Euphrates Journal of Agricultural Science

A field Experiment was carried out in Baghdad for the purpose of compare five horticulture machines during used two types of fuel deffirance in octane number, normal and super fuel which produced in Iraqi and measuring the vibrations transmitted of the three axes are longitudinal X , lateral Y and vertical Z from handlebar in (Mowers) to the operator which walks behind the mower, and the determine of the productivity practical of cutting, productivity passing and fuel consumption. Experiment Factorial used with two factors, The first factor was Five Mowers vary in width , types, weight and company manufacturer, The Second factor was the types of fuel used internal combination engine horticulture mowers were Normal fuel with Octane Number 82 and super fuel with Octane Number 95, according to randomized complete block design were used in this experiment with three replication . Least Significant Design (LSD) 0.05 was used to compare the mean of treatments. The result showed mower A type John Deer recorded the lowest vibration values in longitudinal, lateral, vertical and resultant whole vibration 5.21, 2.55, 3.85 and 6.97 m/sec² , higher productivity practical cutting 1160 m²/hr, higher productivity passing 128 kg/donam and least fuel consumption 1.378 L/donam. Super fuel recorded lowest longitudinal, lateral, vertical and resultant whole vibrations 4.63, 2.53, 3.86 and 6.54 m/sec², higher productivity practical cutting 1045 m²/hr and least fuel consumption 1.446 L/donam. The Result in the five mowers exceeded the legislated permissible vibration exposure limits in the worldwide.
Key word: Horticulture machines, Types fuel, Octane Number, Grass and Mowing.

A field experiment was carried out in the rice research station in Mashkhab (province of Najaf) related of Agricultural Research office during the growing season in 2015, located at latitude 31 north and longitude 44 east, at a height of 70 m above sea level in loom clay soil, in order to study the effect of Agriculture modalities in the growth and yield of two rice varieties, Oryza sativa L. , in split-split arrangement according to the design of randomized complrte block design( RCBD) with three replications. The varieties (jasmine and HT1) on the main plots , agriculture types (dry seeds or seedlings) on Sub plots) and the agriculture modalities (flat and ridges and Msatab) on sub-sub plots). The data were analyzed statistically, and it showed that Jasmine variety was superior in the number of spike 231.10) spike.mˉ²) , whereas HT1 was superior in plant height (91.55 cm), grain weight ( 22.22 g), but the varieties did not differ in grain yield and flag leaf area. Agriculture type with seedlings was superior in grains number per spike (116.60 grain.spikeˉ¹) , flag area ( 22.47 cm²) and highest grain weight (20.70 g), while dry seeding was superior in in spike number (247.37 spike.mˉ²) and grain yield (4.63 t.ha-1), but it did not differ in plant height . The way of planting either on the shoulder or in the base of ridges was superior in most traits such plant height (88.22 or 91.48 cm) , flag leaf area (22.75 or 22.86 cm²), but grain weight did not influenced by different methods of agriculture and planting in the bottom of the terrace and in Flat slabs gave a higher grain yield (5.05 and 5.19 t.ha-1 respectively by increasing spike number per unit area, and the highest response was in the type of dry seeds pattern in the manner of planting bottom of the terrace for achieving the highest spikes (299.00 spike.mˉ²) and grain yield(5.41 t.ha-1).

The research aimed to specify the knowledge level for protected vegetables farmers who are related or not related to fields farmers schools in some field Integrated Pest managements and to know the knowledge level of farmers males and females in each pivot of perfect management pivots for the following ( general principles pivot for lesions Pest management and the pivot of combating by farming methods and combat pivot by chemical methods and by physical methods.) ; moreover , doing the comparison between related and not related in knowledge level which can be a suitable entrance for comparing between general curriculum and the curriculum of fields farmers schools , the subject of this study .
To achieve the objectives of the research , a randomly proportional layer sample was chosen (60 ) farmers for ( 30 ) related farmers and ( 30 ) not related farmers. To reach the objectives of the research , a questionnaire has been prepared , it had ( 34 ) items distributed on ( 4 ) pivots within lesions perfect management field .Standard degree was specified between ( 0 – 34 ) .
The results shown that the knowledge degrees for related farmers are about ( 15 – 29 ) degrees with average ( 21.2) degrees , and standard devation ( 3.41 ) degrees. The level of their knowledge described to be medium and it is safe. The results have also shown that the degrees of knowledge of farmers who are not related are about ( 4 – 19 ) degrees with average about ( 12.63) degrees and standard devation ( 3.29) degrees. And the level of their knowledge is describe to be weak .The results of the research have shown that there are inequality in knowledgeable level of farmers related and not related in each pivot. The results of the research have also shown that there were significant differences between knowledgeable level for related and not related farmers .
The researcher has recommended that agricultural extension device should spread knowledge and experiences related to lesions perfect management among protected vegetables farmers in all pivots through its program and its different activities. These programs and activities should include showing the positives aspects besides negative problems resulted from randomly using of insecticide. The extension staff should adopt the curriculum of field farmers schools which led to raise the farmers' knowledge in this field and it has proved its activity in many countries instead of general agricultural extension curriculum which hasn't met all the needs of agricultural development requirements and the challenges of food security in the country.

An experiment was carried out in field of Agricultural Collage- University of Baghdad/ Al - Jadriya during autumn season 2016 to study the effect of water stress and adding organic fertilizer in qualitative characteristics and mineral content of the plant Squash. The experimental design with factorial experimental was used Randomized Complete Block Design including twelve treatments in three replicates. The first factor was irrigation including three treatments irrigation was imposed at 30 % depletion of available water (I1), irrigation was imposed at 30 % depletion of available water with cut two irrigation non-consecutive at growth stage (I2) and irrigation was imposed at 30 % depletion of available water with cut two irrigation non-consecutive at flowering stage (I3), whereas the second one was organic fertilizers (humic acid) with four levels 0, 10, 20 and 40 kg ha-1 a symbol H0, H1, H2 and H3, respectively. The water content of depletion water for 0-0.2m layer was calculated from planting till shoot growth and increasing of irrigation water depth to include 0-0.3m during flowering and yield formation stages. All agricultural processes for crop management were used according to recommendation.
The results showed that suffered squash to water stress lead to reduced water use efficiency, fertilizer productivity and fruit yield. The results also showed improvement in the quality characteristics of squash when fertilizing with organic humic acid. The fertilizers with humic acid lead to increase NPK content recorder 0.824, 0.324 and 4.567%, respectively at 40 kg h-1. While the NPK content 0.878, 0.331 and 4.195% at 35% depletion available water. The water use efficiency field and fertilizer productivity reached 6.67 kg m-3 and 344, respectively under irrigation at 30% depletion available water and 40 kg ha-1 humic acid.

Key words: Squash, IRRIGATION, HUMIC FERTILIZERS, NPK CONTENT, FERTILIZER PRODUCTIVITY

The study was carried out using factorial experiment of three factors to test the process and measure the strength of the feed pellet by two devices in order to compare between their results. The diameter of manufacturing slots, and diet moisture, and heat water of the diet, and to measure its impact in the broken and unbroken pellet have been controlled treatment were designated according to the Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replicates. The break-up character of the pellet was measured for both devices. The results showed that increasing the diameter of manufacturing slots from 2.5 to 4.5 mm affected significantly by declining the percentage of pellet resistant to breaking and increase the percentage of broken pellet for both devices. Increase diet moisture from 34.7 to 37.0% led to significant increase in the pellet resistant to breaking and significant decrease of broken pellet for both devices .With the increase in water diet temperature from 25 to 40 C0 increased significantly pellet resistant ratio to breaking and significantly decreased broken pellet ratio for both devices. Also, found higher significant correlation between the readings of two devices with correlation coefficient of 0.93.
Key Words: unbroken pellet, broken pellet, pellet, pellet process

In order to estimate the some of the genetic parameters, heritability broad sense , and genotypic ,phenotypic ,environmental coefficient correlation and path coefficient for ten traits of bread wheat( Triticum aestivum L.) ; plant height(cm) (PH) , tiller number . m -2 (TN) , number of leaves per plant (LN), flag leaf area(cm2)(FLA) , spike number.m-2(SN), number of grains per spike(GN/S) ,weight of 1000 grain (g)(GW), biological yield (g) (TDM), and yield ( ton/hector)(Y) , a field experiment was carried out at the field of AL-Maqdadya , in Diyala city during season of 2015-2016 . Results showed that genotypic variation was more than environmental variances for all traits except leaves number. Phenotypic variance coefficient closed to genotypic variance coefficient for some of traits while the largest for other traits. The higher value for heritability broad sense appeared in FLA, TDM and GW (0.98,0.96,0.95)sequentially.Genotypic correlation coefficient higher than phenotypic correlation coefficient. This indicates that variation exists between genotypes due of genetic factors with little effects to the environment . The yield has been associated genetically and phenotypically positively with traits studied. Number of spike .m-2 had higher correlation value amounted to 0.824,0.604) and its had a appositive genetic and phenotypic correlation with (TN,TDM,GW) . A higher direct effect of SN,GN,GW reaching(1.537,0.66,0.479),respectively. . Path coefficient revealed that the direct selection of the (SN,GN,GW) would be effective for improving grain yield in bread wheat .

This study aimed to produce antibiotic from the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensi on the mosquito spp Culex quinquefasciatus Say by using Corn starch as a medium for bacteria holder and after preparing the product has been used potions (0.5, 1, 2, 3,4) gm/L.
The results show that the concentration (0.5, 1, 2) gm/L didn’t show significant differences against the mosquito larvae and the lethal dose percentage were 0%. While the concentration 3 gm/L didn’t show significant differences after 24 hour while 2%, 6% after 48 and 72 hours respectively.
However results showed that media concentration with 4 gm/L lethal dose percentage 28% , 52% and 20% after 24, 48 and 72 hours respectively. While the treated group the lethal percentage were 0% during the different period.
After four months of storage the preparation in the refrigerator the dose (4, 6) gm/L were used the lethal percentage were 13.0% after 24 hours when 4 gm used while it reach 26% when using concentration 6 gm/L; after 48 hours the lethal percentage were 26% with the concentration 4 gm. And the lethal percentage were 41.0% when the concentration dose was 4 gm.
Using a dose of 6 gm the lethal percentage were 46.0%, but after 72 hours, the percentage of lethal percentage 4 gm of 45% using the dose 6 g lethal percentage reached 26% either treatment comparison gave the lethal percentage zero%.

An experiment was carried to study the effects of water stress on the callus growth parameters of two rice Oryza sativa L. cultivars namely Amber33 and Mishkhab 2 in vicvo . Firstly ,the callus was inducti from mature seeds cultured on Ms medium supplemented with 2 mg 2,4-D, 0.5 mg BA /l and 30gm.L-1 sugar and solidified with 7 gm/l agar. The callus were cultured on the MS media supplemented with Poly Ethylene Glycol (PEG 6000) at 0, 0.5 and 1% concentrations and incabuted for 14 and 21 days .The results showed that There wene reduction in callus fresh , dry weight , relative growth rate of callus , dry matter percentage, with increasing levels of PEG after 14 and 21 days. Amber 33 cv. was superior than Mishkhab 2 cv. in callus fresh and dry weight and relative growth rate of callus after 14 and 21 days, whereas no differ in dry matter percentage was notice between cvs after 14 days , while Amber 33 cv. was superior than Mishkhab 2 cv. After 21 days in this parameter. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that it is possible to use the characteristics of callus in the evaluation of the tolerance of rice cvs. to water stress in vitro. it can be concluded that Amber 33 cv. is more tolerant to water stress than Mishkhab 2 cv.
Keywords : Water stress, Rice, in vitro, PEG, callus.

The experiment was conducted in welded square shaped wooden boxes 60 cm length and 40cm height at the faculty of Agriculture - Green University of Al Qasim near green houses , during spring season between 2015-2014 to study the effect of soil compaction and organic waste (alfalfa and wheat straw) on microbial activity and on the Maize ( Zea Mays . L) growth and crop yield. Firat cultivar maize American hybrid has been cultivated in this experiment. The Soil that had been brought from Abugarag , Babylon Iraq (Latitude 32, 31 North and Longitude 44, 21 East).The experiment has three variables : ( i.e high compuctions levels ,organic materials alfalfa and wheat straws , and Incubations periods 30,90,120 days .Results showed that :
Incubation period Zero C0 with the completion of compaction treatment the highest bulk density at the treatment (soil+ compaction) was 1.44 Mgm/m-3 and the Lowell value at the treatment ( soil +wheat straws) was 1.28 Mgm/m-3 .The high present of porosity with the treatment ( soil +wheat straws) was 51.35% and the lowest with the treatment ( soil +compaction ) was 47.88% . Soil penetration resistance was high with the treatment (soil + compaction ) 713.0 kilo Bascale and low with the treatment (soil +wheat straws) 244.9 kilo Bascale .The organic matter value was 7.50% with the treatment (soil+wheat straw) and 1.67% with treatment (soil +compaction) .When we used the Wheat Straws for long time , there was increase the fungi and Bacteria cells number during the second incubation period which lasted in 90 days ,the treatment (soil+wheat straws) gave the higest number of fungi cell. The highest coumting number was 290.0 cfu*103 g-1 in dry soil in zero combuct soil . The lowest number of fungi cells was 10.0 cfu*103 g-1 dry soil in combacted soil , with the third incubation period which terminated in 120 days.
During the incubation period which extended for 90 days , , The highest treatment is (soil + 2% Wheat Straws) was 7.50% in zero compaction treatment and the Lowest value of organic matter in treatment ( soil + compaction ) was 1.67 % in compaction treatment.
Keyword : compaction , organic matter, fungi cells, peroid

Madkoka is one of Iraqi famous homemade sweets , basically made from Zahdi dates and sesame, 9 points hedonic scale was used to determination best ratio for roasted sesame and inulin , which were found 5% sesame and 4% inulin. Probiotics starter culture 1 & 5% of Lactobacillus rahmnosus GG & Lactobacillus plantarum were added separately to the blend, probiotics Madkoka were molded in specific shapes " one bite " , and storage in refrigerator temperature. The results of all the treatments of probiotics Madkoka with and without inulin shown decreased in mold and yeasts during 6 months of storage comparing with the control treatment which shown increased for the same period. Total probiotics bacterial counts for all the treatments of probiotics Madkoka were decreased around 0.5 log cycle cfu / month , but these numbers where higher than the minimum of scientific scale for probiotics products 107 cfu / gm or ml after 6 months, which gave promising outlook for this unique sweets comparing with other probiotics dairy products which have short shelf life period. Also the sensory evaluation results shown the acceptability for all the treatments of probiotics Madkoka specially with inulin, and keep high quality in appearance , color , taste, texture and flavor comparing with the control .This simple delicious cheap synbiotic healthy product can be easily manufacture in mass production.
Keywords: probiotic , Zahdi dates , therapeutic candy

Laboratory and field studies were conducted in one of the greenhouses planted with cucumber plants option for the purpose of isolating and study effects some fungi associated with the two spotted mite (Red Spider) Tetranychus urticae and also see the effect of suspensions of these fungi in the results showed the survey in greenhouses planted option and there are a number of fungi which it has been isolated from the larvae and nymphs and adults: Trichoderma herzanum, Aspergillus tritici, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus oryze, Alternaria alternate, Beuveria bassania and fungus Metarhizium anspoliae been isolated for the first time in Iraq, but has recorded the highest loss rate of roles using suspention M. Anspoliae and the role of the egg 46.7%, and 58.3% the role of the larva, nymph and 61.3. %, While the amount of 59% has reached a concentration 10-2bog / ml, the lowest loss rate fungus susoention Paecilomyces fumosoroseus and totaled for all roles egg, larva, nymph, amounting to 25.7 respectively. % 18.3% 39.7. 42.3%. % Respectively spore concentration of 10-7 / ml.

This study was conducted in order to survey charcoal rot disease of sunflower and diagnose fungi that cause infection and evaluating the efficiency of some biological factors in the control and integration between them under a lath house, isolation and diagnosis showed that The fungus Macrophomina phaseolina was the most visible one in 15 fields planted with sunflower belong to Babylon province at the rate of recurrence about 83.3%,obtained on 15 isolates of M. phaseolina depending on technology of the PCR to diagnose the isolates of M. phaseolina by using primer which is M.phKF – M.phKR, The first test results of the pathogenicity of M. phaseolina studied using radish seeds showed that all tested isolates caused a significant reduction in the percentage of seeds germination also All isolates of M. phaseolina caused a significant reduction in the germination percentage of sunflower seeds, ranging from 6.67% by Mp-11, The results of isolating and diagnosing for bacteria Azotobacter chroococcum and Azospirillum brasilense showed, obtained 3isolatesisolated from three areas in Babylon from roots and Rhizosphere areas of wheat plant and they have been diagnosed depending on morphological, microscopic, and biochemical characteristics. The results of these isolates showed the ability to inhibit pathogenic M. phaseolina and they varied in the percentage of inhibition amounting to 100% by Ac-3 and Ab-3 isolates of bacteria respectively, and the percentage of their inhibition varied depending on the applied dilutions, It was clear from the results of the study that Trichoderma harzianum(T-22)has ability to inhibited fungus M. phaseolina for percentage 100% (it reached the inhibition of the first-class rate). That thing happened also with EM-1 which inhibited same fungus with same percentage, The results of lath house experience showed that all treatments integration between the bacteria (PGPR)A. chroococcum, fungus T.harzianum, bacteria A.brasilense and EM-1 added to the contaminated soil with pathogenic fungus leads to the reduction of the percentage and the severity of infection with the charcoal rot disease of sunflower roots. All the treatments that used biogenic factors led to a significance increasing in the growth of sunflower compared to the treatment of the pathogenic fungus alone. this study showed for the first time in Iraq the efficiency of A. chroococcum , A.brasilense and EM-1 bioformula against of M. Phaseolina fungus causing agent of charcoal rot disease of sunflower.
Key words: Charcoal rot, sunflower, Macrophomina phaseolina, Bacteria, Bio-formula,EM-1.

This research was conducted in the experimental field of the General Company of Hort. and Forestry/ Al-Mahaweel, during the two season 2014 and 2015 to find out the influance of Salicylic acid (0 ,100and 200 mg.L-1) and Tryptophan acid (0 ,100 and 200 mg.L-1) and Nutrient solution King live (0, 1.5 and 3 g.L-1) and their interactions in content of olive seedlings Manzanello cultivar. A factorial experiment was conducted in a Completely Randomized Block Design with three replicates (five seedling/experiment unit). The results were analyzed by applying Analysis of variance (ANOVA) table according to Genstat program and means were compared by least significant difference ( L.S.D.) test of 0.05 level of probability. The results showed spraying with Salicylic acid, Tryptophan and Nutrient solution (king live) had a significant increase in some minerals leaves content (N,P,K,Fe,Zn,Cu) especially in high concetration.

A laboratory experiment was conducted at the colleg of Agriculture /green University of AL-qasim laboratories during the winter season (2014-2015)The study aimed to know the effect of water and saline stress on emergence and growth of barley seed (Hordeum vulgare L. ) Var Bohoth 244.the experiment was conducted as afactorial experiments Completely Randomized Design ( CRD ) with three replicates ,the first factor include quantity of added water to germination dishes to be equal to wight of 25 seeds which reach to 11.4ml as ( control treatment and 25 ,50 and 75 ) of quantity of water added to control treatment and symbols as( W1 , W2 ,W3 and W4 ), respectively, and the second factar included four concentrations of sodium chloride ( 0 , 3 , 6 and 9 ) dS.m-1 symbols as ( S1,S2 ,S3 and S4 ) respectively .Result revealed that there was significant effect of irrigation levels in all studded characteristics, control treatment(W1) surpassed of the other treatments by giving the highest means of germination ratio, germination index and fresh wight of seedlings, the same treatment(W1) also gave higher results without significant difference with (W2) treatment at of germination speed index , length of leaflet and radicle and fresh and dry wight of seedling by mean ( 41.26 and 43.19 seed.day-1) ,( 8.78 and 9.25 cm) , ( 15.28 and 16.21 cm) and ( 0.098 , 0.105)mg of the above characteristics respectively. The results of the statistical analysis revealed that therearea significant effect on the concentrations of added salt which led to a significant reduction in the germination percentage , germination index rate, and seedling fresh weight with increasing concentrations of salt added. While significant difference did not appear among the control treatment (S1) and the level (S2), both had significantly surpassed the rest of the added salt levels germination speed coefficent length of radicle and leaflet, dry weight of seedlings ( 41.56 and 39.95 seed.day-1 ),( 8.95 and 8.37 cm), ( 14.75and 14.56 cm)and (0.101 and 0.093mg) of the above characteristics respectively.
Keywords:- water stress, saline stress, seed viability, barley .

A field experiment was conducted at the College of Physical Education & Sport Science-University of Baghdad /Jaderiea in a loamy soil at 2015-2016 season, to study the effect of planting broad bean and onion either in monoculture or intercropped (bicultural ) interacted with two levels of nitrogen (40,and 80 kg N ha-1) in addition to the comparison (without Nitrogen) on growth parameters of both crops in a split plot experiment within RCBD in three replicates .Results indicated that nitrogen application especially at 80 kg ha-1 significantly increased all broad bean and onion growth and yield parameters . Nitrogen application especially 2nd level (80 kg N ha-1) significantly increased number of branches per plant to 11 branch plant-1 with N2 compared to 7 branch plant -1 with N0 . Monoculture gave better results than intercropped(bicultural ) especially with onion crop . Monoculture of Onion gave better results than bi culture . Diameter of onion bulbs were 4.1 cm in monoculture compared to 2.7 cm in biculture with Broad bean .
However, broad bean crop gave better results in intercropped compared to onion which indicate the ability of broad bean in competing Onion especially in planting both crop at the same line of cropping .
Keywords: mono and biculture-intercropped, Broad bean and Onion productivity.

An experiment was conducted in plastic house which belong to horticulture dept. agriculture college / Tikrit University from 12/9/2012 till 2/6/2013 to know the effect for plant growth regulator on specific character carnation of flowers which included these regulators GA3, Liq extract and Salicylic acid. The experiment was fill filled as simple experiment with nine treatment as RCBD with four section including (Control ، Gib 150 mg.l-1 ، Liq 30 g.l-1 ، Sal 60 mg.l-1 ، Sal 90 mg.l-1 ، Sal 60 mg.l-1 + Gib 150 mg.l-1 ، Sal 90 mg.l-1 + Gib 150 mg.l-1 ، Sal 60 mg.l-1 + Liq 30 g.l-1 ، Sal 90 mg.l-1 + Liq 30 g.l-1). The results appeared that Liq extract gave highest value of flowers number rate/plant reached 23.73 flower.plant-1 while GA3 treatment gave highest value of volatile oil reached 10.94 gm.m-2, Salicylic acid treatment 90 mg.l-1 gave highest value of caryophyllene reached to 99.70 microgram.ml-1.
Keywords: Gibberline – liquor extract – salicylic acid – carnation .

Earliness of cotton was studied to investigate its relationship with hybrid vigor of 81 genotypes included 72 F1 hybrids and 9 parents. A field trail was conducted at Field Crops Research station of Agricultural Researches Office. At 2001 full diallel crosses according to Griffing (1956) method 1 was done among 9 varieties of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.).The nine varieties (Marsoomi-4, Ashur-1, Abu Ghraib-5, Cocker-310, Lashata, Kafco-1, Pamir, Rabia-122, Pac-cot- 189). Comparison trail was applied at 2002 according to triple lattice design partial balanced with three replicates. The results revealed significant differences among genotypes (parents, crosses and reciprocal crosses) in all studied characters. Also many crosses revealed best hybrid vigor. Cocker 310 need to 64 days to reach of open first flower, also attained earliness (65.94%) with 108.96 g/plant seed cotton compare with other parents that refer to possibilities combine of earliness and higher seed cotton yield. Many crosses were distinguished with cocker-310 as a parent such as (cocker-310 x lashata) which earliness, it need to 62.67 days to first open flower and (cocker-310 x AbuGraib-5), that need to 110.33 days for first open flower. However cross (Marsoomi-4 x cocker-310) was recorded higher earliness percentage reach to 71.09% and reciprocal cross (Ishur-1 x cocker-310) with 117.8 g/plant seed cotton. Cross (Kafco-1 x Ishur-1) recorded higher hybrid vigor compare with low parents reach to -6.15% for days to first open flower, cross (AbuGraib-5 x Pac-cot-189) gave higher hybrid vigor reach to -54.55% for monopodium while crosse (Kafco-1 x Rabia-122) and (AbuGraib-5 x Kafco-1) which gave higher hybrid vigor compare with high parents about 36.42 and 83.21% for earliness and seed cotton, respectively. From these could be conclude that genetic improvement for present genotypes (through hybridization) for limited aim as earliness that without end and limitation. So that it should be do highest and vital efforts to create of genetic variation to utilize from cotton breeders to attain their aims of cotton improvement.

The aim of this study was to observe the effects of ozone on wheat grain and study the physiochemical properties of its produced flour. Water was treated by ozone with the concentrations 80,95,110 gm/m3 for wetting wheat grains samples and the blank sample(control treatment) had zero ozone ( untreated distilled water ).All samples left for 24 hours inorder to reach 15% moisture and then milled by laboratory miller with the extraction ratio of 70% . The results showed that ozone had an effect on the physiochemical properties of wheat flour,whereas the absorption of water was increased with the increase of ozone concentrations and it ranged from 46.2-60.2% in comparison with control treatment . Also viscosity was increased and ranged from 816.3-860.7 B.U. while the falling number was decreased with the increase of ozone concentration and ranged from 404-372 sec. compared with blank sample(control treatment).There was no effect noticed of ozone concentrations on protein ratio which was 11.84% ,while the wet gluten ratio was increased with the increase of ozone concentration and ranged from 32.1- 41.1% and there was no effect found on dry gluten and ranged from 9.2-9.3%. In addition Bread size was increased with the increase of ozone concentration and ranged from 134.3-148.3 cm3 in comparison with control treatment while cake size was decreased and ranged from 96.0-86.7 cm3 and no effect was observed with ozone concentration on flour color and the results ranged from 96.67- 96.33.
Key words : wheat flour bread ozone physiochemical properties

The influence of light irradiance under which stock plants were raised , in addition to supplied auxin and boron in rooting response of derived cuttings in terms of IAA levels in hypocotyl (root initiation zone ) has been studied .
The results were revealed that rooting response due to supplied auxin (IAA) at the optimal concentration (5×10-4 M) induced more than 3 folds and irradiance more than 5 folds whereas , boron has no significant effect except at high concentration (24.8 %), when the above factors employed individually . However, such increment in rooting response was coincided with high levels of IAA where detected in hypocotyls.
On the other hand , the interactions between the above factors revealed two fundamental points : first, irradiance induce the requirement of boron . second, irradiance induce the uptake of supplied auxin .Moreover, the triple interaction between the above three factors showed that the uptake of supplied auxin which induced by irradiance required the induction of high concentration of boron ( 100 µg/ml ).The later concentration is equal 20 folds compared to normal level required of boron (5µg/ml) by cutting derived from 10 days old light grown seedlings. seemingly , B- required by IAA-oxidase enzyme for diminishing of IAA– level to be suitable for development of root primordia into visible roots . In addition , the discussion was focused on the role of irradiance and boron in IAA –metabolism and transport as well as its photo- oxidation in primary leaves before its basipetal transport and after its accumulation in the hypocotyls.
Key words:- Auxin metabolism , Basipetal transport , B-requirement , Darkness, IAA- oxidase , Light irradiance , Mung bean , Photo- oxidation and rooting response.

Factorial experiment was conducted during autumn 2015 to study the effect of intercropping of popcorn and mung bean and spraying albomin (micro-nutrients chelated on the amino acid Glycine) on growth of both crops. The experiment was carried out according to randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) with three replicats, which included two factors: The first factor was intercropping systems that included four treatments(popcorn alone, mung bean alone, one ridge popcorn and the other mung bean, two ridges popcorn and the other two mung bean). The second factor was sprayed albumin in two concentrations ( 3 and 6 ml / liter) in addition to the control treatment (water spray only). The spraying process was done until fully wet (about 1 month after germination). Popcorn variety surur and local variety of mung bean were planting in mid-July 2015 on ridges in pilots each consisting of four ridges (0.75 x 3 m for each ridge) and the experiment unit area was (3x3 m2). The results showed that the single cultivation of popcorn led to a significant increase in plant height ( 203.6 cm), leaves number ( 15.67), leaf area index (4.043) and stem diameter (13.17mm). Spray albumin ( in concentration 6ml/liter treatment) led to a significant increase in all traits of popcorn vegetative growth. Single cultivation of mung bean caused an increase in all vegetative growth traits as it gave the average length of (77.94 cm) , leaves number (32.67) , branches number (8.339) and chlorophyll content(47.13 Spade). Spraying albumin in concentration 6ml/liter caused significant increase in most vegetative growth traits of mung bean. The interaction between the two factors had a significant effect where the interaction between individual agriculture and spraying albumin (6ml/liter) was superior in plant height , number of branches and number of leaves.
Key words: inter cropping, mung bean, popcorn, foliar fertilization, biomin

The study was aimed to survey of the squash root rot and the diagnosis of fungi causing injury and assessing the effectiveness of some of the biological control against them under the laboratory and lath house conditions, timber, as it showed the results of the survey and the knocking fields in Babylon province the presence of the squash root rot disease in all surveyed areas with disease incidence and severity 70-88% - 31.5-55.2% respectively, the results of the isolation and diagnosis of 10 types of inborn accompanying the plants differed in emerging in different areas. The Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani appeared in the most of the samples. the results of the pathogenicity appeared that The F. solani and R. solani were major causes of sqwuash root rot disease. The four Pure samples of Azotobacter chroococcum and Azospirillum brasilense Bacteria from wheat and barley rhizosphere and diagnosed depending on the farm Characteristics of micro-enterprises and biochemistry. Tests clarified this bacteria that it possesses the ability of high contrast against the F. solani (F.s6) and R. solani (R.s6), inhibiting rates were different depended on concentration of bacteria inoculums. The results of the isolating mycorrhiza fungi Glomus sp. Was isolated, purred and grow on susceptible hosts. under the conditions of lath house, the results showed that all treatments led to a reduction in the disease incidence and severity of the squash root rot disease of with superior of integrated treatment between the A. chroococcum, A. brasilense Bacteria and Glomus sp. Which was among the12.50- 22.2% and 5.00-20.00 % respectively, and compared with pathogen treatment which was100%. also all biological control treatment led increased parameters of plant growth.n this study showed for the first time in Iraq and in the world that A. chroococcum, A. brasilense Bacteria and Glomus sp. Alone or integrated effected on causes of Squash root rot disease.
Key words: root rot, Squash, biological control against, Bacteria, mycorrhiza, fungi.

The results of isolation and identification tomato root showed that root hare brown color which resulted from Fusaruim solani fungus which was isolated from infected Tomato roots. The results of laboratory study showed Pseudomonas fluorecsens , Azospirillum irakense and Azotobacter chroococcum have high efficiency of inhibition against pathogen F. solani (F.s2) in PDA medium , The all bacterial exudates in concentrates 25, 50% wer inhibited growth of the pathogen in liquid and sold media . The result of lath house experiment appeared that all used treatments were significantly decrease Tomato Root Rot. Disease incidence and severity compared with control pathogen , the treatment P .fluorescens + A.irakense , P .fluorescens + A. chroococcum and A.irakense + A. chroococcum gave the highest inhibition of F. solani (F.s2) fungus which decreased the severity into 6.25% compared with contract Canley pathogen only which was 87.00% . These treatment had the best results in the length, wet and dry weights of foliage , roots groups and number of flowers .
Key words: tomato plant, Fusarium solani, Rhizobacteria, Biocontrol

This study was conducted at the College of Agriculture- Karbala University with the aim of isolating and identifying the pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporium f. sp. lycopersici and Rhizoctonia solani using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and determining the nucleotide sequence of PCR-amplified products, as well as their resistance using the biological control fungus Trichoderma harzianum and some tomato genotypes (Ginan,Wardeh ,Gazalah and Selmoren).
Results, obtained from the PCR amplification and analysis of nucleotide sequence of PCR-amplified products and using BLAST program (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool), had proven that the isolated pathogenic fungi are belonged to F. oxysporium f. sp. lycopersici and R. solani. From the comparison between the nucleotide sequences obtained from the identified fungi and the nucleotide sequences belonged to the same fungi and available at NCBI, it was revealed that the identified fungal strain of R. solani was not previously recorded at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBl), therefore; the identified sequence of R. solani has been deposited and recorded in the GenBank database (NCBI) under the accession number KY283953.
It was also showed that the fungus T. harzianum had high antagonistic potential to significantly inhibit the pathogens R. solani and F. oxysporium f.sp. lycopersici, on PDA medium, which differentiated significantly, compared to the control treatment when the fungal growth reached 9.00 and 6.36 cm, respectively. Among the other tested tomato genotypes, representing Ginan, Wardeh,Gazalah and Selmoren, the tomato hybrid "Selmoren" was found to be highly susceptible to the pathogenic fungi; whereas the Ginan tomato hybrid was more resistant to R. solani and F. oxysporium f.sp. lycopersici among the other used genotypes.

The research was conducted in one of the greenhouses located at the Agricultural Technical Institute fields (Bakrajo) in agricultural season 2013-2014. Seeds of both cabbage and lettuce were sown in thermostone trays in the nursery. Soil was covered in three colors of plastic (transparent white, black and yellow) with the comparison treatment (no cover). Holes were made in plastic’s films by sharp edge metal cylinder. Seedlings were planted in these holes by the interference style compared to the cultivation of each crop alone (cabbage alone, lettuce alone, lettuce between cabbage and cabbage between lettuce). All service operations conducted on plants (irrigation, patching, fertilizing, weeding and pest control). At crops maturity stage, data were collection: the rate of plant height (cm), the rate of plant spread (cm), total yield (kg \ m 2), mean head weight (kg).
Final results showed that there was no significant difference in the rate of plant height for both colors plastic soil’s cover or practice agriculture style or interaction between them. Mean of cabbage’s head dimeter achieved significant differences both when grown alone or interactive planting with lettuce, the overlap between the color of plastic covers and cabbage agriculture’s style achieved significant superiority of both yellow and black plastic when planting cabbage alone and yellow plastic when planting cabbage interactive with lettuce.
The total yield (kg \ m2), results of soil covers shown significant differences when used black, transparent white and yellow cover (respectively) compared with uncovered soil, the interaction between plastic cover’s color and agriculture style had achieved superiority in the black plastic cover when planting cabbage between lettuce, followed by yellow plastic in the same farming style. In the mean head weight (g). The interaction between yellow plastic’s color and agriculture style shown significant differences when cultivated cabbage between lettuce followed by cultivation same crops in yellow plastic, but there is no significant difference between these two styles.
Keywords: Soil’s mulching – Plastic’s colors – Interactive culturing – Vegetative growth characteristics – Productivity – Cabbage – Lettuce – Unheated Plastic house

A study on the effect of foliar spray of Iris hollandica plants with Salicylic acid (SA) and N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N-phenylurea (KT-30 or CPPU) on growth , flowering and bulb production was carried out at one ofa plastic houses belonged to Horticulture and Landscape Gardening Dept. / College of Agric. / University of Baghdad at Aljadiria on Fall season of 2015 . Iris plants were sprayed with 50 , 100 , 200 mg/l of SA , after 48 hrs. plants were sprayed at 5 , 10 , 15 mg/l of KT-30 . Control plants were sprayed with distilled water . The results can be summarized as follow .
Spraying plant with SA and KT-30 concentrations improved all vegetative and flowering characters . The concentration 200mg/l of SA was most effective on increasing plant height (81cm) , number of leaves/plant (8.3) , leaf chlorophyll content (73.4mg/100g fresh weight) , fresh and dry weight of vegetative growth (88g , 54.5g) , number of flowers/plant (2.3) , flower diameter (11.0 cm) ,length of pedicel (42.8 cm.), flowering date (106.3 days) , flowering period (10.3 days) and vase life (8.1 days), number of bulbs\plant (9.6), bulbs diameter (6.0 cm.) and fresh and dry weight of bulbs (41.9 g., 24.2 g.) respectively . The highest concentration of KT-30 which is 15mg/l that was increased (89.1cm) , number of leaves / plant (8.6) , chlorophyll leaf content (74.8 mg/100g fresh weight) , fresh and dry weight of vegetative growth (91.3g , 58.7g) , number of flowers / plant (2.8) , flower diameter (11.6cm) , length of pedicle (47.7 cm.) flowering date (98.2 days), flowering period (11.5 days) and vase life (9.3 days), number of bulbs\ plant (8.5), bulbs diameter (5.1cm.), fresh and dry weight of bulbs (37.0 g. ,21.7 g.) respectively . Most of the interaction treatments between the two plant growth regulators was significantly increased all the characters .

This study was conducted at the Nursery of Department of Horticulture College Agriculture of AL-Qasim Green University during the period 10/10/2014 – 5/6/2015 of 6 months age for studying the effect the foliar spraying Melir nutrient solution (0 , 1, 1.5 and 2, g/L ) and naphthalene acetic Acid ( 0 , 50 ,100 and 150 mg/ L ). on vegetative system of Citrus aurantium seedlings. The results indicated that spraying both of NAA and Melir with treatment individually and together caused a significant increasing in the rate of length , diameter , number of leaves and number of the plants branches , leaf area , fresh and weight total leaf area .The treatment of Melir nutrient solution 2 g/L and naphthalene acetic Acid at the level 150 mg/L show the highest rate of those characteristics compared to the control treatment .

The research aims to identify role of the national program for development of Wheat crop in the field of agricultural sector for the development of cultivation and production the crop in wasit governorate , and the satisfaction of farmers towards agricultural developments, and achieve the goal of the research was chosen (4) agricultural people targeted program, namely(Al-Shiheimiyah , Al-Aziziyah , Al-Zubaidiyah and Al-Duboni ), Data were collected mediated questionnaire interview manner (160) farmer. The results showed that the program has been implemented (69) guiding active in the search area average (17.25) Activity indicative / year, with an average (4.3) Activity indicative / year / Division. In the area of processing it has been peasants wheat seed varieties, including processing (Ibaa 99, Abu Ghraib, Cham 6 , Tamoz 2) by (53.5%) of the required quantities. And urea fertilizer rate (52.4%) of the required quantities, and compound fertilizer by (47.5%) of the required quantities, and potassium sulfate for the years 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 constitute less than 0.1% of the quantities required, Minor elements that covered all needed, and the type of pesticide bush Palace by (17.11%) of the required quantities, and (4) seedlings and a settlement of the laser one. In the field of productivity, it achieved an increase in the average productivity in the search area compared to the base year 2010/2011 of (681.8) kg / Donam and total production averages in the four years of the program (774.3, 812.5, 892.8 0.962, 5) kg / Donam sequentially and thus fulfilling the sustainability of productivity growth. In the area of peasants respondents satisfaction about the program, the average digital values of satisfaction with the program amounted to (2.4) degrees on the upper class satisfaction scale (4) the degree and value Minor (zero) degrees though (50% - 59%) of the peasant subjects of the degree of satisfaction It falls within the average range between (2-3) degrees. Search results concluded that the program has achieved significant results in the area of dissemination of agricultural developments and increase productivity and achieve satisfaction suitable to the peasants. The researcher recommends the continuation of the program in the coming years with the aim to expand the scope and so universally and other agricultural people, especially with a few productivity while providing the necessary allocations.