Minwal Journal

The aim of the research was to identify:
1- Quality of work life among university professors.
2- The significance of statistical differences in the quality of working life according to the variable (gender – age).
3-Psychological capital of university professors.
4-The significance of statistical differences in psychological capital according to the variable (gender – age).
5-The significance of the differences in the correlation between the quality of work life and psychological capital among university professors.
To achieve the research objectives, the researcher relied on the following:
After reviewing previous studies related to the quality of work life, the researcher constructed a quality scale.
Professional life, consisting of 24 paragraphs, and the researcher also adopted the psychological capital scale prepared by Luthans & Norman (2007), which consists of 24 paragraphs. The researcher applied the scale to a sample of 400 university professors, 140 males and 260 females, for the academic year 2024-2025. The results were as follows:
1- University professors enjoy quality of work life.
2-The presence of statistically significant differences in the quality of work life according to the variable (gender), and the absence of Statistically significant differences for age
3-University professors have psychological capital.
4- There are no statistically significant differences in psychological capital according to the variable (gender), in favor of males.
5-There were no statistically significant differences with respect to age
There is a statistically significant correlation between the quality of work fe and psychological capital. The research concludes with a discussion of the results and the presentation of some recommendations and suggestions.

The current research aims to identify the extent to which Geography Department instructors employ electronic mind maps from the perspective of their students. The research sample included (150) male and female students. To achieve the research objective, the researcher developed a questionnaire as a tool for data collection, which was reviewed by a group of experts to ensure its validity. The reliability of the tool was confirmed after applying it to a pilot sample of (40) students using the split-half method. The final version of the tool was administered to the main sample, and the results were statistically analyzed using the weighted mean, percentage weight, and arithmetic mean as statistical tools. In light of the statistical analysis results, the researcher presented a set of recommendations and suggestions that were discussed in Chapter Four.

The research aims to determine the availability of knowledge management skills and the ability for professional self-reflection among geography teachers and to propose a training program to develop them. The research sample consisted of (25) teachers and schools, and four professional knowledge management skills, which are (knowledge creation, knowledge dissemination, knowledge application, and knowledge evaluation) and three dimensions. For the ability to self-reflect, which is (preparing to meditate, contemplating the teaching process, improving performance after contemplation, The two research tools were represented in the observation card of knowledge management skills, a measure of self-reflection, and building a training program for developing skills.

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of cyberbullying among elementary school students in Anbar Province, as well as the mental health status of students in those schools, and the relationship between cyberbullying and mental health in general, with a focus on the students of Um Ammara Elementary School. The research population consisted of 500 male and female students from Um Ammara Elementary School, from which 100 students were randomly selected using a simple stratified sampling method to assess the psychological characteristics of the scale. A five-point Likert scale comprising 7 statements was utilized. The study yielded several findings, including a moderate level of cyberbullying prevalence among students and a moderate level of mental health among students in schools. Additionally, a statistically significant correlation was found between cyberbullying and mental health at a significance level of 0.01, as well as a statistically significant impact of cyberbullying on mental health at a significance level of 0.01 Based on these results, the researcher provided a set of recommendations.

The current study aimed to explore the reality of e-learning and its application requirements in Iraqi society, with a focus on identifying the most prominent obstacles and challenges faced by both instructors and students in its implementation. The study also sought to propose practical solutions to overcome these challenges and enhance the effectiveness of e-learning.
Additionally, the study examined the advantages and disadvantages associated with e-learning compared to traditional education, particularly in terms of their impact on students' acquisition of cognitive knowledge in their academic courses. This comparison aims to provide a comprehensive vision to help improve and develop the educational process in a way that aligns with the needs of Iraqi society.

Women have occupied great importance in society under the atmosphere of modernity in presentations and visions. Women have had a prominent presence in social and psychological studies as well as in literary research that has shed light on the images of them in literary texts. My interest in this research has focused on the ways of embodying women in the novel ( The Party) by Dr. Qais Al-Atwani and the patterns of its relationship with the spatial space that contains the narrative text, because the Iraqi woman represents a major role in society, especially after she, like her brother the man, was exposed to a series of difficult challenges in society.
- It becomes clear through studying the novel that the woman’s relationship with the place is due to the movement of the characters employed by the narrator within the places, so that the recipient feels close to the place, whether the place is real or imagined, and the place is distinguished by its ability to depict societies by identifying some of the characters that are in harmony with the place

The study aimed to examine the impact of digital games on anxiety in children with autism, as these games are among the most widely used applications by children, who spend most of their time engaging with them. Given their strong attraction to these games, it is crucial to assess whether they help reduce or increase anxiety in autistic children. This was achieved through a comparative analytical study of mothers' perspectives in Iraq and Canada. The research sample consisted of (135) mothers of children with autism registered in centers across Iraq (Basra, Baghdad, Mosul, Diyala, Al-Qadisiyah, Karbala, Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, and Najaf), and (74) mothers of children with autism registered in centers across Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, and New Brunswick). The researcher communicated with them via social media.
The study employed a descriptive analytical methodology and developed a (17) item questionnaire. The findings were as follows:
- In Iraq, the mean scores for the impact of digital games on autism-related anxiety were:
Social aspect: (1.96 )Behavioral aspect: (1.80) Cognitive aspect: (2.04)
Psychological aspect: (2.23)
- In Canada, the mean scores for the impact of digital games on autism-related anxiety were:
Social aspect: (3.05) Behavioral aspect: (3.21 ) Cognitive aspect: (2.88)
Psychological aspect: (3.14)
The study concluded with several recommendations.

The current research aims to identify the level of harm avoidance among university students. The study is limited to university students of both genders (male and female) and both academic tracks (scientific and humanities) for the academic year (2024–2025). To achieve the research objectives, the researcher translated the Harm Avoidance Scale (Cloninger, 1987). The scale consists of (32) items distributed across four dimensions: (anticipatory worry, fear of uncertainty, shyness with strangers, and fatigability). These dimensions include (11) items for anticipatory worry, (6) items for fear of uncertainty, (7) items for shyness with strangers, and (8) items for fatigability. After review by experts, the scale was reduced to (22) items. The response options were: (definitely false – mostly false – neither true nor false – mostly true – definitely true), with scores assigned as (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) respectively. The research sample consisted of (700) students, with (400) students used for statistical analysis to extract the psychometric properties of the research tool, and (300) students for application, selected randomly from the University of Baghdad (scientific and humanities tracks, and both genders). The researcher verified the psychometric properties of the scale and then applied it to the research sample. Several statistical methods were used to achieve the research objectives, including (one-sample t-test, independent two-sample t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Cronbach's alpha). The results showed that the current research sample had a low level of harm avoidance. The study concluded with several recommendations .

The aim of this study is to investigate the strategic reality (K.W.L.H) in the achievement of fifth-grade literary female students in the Holy Quran and Islamic education, especially the experimental teaching staff with multiple control for two equivalent groups (experimental and control) with an achievement test. The research community students were intentionally selected from fifth-grade literary female students at (Safiya Secondary School for Girls) affiliated with the Directorate of Education of Baghdad Governorate / Al-Karkh, the first batch of the academic session (2023-2024). A research team of (63) students was appointed, with (31 adapted students) and (32 experimental students), as a category of two research groups in the variations: (chronological age - students' achievement in the Holy Quran and Islamic education for the previous course - parents' academic achievement - intelligence test). An experimental research experiment that practically obtained from measuring the achievement of the students of the two groups after the experiment ended. It was applied to the experimental and control groups. After statistically analyzing the results using a t-test for two independent samples to determine the significance of discrimination between the two groups (control and experimental) at the level of (0.05), the research results showed the following:
There is a statistically significant mean between the achievement of the students of the experimental group and the average achievement of the students of the control group, in favor of the students of the experimental group, as they also studied Islamic education using the (K.W.L.H) strategy.

The current study aims to identify the educational procedures to reduce the phenomenon of addiction from the point of view of the teaching staff in secondary schools, and to identify the social and family factors that push students to smoke. To verify the study objective, the study community was determined as (63) schools located in the General Directorate of Education in Baghdad Al-Karkh / 3) and this includes (1317) members of the teaching staff, and the research sample consisted of 263 members of the teaching staff,The research sample consisted of 263 faculty members. After determining the research community and its sample, the tool was prepared, which was the questionnaire. Its validity and reliability were verified by using various statistical methods, including frequencies, percentages, arithmetic averages, and standard deviations. After applying the questionnaire to the study sample, a number of results were reached, the most prominent of which are: the diversity of reasons and factors that encourage addiction, including social, psychological, and intellectual. These reasons ultimately. There can be no acceptable justifications for addiction, especially in light of the proven harms and dangers of it as a dangerous social step, and addiction in its various types is not widespread to the extent that we can consider it a phenomenon, but the largest number of addicts are smokers. Smoking among high school students means graduating a sick generation that is unable to work and produce. From here, the issue must be taken seriously. In light of the research results, the researchers put forward a number of recommendations and proposals to develop self-awareness, including introducing educational programs in schools to train adolescents on some social skills to resist the pressures that are placed on them by their peers, and opening up to the experiences of other societies in treating addiction, and benefiting from them in the Iraqi environment, especially the countries of the European Union.

The current research aims to know the developmental changes in the level of memory control beliefs, according to the variables of age and gender, and to reveal the significance of the difference in the level of memory control beliefs between the categories of each of the age variables (24, 28, 32, 36) years and gender (males, females). To achieve these goals, the researcher chose a sample consisting of (200) male and female students, (100) male and female students from the undergraduate stage, who are aged (24, 28), and (100) male and female students from the graduate students, who are aged (32, 36) years, and of both genders equally. The researcher adopted the (Lachman, 1987) scale of memory control beliefs, which consists of 19 items that the student answers by choosing one of the alternatives (completely disagree, disagree, slightly disagree, neutral, agree) and is given a correction scale of (1-5) respectively. After applying the memory control beliefs scale to the research sample and after statistically analyzing the scores, the following results were shown... The overall average of the scores for the sample and for all age and gender variables was higher than the hypothetical average of the scale and there is a statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05)... 2. There is a statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) in memory control beliefs in favor of males.

The study sought to identify self-acculturation among middle school students. It aimed to:
Construct self-acculturation scales ..1
. Identify the level of self-acculturation among middle school students.2
. 3.Identify statistically significant differences in self-acculturation among middle school students according to the gender variable (males - females).
. 4.Identify statistically significant differences in self-acculturation among middle school students according to the specialization variable (scientific - literary).
The study is limited to middle school students, both scientific and literary, for the academic year (2023-2024), in the first Karkh district of Baghdad. To achieve the research objectives, and given the lack of standardized tools designed for the target group, the researcher constructed self-acculturation scales, which included (400) male and female students, (200) males and (200) females, from both scientific and literary specializations. After statistically processing the data, the researcher reached the following results:
Middle school students possess a good level of self-acculturation.1.
2. There are no statistically significant differences in self-acculturation according to the gender variable
. 3. There are no statistically significant differences in self-acculturation according to the specialization variable

The current study aimed to identify programmed teaching techniques and their impact on visual thinking among art education students. The study population consisted of 94 students from the third year of art education from the College of Fine Arts. A sample of (40) male and female students was chosen and approved by the researcher to conduct the test on them. The researcher adopted the descriptive approach and designed two tests, the first related to programmed teaching techniques and the second a formal thinking test, These tools were subjected to validity and reliability procedures. To demonstrate the research results reached by the researcher, he used the following statistical methods: (T-test), severity score, percentage weight, Pearson correlation coefficient, and the Cooper equation. The most important results reached by the researcher: Students interacted with the components of the programmed teaching techniques test, and this positively demonstrates the importance of these techniques in the learning process and their impact on formal thinking. The researcher presented some recommendations: Programmed teaching is an important and useful way to improve students’ levels of formal thinking.

The aim of the research was to identify future awareness and its relationship to the level of ambition among university students. The current research was limited to students of the colleges of Al-Mustansiriya University for morning studies for the academic year 2024-2025. The research sample consisted of (400) male and female students. The study scales were applied - (Future Awareness Scale) prepared by (Arabi 2022)، and (Ambition Level Scale) prepared by (Omran 2024). The psychometric properties of the validity and reliability of the two scales were verified. The results of the study showed that university students enjoy future awareness and a level of ambition. According to the research results، the researcher recommended some recommendations and suggestions.

This research aims to identify the effectiveness of a strategy based on Cognitive Linguistics Theory in acquiring grammatical concepts among fourth literary grade students. The research sample was selected non-randomly from the Directorate of Education in Babylon and included (60) students from Al-Bayan and Al-Ahrar Preparatory Schools. The experimental group at Al-Ahrar Preparatory School was taught using the strategy, while the control group at Al-Bayan Preparatory School was taught using the conventional method. The researcher statistically equated the two groups in several variables. The researcher prepared a post-test consisting of (30) objective items to measure the acquisition of grammatical concepts and verified its validity, reliability, and discriminatory power. The researcher himself taught both groups throughout a complete academic semester.
The results of the data analysis showed a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental and control group students in the post-test and 1 the delayed test, indicating the effectiveness of the strategy. It was also found that there was a statistically significant difference between the scores of the post-test and the delayed test for the experimental group.
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The research concluded the possibility of teaching using strategies based on Cognitive Linguistics Theory and recommended its adoption by Arabic language teachers. It also suggested studying its effectiveness in developing reading comprehension skills.

The research aims to identify the impact of the metacognition strategy on the achievement of second-grade middle school students in social studies. The researcher selected the General Directorate of Education for Baghdad Governorate, Karkh 3 - Al-Sha'la District - Abdul Mohsen Hassan Al-Moussawi Intermediate School for Boys for the academic year (2024/2025), first semester, as the research field.
The research sample consisted of (90) second-grade middle school students, with (45) for the experimental group, whose students will be taught social studies according to the metacognition strategy, and (45) for the control group, whose students will be taught the same subject using the traditional method. The researcher followed a partially controlled experimental design as the research design. The results showed that the experimental group, taught using the metacognition strategy, outperformed the control group, taught using the traditional method, on the achievement test.

The current research aims to know the importance of the role of strategic commitment in organizational sustainability. The research problem was represented in an important question, which is (Is there a correlation and influence between strategic commitment and organizational sustainability)? To explain the relationship between the main research variables, two main hypotheses were formulated for correlation and influence, and sub-hypotheses were derived from them. In order to achieve the research objectives, the descriptive analytical approach was used to survey the opinions of a number of employees at Al-Safir International Hospital, as the sample included (40) out of the total community of (50) decision-makers (Board of Directors, heads of departments and their assistants, division and unit officials). The intentional sampling method was used, and their opinions were surveyed according to a valid questionnaire form. To analyze the data, the statistical program SPSS and the EXCEL program were used. Among the statistical methods used are (Spearman's correlation coefficient and simple linear regression coefficient). The research reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which is that there is a high level of strategic commitment in the hospital in order to achieve organizational sustainability, and the existence of a significant and positive correlation between strategic commitment and organizational sustainability

The research aims to identify the effectiveness of the network analysis strategy in the achievement of primary school students in science. In light of the research objective, the researcher formulated the null hypothesis which states: “There is no statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) between the average grades of the students in the experimental group who will study science.” According to the network analysis strategy and the average grades of the control group students who will study the same subject according to the usual method in the achievement test prepared for the purposes of this research, the researcher adopted the experimental method and chose the experimental design (with partial control) for two equal groups, The researcher intentionally chose (Al-Razi Primary School for Girls), which was divided into two divisions (A.B.), and Division (A) was chosen randomly to represent the experimental group and the number of its students (27). In the same way, Division (B) was chosen to represent the control group and the number of its students ( 25), and the research sample included (52) female students. The researcher statistically rewarded the two groups of female students in the following variables: (chronological age calculated in months, previous information test, and intelligence test), and the researcher specified the study material in the last three units (semester six, seven, eight, and nine). and the tenth) from the science book for the fifth grade. Then the researcher formulated behavioral objectives, reaching (120) behavioral objectives representing the first three cognitive levels of Bloom's taxonomy in the cognitive field. As for the research tool, the researcher built the achievement test, which consisted of (25) objective test items of the four-alternative multiple choice type according to the test map (table of specifications), and the validity, discrimination coefficient, difficulty, and effectiveness were verified. Alternatives and Reliability: The reliability coefficient of the Keuder-Richardson method reached 20 (0.80); The researcher used appropriate statistical methods to extract data, and the results showed that the students of the experimental group who studied the network analysis strategy outperformed the students of the control group according to the usual method.

In recent years, our society has witnessed a significant increase in the involvement of women in drug trafficking, which has become a threat to community security. Although drug trafficking was historically limited to men, women have become part of this phenomenon due to several factors, such as difficult socio-economic conditions, psychological pressures, and exploitation by organized crime syndicates. This research aims to study the reasons that drive women to engage in drug trafficking and analyze the negative impacts of this phenomenon on their lives and society as a whole. The study also discusses the health and psychological consequences of this phenomenon for women, as well as the legal repercussions they face due to their involvement in these activities.

This study aims to explore:
The measurement of emotion regulation among employees.
The statistical differences in emotion regulation based on:
Gender (male, female).
Age (25-30 years and 31-40 years or older).
Educational attainment (bachelor’s degree or lower vs. postgraduate degree).
The measurement of resentment among employees.
The statistical differences in resentment based on:
Gender (male, female).
Age (25-30 years and 31-40 years or older).
Educational attainment (bachelor’s degree or lower vs. postgraduate degree).
The correlation between emotion regulation and resentment.
The study is limited to employees of the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research of both genders in the year (2025).
Theoretical Framework
The study examines theories related to the concepts of emotion regulation and resentment. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher adopted an emotion regulation scale based on the theory of Peter Salovey and John Mayer, and a resentment scale (Abdullah, 2021) based on the equity theory. The validity, discriminant power, and item-total correlation of the scale were assessed after applying both scales to a sample of (200) employees. The reliability was measured using Cronbach’s alpha and split-half methods.
Findings:The research sample demonstrated emotion regulation.
The research sample exhibited resentment.
There were no statistically significant differences in emotion regulation based on gender (male, female), age (25-30 years and 31-40 years or older), or educational attainment (bachelor’s degree or lower vs. postgraduate degree).
There were no statistically significant differences in resentment based on gender (male, female) or age (25-30 years and 31-40 years or older). However, differences were found in educational attainment, favoring employees with a bachelor’s degree or lower.
A correlation was found between emotion regulation and resentment.
The researcher provided several recommendations and suggestions.

The current research aims to identify:
1. Goal-setting skills among kindergarten children.
To achieve the research objectives, it was necessary to develop a research tool (a test of goal-setting skills among kindergarten children). The test consisted of 13 items, with three answers, one correct and two incorrect, with weights of 0.1. The research sample consisted of 200 boys and girls.
After applying the research tool (the goal-setting skill test to children), the data and sample responses were entered into the statistical package program (SPSS), amounting to 200 questionnaires. The research community included children from government kindergartens in the six education directorates on both sides (Karkh and Rusafa) affiliated with Baghdad Governorate.
To achieve this, the researcher adopted the integrative theory and prepared test instructions and images for each paragraph of the test according to the scientific instructions for constructing the test. They were presented to a group of 22 experts and specialized arbitrators, and their approval of the paragraphs was obtained at a rate of 80% or more, with some minor modifications to some of the images. A special sheet was prepared to record the child's answers to the test. The researcher sought to implement the test on a random sample of 30 boys and girls from the exploratory study sample to ensure the children's ability to understand the test paragraphs and their suitability for their age, and to determine the time required to implement the test. The researcher selected the sample using a simple random method by selecting two kindergartens from each side of Rusafa and Karkh, different from The kindergartens were sampled. The test items were analyzed after individual application, and each child's information was recorded according to the study variables. Upon extracting the data, the results showed the following:
1. Kindergarten children had three levels of goal-setting skills: high (31.15%), medium (62.5%), and weak (33.5%).
In light of the results, the researcher developed a set of recommendations and suggestions.

The current research aims to identify classroom management methods and their relationship to achieving the Arabic language requirements for fourth-grade middle school students. To achieve this goal, the researcher adopted a descriptive approach. The researcher reviewed the research archives of (400) fourth-grade middle school Sharia students, both scientific and literary, from various directorates in Baghdad. An anonymous sample was selected from the First Rusafa Directorate and the Second Karkh Directorate. To achiev College of Education for Girls / University of Baghdad e the research goal, a questionnaire was developed on classroom management styles consisting of 45 items (15 items for democratic birth, 15 items for dictatorial style, and 15 items for chaotic style).
The researcher prepared an achievement test consisting of (30) items. After verifying its validity, reliability, difficulty, ease, and distinction, the results indicated the presence of statistically significant differences at the significance level (0.05), and that there is a difference in achieving the Arabic language requirements according to the specialization variable, in favor of the former. Literary, and the results obtained on the scales of classroom management styles showed that there is a statistically significant positive correlation between democratic schizophrenia and achievement in the Arabic language requirements subject, and that achievement according to the standards of Arabic grammar is high, and there is a negative relationship between (the chaotic style) and good achievement in the relationship with fourth-grade middle school students, and that there is no difference in the difference between the dictatorial style and the low chaotic style.

The current research aims to identify:
1.The extent of conceptual thinking and its relationship to administrative skills among social studies teachers in the sports phase.
2.Understanding the administrative skills of social studies teachers in the sports practice phase.
3.Understanding the correlation between conceptual thinking and administrative skills.
The research boundaries were defined by the temporal boundaries of the 2024-2025 academic year.
The spatial boundaries included the new area in the Babylon Center in Hillah. The targeted boundaries targeted school teachers, and the objective boundaries targeted girls in the general practice phase. The current research relied on original relational models, which aim to discover a relationship between two or more alternatives, based on the type of existing connection and the strength of the connection. This application does not rely on the scope of describing the phenomenon under study, as it serves to analyze, interpret, and compare, arriving at meaningful instructions for segmenting information from that phenomenon. Two instruments were developed: the Conceptual Thinking Scale and the Administrative Skills Knowledge Card for Social Sciences Teachers, and their validity and reliability were verified.
In light of the results obtained by the researcher, the following conclusions can be drawn:
1.The administrative skills of social science teachers in the Babil Governorate Education Directorate for co-educational schools are used in a timely manner and require intensive training.
2.The relationship between the administrative skills of social life teachers and conceptual thinking was a strong direct relationship; the greater the use of performance skills, the greater the conceptual thinking.
. 3.The lack of consistency between the correlation between thinking, perceptions, and administrative skills in the social sciences is very weak.
)Recommendations(
The evidence for the results reached in this research is indicated by the researcher as follows:
1.Social sciences teachers lack knowledge of the academic skills in teaching social sciences and follow-up on all aspects of the curriculum, which develops and facilitates the communication of information to contribute to all circumstances.
2.To confirm this, the Ministry of Education should continuously encourage and raise awareness of the use of conceptual thinking in all schools. This advancement in conceptual reading contributes to achieving a high degree of interaction with education.
. 3.There is a lack of infrastructure to incorporate a conceptual thinking component in all schools to automatically keep pace with the development of educational interactions.
Suggestions
. 1.Conduct a study on the level of administrative skills in social sciences at the intermediate level from the perspective of their teachers.
2.Conduct a study to evaluate the level of performance skills of university professors and their relationship to the achievement of their students in the history and geography departments.
. 3.Conduct a study on the level of administrative skills in social sciences and its relationship to conceptual thinking among intermediate students.

The current study aims to study the impact of artificial intelligence on family life and its impact on family relationships and socialization. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, reviewing the most prominent applications of artificial intelligence in the home, such as virtual assistants and smart devices. It also discusses the challenges associated with its use, including psychological and social impacts and the risks of overreliance. The study concludes that artificial intelligence represents a double-edged sword. While it contributes to enhancing comfort and efficiency, it can also impact human interaction and family communication, requiring a balanced approach to its use to ensure maximum benefit without compromising family relationships. Based on this approach, we have reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which are: There are varying opinions about the impact of artificial intelligence on families, with differences in how it impacts their lives. While some families believe that AI helps facilitate daily tasks and improve communication, many others fear over-reliance on AI, seeing it as a threat to humanity if it becomes uncontrolled. Many families also believe that AI contributes to improving health and well-being through its use in medical applications.

The current research aims to identify (the effect of the comprehension monitoring strategy on developing reading skills among fifth grade primary school students). The researcher followed the experimental method with partial control. The research sample was (72) students in (Al-Nasser Elementary School) affiliated with (the General Directorate of Education in Baghdad Governorate / First Rusafa). The researcher rewarded some variables, prepared the necessary teaching objectives and plans, taking into account the opinions of experts and specialists. The research tool was a pre- and post-test of reading skills. Ready-made criteria were adopted for correction, and some appropriate statistical methods were used. The results showed: (The superiority of the students of the experimental group who studied with the comprehension monitoring strategy over the students of the control group who studied in the usual way.

The current study aims to identify:
1. Linguistic enlightenment among fifth-grade female middle school students.
2. Statistically significant differences in linguistic enlightenment among fifth-grade middle school students according to the literary (specialization) (scientific and literary) variable, and (gender) (male or female). In her original descriptive and correlational research, the researcher identified the current research community as middle school students in the central schools affiliated with the General Directorate of Education in Basra Governorate for the academic year (2023-2024). The technical researcher who conducted her research was randomly selected for all (310) students, who successfully completed the research. The researcher prepared the research tool, which was a practical enlightenment framework scale consisting of (33) items. The scale was applied to the research creativity using statistical applications for the purposes of the researcher's class. Through the research results, the research results revealed that the actual research possessed a good strength of tactical enlightenment. To achieve the second, the researcher calculated the results according to diversity (specialization) for the fifth grade science class and the fifth grade gender specialization, the specialized results section, according to (diversity), where there was no difference between the differences. In light of the current research findings, a number of considerations were identified, including:
The students suddenly appear to be experiencing a storm, due to the students' enjoyment and knowledge of linguistic enlightenment skills.
To complement this research, I proposed conducting a number of studies, the most important of which are:
Conducting a recent definitive study to develop a strategic planning program for linguistic enlightenment based on a specific proposal.

The current research aims to know the knowledge of according to the change in age (11, 13, 15, 17) years and gender (males - females) and to distinguish the differences between them, and the researcher changed (240) adolescent boys and girls to represent each (11, 13, 15, 17) years, and gender (males, females) at a rate of (30) adolescents for each of the voters, For (60) teenage girls and boys of all ages adolescent from each age group, equally distributed between males and females, were randomly selected. The change instrument (classical cognitive development in youth) was constructed based on social learning theory. Miller's definition of political knowledge (Miller, 2018) was adopted, which he defined as: "knowledge of political behavior and activity to understand how it affects political development in adolescents" (Miller, 2018: 1). The scale is three-point. Three-tiered (3 = yes), (2 = civil), (1 = no). The results indicated the emergence of understanding of classical knowledge among youth at the age of (11) years and the presence of statistically significant differences for both males and females at the level of (0.05) and degree of freedom (29), in males at the age of (11) years, the association of females at the age of (13) years, sexual contact at the ages of (15 and 17) years, there are statistically

The current study aimed to know the effectiveness of an educational program based on the S.A.M.R model in acquiring computer concepts among first-year intermediate students in Islamic secondary schools. To achieve the study objectives, an educational program based on the (SAMR) model was built, and a test of computer concepts was prepared, which included (40) objective questions of the multiple-choice type. The study relied on the quasi-experimental approach; with a post-test design for two equivalent groups: experimental and control; where the students of the experimental group were presented with the educational program according to the (SAMR) model, while the control group studied in the usual way. The study sample was chosen intentionally, amounting to (46) students from the first-year intermediate students at (Sheikh Abdul Qadir Al-Kilani Secondary School) in Baghdad Governorate in the first semester of the academic year (2024-2025). The results of the study showed a statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the average scores of students in the experimental and control groups in the post-application of the computer concepts test in favor of the experimental group. In light of the results of the study, the researchers presented a number of recommendations and proposals

The phenomenon of emotional manipulation refers to individuals' use of others' emotions in a way that complements their personal goals. These behaviors may be unethical and cause negative effects on personal relationships. This phenomenon may be present among university students, as individuals can use emotions to achieve their personal or social goals. This indicates the importance of understanding emotional relationships and raising awareness to prevent the circulation of emotions in unhealthy ways in the university context.
The current research aims to identify:
1- Emotional manipulation among young people.
To achieve this, the researcher adopted the Emotional Manipulation Scale for University Students (Mohsen, 2019) based on Bandura's theory, and the characteristics of validity and reliability were available in it and it was applied to a sample of (120) male and female students, which represented students of the College of Education (Counseling Department) and (Mathematics Department) of Al-Mustansiriyah University, the fourth stage / morning studies (2023-2024). The results showed that emotional manipulation is more prevalent among young. The research concluded with a number of recommendations and suggestions.

The current research aims to identify the impact of a guidance program on developing leadership skills among middle school teachers, by identifying the level of leadership skills among middle school teachers. The impact of the guidance program on developing leadership skills among middle school teachers was also identified by verifying the hypothesis that there are no statistically significant differences between the scores of the experimental group members on the leadership skills scale in the pre- and post-tests. The sample of the current research was selected from middle school teachers for morning study in the Salah al-Din Education Directorate, and the research sample amounted to (400) teachers in middle schools. The results showed that the calculated t-value was smaller than the tabulated t-value, indicating that middle school teachers possess leadership skills at an average level. The results of the hypothesis test showed that there is a statistically significant difference between the average scores of the two tests in favor of the post-test. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted, which indicates that the scores of the experimental group on the leadership skills scale after implementing the guidance program are better than their scores before implementing it. The results of the current research showed that the mentoring program implemented on a sample of middle school teachers was effective in developing their leadership skills. The results showed that program participants significantly improved in the areas of shared vision, encouraging others, interpersonal skills, professional competence, effective communication, building effective relationships, problem-solving and decision-making, motivation and inspiration, and time management. The researcher attributed this effect to several factors, including the use of effective mentoring methods, such as individual mentoring sessions, mentoring groups, mentoring activities and events, and the provision of continuous support and follow-up for program participants. Keywords: Mentoring program - Leadership skills - Middle school teachers

The aim of the research was to identify academic boredom and its relationship to the school climate among middle school students. The current research was limited to students of the Second Karkh Education Directorate for the academic year (2024-2025). The research sample consisted of (300) male and female students. The study scales were applied. The researcher adopted the Zabar scale (2022) and the researcher adopted the Al-Karawi scale (2019) The psychometric properties of the scales were verified for validity and reliability. The results of the study showed that middle school students suffer from academic boredom, and there are no differences in terms of gender, specialization, or the extent of the impact of the school climate on students. There are statistically significant differences in favor of males, and there are no differences in terms of the specialization variable. According to the results of the research, the researcher recommended some recommendations and suggestions.

The teaching and learning process is the process of communication between students and teachers, and the Arabic language is the means of communication between Arabs with each other, and with other Muslims who use this language in expression, and the Arabic language can be taught, and for a hundred other languages electronically, especially by using Google Classroom, and this technology is a means of famous electronic education and this method is based on the application, it can be improved for learning containers based on technology and the current study and qualitative theoretical research methodology to know the teaching of the Arabic language on the basis of e-learning, and teaching this language on this basis makes it easy for students to meet the materials provided by the teacher using this application, and the teacher can evaluate what the students do directly. Education is not limited to place and time, although its implementation is indirect.

Clifford Geertz positioned interpretive anthropology as a natural science, based on the "external theory of the mind." Observing the use of words and cultural symbols determines the meaning of writing and patterns, and intervenes in every perceived thing or record that we perceive or determine. We perceive not only what is perceived, but what is perceived "by," "through," or "through." But the things and events that we perceive or are perceived by,It is already symbolic from the beginning. Words and other symbolic things express thoughts and emotions, generate and renew them. Without words and symbols, or before them, there is only a general, diffuse, and continuous flow of bodily sensation. This article criticizes these theses in the light of the philosophy of mind and the phenomenology of perception. In this research, we will return to Geertz's original statement and highlight the epistemology it includes. What is Geertz's behavioral theory of mind? How did he understand symbols and their images? Did he really show how they can be observed experimentally? We will demonstrate the shortcomings of his conception of symbols and his conception of how they are perceived. We will argue that observing the use of symbols is not equivalent to understanding their meaning. We will demonstrate the limits of the cultural construction of emotions. We will argue that individuals create "private myths." We will analyze more precisely how symbols are understood by multiple individuals in a culture.

The current research aimed to identify (moral thinking) among university students. The research sample consisted of (120) male and female students selected from the original research community using stratified random sampling with equal representation from scientific and humanities departments in the College of Education at Al-Mustansiriya University. To achieve the research objectives، the researcher prepared a tool to measure moral thinking، which in its final form consisted of (20) items. The moral thinking scale prepared by the researcher underwent psychometric properties testing for validity and reliability. After applying the research tool to the students and processing the data statistically، the results showed that university students are characterized by a high level of moral thinking. The results also showed no statistically significant differences attributable to the specialization variable (scientific - humanities) and the gender variable (males - females). Based on these results، the researcher drew a number of recommendations and suggestions.

This study aims to identify the effect of the focus and random entry strategies on the achievement in social studies for developing motor intellgence of second-grade intermediate female students .
To achieve the study's objective, the researcher proposed the following null hypotheses:
1- There is no statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the average scores of the students in the first experimental group who studied social studies according to the focus strategy and the average scores of the students in the control group who studied the same subject using the traditional method in the post-achievement test.
2- There is no statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the average scores of the students in the second experimental group who studied social studies according to the random entry strategy and the average scores of the students in the control group who studied the same subject using the traditional method in the post-achievement test
3- There is no statistically significant difference at the (0.05) level between the average scores of the students in the first experimental group, who studied social studies according to the concentration strategy, and the students in the second experimental group, who studied social studies according to the random entry strategy, on the achievement test prepared for this research
The researcher relied on the experimental method and choose a partially controlled design. The research community was determined as second-grade intermediate female students in intermediate and secondary day schools in Babil Governorate. The research sample consisted of (81) students, with ( 26) students in the first experimental group, (28) students in the second experimental group, and (27) students in the control group from Al-Nojoom Secondary School. The researcher rewarded the two research groups with the following variables: chronological age calculated in months, parents' academic achievement, and a prior knowledge test. The researcher constructed an achievement test, relying on appropriate statistical methods for the research. After applying the test to the two research samples, the researcher analyzed the results using a two-independent sample t-test. The results revealed that the first experimental group, which studied according to the focus strategy, and the second experimental group, which studied according to the random entry strategy, outperformed the control group, which studied social studies using the traditional method. The researcher reached the following conclusions:
Conclusions:
1- The use of the focus and random entry strategies in teaching social studies provided equal opportunities for all second-grade middle school students, as they address the issue of communicating information to all different groups, thus taking into account individual differences among students .
Recommendations:
1- Adopt the strategies of focus and random entry in teaching social studies as strategies that contribute to achieving the objectives of teaching social studies
Suggestions:
1- Applying the focus and random entry strategies to other dependent variables, such as analytical thinking and reflective thinking.

The current research aims to identify "the effect of the modified Stepanz model on regenerative thinking among first-year intermediate students." At a level of 0.05, there was no statistically significant difference between the average scores of students in the experimental group who studied physics using the steps of the modified Stepanz model and those in the control group who studied the same subject using the traditional method on the post-test of regenerative thinking. This is what the researchers came up with as their null hypothesis. The researchers chose the experimental method with partial control for both groups. The research community consisted of all daytime intermediate and secondary schools in the Ashur district of Salah al-Din Governorate. The research sample consisted of two groups: the first was an experimental group with 30 students who studied according to the steps of the modified Stepanz model, while the second was a control group with 32 students who studied according to the traditional method. Before beginning the research, the researchers evaluated some variables that could potentially affect the study results. To achieve the research objective, the researchers prepared study plans and a test of renewed thinking. The researchers presented these to experts and specialists in the field of education and its teaching methods, achieving an agreement of 80% or more. After the experiment was completed, the researchers obtained results that were statistically processed using SPSS, showing the superiority of students in the experimental group over students in the control group. The researchers presented several proposals and recommendations based on the results and conclusions.

The study aimed to identify the role of heads of scientific departments at Al-Mustansiriya University in developing educational leadership skills among newly appointed employees from their point of view. It also seeks to know the significance of the differences in developing these skills based on the academic degree (Master's or PhD), so the researcher relied on the descriptive approach to study the phenomenon and analyze the role of department heads in developing leadership skills among newly appointed employees. The study showed that there is no statistical significance on the role of department heads in developing educational leadership skills among newly appointed employees, indicating that their role in developing these skills is ineffective or unnoticeable. No differences between master's and doctorate holders: It also showed that there are no statistically significant differences between master's and doctorate degree holders in estimating the role of department heads in developing leadership skills, which reflects the lack of impact of the academic degree on the effectiveness of this role.

The research requirements were to know the nature of the relationship between the level of job performance and the quality of life of educational counselors. The research sample was randomly selected from the First Rusafa Education Directorate in Baghdad Governorate, and the sample size was (60) male and female counselors. The researcher applied the scales (job performance, quality of life) in their final form consisting of (34) paragraphs on job performance and (30) paragraphs on quality of life on the individuals of the research sample amounting to (60) male and female counselors. The researcher used the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) system to extract the research results, as the importance of this research emerges from the fact that educational counselors represent a pivotal group in society, as they are considered one of the pillars of human development, due to their essential educational and counseling roles, especially in light of the contemporary challenges facing individuals during their educational stages. As for the research problem, it lies in the necessity of identifying the level of job performance of educational counselors, and the extent of its connection to the quality of life they live, especially in light of their exposure to repeated professional pressures, and the fluctuation of their outlook on life, which may lead to the emergence of internal conflicts that negatively affect their professional performance and psychological stability. The researcher reached a set of results. The recommendations, the most important of which is that the sample members demonstrated a good level of job performance and quality of life. The study recommends that guidance units in Iraqi universities should pay attention to issues of job performance and quality of life among counselors, and that a descriptive correlational study should be conducted to explore the relationship between job performance and psychological empowerment among educational counselors.The researcher arrived at several conclusions, recommendations, and proposals.

The current study seeks to identify compatibilist thinking and its relationship to multitasking among educational counselors. To achieve the objectives of the current study, the researcher adopted a descriptive correlational approach using a sample of (100) educational counselors in Diyala Governorate. To collect the necessary data and information, the researcher adopted the current research tools and verified their validity and reliability. After application, the study concluded the following:
1. There is a high level of compatibilist thinking among educational counselors.
2. There is a high level of multitasking among educational counselors.
3. There is a strong, statistically significant, positive relationship between compatibilist thinking and multitasking.

The research aims to identify the reality of using artificial intelligence applications in teaching Islamic sciences in the departments of Qur’anic Sciences and Islamic Education from the point of view of their teachers. To verify the goal, the researcher used the descriptive approach, and the research community that the research studies was determined by (126) teachers from the Universities of Baghdad and Iraqia, and from them the research sample was chosen, which amounted to (40) teachers The study tool was a questionnaire designed by the researcher, and validity and reliability coefficients were conducted for it. After applying the questionnaire, its results showed a clear weakness in the use of artificial intelligence and its applications among the research community. In light of this, the research came out with conclusions, recommendations and proposals .

This study aimed to explore the relationship between school dropout and its psychological and educational effects on a sample of primary school students in the Baghdad Karkh Third Education Directorate, morning shift, for the academic year (2024-2025), public education. The research sample consisted of (200) male and female students. The sample was selected using a stratified random method. The descriptive correlational approach was used in the current study, and the measurement tool was the school dropout scale of (Abdul Hamid 2007). The study results reached the following conclusions:
1- There are statistically significant differences in school dropout among primary school students.
2- There are statistically significant differences in school dropout according to the gender variable (males - females) in favor of males.
3- There are statistically significant differences in school dropout and the psychological and educational effects for primary school students.

This research aims to investigate "the effect of the Wittrock model on the acquisition of psychological concepts among fifth-grade literary students and the development of their social interaction." The researcher relied on an experimental design based on two equivalent groups. The sample consisted of (92) students intentionally selected from Erbil Boys' High School. The sample was randomly divided into two groups: an experimental group comprising (44) students, and a control group comprising (48) students. Before beginning the experiment, the researcher verified the equivalence of the two groups on a number of variables. (15) psychological concepts were identified as the primary subject of the study. Based on these, the researcher formulated behavioral objectives. She also prepared appropriate teaching plans for each group. The research relied on two basic tools to measure variables: A tool for measuring the acquisition of psychological concepts, consisting of (45) multiple-choice items, was verified for validity and reliability, and its items were statistically analyzed. Another tool for measuring social interaction, consisting of (39) items, was also subjected to verification of its psychometric properties. The research results indicated that members of the experimental group outperformed their counterparts in the control group in both the acquisition of psychological concepts and the level of social interaction.

The current research aims at examining the expectations of success and failure among university students. It also investigates the differences in success and failure expectations among university students according to gender variable (Males – Females)

To achieve the above -stated goals, the researcher employed the Fibel & Hale Success and Hal Prediction Scale (1978), Arabized by Al-Mousawi (2015), consisting of 30 items. The psychometric properties of the scale were verified by extracting the apparent reliability and validity as well as stability of the scale and applied to a sample of university students, numbering (200 male and female students).
The results showed that University students have expectations of success and failure. There are no statistically significant differences between males and females in expectations of success and failure. In the light of the results of the research, the researcher recommended a number of recommendations and suggestions: Urging those in charge of the educational process to develop and build curricula and courses with the possibilities that trained the students’ abilities in order to motivate students towards learning and, therefore, work.

In the challenges facing contemporary societies, there is a need to build comprehensive peace for peaceful coexistence among individuals and groups. Peace does not exist without the absence of violence; rather, it includes social justice, good governance, fundamental freedom, and an institutional culture of community interaction.
Peacebuilding and a culture of peace cannot be achieved without clear foundations encompassing the political and social dimensions, along with educational and cultural aspects, which are the most influential tools in shaping individuals' awareness and behavior. From this perspective, this research highlights the most prominent foundations of peacebuilding and the role of a culture of peace in rebuilding society, particularly in societies emerging from conflict, such as Iraq after 2003.

The research aims to identify: (The effect of the mini-cases strategy on the achievement of the Holy Quran and Islamic education among second-year middle school students), and to verify the current research objective, the researcher formulated the following null hypothesis: - "There is no statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students who studied the Holy Quran and Islamic education according to the mini-cases strategy and the average scores of the control group students who studied the Holy Quran and Islamic education according to the usual method of achievement."
The importance of Islamic education and its goal in this life is to raise a person based on the correct belief in every place and time in order to direct his behavior and control his emotions and senses (Atta, 1988: 7), so the researcher adopted the experimental method to verify the research objective and hypothesis, and accordingly the experimental design with partial control was determined, the random selection control group design - i.e. an experimental group and a control group only - with a post-test.
The current research community consists of (132) second-year middle school students in Al-Siddiq Secondary School for Boys within the Baghdad Education Directorate / Al-Karkh Third - Al-Tarmia Sector for the academic year (2023-2024 AD), distributed into three sections (A-B-C). From the community that was intentionally selected, the two sections (A) were chosen by simple random drawing to represent the experimental group, and (B) to represent the control group, and the two groups represent the research sample of (70) students after exclusion and after constructing the achievement test consisting of (20) multiple-choice items with three alternatives, and after extracting the psychometric properties using a number of statistical methods and after applying it to the students after the end of the experiment at the end of the second semester of the academic year (2023-2024 AD), the test was applied; Then it was corrected and the students' grades were collected according to the experiment totals. The results showed that the experimental group outperformed the control group, and then the research was concluded by mentioning a number of recommendations and suggestions.

The current research aims to identify the effect of stability and performance mechanism on risk perception among visually impaired students, To achieve this goal, the researcher formulated the following alternative hypothesis:
1-There are statistically significant differences at a significance level of (0.05) between the ranks of the scores of the research sample individuals in the pre- and post-tests, in favor of the post-test.
The current research is limited to visually impaired students in institutes for the visually impaired in various Iraqi governorates, with the exception of institutes in the Kurdistan Region, and of both sexes (males and females), aged (12-14) years, (2024/2025) academic year.
In order to achieve the research objective, the researcher adopted a single-group design with a pre-test and a post-test, The research sample consisted of (7) visually impaired male and female students,The orientation and movement skills were measured with a scale prepared by the researcher,The number of paragraphs of the scale in its final form reached (36), paragraphs after achieving Logical and statistical analysis of the scale items, as well as the psychometric properties of the scale, which are validity and reliability, To achieve the goal, the researcher prepared a training program, The program consisted of (15) training sessions, at a rate of (3) sessions per week, and the duration of the session was (40) minutes, The data were processed statistically using the (SPSS) program.
The researcher recommended:
The need to focus on training visually impaired students according to the consistency of compatibility and the performance mechanism by the administrations of institutes for the visually impaired, and for the subject of orientation and movement to be two sessions per week instead of one session.
The researcher suggested:
The necessity of conducting a study based on the stages and steps of Meynell's theory on different samples of special education categories and various variables of motor origin.

This research aims to investigate: (The impact of the (feeling, raising hands, participating) strategy on the acquisition of Kurdish grammar among eighth-grade primary students and the development of their logical thinking). To achieve the research objective, the researcher adopted an experimental approach, formulated two null hypotheses, and after identifying the scientific topic, the researcher established behavioral objectives totaling (88) behavioral objectives, distributed across the three primary levels of Bloom's Taxonomy (knowledge, comprehension, application) within the cognitive domain. The researcher prepared lesson plans for both experimental groups in the study. This study was limited to eighth-grade primary students in government schools (intermediate and secondary) for boys under the General Directorate of Education in Kirkuk Governorate for the academic year (2024-2025). The selection focused on (Falakaddin Kakai) Boys' School, with two groups chosen: Group (A) represented the experimental group, taught using the (feeling, raising hands, participating) strategy, consisting of (24) students. Group (B) represented the control group, taught using the traditional (conventional) method, consisting of (25) students.

This study aims to design a proposed training program to develop the basic teaching skills of EL teachers in the effective use of technology in teaching . Numerous global and regional seminars, conferences, and research studies have emphasized the significance of providing in-service training that equips educators with contemporary teaching methodologies tailored to their future responsibilities. This study concentrates on developing a proposed training program grounded in the identified training needs and fundamental requirements of English Language (EL) instructors. An observation form is used to identify basic training needs for the effective use of technology in teaching . Validity and reliability of the research tool is verified by conducting an electronic survey observation form on a random sample of EL teachers. The sample size of the study is 200 EL teachers . The results show that EL teachers in all schools in Maysan Governorate need training programs on the use of educational technology tools in the educational process. Based on the identified needs of EL teachers , training program is proposed .Several recommendations and proposals are also included in the study.

This study investigates assimilation and elision in English and Arabic, exploring their phonological differences and difficulties for Arabic learners of English. The English language simplifies syllables, while Arabic preserves root structures. Assimilation in English is often regressive, while Arabic allows bidirectional changes. Elision is more restricted in Arabic but happens freely in English. These differences impact pronunciation and language learning. Understanding these differences can develop teaching strategies and lead to pronunciation enhancement.

The present study examines the digital competency and attitudes of English as a foreign language (EFL) instructors in Iraq regarding their online teaching practices both during and after the Covid-19 epidemic. The Covid-19 pandemic originated in the latter two months of 2019. The global impact of the danger extended to several nations, including Iraq. The World Health Organization (WHO) has promptly implemented measures to contain and mitigate the spread of this outbreak. Curfews have been implemented by all nations worldwide in order to restrict interpersonal interaction. Iraq implemented comparable initiatives, and the educational sector experienced corresponding actions. This study utilizes two questionnaire models, as presented by Javier (2020), to analyze electronically obtained data. The use of these questionnaires serves the purpose of addressing the study inquiries: To what extent do Iraqi English as a Foreign Language (EFL) instructors possess proficient digital competencies that facilitate their ability to navigate the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic effectively? Were they satisfied with their degree of digital proficiency at that particular moment? What were their digital views about online teaching? Is there a discernible disparity in digital proficiency and attitudes among instructors based on their gender? The data sets undergo statistical analysis. The findings indicate that Iraqi English as a foreign language instructors had certain difficulties in online teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic, mostly due to their intermediate level of digital competence and moderate degree of digital views. The issues above might be ascribed to the absence of consistent training opportunities and inadequate infrastructure for internet connectivity and electricity provision. In order to foster positive dispositions towards online education, educators must get ongoing training to adapt to the current advancements in English language instruction effectively. In addition, comprehensive governmental assistance is needed for the holistic development of the educational sectors.