it represents in terms of a shift towards the privatization of services, as well as the imminent shift towards the introduction of modern technologies, including artificial intelligence applications. This shift represents a source of anxiety for the employee’s psyche, and indeed, it represents a key aspect of strategic behavioral differentiation.

This research aims to study the phenomenon of lexical polysemy in Al-Rāzī’s dictionary Mukhtār al-iā. It is one of the most prominent linguistic phenomena in Arabic, based on the multiplicity of meanings of a single word according to context. The importance of this study lies in the fact that lexical polysemy plays a significant role in understanding texts, especially the Qur’anic text, the Prophetic Hadith, and Arabic poetry. Moreover, Mukhtār al-iā is considered one of the most renowned dictionaries that paid great attention to linguistic phenomena.
As for the research methodology, it is based on compiling the polysemous words found in the dictionary, then classifying them according to the alphabetical order, and identifying the contexts that distinguish their meanings, with reference to Qur’anic, Prophetic, and poetic evidences whenever needed.
The study concluded that Mukhtār al-iā shows a clear interest in polysemous words, as it first presents the basic meaning and then lists the derived ones. It was also found that lexical polysemy varies between literal and metaphorical meanings. The results further highlighted that the dictionary tends toward brevity and conciseness in presenting shared meanings, as it is considered one of the concise dictionaries in the Arabic language.

Even though Communicative Language Teaching is generally adopted by ministry of education in Iraq as one of the most effective approaches in English language teaching, there are still a number of ambiguities about it. The present study examined the EFL teachers and students’ attitudes towards the use of CLT demerits on using the E-learning in the context of Iraq. Therefore, in a mixed-methods study design, the researcher, in the quantitative phase, conducted a survey by distribution and in the qualitative phase of the study, the researcher conducted an interview in order to ask the Iraqi EFL teachers and students’ attitudes towards the use of CLT as a teaching method inE-learning. Moreover, the participants of the present study included 60 EFL Iraqi males and female teachers and Iraqi males and female students. The findings, revealed that both students and teachers think that CLT are useful devices for enhancing teaching and learning processes and both groups expressed their positive opinions about the contribution of this technology, as well as its demerits in upholding the E-learning as an up-to-date tools of language learning. Accordingly, although 36% of the teachers in this study report that they feel comfortable in using CLT without any training, 48% of the respondents said that familiarity with CLT makes them feel uncomfortable. All in all, these results indicate that a fairly large group of the participating teachers seems to have found CLT not difficult to use in teaching and learning process. It can be implied that CLT should be involved in the teaching process as much as possible, it depends on the level of those in charge to handle it.

This study investigates the concept of grammatical silence as an implicit methodological dimension in Arabic grammatical theory and its impact on syntactic interpretation. It explores instances in which classical grammarians deliberately refrained from explicit explanation or detailed justification, opting instead to present grammatical rulings without articulating the underlying reasoning. The study is grounded in the hypothesis that such silence was neither a deficiency in analytical capacity nor a failure of explanation, but rather a conscious epistemological choice shaped by the nature of grammatical methodology and the limits of formal codification.
Employing a critical analytical approach supported by textual induction from major grammatical sources, the research identifies and classifies patterns of grammatical silence into explanatory silence, interpretive silence, and preferential silence. It examines how each type contributes to the multiplicity of syntactic interpretations and influences grammatical judgment. The study further analyzes the relationship between grammatical silence and key grammatical concepts such as ellipsis, syntactic probability, multiplicity of parsing possibilities, and the boundaries of analogical reasoning.
The findings demonstrate that grammatical silence played a significant role in preserving the flexibility of the Arabic grammatical system, allowing syntactic interpretation to remain responsive to linguistic context rather than constrained by rigid formalism. Moreover, the study argues that many classical syntactic disagreements should be understood not as inconsistencies within grammatical theory, but as outcomes of deliberate methodological restraint. Reconsidering grammatical silence thus offers a productive framework for reassessing long-standing syntactic controversies and reinterpreting them as manifestations of methodological plurality rather than theoretical instability.
The research concludes by proposing grammatical silence as a valuable analytical tool for contemporary grammatical studies, capable of offering nuanced explanations for syntactic phenomena traditionally labeled as problematic or anomalous within the grammatical canon.

Reference is a cohesive device that contributes to the cohesion of a narrative text. This is achieved through various tools, including pronouns, which are implicit and require a referent before or after them to clarify their meaning. This research aims to observe the phenomenon of pronominal reference, analyze its mechanisms, and demonstrate its semantic impact within the context of the selected narrative text. The researcher employed a descriptive-analytical approach, and the study comprises an introduction and three main sections.

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This study examines one of the important yet underexplored topics in the Arab-Islamic scholarly heritage — the rivalries and disputes that arose among prominent scholars who played a significant role in serving Islam and the Muslim community as a whole. Such rivalries existed, to varying degrees, among many scholars, individuals, and even tribes throughout different times and places. However, this phenomenon — the intense and sometimes unregulated competition and disagreement among scholars — became particularly pronounced during the later Islamic periods, especially in the Mamluk era (648–923 AH / 1250–1517 CE). An examination of the history of that period reveals that intellectual competition had reached its peak among well-known scholars who enjoyed high academic and social standing. These rivalries often emerged over scholarly, linguistic, or even personal matters. A notable example, and the focus of this study, is the relationship between Imam Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti and one of his contemporaries, Shams al-Din al-Bani. Keywords: Rivalries, al-Suyuti, contemporaries, scholarly heritage, scholars, Shams al-Din al-Bani.

Place and time are among the most important interconnected elements in narrative rules upon which narrative texts are based; a text cannot contain one of these elements without the presence of the other. Therefore, there is a cohesion between these two narrative elements; a narrated text cannot be constructed solely on time or solely on place, otherwise the work would be considered lacking in artistic or literary quality and would not reach their level either. It becomes clear that they constitute a single unit, as one cannot exist without the other, nor can they be separated. Since they complement each other, literary studies have paid attention to studying them together within literary texts.

This research aims to investigate the impact of the temporal succession of general (‘Am) and specific (Khas) texts on the stability of Sharia rulings, with a particular focus on the scenario where the specific precedes the subsequent general—a case considered among the most intricate and problematic in jurisprudential application. The study integrates an analytical foundational (Usuli) methodology with an applied jurisprudential approach, presented through a theoretical introduction followed by an integrated study of three distinct sections.
The research begins with an introduction defining core terminology—such as generality, specificity, temporal succession, and the stability of Sharia rulings—while clarifying the point of contention: which lies not in the essence of abrogation (Naskh) or the authority of evidence, but rather in the impact of the chronological order of evidence on the stability of the ruling’s implementation.
The first section examines the temporal succession between the general and the specific and outlines various scenarios of succession. It clarifies that while a prior general text followed by a subsequent specific text is a clear case where the specific is understood as an explanation (Bayan) of the general, the reverse scenario—a prior specific followed by a subsequent general—raises questions regarding the continuity of the specific ruling, the alteration of its scope, or the expiration of its term. This latter case serves as the primary focus of this research.
The second section is dedicated to studying the impact of chronological order on semantic significance (Dalala) and legal application. A distinction is drawn between fixed linguistic significance, which remains unaffected by time, and the practical application and stability of the ruling, which may be influenced by the sequence of evidence to ensure consistency in practical implementation and prevent discrepancy in subsidiary jurisprudential matters (Furu’).
Finally, the research demonstrates that separating theoretical significance from practical ruling is key to understanding the relationship between the general and the specific when they occur successively. It argues that the apparent disagreement on the matter is not merely reducible to abrogation or qualification (Taqyid), but rather pertains to how the ruling is applied and its continuity in reality.
The research reached several key results: the importance of precise terminology, understanding the impact of the chronological order of evidence on the stability of rulings, and the distinction between significance and application. It concludes with practical recommendations for applying these findings to the derivation of subsidiary rulings and calls for continued comparative studies between jurisprudential schools to enhance the clarity of deduction and the organization of Sharia application.

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The Ja’fari jurisprudence addresses the issue of aborting a malformed fetus as a contemporary matter that combines legal and medical aspects. Jurists have agreed on the prohibition of abortion after the ensoulment, except in cases of utmost necessity, such as saving the mother’s life. Before ensoulment, opinions differ depending on the type and degree of malformation, while taking into account jurisprudential principles such as preventing harm and alleviating suffering. This approach reflects a balance between protecting life and respecting the rulings of Islamic law.

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This research aims to identify the quality of the library collection at the Basra and Arabian Gulf Studies Center Library, and whether this collection meets and suits the needs of its users. It also examines whether there are specific policies governing the selection, donation, and exchange processes. Data was collected through interviews, observation, and statistical data from library records. The descriptive methodology (case study) was employed. The research yielded several findings, including: 1) There are no specific policies governing the selection and acquisition processes; rather, the collection is chosen according to the preferences and suggestions of library staff. 2) The library collection exhibits strengths that should be reinforced, while weaknesses should be addressed. The most important recommendations are: 1) A clear and defined policy should be established for the library’s collection development process. 2) The exchange of information resources should be expanded.

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of using mind mapping methodology in training and developing grammar proficiency among first-year Arabic language students. To achieve this objective, the study employed a quasi-experimental design with two groups (control and experimental) and a pre-test/post-test. A purposive sample of 60 male and female students from the Arabic Language Department at Al-Diwaniyah University was randomly divided into two equivalent groups. The experimental group studied selected grammar units using mind maps as the primary teaching tool, while the control group studied the same content using the traditional method, for a period of six weeks.
The results of the data analysis using the independent samples t-test showed a statistically significant difference (α ≤ 0.05) between the mean scores of the two groups on the post-test, favoring the experimental group. Furthermore, the results of the attitudes questionnaire revealed positive student feelings toward this methodology, as it helped them organize information, visualize the relationships between grammar rules, and reduce their complexity. The study concluded that integrating mind maps into grammar teaching is an effective strategy for enhancing student understanding, compared to traditional methods based on rote learning and memorization. It recommends generalizing this methodology in teaching grammar courses, and holding workshops to train teachers on its design and application.

This study examines the principle of removal of hardship (Nafi’ al-Haraj), a core legal maxim governing acts of worship in Islamic jurisprudence. It highlights supporting evidence from the Quran, Sunnah, and jurisprudential sources, and emphasizes the principle’s role in facilitating ease and reducing hardship for the believer. Practical applications in purification, prayer, fasting, and pilgrimage are analyzed, alongside examples illustrating how varying capacities and circumstances of individuals are accommodated, ensuring worship is performed with ease while upholding Shariah objectives of benefit and harm prevention.
The study concludes that removal of hardship is a foundational principle in Islamic law, balancing divine obligations with human capacity and fostering ease in both daily and exceptional acts of worship.

While other studies often focus on the protagonist’s loneliness or the symbolism of the imprisoned bird, this pragmatic study divulges a complex level of illocutionary force. Therefore, in the hidden inner world of Katherine Mansfield’s The Canary, the narrative is not merely a modest monologue but it is, rather, considered as a premeditated performance of sorrow and companionship. Hence, and in accordance with Black’s (2006) Speech Act Model, the protagonist’s utterances do not only define a state of affairs but vigorously seek to provoke a specific emotional proof from an unseen presence. This presence which is involved in the implied reader assists as a vital structural component of the story in which Mansfield does not craft a void but, rather, she constructs a definite listener within the text to whom the protagonist’s appeals, justifications, and memories are addressed. It is obvious that the suspense of the story results in the gap between the narrator’s apparent level descriptions and the illocutionary intention of her speech, i.e. her anxious effort for sympathy and the externalization of a mourning course that remains then imperceptible.
This study argues that The Canary functions as a series of influential speech acts designed to draft the implied reader into a shared space of personal sorrow through considering the pragmatic functions of the narrator’s discourse,. Eventually, the canary is not just a lost pet, but, rather, it is the substance for a stylistic strategy that defines the narrator’s very existence through the eyes of her fictional observer.

Intervention by joinder is a form of incidental action, meaning a request submitted by a third party to join one of the parties in a lawsuit in order to assist the party he joins, or to monitor his defense for fear of collusion to harm him. It is required that the intervener be a third party to the lawsuit, that he have an interest in the party he is joining, and that he submit the request to join before the conclusion of the pleadings. The intervener, in his intervention, does not claim a right for himself, as he is considered an ally of the party he joins, but rather he intervenes to defend the right of the party he joins. The purpose of accepting this intervention is to achieve the principle of economy of procedures, facilitate the defense procedures, and expedite the resolution of the dispute. Intervention by joinder is permissible before the courts of first instance and the Court of Appeal, that is, only in cases that are heard by the courts of first instance. The judgment issued in the original lawsuit is considered binding on the intervener, even if the judgment issued is against the interest of the party he joined, and he has the right to appeal the judgment through all legally permissible means of appeal for a party to the
Intervention by joinder is a form of incidental action, meaning a request submitted by a third party to join one of the parties in a lawsuit in order to assist the party he joins, or to monitor his defense for fear of collusion to harm him. It is required that the intervener be a third party to the lawsuit, that he have an interest in the party he is joining, and that he submit the request to join before the conclusion of the pleadings. The intervener, in his intervention, does not claim a right for himself, as he is considered an ally of the party he joins, but rather he intervenes to defend the right of the party he joins. The purpose of accepting this intervention is to achieve the principle of economy of procedures, facilitate the defense procedures, and expedite the resolution of the dispute. Intervention by joinder is permissible before the courts of first instance and the Court of Appeal, that is, only in cases that are heard by the courts of first instance. The judgment issued in the original lawsuit is considered binding on the intervener, even if the judgment issued is against the interest of the party he joined, and he has the right to appeal the judgment through all legally permissible means of appeal for a party to the lawsuit.

This article aims to review the main trends in linguistic semantics as manifested in classical Islamic legal texts, analyze their theoretical foundations and methodological premises, and demonstrate their impact on the formation of Arabic semantic thought. The research employs a descriptive and analytical methodological framework based on critical review, through a critical reading of semantic statements in books on the principles of Islamic jurisprudence (usul al-fiqh), and an analysis of their relationship to context and linguistic function, in order to benefit from these reviews in contemporary linguistic studies.

The article examined Portugal’s economic measures in Guinea-Bissau and the Egyptian government’s position on them from 1960-1963, as well as attempts to link the management of economic conditions in the Guinea-Bissau colony directly to the administration in Lisbon. It noted that Portugal had adopted this approach since the early stages of colonization, working to strengthen its control and expand its influence to encompass all regions of Guinea, intervening to impose the cultivation of certain crops. The article also addressed the hesitation of Egyptian institutions in implementing the decision to sever economic relations with Portugal. However, the Egyptian government was determined to enforce its decision No. (690) of 1963, by which it announced the severing of relations with Portugal.

​This study aims to investigate the relationship and impact of Agile Leadership on the Quality of Strategic Decisions within a selection of tourism companies in Baghdad. To achieve the study objectives, a descriptive-analytical methodology was employed. A questionnaire was utilized as the primary data collection instrument, administered to an exploratory sample of (74) administrative leaders and employees across the surveyed firms, which included: Al-Masarra for Travel and Tourism, Rihlat Al-Zaeem, and Shubad for Travel and Tourism. Statistical analysis and hypothesis testing were conducted using SPSS and SmartPLS software packages.The findings demonstrate a statistically significant impact of agile leadership and its dimensions on enhancing the quality of strategic decisions. This reflects the capacity of the investigated companies to adapt to the rapid environmental shifts within the tourism sector. The study concludes with several recommendations, most notably the imperative of adopting an agile leadership paradigm as a strategic framework to navigate competitive challenges effectively.

​This research aims to identify the level of behavioral integration among the board members of the sampled tourism companies, specifically regarding collaborative behavior, information exchange, and joint decision-making. The research problem is centered on the declining level of awareness among tourism companies› managements regarding the significance of tourism quality and the necessity for services to meet its standards.The research sample consisted of 204 observations from management teams operating in tourism companies in Baghdad. Their perspectives were surveyed using a questionnaire designed for this purpose, and the collected data were analyzed using statistical software (SPSS and AMOS).Key FindingsThe results revealed that many tourism managements lack genuine and effective openness toward significant and distinguished international experiences in this sector—a sector that is highly influential in global and regional economies. In contrast, companies in neighboring countries have achieved advanced quality levels by strictly adhering to quality standards, penetrating new markets, and delivering services that achieve the highest levels of tourist satisfaction.RecommendationsThe study recommends fostering a culture of quality among work teams in tourism companies. This should be achieved by adopting practical training programs and participating in seminars and workshops that focus on the essence of quality standards and the practical mechanisms for producing services in accordance with those standards.

The study of real exchange rate fluctuations and their impact on tourism demand represents one of the most critical topics in econometric analysis, particularly in understanding the volume of inbound tourism to Iraq. The practical and scientific significance of this study lies in its endeavor to activate a vital role in currency stability and its potential to regulate tourism costs, fostering competitiveness with other sectors.
By employing advanced econometric models applied to specific time series data for the period (2018–2024), the study utilizes the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. Both the theoretical and empirical findings reveal a statistically significant inverse relationship; specifically, an appreciation of the Iraqi Dinar against the US Dollar leads to an increase in the costs of travel (tickets, accommodation, lodging, and other tourism services). This, in turn, results in a continuous slowdown in tourism demand and hinders the progress of planned tourism development strategies.

This study investigates the construction of diasporic identity through a critical approach grounded in postcolonial thought and recent British-American literary discourse. Particular attention is given to the section entitled “Madness,” where the narrative follows the temporary detention of Amar Jaafari, an Iraqi-American economist. The analysis explores how the novel articulates questions of mobility, belonging, hybrid subjectivity, and racialized control within the geopolitical climate shaped by post-9/11 security regimes. Drawing on contemporary diaspora scholarship, the paper proposes that the novel operates as a literary challenge to hegemonic assumptions surrounding terrorism, national security, and cultural legitimacy. Its tripartite composition: “Folly,” “Madness,” and “Desert” produces a deliberate structural imbalance that parallels unequal relations of authority between institutional surveillance systems and racialized individuals. Through close reading informed by postcolonial feminist inquiry and intersectional analysis, the study demonstrates that the text exposes the continued vulnerability of Arab and Muslim diasporic subjects, showing that social privilege, formal citizenship, and educational capital do not necessarily prevent exclusion under securitized political conditions. The article further contributes to postcolonial literary criticism by expanding current discussion of the novel and situating diasporic inquiry within intensified contemporary border governance and counterterror discourse.

The metaphor is an inherent part of human thought, and it determines how people perceive, organize and express themselves about their experiences. In second language use metaphoric expression has been identified as an important marker of both linguistic and conceptual competence particularly in genres that require the use of expressive language like descriptive writing. This paper examines metaphoric creativity in the descriptive essays of the EFL Iraqi students in the University of Babylon through the use of cognitive stylistic framework based on Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Lakoff and Johnson, 2003) and the Creative Metaphor Framework (Kovecses, 2015). Four fourth-year learners, namely Sahar, Ali, Fatimah, and Omar, created descriptive texts to answer a narrative-imagistic writing question. MIPVU metaphor identification and CMT conceptual categorization were then used to make these texts followed by the evaluation of creativity according to CMF criteria of contextual novelty, experiential motivation, and conceptual innovation.

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This study offers a detailed reading of the human emotion of jealousy in the literary and social context of Iraqi feminist novels after 2003. The study connects abstract semiotic tools with the analysis of concrete narrative texts, revealing how the Iraqi novel functions as a mirror to the crises of individual and collective life during the difficult transitional period Iraq underwent.
The presence of the «other» in Iraqi feminist novels is not merely a pure emotion, but rather a complex map of love, rivalry, envy, and anxiety. The manifestations of jealousy reflect a profound identity crisis. It is a response to the turbulent political and social conditions, and a redefinition of the concept of «happy conflict» and its relationship to a fragmented world.

Abstract:
This research aims to identify psychological resilience and future anxiety among students in the Department of Psychological Counseling and Educational Guidance, as well as to identify the correlation between psychological resilience and future anxiety among these students. To achieve these objectives, two instruments were developed: the first, a scale measuring psychological resilience, consists of 20 items with five corresponding alternatives; the second, a scale measuring future anxiety among students in the Department of Psychological Counseling, is appropriate for the research sample and consists of 30 items with five corresponding alternatives. Both instruments possess the necessary psychometric properties for constructing psychological scales.Such as validity, reliability, and the ability to discriminate. These tools were applied to a sample of (400) male and female students randomly selected from the Department of Psychological Counseling and Educational Guidance. The researcher adopted Richardson›s definition of the psychological resilience variable and Shqeir›s definition of the future anxiety variable, and used appropriate statistical methods, with the help of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), to arrive at the research results.After statistically analyzing the data, it became clear that the students possessed psychological resilience. It was also found that students in the Psychological Counseling Department exhibited a low level of future anxiety, and a negative correlation was discovered between psychological resilience and future anxiety. The researcher presented several recommendations and suggestions.

Abstract:
This study deals with the analysis of texts in a critical analysis based on unraveling the conflict of the utopia and dystopia dichotomy according to the method of cultural criticism, which does not look for aesthetics in texts but rather for what lies behind those texts as a cultural phenomenon. The study aims to focus on revealing the evasion of literary texts of that dichotomy, and what those literary texts aim for, revealing the reality of the illusion of utopia represented by the dream of salvation from what is lost. In this novel specifically, the longing for the lost past and reviving its memory in a way that judges illusions with an ideology that turns those imaginary utopias into realistic nightmares that the writer himself and his people live through, i.e., “salvation through imagination,” which is a field (for the ideal city). Dystopia, however, requires no interpretation or imagination; it is a tangible reality. A people akin to a lifeless, dismembered body, beyond repair, has transformed Mesopotamia, the land of civilizations, into a barren, uninhabitable desert. This is due to policies of violence, fragmentation, and political conflict, creating a reality that represents a «corrupt city.» While utopia may seem idealistic, this study reveals what lies unspoken behind those texts. Dystopia is not merely an illusion or exaggeration to expose flaws; it is an existing reality. The study focuses on highlighting the elements of power and centralized hegemony through the imposition of authority and its dominance, manifested in corruption, wars, and devastation, ultimately creating a dy… The Iraqi writer Shaker Al-Anbari›s work was an advanced model for studying this dialectic. The study is divided into an introduction to framing the concepts of utopia and dystopia, and the manifestations of utopia and dystopia between reality and illusion in the novel. The first section was represented in the illusion of utopia as a safe haven for memory, and the utopia of the beautiful past, as well as poetry as a utopian act. The second section was about the reality of dystopia: the body and the shattered city, and finally the narrative paradox and the dialectic of the conflict between illusion and reality, and a conclusion to the research, then a list of sources.