Sciences Journal Of Physical Education

The aim of this study is to know, whether the homogeneous and heterogenous small group might improve accuracy and learning of school students, the research problem and the research objectives, including (recognizing the differences between the pre and post-tests in the (M.U.R.D.E.R) strategy in the two groups the homogeneous and heterogeneous according to small groups in accuracy and learning for overhand ball and forearm setting skills. The research sample included (54) students out of (141) students. The results of study appear significant data and the recommendations thereof (the use of a strategy that has a heterogeneous and heterogeneous effect of M.U.R.D.E.R). Positive in learning some basic volleyball skills for secondary school students and for all academic level, because harmonic the mental processing with educational programme

The aim of the research is to identify the role of educational objectives in the plan of studying sports education to reduce the behavior of bullying among middle school students, and the researcher used the descriptive method in the method of survey to suit the nature of the problem to be discussed, and the research community was identified in the deliberate way and they are the teachers of sports education for the middle stage of boys and girls in najaf province honorable to the directorate of education najaf ashraf (172) teachers and schools for the academic year (2021-2022 ) The research sample randomly selected from the 119 teachers of sports education in Najaf province, which represents 69% of the community of origin, representing the schools of najaf province' most honorable center. Electronically on the number (140) teachers and those who responded to the questionnaire number (119) after the researcher collected (27) words the researcher presented the scale to a group of professors specialized in the methods of teaching sports education and learning The 9 experts, 5 paragraphs were deleted The scale consists of (22) paragraphs spread over two ready axes, after which the scale is applied to the sample of the application to extract and discuss the results of the study

The study aimed to identify the effect of positive hospitalization with magnetized water on nitric oxide concentrations and some physiological indicators of futsal football players. The studied variables were (RQ, HR, Rf, VE, VT, VO2/Kg, VCO2, vO2HR, VE/VO2, VE/VCO2, MET and VO2MAX). The agreement was that the research sample was chosen in a deliberate way, with 10 players with a good physical level, because the tests needed a very large time, and goalkeepers were excluded because they represent a different society in terms of the effort exerted. The main experiment was conducted in four stages, where after performing the pulmonary ventilation threshold effort, the stage The first is blood drawing, then the second stage is hospitalization with magnetized water, and then the stage of entering the hospitalization system without water for a period of (12) weeks. The most important conclusions show the results in the preference of using magnetized water over the rest of the methods in speeding recovery and returning to a normal position. The magnetized water affects the functional organs and Physiological indicators in the body are positive and at a high rate, and this is what the results indicated, as the recovery time was less than the rest of the methods, and the use of magnetized water U Positively affects the process of rapid energy production and the amount of energy spent through what it provides by increasing O2 in the body and stimulating blood circulation when it comes into contact with the surface of the skin for the purpose of regulation and return to normal.

The study aims to identify the leadership behavior methods of the scout leader in the Morning and Evening Sports Institute in Sulaymaniyah Governorate. The researchers used the descriptive approach to suit it with the objective of the study. The study population consisted of (150) scouts, all of whom were selected as a sample for the study. The researchers concluded that significant results were found at the level of leadership behavior methods for the scout leader in the Morning and Evening Sports Institute of Sulaymaniyah Governorate, and the most dominant style of the scout leader is the democratic method, followed by the dictatorial method, then the truism method. Scouts by increasing the supplies, and the possibility of their participation in the qualification courses and scouting camps.

The study aims to identify the leadership behavior methods of the scout leader in the Morning and Evening Sports Institute in Sulaymaniyah Governorate. The researchers used the descriptive approach to suit it with the objective of the study. The study population consisted of (150) scouts, all of whom were selected as a sample for the study. The researchers concluded that significant results were found at the level of leadership behavior methods for the scout leader in the Morning and Evening Sports Institute of Sulaymaniyah Governorate, and the most dominant style of the scout leader is the democratic method, followed by the dictatorial method, then the truism method. Scouts by increasing the supplies, and the possibility of their participation in the qualification courses and scouting camps.

This study aimed at identifying the impact of a developed approach for the exercises of functional strengthon some mascular abilities related to promoting the technical performance for the the grip of throw from above the chest, identifying the impact of functional strength trainings on some muscular abilities as well as identifying the impact of the abilities of working muscles on the technical performance for the the grip of throw from above the chest.The study used the experimental approach. The study sample was chosen from the youth group in Al-Kathemiya Sports Clubs that consisted of (10) wrestlers. The results revealed that the trainings of functional strength included within the training approach contributed to improving the capacities of the working muscles and the level of performance among the sample wrestlers. The study recommended the necessity of adopting the specified trainings (functional strength training) when developing the physical abilities and performance level of wrestlers.

This study aims at investigating research group differences in assessment to find out the best learning method in learning technical performance of free style swimming for the (11-13) year olds. The researchers used experimental approach as it fits with the nature of the research problem. The sample of the study was chosen randomly from beginners of (11-13) year olds who took part in swimming courses in 2021.who were 21 beginners, seven beginners for each group. The trainers were divided into three equal groups: two experimental groups and another control group. The selection of the trainers were random. The researchers concluded that training by feedback (animated music) has a positive role in learning technical performance for free style swimming in the (11-13) year olds. The first experimental group of feedback (animated music) outperformed the control group in learning technical performance for free style swimming in the (11-13) year olds.

The skill of scoring in football is one of the offensive motor skills and it is the basis and pillar of the offensive style in the game and all the good offensive movements that end in scoring on the opposing team’s goal. Hence, the importance of the research is manifested in the need to identify the focus of attention and its relationship to fixed scoring, which will achieve the high level of the subject of the study. And the research problem was identified through the field researchers' follow-up to the first-class club league matches for the season 2021-2022 in Anbar Governorate. Where they noticed that there is a weakness in the scoring through fixed kicks in the clubs participating in the league, and the aim of the research is to know the relationship between the focus of attention and the accuracy of fixed scoring in football among the research sample. The research sample has, as the researchers used the descriptive approach to suit the nature of the research problem. The research sample included the players of the Sufi Sports Club participating in the Iraqi First Division League for the season 2021-2022, where the number of the sample was (16) players out of (24) players representing 66.6% of the origin community

This study focused on the issue of administrative deviation, as it is a perverse act that represents an abuse of power issued by the sports coach in the field of administrative work with the aim of profit or gain from the profession .
The research problem lies in the researcher's follow-up of the problem and because he works in the Ministry of the Interior in addition to being an officer and participating in many activities of the Ministry of Sports and his exposure to football competitions. He noticed the presence of some manifestations of administrative deviation within sports institutions that impede their ability to achieve their goals and tasks assigned to them, which negatively affects Sports teams deserve attention and research, and the researcher's sense that the coach is the direct administrative leader.

The research aims to identify the degree of shyness and psychological stability among middle school students in the physical education lesson, as well as identifying the relationship between shyness and psychological stability among middle school students in the physical education lesson. For girls / Nineveh Governorate for the academic year 2021-2022, their number is (840) female students. The research sample was selected from the female students after excluding the stability sample (10) female students and excluding the exploratory experiment sample of (10) female students, thus the research sample members reached (80) Female students were randomly selected, and the shyness scale and psychological stability scale were used as measurement tools in the research. The data was processed using (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, percentage law, simple correlation coefficient (Pearson), hypothetical mean law). Inverse correlation between shyness and psychological stability among middle school students.
Based on the conclusions reached by the researcher, he recommends the following: interest in educating female students about the variables of shyness and psychological stability through the study of educational guidance and its measurement at different periods for students during the different years of study in the school, using the correct educational methods at school and at home to enhance the students’ confidence in themselves to overcome the feeling Ashamed and promote a sense of psychological stability.

The current study aimed to know and identify the problems of the physical education lesson in the 53 schools of the Muthanna Governorate Center. Data in a special form The researcher concluded the shortcoming of the relationship that links the teaching of physical education with the supervisors due to the lack of visits and the weakness of educational guidance aimed at advancing the level of the educational process, as well as the weakness of the financial capabilities of each school, which leads to a reflection on the level of physical, mental and social students, and recommends the need for the availability of spaces and supplies for the lesson of physical education to contribute In revealing the different tendencies and abilities of students and full cooperation between the school For different and full cooperation between the school of sports and teachers to overcome difficulties and solve all problems.

Recognizing the relationship between servant leadership of sports and school activities managers and job satisfaction of technical supervisors in Baghdad Education Directorates. The human domain was: the technical supervisors in the Baghdad Education Directorates. And the time range: 01/14/2021 until 22/2/2022. And the spatial domain: Directorates of Education in Baghdad (Al-Karkh - Al-Rusafa) The current research community is determined from the technical supervisors of sports and school activities in the directorates of education in Baghdad, who number 155 technical supervisors for the academic year (2021/2022). The Maid Driving Scale is designed with accreditation on (5) fields and (20) phrases. The job satisfaction scale was designed with (25) phrases, and the results revealed a positive correlation between the practice of servant leadership and job satisfaction. The most prominent recommendations were the need to work on implementing training programs to develop their skills and knowledge about the characteristics of servant leadership, its benefits and its impact on both the university and the employees. And work to develop the relationship between sports activities managers and technical supervisors by intensifying meetings and meetings and enhancing the culture of job satisfaction for employees through increasing incentives and letters of thanks and appreciation.

Athletics is one of the important sports that has captured the attention of those working in the sports field due to the fact that the junior athletics competitions are an important sporting event that countries await and await millions of viewers from all over the world, and the junior category is the important category that emerges The heroes of the future
Because of the importance of this research, the researcher found in this study the extent of progress and development in obtaining records during that period of time
And because of our urgent need to know the history of the Iraqi and Arab numbers for juniors in athletics for the aforementioned period and to record its facts in every process, and also the lack of many historical sources in sports in our sports offices, whether studies or academic research, this is why the researcher sought to address this important topic

Perception stimulants are among the things that play an important role in the success of the educational process, which is achieved through interaction between the teacher and the student, the method of learning, and the delivery of information from the teacher to the student on which the education process depends, as the more appropriate this stimulant is, the more practical it is. Education, and learning is economical in time and effort. Through the researcher's experience with the game of handball, she noticed the lack of use of methods that contribute to stimulating the learners' awareness, which negatively affects their mathematical achievement during the educational units, which is reflected in the performance of the learners and thus negatively affects the success of the level of learning that we are witnessing today. Below the level of ambition, so the researcher decided to develop an educational curriculum using the strategy of cognitive stimulants in the perceived competence and its relationship to the motivation of mathematical achievement for students in handball, through which teachers are provided with various motor programs that they can use to develop the level of their students and achieve mathematical achievements. The research aims to:
1-Preparing an educational curriculum using the strategy of cognitive stimulants in developing perceived competence and its relationship to the motivation of students' mathematical achievement in handball.
2-Preparing the measures of perceived competence and the motivation of sports achievement for handball students.
The most important conclusions were:
1-The educational units that included cognitive stimulants contributed to improving the perceived efficiency and motivation of the students' mathematical achievement in handball.
2- The method adopted by the teacher contributed to improving the perceived efficiency and motivation of students' mathematical achievement in handball.

The elbow joint is one of the important joints for the function of the upper end of the arm. It connects the homers and the forearm, controls the flexion and extension of the elbow joint, and affects the extension and bending of the arm. The research aims to prepare rehabilitative exercises by means of the innovative device in rehabilitating an injury that fixes the elbow joint and to identify the effect of rehabilitative exercises by means of an innovative device in the aquatic environment for rehabilitation that fixes the elbow joint for injured swimmers. The research community is an important factor, as the two researchers reviewed (swimmers with cerebral palsy attached) to collect the sample members, and after research and detection of the afflicted, the sample was collected by the intentional method from the injured who practice swimming in the closed people's pool, the number of which is (7) injured who have an injury that determines The simple elbow joint, where the two researchers worked as one group. The researchers designed suitable rehabilitation exercises for no injury that determines the attached joint by means of the innovative device for physical exercises to strengthen the muscles surrounding the joint in a hot water medium (38-42) degrees, where the curriculum consists of (24) therapeutic training units, where each three units are divided into one week, any day Exercise and day gone. The therapeutic unit is also divided into three sections, the introductory section, which works to heat the joint by warm-up exercises, the second section, the main section, is the therapeutic kinetic exercises in the aquatic environment, and the final section includes relaxation and breathing exercises. The field research experiment was conducted in the pre, intermediate and posttests of injured swimmers, where the number of the research sample was (5) injured, and the strength of the muscles working on the elbow joint was tested, as well as measuring the range of motion of the elbow joint and determining the angle of determination for each injured separately (flexion, extension) and retention results in special forms for statistical treatments. The two researchers applied the curriculum designed by the innovative device with kinetic therapeutic exercises by means of hydrotherapy, on (10-30-2021) corresponding to Saturday, as the physical rehabilitation exercises took a period of (4) weeks, at the rate of (3) units per week, and it became (12) rehabilitative units And the duration of each rehabilitation unit ranges between (20-30 minutes), and the rehabilitation begins by giving the doctor permission to the injured person and instructing him to go for his own rehabilitation, which takes place in (the closed people’s pool) and then begins to implement physical rehabilitation exercises for the injured.

The research aims to identify the relationship between some kinesthetic perception with some basic skills of goalkeepers in football, and the researcher has used the descriptive approach in his research and the method of correlational relations, and he has chosen the research sample, who are the goalkeepers of the University of Baghdad football team for the academic year (2021-2022) And he homogenized them in terms of biological age, training age, height and weight, and the researcher identified the most important variables of some kinesthetic perception and the basic skills of football goalkeepers by preparing a questionnaire and distributing it to experts and specialists, and the researcher also used the law of correlation coefficient to find the relationship Between kinesthetic perception and the basic skills chosen, the researcher came out with several conclusions, which are the individuals of the research sample possessing a kinesthetic sense perception in (vertical jumping, holding force and time) weak in the skill of holding rolling ground balls and the skill of punching high balls, and the researcher came out with a number of recommendations aimed at, including that the trainers should use Exercises and training tools that help develop kinesthetic perception and basic skills during soccer goalkeeper training That is, conducting periodic tests for kinesthetic perception and basic special skills to assess the level of goalkeepers, which would assist coaches in developing their training curricula in a scientific, objective and accurate manner according to the different training stages.

The importance of the research came from the researcher's point of view in identifying the reality of the implementation of the ministerial curriculum for physical education in primary schools in Dhi Qar Governorate, because of its great importance in reaching the desired goals of the physical education lesson, in a manner commensurate with the different age and educational stages. The topic dealt with five axes. It is (curriculum - supervision - adherence to timings - infrastructure - requirements), as the researcher found that it is the closest to reaching the desired goals of the research after taking the opinion of experts on the subject of the research. The research problem is summarized in the extent of implementation of the ministerial curriculum for physical education by physical education teachers in the schools of Dhi Qar Governorate.

The aim of the research is to identify the response of the circulatory and respiratory systems to anaerobic effort while wearing a mask that suppresses breathing, in addition to identifying the differences between the two groups (experimental and control). Where the research sample was chosen by the intentional method from the original community, and they are students of the third academic year in the College of Physical Education - Salahuddin University for the academic year (2016-2017), and their number is (10) students. The experimental group consisted of (5) students and the control group consisted of (5) students. The main experiment was conducted in the (Heart Center) Hospital in Erbil on (2-4/3/2017), where the oxygen level, heart rate, blood pressure, vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume (FEV1) and forced expiratory flow (PEF) were measured during rest and for the experimental and control groups, then Re-tests after completing the effort and wearing a self-mute mask with effort (30) seconds for all students of the experimental group and without a mask for the control group. After processing the data statistically, the researchers concluded that when the body is exposed to an athletic effort, there will be a response to the body, and this varies according to the intensity exerted. him without wearing a mask.

The research aims to identify the administrative and leadership skills of the heads of first-class sports clubs in Baghdad Governorate for the year 2022/2023. The sample was randomly selected, and their number was (120) members, at a rate of (80%) of the original community, as the leadership and skill skills scale was applied after it was presented to experts and specialists on the members of the research sample, and after data collection, unloading and statistical analysis, the researcher concluded several conclusions, the most important of which are:
- Building and applying a measure of administrative and leadership skills for heads of first-class sports clubs in Baghdad Governorate.
While the researchers reached a set of recommendations, the most important of which were:
- Adopting the current scale for the purpose of identifying managerial and leadership skills to improve the performance of workers in the field of sports management.

Purpose - This research seeks to spread the culture of total quality management among workers at all administrative levels in sports clubs operating in Iraq and the period of its reflection on the creation of outstanding performance, and to explore which of the variables of total quality management has the most impact on outstanding performance.
The aim of the study: to identify modern trends in total quality management and the requirements for their application in sports clubs to raise the level of their performance within the sports sector.
Design/methodology/entrance - the descriptive, exploratory approach was used, and the questionnaire was used to collect data in order to develop a reliable and correct measurement model for the variables of total quality management and its dimensions, and the hypotheses were tested through the use of some statistical treatments ..
Results - The study concluded that the sample agreed that outstanding performance is directly affected by total quality management and its dimensions (administrative leadership, continuous improvement, process improvement, relationship marketing), and a model was developed to measure these variables. Moreover, the results support the hypothesis of influence and correlation between researched variables.
Practical Implications - This study provides a useful measure for the management of total quality and outstanding performance, as it helps managers and employees at the levels of sports clubs to use it to assess the current situation in the performance capabilities of clubs. Managers may improve their performance programs more effectively and efficiently through their strategic orientation towards competition.
Originality / Value - This study undertakes to assist the departments working in the sports sector to address the challenge of increasing performance in sports clubs through total quality management and its dimensions

The study aimed to identify whether there is an effect of some sports activities in reducing the feeling of psychological loneliness among students of the Department of Physical Education - Soran University. The sample of the study consisted of (30) students from the fourth stage in the Department of Physical Education - Soran University, who were selected by the intentional stratification method. The researcher divided them into two groups (control and experimental) with 15 students for each group, and the researcher used the experimental approach in the study.
The researcher used the psychological loneliness scale, after conducting the scientific bases for the scale, preparing it in its final form, conducting the pre-tests, then the main experiment and the post-tests, and processing the data obtained. The study showed that there are statistically significant differences about the effect of some sports activities on alleviating the feeling of psychological loneliness among students of the fourth stage in the Department of Physical Education at Soran University.
The researcher recommended the need to pay attention to the sports activities of organized games (football, handball, basketball, volleyball) and the researcher recommended the need to conduct other similar studies. on female students

Abstract
The study aimed to:
1- To identify the level of handling and scoring skills of the players of the research sample.
2-The prepared exercises have a positive effect on the research variables under study.
The most important research hypotheses were:
1-There are statistically significant differences between the pre and post test values of the experimental group players in the study variables.
2-There are statistically significant differences between the values of the post-tests between the players of the control and experimental groups in the search variables.
As for the research approach, the researchers used the experimental approach for its suitability and the nature of the problem. The research community was selected and selected from the players of the Anbar Governorate clubs for the junior category, which numbered (10) clubs. (23) players for each club were chosen by the intentional method. They were divided into two groups by drawing lots, such as the Al-Fahd Club, the control group, and the Al-Taawun Club, the experimental group, to be (20%) of the parent community. The experimental group applied the exercises prepared by the researchers, while the players of the control group applied the method. The training followed and prepared by the team coach, after conducting the pre-exams, the prepared exercises were implemented using simulation tools and there were (20) exercises on the experimental research sample only, which lasted (8) weeks and at the rate of two training units per week, and after completing the period of application of the exercises, the post-tests for the variables were conducted The researcher was keen to conduct it in the same conditions in which the post-research tests were conducted, and after collecting, analyzing and processing the data. The researchers reached

Mental training is one of the training methods that drive the training and educational process to achieve better results. The results of studies indicate a better effect. The results of studies indicate a positive effect of this type of training on the two processes. Psychological stress and anxiety are factors that negatively affect the ability to control performance, and when the athlete can Restore movements mentally (mental training) and within real time, the effect of anxiety on performance is minimal.
Mental training also contributes to the accuracy of the performance of the skill level, hence the importance of the research through the use of the mental training method in squash exercises, which will reveal the extent of the benefit of this method in the accuracy of the skillful performance of the players. The research problem was manifested by using mental training as a method of learning to achieve accuracy in performing the basic skills of squash because of the specificity of this game. The research aimed to identify the effect of mental training in developing some basic skills in the game of squash. The researcher used the experimental approach to address the research problem, while the research sample consisted of (20) students from the second stage / College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences / University of Baghdad. The educational curriculum included (6) educational units for both groups, the time of the educational unit was (90) minutes, and each unit contained a warm-up part, the educational part, the applied part, and the final part, for both groups. As for the experimental group, the curriculum for mental training is combined with the applied part to form an integrated part. The researcher

The research aims to identify the relationship between personality traits and decision-making among soccer coaches for the Asian category (C) in the Kurdistan Region - Iraq, and by building a scale of personality traits by the researcher, and the researcher rejects the existence of a significant relationship between personality traits and decision-making among the sample of the respondents The researcher used the descriptive approach (survey) in the correlative relations method to reach the objectives of the research, and the research was conducted on a sample and then selected in a deliberate way represented by the football coaches of the Asian category (C), which numbered (130) coaches in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq after excluding (5) of them. For lack of attendance, and the tools used, such as the personality traits scale that was built by the researcher with the use of the decision-making scale (prepared) by (Diyar Kamal Asaad), and the data were statistically processed using the ready-made program (SPSS) and used the following means (Steven Thomson equation, test ( Kolmogov - Smirnov) - percentage - law (Ka2) - arithmetic mean - standard deviation - T-test for independent samples - simple correlation coefficient (Pearson). After presenting, analyzing and discussing the results, the researcher A. I have several conclusions, including (the researcher reached to build and design a measure of personality traits for the football coach, and the researcher found a significant relationship in the sample of the respondents in the personality traits and decision-making, and also the existence of a correlation relationship to a very high degree between the personality trait and decision-making among soccer coaches the foot.

included The research included four chapters. The first chapter contains an introduction to the research and its importance. The handball game is a complex technical performance and skill of shooting from the corner area, which depends on a high level of strength and speed. Which made the interest in the performance stages of the angular velocity stage and finding a predictive value to be of great importance, as this stage affects the accuracy of shooting at the target from the left side The problem of the research is to identify the mechanical variables that accompany the implementation of the skill of shooting from the angle side and to predict the level of development based on the percentage of the contribution of the angular velocity variables to the shoulders and elbows. No results were extracted, and variable arrows (velocity, right shoulder angle), with the highest percentage contribution to the accuracy of shooting from the
left, were deduced

The introduction and its importance in this research included identifying the effect of using the learning cycle according to the timing of the feedback (immediate and delayed) and studying the extent of the impact of these methods on learning some skills on the carpet of floor movements in artistic gymnastics for women and their retention. Desperate to diversify the methods of education and find new educational alternatives, as well as attention to the factor of individual differences. The research objectives were:
- Knowing the effect of using the method of the learning cycle according to the two timings of feedback (immediate and delayed) in learning and retaining some skills on the mat of floor movements in gymnastics.
The researchers used the experimental method with two experimental groups on a sample of female students in the second stage in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences / University of Kirkuk, by (12) students for each group, as the learning cycle was used with the two groups, one according to immediate feedback and the other according to delayed feedback, by ( 12) an educational unit. The researchers concluded
1-The use of the learning cycle method according to the timing of feedback had a positive effect on learning the gymnastic skills under study.
2-The effectiveness of the method of the learning cycle according to the immediate feedback in learning and retaining the skills of the forward roll and standing on the hands

ABSTRACT
The research aimed to reveal the impact of the visual sense and the method used in developing some cognitive abilities (kinesthetic sense) in the accuracy of the challenge for the beginner fencing players, and to reveal the differences in the post-test between the two groups of research in the development of some cognitive abilities in the accuracy of the challenge for the beginner fencing players. The researcher used the experimental approach due to its suitability and the nature of the research. The research community consisted of third-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Mosul. As for the research sample, it consisted of two groups, an experimental and a control group, which were randomly selected by (12) students for each group, after excluding repeaters, delayers, and college players, if any The researcher prepared an educational program that includes a set of visual perception exercises for a period of (8) weeks, with one educational unit per week, and the time of the educational unit is (60) minutes ..
Homogeneity and equivalence were conducted in age, height, mass, and some elements of physical and motor fitness for the two groups, and the researcher used the personal interview, questionnaire, test, and measurement.
The researcher concluded that the experimental group achieved a positive development using the cognitive educational program in developing the visual sense and the accuracy of the appeal to a better degree than applying the existing program in the college. And the experimental group outperformed the control group in the post-test in decreasing the time of visual sensation and increasing the performance level of the accuracy of the appeal. The researcher recommended
Applying programs to develop the visual sense in order to contribute to improving the accuracy of the challenge in the sport of fencing