Misan Journal for Physical Education Sciences

The aim of the research is to construct a cognitive achievement test in futsal for fourth-year students, and to design instructional units according to the two teaching strategies — Listening Triangle and Think–Pair–Share — in order to measure their impact on students’ cognitive achievement in futsal. Furthermore, the research seeks to identify the effect of these two strategies (Listening Triangle and Think–Pair–Share) on the cognitive achievement of students in futsal.. The research community was deliberately determined as fourth-year students in the Faculty of Education - Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Soran University for the academic year (2024-2025), numbering (35) male and female students. The research sample consisted of (18) students representing two academic sections with (9) students for each section, who were selected by simple random method (lottery) after excluding a number of members of the research community. After that, the Listening Triangle and Think-Pair-Share strategies were distributed to the two research groups by lottery, where Section (A) was chosen to represent the first experimental group that studied with the Listening Triangle strategy, while Section (B) represented the second experimental group that studied with the Think-Pair-Share strategy. Homogeneity and equivalence were achieved between the two experimental groups. The researchers determined the scientific material to be taught in the second semester according to the curriculum of the Futsal subject for fourth-year students of the College of Education, School of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The researchers formulated the test items of the multiple-choice type with three alternatives. By reviewing previous studies and research, and looking at scientific sources and books, the researchers formulated (65) questions concerned with measuring the first three levels of Bloom\\'s taxonomy (remembering, understanding, application) in constructing the cognitive test in futsal. The research included conducting a number of exploratory experiments for the cognitive and skill scale and educational units in the research, in addition to applying the scale to individuals in the construction sample. The researchers used statistical analysis of the achievement test questions. For the Futsal subject for the fourth-year students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Salahaddin University, to reveal the level of ease and difficulty of the test questions and extract the discrimination coefficient of the questions in order to improve the test and know the extent of its suitability for application, in addition to revealing the cognitive levels of the content of the study material. The implementation of the educational program took (8) actual weeks, during which the educational units were distributed at a rate of two educational units per week for each group. The researchers reached the following conclusions: The use of the listening triangle and think-pair-share strategies had a positive impact on raising the level of cognitive achievement in futsal among the students. The first experimental group that learned with the listening triangle strategy did not achieve any superiority over the second experimental group that learned with the think-pair-share strategy in cognitive achievement in futsal, although the effect size was medium

Aim and background: Despite the cultural importance and unifying role of football, the sport faces significant obstacles, including political instability, inadequate infrastructure, and financial constraints. This study aims to identify the main challenges limiting the growth of football in Iraq.
Methodology: This study used a qualitative approach, involving semi-structured interviews with 20 football-related individuals. That means the number of participants was 20 people involved in Iraqi football. The minimum duration of the interview was 23 minutes, and the maximum was one hour and seven minutes. The research group included Iraqi Football Association officials, parliament members, sporting directors, coaches, administrators, referees, and former national team players. Objective analysis is used to analyse data through the use of targeted modelling, which uses a six-step objective analysis method (Braun and Clarke 2006). resulting in the identification of 35 codes grouped into seven main themes derived from the data.
Results: The findings reveal political interference in sports governance, unstable management practices, insufficient budgets, poor organizational structures, underdeveloped infrastructure, and fundamentally weak participation. These challenges are interconnected, worsening governance weaknesses that, in turn, intensify financial and developmental issues.
Conclusion: The study concludes that Iraqi sport faces complex, systemic obstacles. Iraqi football suffers from issues related to governance and resource management. Reforms should prioritize transparent leadership, diversified funding, infrastructure investment, and fundamental development to achieve sustainable growth and competitive success. To improve these efforts, challenges should be assessed using the SPLISS model and reformulated accordingly.

This study aims to identify organizational justice and its relationship to professional motivation among physical education teachers in Diyala Governorate, through questionnaires and scales to identify organizational justice and professional motivation. Given the nature of the investigation, the descriptive approach with correlational relationships was employed. Physical education instructors in the Diyala Governorate made up the research population, and the Baquba District's 286 physical education instructors made up the research sample.
The researcher created a professional motivation scale and employed a standardized tool to assess organizational justice after purposefully choosing the research sample. The SPSS statistical software was used to process all of the results from the scales and questionnaires. The researcher came to the conclusion that organizational justice is a crucial component in raising physical education instructors' levels of professional motivation based on the findings. The study suggested offering physical education instructors programs that are suitable for their fieldwork in terms of both pecuniary and moral incentives.

The aim of this research is to identify the findings of previous studies regarding two psychological variables in the sports field: emotional stability and sports motivation. The researcher adopted the descriptive-analytical method, as it is appropriate for the nature of the study and its objectives. Eight previous Iraqi and Arab studies addressing these psychological variables were collected and reviewed. Of these, five focused on emotional stability and three on sports motivation. The researcher analyzed and discussed the results of each, highlighting both their strengths and weaknesses. The analysis demonstrated the significant role of these variables in the sports context. Accordingly, the researcher recommends giving greater attention to psychological factors—specifically emotional stability and sports motivation—due to their crucial influence on athletes’ performance. It is also necessary to consider the limitations identified in earlier studies and to address them in future research. Furthermore, the researcher emphasizes the importance of testing these variables across different sports, both individual and team-based, since all athletes require a high level of motivation and emotional balance to achieve optimal performance in competitions. Future studies should also aim to identify the underlying causes behind the decline of emotional stability or motivation among athletes.

This research aims to develop exercises using various training tools and electrical stimulation for volleyball players. It seeks to identify the effect of these exercises on explosive power and the accuracy of the spike in volleyball among the research sample. The study also aims to identify differences in the development of explosive power and spike accuracy between the two experimental groups in the pre-test and post-test, and to identify differences in explosive power and spike accuracy between the two experimental groups in the post-test. The researchers used the experimental method due to its suitability to the nature of the study. The research population was purposively defined as the 18 players of the Peshmerga Sports Club volleyball team for the 2024-2025 season. A sample of 12 players, representing 75% of the research population, was selected. Data was collected using content analysis of Arabic and foreign sources, questionnaires, personal interviews, and physical and skill tests. The research findings are based on these methods. Through their discussion, the researchers reached several conclusions, including: Exercises using diverse training tools had a clear positive impact on developing explosive power in volleyball players; electrical muscle stimulation contributed to improving the efficiency of neuromuscular responses and increasing muscle contraction speed, which was reflected positively in explosive power data; combining exercises with training tools and electrical stimulation led to a significant improvement in the accuracy of the spike, as a result of improved coordination between power and motor accuracy during skill performance; the training program used demonstrated a high capacity for stimulating neuromuscular adaptation and improving skill performance, confirming the effectiveness of combining targeted physical training and electrical stimulation in developing the level of volleyball players; and the variety of training tools helped break the training routine, which increased player motivation and responsiveness to training.

The science of sports training has become a major field, relying on modern developments in various areas for its strength and information. Technological advancements have been instrumental in bringing about a qualitative leap in sports at all levels, through the adoption of sophisticated training techniques, the establishment of clear guidelines, and the move away from haphazard approaches In the process of selecting players, setting training loads, progressing through training load levels, and conducting physical, skill, tactical, psychological, and physiological tests and measurements
As a faculty member at the college, the researcher noticed that some female students suffered from low blood pressure due to low levels of hemoglobin (β) in their blood and the physiological changes that occur monthly in women (menstruation). Therefore, the researcher decided to study this problem to determine the level of hemoglobin (β) in the blood. The study aimed to determine the blood pressure level after performing specific exercises with a regular dietary program containing vitamins. The research also aimed to develop specific exercises, identify the percentage of β in the blood before and after performing the exercises with vitamin supplementation, and determine the blood pressure level before and after performing the exercises with vitamin supplementation The researcher used the experimental method as it was suitable for the nature of the problem. The experiment was conducted on a sample of (eight) female students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Mesopotamia. The tests were conducted in the fitness hall at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences and the physiology laboratory at the College of Medical Technologies. The experiment lasted for two months, and the researcher used the SPSS statistical toolkit to extract the results. The researcher found an increase in the percentage of hemoglobin β in the post-test, and a stability in the blood pressure rate in the post-test. The researcher recommends the necessity of emphasizing the use of vitamins, especially Centrum, with exercises, due to its effect on regulating the mechanical process in the body.

The study aims to apply programmed plyometric exercises based on the High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT-Plyometric Training) system to develop explosive power and shooting skills among junior handball players. The importance of this type of training lies in its alignment with the actual demands of handball performance, which requires a combination of strength, speed, and endurance, making it suitable for improving both physical and technical aspects among youth players. The researcher used the experimental method on a sample of sixteen (16) players from specialized training centers, divided into two groups (experimental and control). The results revealed significant differences in favor of the experimental group in all physical and technical variables, confirming the effectiveness of this training approach in enhancing explosive strength and shooting accuracy. The findings demonstrated that employing plyometric exercises within the HIIT system effectively develops the integrated physical and technical performance of junior handball players by improving neuromuscular adaptation and increasing the efficiency of the muscular and nervous systems in producing rapid force under high-intensity conditions.The researcher recommends adopting HIIT-Plyometric training within youth handball programs while ensuring gradual intensity progression and proper organization of work and rest intervals according to players’ training age and individual capacities.

This study aimed to identify the attitudes of students in Colleges of Physical Education at Palestinian universities (Al-Quds University, An-Najah National University, and Birzeit University) toward the digital assessment methods adopted during periods of crises and wars (such as the October 7 war), from the perspective of Palestinian university students. The study also sought to examine whether there were statistically significant differences in students’ attitudes attributable to the study variables (gender, academic level, and university). The study sample consisted of 162 male and female students enrolled during the academic year 2025/2026. The participants were selected using a stratified random sampling method. A questionnaire was developed consisting of two main sections: the first included five demographic variables related to the study sample, while the second section measured the study dimensions, namely: willingness toward digital assessment, fear of digital assessment mechanisms, the educational value of digital assessment mechanisms, and digital assessment in physical education. The validity of the instrument was ensured through expert review in accordance with established quality standards. All items and domains measured students’ attitudes toward digital assessment methods during the recent war on the Gaza Strip and the accompanying disruption of face-to-face learning. Data were collected and statistically analyzed in line with the study objectives and research questions. The results indicated that students’ attitudes toward willingness to engage in digital assessment were high, with a mean score of (3.56). Meanwhile, students’ attitudes toward fear of digital assessment mechanisms and the educational value of digital assessment mechanisms were at a moderate level, with mean scores of (3.12), (3.33), and (3.08), respectively. Overall, students’ attitudes toward digital assessment methods were moderate, with a general mean score of (3.33). Furthermore, the results revealed no statistically significant differences at the significance level (α = 0.05) in students’ attitudes toward digital assessment methods attributable to the study variables. The researcher recommended the activation of training courses for faculty members and encouraging them to make greater use of digital assessment tools and electronic tests across both theoretical and practical courses.

The significance of this research lies in highlighting a modern training method: ballistic training within the station method, and demonstrating its role in developing muscular strength and scoring skills in futsal. The research also contributes to enriching the scientific literature with a study combining two modern training methods, given the scarcity of studies that have addressed this integration in a practical manner. The research problem stems from the fact that, despite the significant advancements in modern sports training methods, many futsal coaches still rely on traditional methods for developing muscular strength and scoring skills, which are often unsuitable for the fast and explosive performance demands of the game. Furthermore, the use of the station method in physical training is often limited to general strength exercises, neglecting ballistic training, which is considered an effective method for developing explosive power and speed of movement. The research aims to develop skill-based physical exercises using the station method and ballistic training to enhance specific muscular strength and scoring skills in futsal, and to identify the impact of the station method, incorporating ballistic exercises, on developing specific muscular strength and scoring skills in futsal players. The research methodology and sample: The researcher used the experimental method as it was suitable for the nature of the problem to be solved. The research sample consisted of (16) reserve players from the Diyala Futsal Club. After applying the station method using ballistic drills, the most important conclusions were reached: Combining ballistic training with the station method is a modern training method that suits the explosive and fast-paced performance requirements in futsal. The good organization of the stations and the gradual increase in training load helped to improve physical and technical performance without causing excessive fatigue. The recommendations were: to adopt the station method using ballistic training within the training programs for futsal players, especially in the special preparation phase; and to ensure the gradual increase in training load in terms of intensity, volume, and rest when applying ballistic training.

The research aims to:
1- Preparing a set of offensive tactical sentences exercises for football players under 16 years.
2- To identify the impact of tactical and offensive exercises on some physical abilities of football players under 16 years.
3- To identify the impact of tactical and offensive sentences exercises on some complex skillful performances of football players under 16 years
The researcher adopted the experimental approach by designing the two equivalent groups (control and experimental) and using the pre-and post-tests. The research community has deliberately identified 65 players from the specialized football school at Brusk Sports Club in Erbil governorate for the Under-16 category for the sports season (2025-2026). As for the research sample, it amounted to (20) players, after excluding the goalkeepers and a number of players who exceeded the required age limit, in addition to allocating (10) players to conduct the exploratory experiment. The sample was selected by the intentional method, and then its members were randomly distributed regularly into two equal groups, with (10) players for each group; odd numbers represented the experimental group to which the exercises of offensive linear sentences were applied, while even numbers represented the control group that used the traditional method. The sample percentage (30.76%) was from the indigenous community. After that, homogeneity and parity tests were conducted between the two groups to ensure their parity before the experiment was carried out. After conducting the pre-and post-tests, the data were collected and the appropriate statistical methods were applied, and the researcher reached several conclusions, the most prominent of which was that the exercises of the offensive line sentences according to different playing spaces had a clear positive effect in the development of some complex skills performance in addition to improving the physical abilities of junior players. The researcher also recommended the adoption of modern training methods, including offensive linear sentence exercises, due to their importance in introducing new methods and bypassing the old traditional training models.

This study examines the contribution ratios of biological variables to the skill performance of first-division volleyball club players in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, stemming from the importance of sport selection based on scientific principles and the role of anthropometric and physical characteristics in achieving high performance. The researcher adopted a descriptive approach using both survey and correlational methods. The study sample consisted of (60) players representing five clubs participating in the first-division championship. Data were collected through anthropometric measurements, body composition assessments, physical fitness tests, in addition to skill performance analysis based on video recordings of official matches.
The results of multiple regression analysis using the enter method indicated that the combined contribution of biological variables to skill performance was not statistically significant. However, stepwise regression analysis revealed that certain variables contributed significantly to explaining skill performance, namely thigh circumference, total body water weight, and explosive arm power. The study concluded that not all biological variables affect skill performance; rather, the importance lies in specific variables that can be relied upon in selection and training processes. Accordingly, the study recommended incorporating these indicators into the design of training programs and conducting similar studies on different age groups and genders.

The study aimed to determine the effect of training on some physical characteristics of junior football players, and to achieve this, this study was conducted on a sample of junior football players consisting of (30) players between the ages of (14-16) years, distributed randomly and specifically into two experimental and control groups, where the training program was applied for (8) weeks with three training units per week.
The high-intensity interval training program affected all the study variables under study to a statistically significant degree and in favour of the dimensional measurement, where the percentage was as follows: Speed (-10.28%), speed tolerance (-7.44%), agility (-13.13%).
This study reached a set of results, the most important of which are:
- There are no statistically significant differences between the majority of the study variables between the experimental and control groups in the post-measurement, while the differences were statistically significant in the speed variable.
The researcher recommended a set of recommendations, the most important of which are: The need to benefit from this training program in developing the physical characteristics of junior footballers.

This research seeks to identify the level of psychological hesitancy among volleyball players and to clarify the nature of the relationship between psychological hesitancy and the accuracy of performing the jump serve skill among the Al-Qadisiyah Education Team players participating in the Iraqi Education Championship for the secondary school level. Psychological hesitancy is considered one of the fundamental and important psychological phenomena in the sports field, as it is represented by a state of fluctuation and indecisiveness in making the appropriate motor decision, which negatively affects the smoothness and accuracy of performance, especially in skills that require high speed and confidence, such as the jump serve in volleyball. The researcher used the descriptive method with a correlational approach to suit the nature of the problem and the purpose or objective of the study. The psychological hesitancy scale was applied, and the accuracy of performing the jump serve skill in volleyball was tested on a sample of volleyball players. The field procedures were carried out inside the indoor sports hall designated for training, and then the data were collected and processed using the appropriate statistical program Statistical results showed a significant inverse correlation between the accuracy of the jump serve and psychological frequency. Higher psychological frequency was associated with lower accuracy in the jump serve. The research concludes that psychological frequency significantly affects the accuracy of the jump serve among middle school volleyball players, and that lowering psychological frequency contributes to improved skill performance. Therefore, psychological frequency is considered an important variable in sports due to its direct impact on players' skill performance. The importance of psychological frequency lies in its role as a psychological indicator that coaches can rely on to diagnose players' conditions and develop programs that foster confidence and improve decision-making abilities. This supports the integration of physical, technical, and psychological preparation to achieve optimal performance.

The aim of the research is to identify the impact on new trainings in the development of rapid response and the performance of dribble skills in football, using the experimental level, two equal rusts of the search sample of 24 Taba students from the University of the Digital Future current 2025-2026, the original research community was 30 players and was divided effectively and represented into two groups, one symbolic and one specific, and used learning tools to know procedures for search variables, to learn more in squares and a mini-exploratory experiment was conducted on the 6 specific players and after a procedure Pretest Pretest Strike Vocabulary for 6 Weeks and Reality (16) Units.

This study aims to examine the impact of cognitive anxiety as a psychological factor on the performance of the front handspring vault in gymnastics among university students. The researcher was motivated by classroom observations during gymnastics instruction, where many students showed a decline in performance during practical examinations despite mastering the skill during training sessions—an issue largely attributed to elevated anxiety levels.
The study adopted the descriptive method using correlational analysis and applied a cognitive anxiety scale to a sample of 20 students performing the skill for the first time. The anxiety questionnaires were distributed immediately prior to the performance in order to assess the relationship between anxiety levels and the quality of motor performance.
The results revealed a clear negative correlation between high levels of cognitive anxiety and reduced skill performance. Anxiety led to a decline in concentration, lower self-confidence, and increased distraction, all of which negatively affected the execution of a skill that demands precision, speed, and both physical and psychological coordination.

This research aimed to identify the effect of circuit training using compound exercises on certain aspects of muscular strength and compound skills in football players. The researchers used the experimental method due to its suitability to the nature of the study. The research population was purposively selected from the Asu Football School in Halabja Governorate, consisting of (28) players. The research sample was then randomly selected from (20) players, representing (75%) of the research population. The sample was divided into two groups: an experimental group and a control group, with (10) players in each. Some aspects of muscular strength (explosive power and speed-strength) were measured before and after the training program. Additionally, the performance level of some compound football skills (receiving the ball, then dribbling, then shooting, and receiving, then running, then shooting) was measured. The results showed statistically significant differences favoring the post-test measurements, indicating that circuit training using compound exercises effectively contributed to improving the physical abilities under investigation and positively impacted the development of the specific compound skill in the research.

This study aimed to standardize some physical fitness indicators among middle school female students in Baghdad educational directorates, given the importance of physical fitness in promoting general health and comprehensive development for girls during this sensitive age stage. The researcher adopted the descriptive method due to its suitability for the nature of the research problem and its objectives. A purposive random sample of 220 students, aged 12–13 years, was selected from different schools in Baghdad. The study results indicated variability in students’ performance across four physical fitness components: speed, static balance, dynamic flexibility, and muscular endurance measured by the sit-up test, reflecting natural individual differences in muscular and neural development as well as motor ability. The results also highlighted the need for standardized indicators to ensure accurate assessment and follow-up, enabling teachers to identify strengths and weaknesses and design appropriate training programs. Based on the findings, normative tables were developed to assist in evaluating students and improving school physical education programs. The study emphasizes the importance of designing progressive training programs to enhance speed, balance, flexibility, and endurance for female students while considering individual differences. It also recommends using standardized indicators as a basis for evaluating physical performance and monitoring students’ development in the school environment.

The research aims to identify the level of perceived academic self-efficacy among some students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Koya University, as well as to identify the level of perceived academic self-efficacy among the members of the research sample according to the variables of gender and academic year. The researcher employed the descriptive method due to its suitability to the nature of the research. The research population consisted of (306) male and female students, while the research sample included (81) male and female students from the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Koya University from the first and fourth academic years 2025-2026, who were selected using a purposive sampling method. To achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher developed a perceived self-efficacy scale based on relevant scales, literature, and previous studies related to the concept. The results of the research showed that the overall level of perceived academic self-efficacy among the members of the research sample was moderate. The study also found no statistically significant differences according to the gender variable, while the results indicated the presence of statistically significant differences according to the academic year variable in favor of the fourth academic year.

The importance of the research lies in identifying the role of the competitive style, both group and individual, on young players, and how to benefit from this style in developing their motor abilities and learning offensive skills with competence, and which is better, individual or group, in terms of speed and accuracy of learning for offensive skill performance
Research Objectives: 1- To identify the effect of the competitive approach on developing certain motor abilities and learning offensive skills.
2-To identify the differences between the pre-test and post-test scores in motor abilities and offensive skills for the two experimental groups.
5- 3-To identify the differences between the post-test scores in certain motor abilities anoffensive skills for the two experimental groups
The experimental method with two equivalent groups was used, and the study included (20) players from the Shatt Al-Arab Academy, with an educational curriculum for two months and consisting of (16) educational units To learn and develop basic offensive skills and motor abilities of the players. The most important conclusion reached is that the team-based competitive style is more conducive to development and learning than the individual competitive style for the study variables

Team sports in general, and football in particular, have witnessed rapid development in teaching and training methods as a result of scientific progress in the fields of motor learning as well as behavioral and educational sciences. The focus is no longer limited to physical and technical aspects alone; rather, it has expanded to include the development of cognitive abilities associated with performance in dynamic game situations. Integrating perceptual–cognitive processes with skill performance is considered one of the modern foundations that contribute to improving the quality of motor performance among learners, especially in skills that require rapid response and decision-making in open play environments. Game situations in football require learners to analyze surrounding stimuli and select the appropriate response within a short time frame, making response speed and decision-making decisive factors in the success of skill execution—particularly in the skills of receiving and passing, which represent the basis for building collective performance, organizing attacks, and maintaining possession. Hence, the need has emerged to employ specialized skill exercises that combine motor performance with perceptual processes in order to enhance learners’ ability to deal with changing situations during play.
The research problem was identified through the researchers’ experience in physical education and their observation of school activities. They noted that many instructional units focus largely on traditional skill repetition without integrating the perceptual aspects associated with real game situations. This negatively affects students’ performance in school matches, where a relative delay appears in movement to receive the ball and in decision-making when passing, despite having an acceptable level of basic skills. This may be attributed to the limited use of exercises that simulate real playing situations and stimulate perception, attention, and decision-making processes, thereby reducing learners’ ability to choose the appropriate response at the appropriate time. Accordingly, the idea of the research emerged in designing specialized skill exercises aimed at developing motor response speed in receiving and the accuracy of decision-making in passing among secondary-school students.
The study aimed to design specialized skill exercises and to identify their effect on improving response speed in receiving and decision-making speed in passing in football among students, as well as to determine the superiority of the effect in the post-test between the two research groups. The researchers hypothesized that specialized skill exercises would have a positive effect on improving response speed in receiving and decision-making speed in passing in football among students, and that the experimental group would demonstrate superiority due to the application of these exercises.
The researchers adopted an experimental approach using equivalent control and experimental groups. The research population consisted of fourth-grade secondary-school students at Al-Farazdaq Secondary School for Boys during the academic year (2025–2026), totaling (38) students. The main research sample was randomly selected by lottery and consisted of (24) students, divided equally into a control group and an experimental group, with (12) students in each group. Pre-tests were conducted on 9/11/2025 on the school’s physical education field. The instructional program began on 13/11/2025 and concluded on 18/12/2025, and included specialized skill exercises for the studied skills. Post-tests for the research sample were conducted on 25/12/2025 on the Al-Farazdaq Secondary School field. After data collection, statistical analyses were conducted to obtain and discuss the results.
The most important conclusions indicated that specialized skill exercises had a positive effect on improving response speed and decision-making in the skills of receiving and passing in football among students. Furthermore, these exercises helped members of the experimental group to develop a greater number of varied motor programs related to the studied skills through their application, which led to improved accuracy in performing receiving and passing. The researchers recommend the use of specialized skill exercises in developing cognitive abilities and other fundamental football skills, as well as applying such exercises to other games, skills, and different samples.

The importance of the study lies in using Rondo trainings according to different times, and its effect on certain types of speed and decision-making skills related to passing and receiving ball accuracy in youth football players, in order to provide accurate scientific information to raise the speed of motor and skill performance among players, and to clarify and explain it for the benefit of coaches in the field of football to reach the best performance and rise to higher levels. The study aims to prepare Rondo exercises according to different times for two months, consisting of (24) training units to develop speed and decision-making accuracy for skill performance (passing and receiving), and to identify the differences between the pre- and post-measurements of using rondo exercises at different times on the variables studied for the experimental group, as well as identifying the differences between the post-measurements of the variables studied between subjects of the experimental and control groups. The study used the experimental method, as it was suitable for the nature of the study problem. The study subjects consisted of young players from the Ashty Club, selected purposively. Twenty-eight (28) players were randomly divided into two groups (control and experimental), each consisting of fourteen (14) players. The results showed that using rondo drills improved the experimental group's ability to make accurate passing and receiving decisions. Significant differences were also found in the experimental group's Sprint, and accuracy speed passing between the pre- and post-tests. No significant differences were found in the control group's decision-making regarding passing and receiving accuracy. The study recommends that all grassroots coaches, from academies to youth teams, incorporate rondo exercises into their training sessions due to their positive impact on developing players' physical fitness and skill levels. It also recommends focusing on passing and receiving skills, which are among the most important elements of team training for executing tactical plans.

The interest in using Bruner's model in teaching basic volleyball skills stems from the active learning environment it provides, allowing students to explore and experiment. It helps them understand the nature of motor performance and apply it correctly through a logical progression in learning. Furthermore, introducing Bruner's model into teaching basic volleyball skills, as a modern model, contributes to developing traditional teaching methods. It provides students with the opportunity to develop their thinking, analytical, and discovery skills while learning the required skills. The research problem, identified through the researcher's experience in this scientific and practical field, is the need to employ a modern educational model such as Bruner's model, which is based on the principle of discovery learning and contributes to making the student the focus of the educational process by creating a learning environment that encourages thinking, analysis, and experimentation. Therefore, this research aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of this model in improving the teaching of basic volleyball skills, compared to traditional methods used in the educational field. The research objective was to identify the impact of using Bruner's model in teaching some basic defensive volleyball skills to students. The researcher used the experimental method, and the research sample consisted of middle school students. After applying the educational model, the most important conclusions were reached: Bruner's model is one of the essential educational and teaching models for teaching some basic defensive volleyball skills to students. The recommendation was to adopt Bruner's model as it is one of the essential educational and teaching models for teaching some basic defensive volleyball skills to students.

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of Partially Digital Learning in enhancing cognitive achievement and learn certain offensive skills in handball among students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The researcher employed an experimental design using two groups (experimental and control) on a sample of 36 second-year students. The educational program was implemented using Partially Digital Learning for the experimental group, while the control group learned through the traditional method. The results revealed statistically significant differences in cognitive achievement and some offensive skills in favor of the experimental group. The researcher concludes that Partially Digital Learning is an effective approach for improving cognitive and skill outcomes in handball. The study recommends adopting this approach in teaching handball courses and utilizing modern digital media to support the educational process in colleges of physical education and sports sciences.

The aim of the research was to design plyometric exercises focusing on the concentration of the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and the performance of the 400-meter freestyle run. It also aimed to identify the effect of plyometric exercises on LDH concentration and 400-meter freestyle performance between the pre-test and post-test of the study sample, The researcher proposed the alternative hypothesis stating that there are statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test results of the experimental sample in the concentration of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and performance achievement, The research population was deliberately determined to include athletes specializing in the 400-meter event, to whom the training program using plyometric exercises was applied. The sample consisted of youth under 20 years of age participating in the Iraqi Athletics Clubs and Institutions Championship for the 2025 season, representing Iraqi clubs (Al-Hashd Club and Al-Jaish Club), with a total of five runners. It was decided to select two runners from the same research population as a pilot (exploratory) sample, representing 40% of the original population, The main conclusions of the study indicated the presence of significant differences after applying plyometric exercises for two months, as LDH concentrations decreased before and after performance in the post-test. The key recommendations made by the researcher were to adopt plyometric exercises as an essential component of training programs for 400-meter runners due to their effectiveness in enhancing performance and reducing indicators of muscular stress, in addition to the necessity of applying gradual progression in the intensity and volume of plyometric exercises to avoid injuries and achieve optimal muscular adaptation.

• To identify the differences in short sprint speed and explosive power (strength-speed) among football players when performing on artificial turf compared to natural grass.
• To determine the differences in fundamental football skills (zigzag dribbling, ball control, shooting accuracy, and passing) between performances on artificial turf and natural grass.
The researcher adopted a descriptive-comparative approach to evaluate the physical and technical performance variables of football players across the two surfaces. The research population consisted of Koya sports football club players of all age groups,while the sample was selected from young players (under 19 years old). A homogeneous sample of experienced players was selected to ensure high reliability. The procedures aimed to compare the performance of the same group on both surfaces to ensure the validity of the observed physical and technical differences.
Conclusions
• Enhanced Performance on Artificial Turf: Players showed significant improvements in short sprint speed and zigzag dribbling on artificial turf, reflecting the impact of surface stability and uniformity on ball control and rapid directional changes.
• Surface-Independent Variables: No significant impact was observed regarding the surface type on explosive power (strength-speed), ball juggling, or short passing, suggesting these skills rely more on the players' individual physical and technical attributes.
• Improved Accuracy: Shooting accuracy was higher on artificial turf, indicating that surface regularity and ball stability contribute to better striking performance.
Recommendations
• Targeted Training: It is recommended to utilize artificial turf for training sessions focused on short sprints and zigzag dribbling to enhance player performance in these specific areas.
• Training Flexibility: Fundamental skills such as juggling and short passing can be practiced on either surface without compromising performance quality, offering coaches greater flexibility in training organization.
• Physical Development: Training programs should prioritize the development of explosive power (strength-speed) based on individual physical capacities, as this variable is less influenced by the playing surface.

The importance of this research lies in reflecting the concept of evolutionary adaptation on kinematic indicators using repeated measurements over time to integrate the results of various studies in order to obtain accurate estimates of the effects of motor performance development. The aim of the study was to examine motor behavior from a biomechanical perspective at different time stages over a long period, which is considered highly challenging due to its reliance on research and investigation in different environments. However, failing to conduct such research results in a significant gap in the deep understanding of performance evolution. The researcher employed a descriptive approach for data collection and analysis. The sample included pole vaulters who participated in the 1997 World Athletics Championships as well as pole vaulters from the 2017 Championship. Kinematic variable values were extracted from studies by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) and standardized, covering 19 variables. These were then compared to validate the research hypotheses. The main findings indicated that evolutionary adaptation reached a high level, with motor performance taking a different form, achieving 68% over 20 years. The new technique adopted now heavily relies on the pole with its updated specifications, providing significant mechanical benefits. This explains the increased retention of the athlete in contact with the pole, resulting in a greater swing distance. All variables that showed a high effect size were subject to the principle of evolutionary adaptation and reflected a new motor behavior.

This study aimed to determine the effect of tactical training with and without the ball on selected aspects of muscular strength and shooting skill among under-18 female futsal players at Sharazoor Sports Academy. The main problem of this research lies in the lack of clear scientific and applied knowledge regarding the impact of tactical training with and without the ball on certain aspects of muscular strength and shooting skill among under-18 female futsal players, which limits coaches’ ability to design evidence-based training programs that achieve optimal outcomes in developing players’ performance. Therefore, the following research question arises:
To what extent does tactical training with and without the ball contribute to improving selected aspects of muscular strength and shooting skill among under-18 female futsal players?
The researchers used the experimental method with a pre- and post-test design for both experimental and control groups, as it is suitable for the nature of the problem and the objectives of the study. The research population consisted of under-18 female futsal players from Sharazoor Academy. The research sample was intentionally selected and included (20) players, who were divided into two equal groups: an experimental group (10 players) and a control group (10 players). The experimental group implemented the proposed training program based on tactical exercises with and without the ball, while the control group followed the regular training program. The training program lasted for (8) weeks with (3) training sessions per week, and the duration of each session ranged between (90–120) minutes. It was implemented in the indoor hall of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences – University of Halabja during the period from (15/10/2023) to (18/1/2026).
The researchers concluded that tactical exercises with and without the ball had a positive and effective impact on the development of the physical variables under investigation (explosive strength and speed-strength) as well as shooting skill among under-18 female futsal players. This confirms that integrating tactical and physical training effectively contributes to developing the physical and technical abilities required by the game. Moreover, tactical exercises with and without the ball helped improve shooting skill by focusing on simulating real competitive situations in futsal matches, which enabled players to perform the skill more effectively under pressure and at higher speed.

The present study aimed to identify the effect of a proposed school sports program on improving attention and academic achievement among middle school students. A quasi-experimental design with experimental and control groups using pre- and post-tests was adopted. The research sample consisted of (30) students intentionally selected and equally divided into two groups.The experimental group participated in the proposed school sports program for eight weeks, with two instructional units per week, while the control group followed the regular physical education curriculum. Attention was measured using an appropriate attention test, and academic achievement was assessed through official school records. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS.The results revealed statistically significant differences in favor of the post-test for the experimental group in both attention and academic achievement variables, as well as significant differences between the experimental and control groups in the post-test. The study concluded that the proposed school sports program had a positive effect on improving attention and enhancing academic achievement among middle school students.

The importance of this study lies in its attempt to identify the relationship between psychological resilience and assertive behavior among football players, particularly young players who represent the foundation for building future sports teams. Developing the psychological aspects of this group contributes to preparing players capable of adapting to the demands of athletic competition and achieving higher levels of performance.
The research problem stems from the fact that football is a highly competitive sport characterized by numerous psychological pressures that players experience during training and matches. This necessitates that players possess a set of psychological traits that help them adapt to these pressures and achieve optimal performance. Among these psychological traits, psychological resilience stands out as a crucial factor in enabling players to face various challenges and pressures with composure and psychological balance.
Conversely, assertive behavior is a behavioral approach that helps players express themselves and their opinions confidently and clearly. It also enables them to defend their rights and interact positively with their teammates and coaches, which contributes to strengthening team spirit and achieving harmony among players on the field. Despite the importance of these two variables in the sports field, practical experience indicates a disparity among players in their levels of psychological resilience and assertiveness. Some players may lack the ability to cope with psychological pressure or express their opinions and stances confidently, which can negatively affect their athletic performance and their interactions with teammates.
Through the researcher's observations of the sports field and players of various age groups in sports clubs, including the youth football team of Naft Al-Wasat Club, a variation was noted in the ability of some players to handle competitive pressures and different situations during training and matches. Furthermore, differences were observed in their levels of self-confidence, decision-making abilities, and interpersonal skills, which may be related to their degree of psychological resilience and assertiveness.
This leads to the research problem of attempting to answer the following question:
Is there a statistically significant relationship between psychological resilience and assertive behavior among the youth players of Naft Al-Wasat Football Club?
The study aims to: identify the level of psychological resilience and assertive behavior among these players; and explore the relationship between psychological resilience and assertive behavior among the youth players of Naft Al-Wasat Football Club.
The researcher used a descriptive approach with a survey methodology and correlational analysis. The study population consisted of (30) youth players of Naft Al-Wasat Football Club, from whom a sample of (22) players was randomly selected. The researcher then selected and administered the psychological resilience and assertive behavior scales to this sample.
The researcher reached the following key conclusions: The youth players of Naft Al-Wasat Football Club possess a high level of psychological resilience and assertive behavior; and there is a correlation between psychological resilience and assertive behavior. Based on the results of the study, the researcher recommends the following: Utilizing the psychological toughness and assertiveness scales that the researcher used and applied to detect psychological toughness and assertiveness among players; using other psychological variables to determine the psychological states of players in order to consider how to provide guidance and instructions to them; and developing special training programs for educational and psychological guidance in sports clubs to develop psychological toughness and assertiveness.

The importance of this research lies in understanding the level of psychological energy of third-grade students and determining the extent to which the scale is useful in developing psychological aspects to suit the basketball subject and its skill and emotional requirements within the university lesson, which indicates the importance of applying the scale to students. The problem with the research is that there is variation in the level of skill performance among students, which may be attributed to differences in levels of psychological energy among them, but this aspect often does not receive sufficient attention or accurate scientific measurement.
There are also few local studies that have addressed the application of psychological energy measures to students in basic education colleges. The objectives of the research lie in applying the psychological energy measure to third-year students and identifying the level of psychological energy of third-year students in the College of Basic Education in basketball. The researcher used the descriptive approach using the survey studies method, due to its suitability to the nature of the research problem
The research sample included 70 third-year students from the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, College of Basic Education in Baghdad.The researcher reached several conclusions, including that the psychological energy scale is suitable for what it was prepared for
Third-year students should have an average level of psychological energy. One of the most important recommendations is that it is necessary to work to enable coaches to prepare players psychologically, and teachers must also pay attention to preparing students psychologically in basketball skills and adopting an energy scaleIt is suitable for what I prepared for
Third-year students should have an average level of psychological energy. One of the most important recommendations is that it is necessary to work to enable coaches to prepare players psychologically, and that teachers should also pay attention to preparing students psychologically in basketball skills and adopt a psychological energy scale periodically to evaluate students. Attention should be paid to supporting other researchers in applying the scale in all sports fields.

The study aimed to examine the effect of visual occlusion training on the development of certain motor abilities among female handball players. The research population was purposefully selected and consisted of (115) female handball players from the Al-Karkh and Al-Rosada Directorates in Baghdad, aged (15–17) years, during the (2025–2026) sports season. The Al-Karkh II Education Team was purposefully selected to represent the research sample, comprising (23) players. Three goalkeepers were excluded due to differences in their training requirements; therefore, the final sample consisted of (20) players. The participants were randomly divided into two equal groups: an experimental group (n = 10) that underwent the visual occlusion training program, and a control group (n = 10) that followed the traditional training programs,To achieve the objectives of the study, the researchers adopted the experimental method using a pre-test and post-test design for two equivalent groups (experimental and control), as it was appropriate for the nature of the research, After statistically processing the data, the results revealed statistically significant differences between the pre-tests and post-tests in performance accuracy in dynamic playing situations of the post-tests for both groups. In addition, the experimental group demonstrated a significant superiority over the control group in all motor variables under investigation. This superiority is attributed to the effectiveness of visual occlusion training in developing motor anticipation mechanisms and enhancing reliance on proprioceptive (sensorimotor) perception, which contributed to improving reaction speed and the study recommended integrating visual deprivation techniques as an essential component of training programs for female handball players to enhance motor and skill efficiency

The developed Carvel model plays a significant role in facilitating the exchange of roles between the teacher and the student, and among the students themselves, through the multiplicity of educational alternatives, the abundance of ideas in lesson presentation, and the scientific background. This research aimed to develop educational units using the developed Carvel model for learning the volleyball serve skill and to create a reflective thinking scale for this skill. The importance of this research stemmed from its reliance on the developed Carvel model for reflective thinking. The research problem revealed that students faced difficulty in learning the volleyball serve skill due to scattered thoughts and inconsistent performance. The researcher employed a model that simplifies the learning process by clarifying concepts for students, developing their personalities, and increasing their knowledge. The researcher adopted an experimental approach with two groups: a control group and an experimental group. The research population consisted of second-year students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Wasit University, totaling 204 students divided into six sections of 34 students each. The sample for developing the reflective thinking scale comprised 120 students, while the main experimental sample consisted of 30 students, divided into a control group of 15 and an experimental group of 15 The exploratory phase involved 10 students. The number of learning units was 5, divided into 5 weeks, with one learning unit per week, each lasting 90 minutes. The research results were then verified using the SPSS statistical package. The researcher concluded that the model's steps were compatible with the learners' abilities and capabilities, fostering active participation and a desire for the lesson, along with reflective thinking and communication skills. The model had a clear impact through the variety of exercises, their compilation and formulation, and the departure from the traditional method. This gave students a sense of reflection on the correction process. The model helped empower students in the teaching process, making them more proactive and stimulating their minds. It also encourages them to constantly think about finding solutions. The student's interaction with the teacher and giving the student an investigative and exploratory role increases their motivation, resulting in them having a wealth of diverse information when they enter the lecture.
The researcher recommended conducting a similar study and urged instructors to employ modern teaching models, particularly the revised Carvel model, emphasizing its use because it enhances students' cognitive knowledge in the practical aspect and improves their skills performance

The importance of this study lies in examining the relationship between object control skills (manipulation) and visuomotor coordination in preschool children, given the vital role these skills play in motor and cognitive development, as well as their direct impact on children’s interaction with their environment and participation in motor activities. The research problem stems from the noticeable variation in children’s manipulation and visuomotor coordination skills, leading to individual differences in basic motor performance. The study aimed to identify the relationship between object control skills and visuomotor coordination to provide a scientific basis for developing motor programs that enhance children’s motor and cognitive performance. The researcher adopted a descriptive correlational design, with a sample of 40 children from Al-Yamama Government Kindergarten in Dhi Qar Governorate. Standardized tests were applied to measure manipulation and visuomotor coordination skills according to established procedures. Results showed a significant positive correlation between object control skills and visuomotor coordination, indicating that improvement in visuomotor coordination is accompanied by better manipulation skills. Accordingly, the study recommends incorporating activities that develop visuomotor coordination into preschool motor programs, using games and educational activities that integrate visual input with motor responses, and conducting future studies to explore additional cognitive and motor variables to support the development of fundamental skills in children.

The importance of the research lies in identifying the relationship of skilled leadership and its role in human resource management of the Iraqi Olympic sports federations through proactive strategic control. Understanding how to deal with it benefits federation presidents in building clear visions before engaging in planning, control, and decision-making. It also reveals, in the field, the reality of human resource management prevailing in the Olympic sports federations, as well as uncovering the proactive strategic control practiced by federation presidents. The research problem is highlighted by answering the following question: (What is the role of skilled leadership in the management of human resources of the Iraqi Olympic sports federations through proactive strategic control?). The aim of the research is to identify the relationship of skilled leadership and its role in human resource management of the Iraqi Olympic sports federations through proactive strategic control by preparing the study measures. The researcher used the descriptive method with the survey approach and correlational relationships appropriate to the nature of the problem and to achieve the objectives of the study. The research population and its samples were identified, as well as the steps for preparing and applying the three measures, and the data were processed using the statistical methods used in the research.Chapter Four included the presentation, analysis, and discussion of the results for the three measures and the extent of the relationship among them. The most important conclusions were that the current study proved that the relationship of the federation president with their members can enhance the relationship between open skilled leadership behaviors and the exploratory creative work behaviors of the federation members themselves, in order to support and develop the work of the federation in a way that achieves the desired goals. The most important recommendations are to work on developing the leadership skills of the president and members of the federation to occupy positions in how to deal with the requirements of administrative and technical activities by involving them in specialized training courses in this field.

This study, entitled “The Effect of Combined Exercises According to the Competitive Style on Developing Certain Physical Abilities, Dribbling Performance Speed, and Shooting Accuracy among Youth Football Players,” aimed to design combined (physical–skill) exercises based on the competitive style and to examine their effect on developing selected physical abilities and improving dribbling speed and shooting accuracy among youth football players.
The research problem stemmed from a noticeable weakness in the speed and accuracy of performing complex offensive skills among youth players, which does not meet the demands of modern football. An experimental method was employed using a two-group design (experimental and control) with pre- and post-tests. The sample consisted of (20) youth players randomly selected from Al-Kadhimiya Club and divided equally into two groups.
The experimental group followed a training program that included combined exercises based on the competitive style for eight weeks, with two training sessions per week, while the control group continued with the conventional training program. The tests measured speed-strength, motor response speed, dribbling speed, and shooting accuracy. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS and the t-test for dependent and independent samples.
The results showed significant improvements in both groups in the post-tests, with greater development observed in the experimental group. The study concluded that combined exercises based on the competitive style effectively enhance physical abilities and technical performance in youth football players

This research aimed to develop preventative exercises, incorporating various methods, for hurdlers aged 18-19 in track and field events. The goal was to determine the role of these preventative exercises in reducing knee pain among hurdlers. The researcher hypothesized that there would be statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test scores, favoring the post-test scores of the research sample. The researcher employed a single-group experimental design with pre- and post-tests to suit the research requirements and nature. The research sample consisted of eight hurdlers: two for the pilot study and six for the experimental study, all of whom suffered from knee joint pain. These six were selected purposively from among those complaining of knee joint pain. The duration of the injury prevention program, which included preventative exercises, was 16 units. For three days a week (Sunday, Tuesday, and Thursday), after completing the preventative exercises, post-tests were conducted. One of the most important conclusions reached by the researcher was that the preventative exercises she developed had a positive effect on improving certain motor functions of the knee joint through the use of various methods. Consequently, they improved the performance of the participants in the sample, aged 18-19 years. The researcher recommended the necessity of using preventative exercises and other preventative methods to improve the motor functions of the participants.

A revolution in scientific development has occurred across various fields of science as a result of modern technological advancements, which continue to grow and flourish steadily in all walks of life. Sports have had their share of this modern development, achieving high-level results and records. This serves as an indicator of the extent of interest shown by experts, specialists, and coaches within the field of sports in identifying the most significant obstacles facing athletes during performance and addressing them using modern scientific methods to reach the best possible level. Among the issues faced by athletes is the loss of focus (attention), which results from fatigue or other external factors. Attention is considered one of the vital mental processes and a key topic related to motor performance. Focus is a fundamental component of attention that plays a crucial role in pre-performance preparation, as performance level is determined based on its accuracy. The objectives of the research, as set by the researcher, include identifying the level of focus among female students, as well as exploring the relationship between focus and the accuracy of performance on the balance beam. The hypotheses proposed by the researcher suggest a statistically significant correlation between focus and the level of performance on the balance beam. The researcher employed the descriptive method using the survey approach due to its suitability for the research objectives. The research sample consisted of female students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Karbala – Third Stage. One of the most important conclusions reached is the existence of a significant correlation between focus and performance on the balance beam. The primary recommendation is to conduct similar studies on other women's artistic gymnastics apparatuses.

A Rehabilitation Program Using Physical Exercise and Electrical Stimulation to Rehabilitate the Muscles Working at the Wrist Joint in Volleyball Players. This research aims to develop a proposed rehabilitation program combining physical exercise and electrical stimulation to treat and rehabilitate the muscles working at the wrist joint in volleyball players, given the vital role this joint plays in skill performance in the game. The importance of the research stems from the need to develop a standardized, scientific rehabilitation approach that contributes to restoring muscle strength and normal range of motion in the wrist joint, as well as preventing recurrence of injuries.An experimental approach with a pre-post design was used to suit the nature of the research. A sample of volleyball players with injuries to the muscles working at the wrist joint in Basra Governorate was deliberately selected from specialized medical rehabilitation and physiotherapy centers during the period from March 1, 2024, to October 1, 2024. The proposed rehabilitation program included a set of physical exercises to strengthen and increase muscle flexibility, combined with electrical stimulation sessions to stimulate muscle contraction and improve blood flow.Pre- and post-tests were conducted to measure the joint's range of motion and the strength of the muscles acting on it. The results of the statistical analysis showed statistically significant differences in favor of the post-tests, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed rehabilitation program in improving wrist joint function in volleyball players.In light of this, the researcher recommends adopting this type of rehabilitation program and focusing on integrating modern physical therapy methods with physical exercises, appropriate to the nature and severity of the injury, to ensure the player's rapid and safe return to the field.

Many rehabilitation programs focus primarily on physical aspects such as strength, flexibility, and range of motion, without giving sufficient attention to the development of neuromuscular response and the speed of motor decision-making associated with changing situations on the court. Therefore, the research problem lies in answering the following question: What is the effect of a rehabilitation program based on interactive neuromuscular training using visual stimuli on the rehabilitation of recurrent ankle injuries in squash players?
The study aims to design a rehabilitation program based on interactive neuromuscular training using visual stimuli, and to identify the effect of the proposed program on the strength of the muscles surrounding the ankle joint. The researcher used the experimental method due to its suitability for the nature of the study.
In light of the results obtained, the researcher concluded that the rehabilitation program based on interactive neuromuscular training using visual stimuli contributes to improving the efficiency of the ankle joint in injured squash players. Based on these findings, the researcher recommends the use of neuromuscular-based rehabilitation programs in the treatment of ankle injuries among squash players.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the relationship between neuromuscular coordination, psychological traits, and shooting accuracy among futsal players. Methods: A descriptive correlational design was adopted. The sample comprised (30) youth players from Al-Masafi, Al-Jaish, and Dijla clubs (2025/2026 season). Instruments included the Ottawa Mental Skills Assessment Tool (OMSAT), the Numbered Circles Test for eye-foot coordination (Hassanin, 1987), and a goal-directed shooting accuracy test. Results: Findings revealed highly significant positive correlations between neuromuscular coordination and shooting accuracy (r = .981), and between psychological traits and shooting accuracy (r = .978). A significant negative correlation was found between Numbered Circles Test time and shooting accuracy (r = −.983), indicating that shorter completion time — reflecting better coordination — is associated with higher accuracy. Multiple correlation coefficient was (R = .983) with a coefficient of determination (R² = .966), meaning the three variables together explained 96.6% of the variance in shooting accuracy. Conclusion: Integrated training programs combining neuromuscular coordination development and systematic psychological preparation are essential for improving shooting accuracy in futsal players.

The research aims to:
1- Identify the psychological sport performance and its dimension of badminton players in some sport clubs in Kirkuk province.
2- Identify the relation between mental toughness and psychological sport performance of badminton players in some sport clubs in Kirkuk province.
3- Identify the relation between mental toughness and some basic skills of badminton players in some sport clubs in Kirkuk province.
The researcher used the descriptive correlational method which appropriates with the study nature. The research population consists of primer league badminton players in the of Kirkuk province. The statistical package of social sciences (SPSS – version 22) is use for data analysis depending on (percentage, mean, standard deviation, one sample t-test and person correlation coefficient) formulas. throughout data analysis and obtained results the following conclusion are reached:
1- The results show a significant relation between mental toughness with both psychological sport performance and self-confidence dimensions.
2- The results show a significant relation between mental toughness with the following badminton basic skills (low serve, high serve, forehand and smash).
The researcher recommends the following:
1- proceeding periodic tests on the psychological variables to evaluate the psychology of the players.
2- Increasing coaches' psychological education to prepare players psychologically.
3- Conducting similar studies on other aged groups in the clubs included in the study.

The importance of this study lies in its attempt to analyze and compare muscular and functional fatigue patterns across different playing positions in handball using modern physiological and functional indicators, namely electromyography (EMG), blood lactate concentration, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Collectively, these indicators provide an integrated scientific understanding of the nature of fatigue resulting from the performance demands specific to each playing position, The study aimed to analyze muscular and functional fatigue patterns in handball players according to their playing positions using EMG activity, blood lactate concentration, and RPE. The researcher employed a descriptive comparative approach using an analytical field-study design. The research population consisted of 18 youth club handball players who were regularly engaged in training and participated in official competitions, Field procedures included conducting experimental trials and tests such as the standing vertical jump test (Sargent test), blood lactate measurement, heart rate assessment, heart rate recovery evaluation, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and electromyographic (EMG) assessment of muscle activity, The results revealed statistically significant differences and large effect sizes among playing positions (wings, backcourt players, and pivots) in muscular and functional fatigue indicators, confirming the heterogeneity of physiological responses across positions. Pivot players recorded the highest EMG signal amplitude (RMS) and the lowest median frequency (MDF) values in the examined muscles, indicating greater peripheral muscular fatigue compared with backcourt players and wings. These findings were accompanied by higher blood lactate concentrations and RPE values in pivot players, reflecting greater metabolic and functional loading during the intermittent exercise protocol, The study recommends designing training-load programs tailored to the specific demands of each playing position and emphasizes the importance of regularly monitoring internal and functional load using a combination of objective and subjective indicators (heart rate and heart rate recovery, blood lactate, EMG when available, and RPE) to enable early detection of fatigue-related changes and appropriate load adjustment.

The Purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of concurrent teaching styles on learning and retention of for students, the skills of handling and shooting in handball. The problem of the study was the teachers don’t use teaching styles in concurrent styles. The researcher used experimental design, and divided the subjects into two groups, control group that used teaching skills and experimental group that used teaching styles in the same teaching unit.
The results revealed that The Teaching Programs Were effective on Students Learning and retention in Some handball Skills The developing of percentage in three teaching styles Was the best of teaching skills. Also, the best results were more retention when They were Learning in con current teaching styles. The recommendations of the study are to use concurrent teaching styles for Learning Motor Skills. And the using of retention tests for measuring real Learning and Finally using concurrent teaching styles with more different games.

This research aims to develop compound exercises based on the mechanics of active rest, and then to identify the effect of these exercises on the rehabilitation of medial tendon rupture injuries, as well as the role of mechanics in this rehabilitation. The researcher hypothesizes that there are significant differences between the pre- and post-test measurements in range of motion and muscle strength at the joint, favoring the post-test measurement. The researcher adopted an experimental design with a single group, using pre- and post-tests, as it is suitable for the nature of the problem. His research population was defined as tennis players with a tear in the medial tendons of the elbow joint, numbering (5) injured. The homogeneity of the research sample was carried out, and then the researcher determined his research variables and the appropriate tests for them through experts and specialists. The pilot study was carried out on (2) of the same sample, after which the pre-test was applied, and then the main experiment was carried out, which lasted (8) weeks, three days a week. The rehabilitation period was divided into three stages: the stage of medical devices, the stage of muscle strength, and the stage of compound exercises. After the end of the period, the researcher began to carry out the post-test, taking into account the conditions carried out in the pre-test. The researcher’s results were placed in statistical tables for the purpose of analyzing and discussing them. Consequently, it was found that there were significant differences between the two measurements, and he concluded that compound exercises contributed greatly to the improvement of the injury, and he recommends the use of modern methods in sports rehabilitation.

This research aims to identify the effect of combined skill exercises using certain aids on developing offensive and defensive skills among tall young basketball players. The researcher used an experimental design with a single group and pre- and post-tests. A purposive sample of (12) players from clubs participating in the Iraqi Premier League was selected. The training program included (24) training sessions distributed over (8) weeks, with (3) sessions per week, focusing on developing the skills of jump shooting and defensive rebounding using aids such as cones, hurdles, and dummies. A series of skill tests were used to measure offensive and defensive performance before and after the program's implementation. The results showed statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests, favoring the post-test in all studied skills. A noticeable improvement was observed in jump shooting and defensive follow-up, as well as in defensive steps, although further development in these areas is still needed. The researcher concluded that combined skill exercises using assistive devices have a positive impact on developing the offensive and defensive performance of tall players by improving motor coordination, reaction speed, and interaction with different game situations. The research recommends incorporating this type of exercise into training programs, with a greater focus on developing defensive aspects, and conducting future studies with larger samples and different skill levels of players.