Minwal Journal

Burnout is considered a significant factor affecting the behavior of special education teachers and other members of society due to the numerous life and work pressures they face. The current research aims to identify the level of burnout among special education teachers in Baghdad\'s public schools during the 2024-2025 academic year. The research sample consisted of 60 teachers (male and female) with experience ranging from less than five years to more than five years. The study aimed to measure the level of burnout among special education teachers and to identify the significance of differences in burnout levels based on experience (less than five years versus more than five years). The researcher adopted the scale developed by Kalash (2019), based on Hans Selye\'s theory (1976). The descriptive approach was used in this research, and the results showed that special education teachers do not suffer from burnout. However, there are significant differences between the mean burnout scores of teachers with less than five years of experience and those with more than five years, favoring those with more experience. Experience, and the factor of experience and job adaptation may have an effect on reducing their psychological exhaustion. The researcher has put forward some recommendations and suggestions based on the research results.

This study aimed to identify the level of social intelligence among primary school students, specifically children who have lost one or both parents and those who have not, and to determine the significance of differences based on family status and gender. The research population consisted of fifth and sixth grade students aged 10–12 years.
The researcher used the Social Intelligence Scale developd by Al-Ubaidi in 2017, which was validated for reliability and validity. Pearson's correlation coefficient, a one-sample t-test, and two-way ANOVA were used to analyze the data.
The results showed that the sample as a whole possessed a high level of social intelligence compared to the hypothetical mean, with a calculated t-value of 7.98 and 58 degrees of freedom. The results also indicated a higher level of social intelligence among children who have lost one or both parents, with a calculated t-value of 5.93, and among children who have not, with a calculated t-value of 7.46 and 29 degrees of freedom. All these values were statistically significant.
The results of the two-way ANOVA revealed statistically significant differences attributable to the gender variable. Tukey's multiple comparisons method was used to compare the means. Tukey's post-hoc test results showed statistically significant differences favoring males with a disability compared to some other groups, as they scored the highest mean score in social intelligence. The remaining comparisons did not reach statistical significance, indicating that the differences were primarily concentrated among the male group with a disability.
In contrast, no statistically significant differences were found attributable to the disability variable itself, nor was there a statistically significant interaction effect between gender and disability. This suggests that each variable independently affects social intelligence without a combined effect.
These results are consistent with Tony Buzan's theory, whichh asserts that social intelligence is not solely dependent on innate abilities but develops through social interaction, life experiences, and a supportive environment.
Based on these findings, the researcher arrived at a set of conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions related to developing social intelligence in children

The current research aims to identify:
• The helpful personality traits of university students
• The statistical significance of differences in the helpful personality traits of university students based on the variables of gender (male-female) and specialization (scientific, humanities)
To achieve the objectives of this research, the researcher developed a helpful personality scale according to the scientific steps for constructing psychological scales, based on Bandura's theory (1997). The researcher also conducted a theoretical review of the relevant scientific literature. The scale consists of 30 items in its final form, equally distributed across four dimensions. The sample size for the current research population was selected using stratified random sampling with proportional distribution. The sample size was 375 male and female students from both scientific and humanities specializations, randomly selected from the total research population of 15,364 students. The psychometric properties were extracted and found to be acceptable according to statistical standards. The researcher reached the following conclusions:
1- The sample members possess a high level of helpful personality traits. 2- There were statistically significant differences in supportive personality traits based on gender and specialization, particularly among males.
Based on the findings of this research, the researcher has developed several recommendations and suggestions, which will be discussed in Chapter Four.

The aim of this research was to determine the effect of the SAMR model on chemistry achievement and communication in the language of chemistry among sixth-grade science students. To achieve the research objectives in accordance with the steps of the SAMR model, the study employed a partially controlled experimental design, and the research sample was selected through purposive sampling, comprising 59 students from the sixth-grade science class in Al-Aziziya District during the first semester of the 2025-2026. Research instruments, consisting of an achievement test and a scale measuring communication in the language of chemistry, were developed for the research sample. The results revealed a statistically significant difference at the 0.05 significance level between the mean scores of the experimental and control groups on the and communication in the language of chemistry, in favor of the experimental group. In light of the research findings, the researcher presented a number of recommendations and suggestions

The present research aimed to identify academic advancement among university students. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher used the Academic advancement Scale developed by Rasha Al‑Fatlawi (2020). The researcher also utilized the IBM SPSS Statistics statistical package for data analysis.
The researcher reached the following results:
• University students do not possess academic advancement , as the calculated mean score was lower than the hypothetical mean.
• No statistically meaningful differences were found in academe between male and female university students .The findings indicated that females showed relatively higher scores, although the computed t-value did not exceed the critical tabulated value.

The current study aimed to identify the effectiveness of an instructional program based on Krashen’s Theory in developing linguistic competence and motivation toward learning the Arabic language among first intermediate grade students in Kurdistan Region schools. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher adopted the experimental method using two equivalent groups (experimental and control) with pre-test and post-test design.
The study sample consisted of (60) first intermediate grade students, distributed equally into two groups: (30) students in the experimental group and (30) students in the control group. The experimental group was taught according to the instructional program based on Krashen’s Theory, while the control group was taught using the traditional teaching method.
The researcher prepared two research instruments: a linguistic competence test and a motivation toward learning Arabic scale. The validity and reliability of the instruments were verified using appropriate statistical procedures.
After implementing the experiment and statistically analyzing the data using the T-test for two independent samples, the results revealed statistically significant differences at the significance level of (0.05) between the mean scores of the experimental and control groups in the post linguistic competence test in favor of the experimental group. The mean score of the experimental group reached (78.43), compared with (69.15) for the control group, while the calculated t-value reached (4.87).
The findings also showed statistically significant differences in the post motivation toward learning Arabic scale in favor of the experimental group. The mean score of the experimental group was (121.37), compared with (108.24) for the control group, and the calculated t-value reached (5.16).
The study concluded that the instructional program based on Krashen’s Theory was effective in developing linguistic competence and enhancing motivation toward learning the Arabic language among first intermediate grade students.

Current research aims at setting effect of a training program based on occupational needs of student/teachers – department of history to acquire them teaching concepts . This study tries to answer the following questions :
1-Is there ever a need for training program based on occupational needs of students of department of history ?
2-What is the effect of such suggested training program on providing student/ teachers of department of history with teaching concepts ?
Given objectives and questions of research , researcher developed the following null hypothesis :
No statistically significant difference is found at level of (0,05) of significance between means of grades of four research groups in acquiring teaching concepts according to variables of program , gender and interaction between them
To realize research objectives and hypothesis , researcher relied on descriptive and experimental approaches
Society of current research consisted of (75) students from history department / college of basic education / seniors of academic year (2025-2026) . Sample , however , was chosen randomly consisted from experimental group with (20) students who used suggested training program , second with (30) students is a control group who used traditional method
Researcher equalized both groups in the following variables ( time age measured in months , grade of final exam of methodology last year , IQ test ) . Researcher used the following tools
1-Questionnaire of setting occupational needs of student/ teachers of (25) need
2-Hand made training program based on these needs
3-a (30) items test of acquiring teaching concepts
Researcher checked validity and stability of tools as well as psychometrical features of their items . Researcher executed the (15) sessions of training program by herself with (30) teaching hours through a full semester (8/10/2025 – 17/12/2025) . After conclusion of sessions , researcher applied tool of research ( i.e. test of acquiring teaching concepts) in final session and for both groups . Data were statistically treated using (SPSS) along side other appropriate statistical tools . Researcher concluded :-Training program based on occupational needs of student / teachers at department of history met their basic occupational needs specially in practical lessons.
And as a completion , researcher suggested numerous things to mention but few : construct a training program based on occupational needs of student/ teachers of department of history and its effect on raising knowledge economy competencies.

The current study aimed to identify the level of digital cognitive burnout among intermediate school students, their level of self-regulation, and to examine the correlational relationship between these two variables, and to determine the extent to which self-regulation contributes to predicting digital cognitive burnout. To achieve the study's objectives, the researcher constructed a scale for digital cognitive burnout based on the Stressor-Strain-Outcome (SSO) model and Conservation of Resources (COR) theory as theoretical foundations, and adopted a self-regulation scale grounded in the American Psychological Association (APA) definition and Panadero's models of self-regulated learning. The study sample consisted of 400 intermediate school students from Baghdad Governorate, selected through stratified random sampling. Employing a descriptive correlational design, the results revealed that: (1) the level of digital cognitive burnout among intermediate school students was moderate; (2) the level of self-regulation was relatively high; (3) a statistically significant negative correlation existed between digital cognitive burnout and self-regulation; and (4) self-regulation significantly contributed to predicting digital cognitive burnout. The study recommended the development of counseling programs to enhance self-regulation among students and the design of educational strategies that reduce digital cognitive load in learning environments.

The present study aimed to develop a training program based on UNESCO standards for the professional development of Arabic language teacher-students at the Open Educational College and to investigate its effect on improving their teaching skills across four domains: knowledge empowerment, teaching practices, professional values and attitudes, and planning and assessment.
The researcher adopted both the descriptive and the experimental approaches due to their suitability for the nature and objectives of the study. The study population consisted of Arabic language teacher-students enrolled in the Departments of Arabic Language at the centers and branches of the Open Educational College. The research sample comprised (30) male and female students from the Department of Arabic Language at the Al-Rusafa Study Center. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher developed an observation checklist consisting of (40) indicators distributed across the four domains. After establishing its validity and reliability, the checklist was administered as a pre-test to the research sample. Subsequently, the training program was implemented, and upon its completion, the same checklist was administered again as a post-test to the same participants.
A number of statistical methods were employed to analyze the data. The findings revealed a statistically significant difference in favor of the post-test application for the experimental group at the significance level of (0.05). Accordingly, the null hypothesis was rejected, and the alternative hypothesis was accepted. The results of the observation checklist across the four domains in both the pre-test and post-test applications demonstrated a clear improvement in the performance of the research participants following the implementation of the training program in all domains. In light of these findings, the researcher presented a number of recommendations and suggestions for future research.

The aim of this research is to identify:-
1- The level of self-determination among middle school students.
2- The level of self-determination among middle school students according to the gender variable (male - female)
The sample size was (400) male and female middle school students distributed across four schools. The researcher developed a self-determination scale consisting of (33) items after analyzing and agreeing upon them with the experts. The research results showed that:-
• Middle school students possess self-determination
• Females outperform males in self-determination

The objective of the current research is to identify the effect of the cube strategy in developing coordination thinking among university students. The research sample consisted of (70) male and female students from the first stage of the Iraqi University, College of Islamic Sciences. They were randomly distributed into two groups, one of which was experimental, studied according to the cube strategy in this research. As for the control group, it was studied in the usual way. Equivalence was conducted between the students of the two research groups (experimental and control) in a number of variables. The researcher used the coordination thinking test that he prepared, and its psychometric properties were confirmed. It was applied pre- and post-test. It was used in analyzing the results and research procedures. The current appropriate statistical methods, and the results of the research showed that there was a statistically significant difference in the post-test of coordinative thinking in favor of the students of the experimental group. In light of the results of the current research, the researcher recommended several recommendations and proposals, with the keywords (cube strategy, coordinative thinking).

This research aims to identify:
1- Personal intelligence among university students.
2- University integration among university students.
3- The relationship between personal intelligence and university integration among university students.
The current research was limited to third-year students in the morning program at Iraqi universities during the 2023-2024 academic year.
Theoretical Framework: The current research reviewed the theories adopted in constructing and interpreting the results.
Research Procedures:
1- The researcher adopted the Personal Intelligence Scale (Omran, 2021) and the University Integration Scale (Al-Shammari, 2016). The validity, reliability, and method of responding to the items were confirmed.
2- The two scales were administered to a sample of (200) male and female university students. The researcher used statistical analysis to analyze the results.
The following results were obtained:
1- The research results showed that university students possess personal intelligence compared to the hypothetical mean of the scale. 2. The research results showed that university students exhibit strong university integration.
3. The results demonstrated a significant positive correlation between personal intelligence and university integration among university students.
The researchers offered several recommendations and suggestions.

The current research aims to investigate the effect of the TPS strategy on the acquisition of physics concepts among first-year intermediate school students. To achieve this objective, the researcher adopted an experimental approach using a quasi-experimental design based on two groups (experimental and control) with a post-test.
The population consisted of first-year intermediate school students in the Anbar Education Directorate/Fallujah Education Department, totaling 3,151 students. The research sample was purposively selected from Fadaa Al-Uloom Intermediate School for Boys, with two sections randomly chosen to represent the two research groups. Section B was the experimental group, while Section A was the control group. The sample size was 63 students, with 31 students in the group exposed to the independent variable and 32 students in the group not exposed to it
The researcher developed a test to measure the acquisition of physics concepts, consisting of 36 multiple-choice items. The test's validity and reliability were verified. To determine the research findings, an independent samples t-test was used. The results showed that the experimental group outperformed their peers in the control group on the post-test of physics concepts Based on these findings, the researcher formulated several conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions that confirm the effectiveness of the strategy in improving the learning of physics concepts.

This research aimed to identify the level of cognitive control among primary school students according to age and gender. The researcher adopted the descriptive approach, which relies on studying reality and accurately describing it. The current research population consists of primary school students in the Third Karkh Education Directorate during the 2025-2026 academic year, for both genders. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher used a cognitive control test. The face validity of the test was established by presenting it to a group of experts and specialists in the field of educational psychology, and its reliability was determined using the test-retest method on a sample of (20) primary school students. The test was then administered to a sample of (80) primary school students. The current research reached the following conclusions: First-grade students aged six (6 years) do not possess sufficient cognitive inhibition to prevent distractions, suppress stimuli, and inhibit unnecessary information while thinking or focusing on a specific task. In contrast, fifth-grade students aged ten (10 years) possess the ability to inhibit distractions and extraneous information while thinking or performing a specific cognitive task. This indicates a developmental trajectory for cognitive inhibition across the age groups included in the study. Furthermore, the weakness of the inhibition mechanism in younger children may be attributed to the immaturity of this mechanism in their development. The research also found that the average scores of cognitive inhibition in males are higher than the average scores in females. At the end of the research, the researcher reached several conclusions and made a number of recommendations and suggestions.

The aim of the research is to identify Psychological Availability and Job Involovement and to test whether there is a relationship between Psychological Availability and Job Involovement on Educational Counselors. It adopts Psychological Availability Scale (Byrne , Peters & Weston 2016) after the term has been translated into Arabic and its suitability to the Iraqi cultural/ social environment. It also adopts (the Hegira Scale, 2024) to identify Job Involovement. The scholar has verified its valadity and reliability statistically. After the verification of Psychometric porperties has been conducted for the two scales of the research items and their suitability to the Iraqi cultural/ social environment, these two scales are administered on the main research sample of (319) Counselors (men &women) who have been selected via stratified random method. The research reaches the following results: Educational counselors possess a high level of Psychological Availability and no significant differences are found according to gender variable in Psychological Availability . Significant differences are found in favor of the counselors group who possess a service of (11 years or more). Educational counselors possess a high level of Job Involovement, and no significant differences are found according to gender variable. There are significant differences according to service variable in favor of the counselors group (11 years or more). There is a correlational relationship between Psychological Availability and Job Involovement . This relationship is statistically significant positive correlation. Data are analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The research concludes some recomendations and suggestions.

The study aimed to investigate the effect of teaching Arabic using pedagogy compared to the traditional method in acquiring grammatical concepts and developing their logical thinking among students of Arabic language departments in Kirkuk.
The study sample consisted of four sections of students from the Arabic language departments, totaling (160) male and female students, and they were selected purposively. The first two sections were described as the experimental group, while the third and fourth sections were called the control group. The experimental group was taught the unit on verbs from the grammar book for students of the Arabic language departments using the pedagogical teaching method, and the same unit was taught to the control group in the usual way.
TDeveloping a test that covers the conceptsbad luck Related to the unit Actions Consisting of 25 multiple-choice paragraphsIts validity and reliability were verified, with a reliability coefficient of 0.84. A scale for measuring thinking skills was also developed. LogicalIts validity was confirmed by presenting it to a group of experts, and then its reliability was verified using the test-retest method, where the reliability coefficient reached 0.82.Both the concept test and the general concept test were administered. Grammarand testing thinking and after the experiment began The means and standard deviations of the students' scores on the two tests, before and after the experiment, were calculated. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was also used to answer the research questions. The results showed statistically significant differences at the 0.05 level attributable to the teaching method, with students demonstrating a greater advantage in acquiring the concepts. GrammarIn favor of a teaching method that relies on Pedagogical teaching method The results also showed an interaction effect between gender and teaching method, favoring females in the experimental group. Furthermore, the results indicated statistically significant differences at the 0.05 level attributable to the teaching method in improving thinking skills. Logical The advantage was also in favor of Pedagogical teaching method However, no interaction between gender and teaching method was observed in this aspect. Based on the findings of the study, a set of related recommendations was formulated to improve the educational process.

The aim of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of using educational platforms on the achievement of computer science among university students. The research sample was randomly selected and consisted of 69 male and female students, divided into an experimental group of 30 students and a control group of 32 students.
To achieve the objectives of the study, the necessary requirements were prepared and instructional plans were designed for teaching both the experimental and control groups. In addition, a computer science achievement test consisting of 40 items was constructed, and its psychometric properties were verified.After administering the test at the end of the experiment, the results revealed a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the control group and the experimental group in favor of the experimental group. The researchers concluded that there is a strong effect of using educational platforms on improving computer science achievement among university students.

The current study aims to identify the effect of a counseling program on reducing intellectual rigidity among primary school teachers. The study was limited to primary school teachers at the Open Educational College in Diyala Governorate for the academic year 2026. To achieve the objectives of the study and test its hypotheses, the researcher used an experimental method with a design consisting of an experimental group and a control group, along with pre-test and post-test measures.
The research sample consisted of (20) teachers, with (10) teachers in the experimental group and (10) teachers in the control group. The researcher adopted the Intellectual Rigidity Scale prepared by Dughaish in 2015, which consisted of (36) items. The researcher also designed and implemented a counseling program aimed at reducing intellectual rigidity among primary school teachers.
counseling program ,intellectual stagnation ,school teachers

This research aims to identify the impact of using the information gap strategy on achievement in biology and synthetic thinking among second-year intermediate female students in Diyala Governorate/Baqubah. The researcher adopted the experimental method using equivalent groups approach. The research sample consisted of (64) female students distributed at (32) female students in the experimental group and (32) female students in the control group. The two groups were equated in variables of chronological age, intelligence, and prior knowledge. The researcher prepared two tests: the first to measure achievement in biology, and the second to measure synthetic thinking. The validity and reliability of the tools were verified using appropriate statistical methods. The experimental group studied using the information gap strategy, while the control group studied using the traditional method for eight weeks. The results showed statistically significant superiority of the experimental group over the control group in both achievement and synthetic thinking. The researcher concluded that the information gap strategy contributes effectively to improving achievement and synthetic thinking among female students. She presented a number of recommendations and suggestions to promote the use of this strategy in teaching.

Our Iraqi society today is experiencing a passing wave of erosion of values ​​and educational principles among the youth and younger generations. This is a result of unrestricted exposure to the world through social media, with its mix of positive and negative content, leading them away from the authentic values ​​upon which Iraqi society was raised. Therefore, it became imperative for us to search for the most effective ways and means to instill these values ​​and educational principles that help refine the behavior of our children. Literature is among the successful means that influence the listener and thus make them adopt the ideas and concepts contained in literary texts in a smooth and indirect way, far removed from the direct teaching methods they are accustomed to. Literature has always been an effective means of conveying educational principles and instilling values ​​in societies. Various literary forms, such as novels, poetry, plays, and folk tales, have been used to teach individuals, especially children and youth, moral and social values. Our aim in this research is to extract the most important educational themes addressed by poets and writers in their poems or novels, which represent the higher values ​​we seek to instill in our youth. We shape the minds of our children through selected examples from modern literature, and the most important of these values ​​are:
1- Moral and ethical guidance: Literature employs allegorical stories and tales to teach values ​​such as honesty, loyalty, courage, and justice.
2- Learning by example: Literature presents heroic figures and ideal role models from whom the reader learns how to act in difficult situations.
3- Fostering critical thinking: Literature presents social or ethical issues in dramatic contexts that help the reader think and analyze matters.
4- Emotional development: Literature promotes emotional interaction and empathy for others by portraying human tragedies or stories of love and loyalty.
5- Teaching cultural values ​​and identity: Literature transmits cultural heritage to new generations, strengthening their connection to their identity and values.
6- Focusing on character building: Literature addresses topics such as patience, facing challenges, and overcoming obstacles, which contribute to character development.

This research aims to identify the role of educational curricula in fostering a culture of religious tolerance.
This is achieved through an analysis of the content of the sixth-grade social studies textbook as a case study. This approach is crucial due to the significant role of curricula in instilling human and social values in students, particularly in the areas of religious tolerance, peaceful coexistence, and respect for others.
The researcher adopted a descriptive methodology using content analysis, as it is the most suitable approach for studying the intellectual and ethical content contained in the textbook. The research population and sample consisted of the sixth-grade social studies textbook approved by the Iraqi Ministry of Education.
To achieve the research objectives, an analytical tool was developed. This tool included a set of indicators related to a culture of religious tolerance, such as respect for differing opinions, tolerance and rejection of violence, peaceful coexistence, respect for customs and traditions, and cooperation among members of society based on harmony and love. The results of the analysis showed that the social studies textbook included a number of indicators that promote a culture of religious tolerance, but the degree to which these indicators were included varied from one topic to another, as some values appeared clearly, such as customs, traditions and peaceful coexistence, while some indicators related to rejecting disputes and challenges appeared less clearly.

The research aimed to identify the effectiveness of the mastermind strategy in acquiring geographical concepts among fifth-grade literary students. To achieve research objective, the researcher formulated the following hypotheses.
There is no statistically significant difference at the significance level of (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students who study physical geography according to the (masterminds) strategy and the average scores of the control group students who study the same subject according to the usual method of acquiring concepts).
The research sample consisted of (44) female students from the fifth grade of the literary stream at Zaytouna Preparatory School for Girls, affiliated with the Diyala/Khanaqin Education Directorate. They were randomly selected into two groups: an experimental group of (22) students and a control group of (22) students. The students in both groups studied the fifth-grade literary stream geography curriculum. The researcher taught both groups (experimental and control). The experimental group was taught using the "Masterminds" strategy, while the control group was taught using the traditional method.
The equivalence between the students of the two research groups experimental and control) was carried out in the following variables (intelligence, chronological age calculated in months, parents’ educational attainment, prior knowledge in geography, and achievement scores for the previous year in geography).
The researcher prepared her research tool, which is: the achievement test, which consists of (45) items, and each item has (4) alternatives. The researcher used the following statistical methods: the t-test for two independent samples, the difficulty index, the discriminatory power, and the effectiveness of the alternatives.
The researcher used various statistical methods consistent with the objective of the current research, employing the SPSS-17 statistical software package and Microsoft Excel to process the data.
The research results showed the following:
A statistically significant difference existed between the mean ranks of the two research groups' scores in concept acquisition, favoring the students in the experimental group. Based on these results, the researcher reached several conclusions regarding teaching using the mastermind strategy and offered a set of recommendations and suggestions.

The current study aims to identify the nature of the relationship between academic engagement and psychological well-being among university students. The study is limited to students at the University of Baghdad during the 2025/2026 academic year, specifically from the Colleges of Education (Ibn Rushd), Arts, Engineering, and Science. The study sample consisted of 192 students (96 males and 96 females) selected using stratified random sampling. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher developed an academic engagement scale consisting of 28 items distributed across three domains: cognitive engagement (8 items), affective engagement (10 items), and behavioral engagement (10 items). To measure psychological well-being among university students, the researcher adopted the Warwick-Edinburgh WEMWBS scale, which consists of 14 items. After collecting and statistically analyzing the data using the SPSS program, the researcher reached the following results: University students have a high level of academic engagement and a high level of psychological well-being, and the nature of the relationship between the two variables is a statistically significant positive relationship, and there are differences in the two variables according to gender and in favor of males, and there are no significant differences according to the specialization variable.

The study aims to identity the degree of Silent Burnout and relationship with Social Identity Theory among the staff of the college of education for human sciences at the university of basrah, during year (2025- 2026). The sample was(96) male and female . and to achieve the objectives study, the researcher applied scale (Maslach, Jackson& leiter, 1981) for a Silent Burnout, adapted into Arabic by (Sahrawi& zarwal, 2023), the scale contains of (22) items, divided across three dimensions: (emotion exhaustion, depersonalization, reduced personal accomplishment). Also the study employed the scale Social Identity Theory for (bousebta& bayouh, 2023) which was based on the (Cameron, 2004) scale in terms of wording and translation and theoretical framework from (tajfeil) for measuring Social Identity . The scale contains of (19)items divided across three dimensions: (cognitive centrality, in- group affect ,in- group ties),after verifying the psychometric properties of the two scale the findings revealed that the research sample had a high level of Silent Burnout, also demonstrating a high level of Social Identity Theory, also there are a negative correlation relationship between tow variables.

The current research aims to identify the attitudes of special education directors and teachers towards the inclusion of children with educational disabilities, as well as to reveal the differences in the attitudes of special education directors and teachers according to (gender, profession, and specialization). The research sample consisted of (400) teachers and directors who were selected purposively, and the study tools consisted of an attitudes scale (prepared by the researcher). The results showed positive trends towards integrating children with learning disabilities into regular classrooms. The study also found no statistically significant differences in the research variable according to gender (males, females), and also found no statistically significant differences according to the occupation variable, and no statistically significant differences according to the specialization variable. The study also reached a number of recommendations and suggestions, the most important of which is: raising awareness among parents about the need to get rid of their negative feelings towards these students with disabilities and to choose the correct methods of dealing with them in the classroom.

The current research aimed to reveal the level of wisdom-based thinking among high-achieving secondary school students and their ordinary peers, and to identify differences in this variable according to the two variables of group (high-achieving/ordinary) and gender (male/female). The researcher adopted the descriptive comparative method on a sample of (300) male and female students, who were selected using stratified random method (equality method) from the schools of the General Directorate of Education of Wasit. To achieve the study objectives, the researcher built a special scale for wisdom-based thinking consisting of (33) items after verifying its psychometric properties of validity and reliability. The results showed that the sample members generally possess a high level of wisdom-based thinking. The results also showed no statistically significant differences between high-achieving students and their ordinary peers, in addition to the closeness of the levels between the two groups, which indicates the disappearance of the statistical differences between them in this variable. The research concluded by presenting a set of conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions related to the results of the study.

The research aims to study the impact of using a cooperative learning strategy on developing handicraft skills among middle school female students in art education. The researcher used the experimental method by dividing the students into two groups: an experimental group applying the cooperative learning strategy, and a control group learning using the traditional method. The sample consisted of (88) students from Dijla Intermediate School for Girls in Diyala, distributed equally between the two groups with (44) students in each group. The results showed that the experimental group outperformed the control group in acquiring handicraft skills in terms of accuracy, creativity, and speed of performance. The cooperative learning strategy also contributed to enhancing the spirit of cooperation and teamwork among students, increasing motivation to learn, and improving the level of interaction within the classroom. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences at the (0.05) level in favor of the experimental group.

This research aimed to determine the level of awareness among Islamic education teachers in Anbar Governorate regarding the use of artificial intelligence in the educational process. A descriptive survey methodology was used, and a questionnaire was developed to collect data. The questionnaire comprised three sections: awareness of the importance of artificial intelligence, awareness of the requirements for using artificial intelligence in education, and awareness of the mechanisms for using artificial intelligence applications in education. The questionnaire\'s validity and reliability were confirmed, and it was then distributed to a sample of 118 male and female Islamic education teachers in Anbar Governorate/Ramadi District, Iraq. The results showed that the awareness of Islamic education teachers in Anbar Governorate regarding the use of artificial intelligence in the educational process was moderate. Awareness of the importance of using artificial intelligence ranked highest, while awareness of the mechanisms for using artificial intelligence applications ranked lowest.

This research aimed to identify:
1- Empathy among kindergarten students.
2- Statistical differences in empathy according to academic year (first, second, third, and fourth year).
To achieve the study's objectives, the researcher developed an empathy scale consisting of 25 items distributed across three domains: self-knowledge (9 items), knowledge of others (9 items), and object knowledge (7 items). The scale was administered to a sample of 260 kindergarten students. The researcher also determined the psychometric properties of the empathy scale, including validity, which was measured using two methods: face validity and construct validity. Reliability was also measured using two methods: test-retest reliability, which yielded a value of 0.81, and Cronbach's alpha, which yielded a value of 0.92. After conducting statistical analyses using SPSS software, the results showed that:
1- Kindergarten students exhibit a high level of empathy.
2- There are statistically significant differences in empathy based on educational level.
Based on the research findings, the researcher presented a set of recommendations and suggestions.

This study aims to uncover the social mechanisms that transform the rituals of the Hajj from a mere religious obligation into a human phenomenon that reshapes relationships between individuals. It also traces the stages of change in an individual’s defining characteristics during the Hajj, specifically the transition from narrow affiliations to a universal, all-encompassing identity. It also aims to identify the transformation of the title “Hajj” into a moral authority and social status that influences the balance of power within the local community. The research problem is As for the study, the central issue revolves around observing a functional discrepancy that arises when examining the Hajj from a sociological perspective, placing us at a crossroads between the original religious objectives of the rituals and their resulting social consequences. While the Hajj is structurally grounded in the philosophy of “absolute equality”-embodied in the uniformity of appearance and the dissolution of individual and class identities within the crowds-we find that returning from this religious experience often yields a social outcome that moves in a opposite direction. The study concluded that the title “Hajj” is not merely a religious designation, but rather a status that translates into moral authority and soft power, granting the individual a role of leadership and social mediation within their local community. Furthermore, the Hajj succeeds as a rite of passage in transcending sub-identities (tribal, national), thereby reinforcing in the pilgrim a sense of belonging to a global, transnational identity that enhances his or her tolerance toward different cultures.

The present study aims to investigate moral empathy among nursing staff and to examine the significance of differences in moral empathy according to gender (male–female) and years of service (less than five years – more than five years). To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher constructed a Moral Empathy Scale based on the theoretical model of Zhao and Ma (2024). The final version of the scale consisted of 21 items distributed across three dimensions. The study sample comprised 400 nursing staff members (161 males and 239 females) from Al-Qadisiyah Province, selected through proportionate stratified random sampling. The items of the scale were analyzed both logically and statistically to determine their discriminatory power and validity coefficients. Face validity and construct validity indicators were verified, and the reliability of the scale was established using test–retest and Cronbach’s alpha methods, with the aid of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings revealed that nursing staff possess moral empathy, with statistically significant differences in favor of females regarding gender, and in favor of participants with less than five years of service regarding years of experience. Based on these results, several recommendations and suggestions were proposed.

Creativity has long been a popular research question among psychologists. Studies conducted over the past few decades have explored the influence of internal and external environmental factors on creativity. These findings help shed light on how to develop and gain more benefits from creativity. Given that culture has played an increasingly important role in psychological research over the past decade, researchers are now turning their attention to studying how culture affects creativity. Answering this question scientifically is of great importance in the current educational reform in Najaf Governorate. Based on the unique way of thinking of the community in the province, focusing on knowledge workers involved in creative activities, our study explores between employee attitudes and regional organizational organization. Suppose that change directly and indirectly affects employees\' creativity. Analysis of the data required for creativity generated from 285 subordinates supports our hypothesis, as it shows that participants are positively related to creativity and clearly related to change. The study also found that participation has a negative impact on the compatibility of organizational commitment. So are The effect of change on employee creativity is partly maintained by organizational commitment. Our findings contributed to the impact on organizational thinking.

The current research aims to identify:
1. The level of stress-coping strategies among preparatory school students.
2. The statistically significant differences in stress-coping strategies based on the following variables:
o Gender (Male, Female).
o Specialization (Scientific, Literary).
o Grade Level (Fourth, Fifth).
Methodology and Procedures:
• Research Design: The researcher adopted the descriptive research method, widely recognized in educational and psychological studies.
• Sample: The study was conducted on a sample of (400) male and female students, selected using the proportionate stratified random sampling method.
• Research Tool: The researcher utilized the (Talib, 2013) scale. After verifying its psychometric properties (validity and reliability), the scale was finalized with (24) items for application.
Recommendations:
In light of the research findings, the researcher suggests the following recommendations:
1. The necessity of adopting effective educational strategies and sound teaching methods to help students avoid various social problems.
2. Organizing seminars and meetings with students to guide them toward desirable behaviors within and outside the school environment.
3. Developing preventive counseling programs focused on stress management, emotional challenges, and the development of shrewd thinking skills among students.

This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of an interactive digital learning environment based on generative learning in developing critical reading comprehension skills among secondary school students. To achieve this objective, the researcher employed a quasi-experimental design with two groups: an experimental group taught through a generative learning-based digital environment, and a control group taught by traditional methods. The sample consisted of 60 fifth-grade literary stream students. A test was constructed to measure critical reading comprehension skills (analysis, interpretation, evaluation). The pre- and post-application results revealed statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group, indicating the effectiveness of the digital generative environment in enhancing critical reading comprehension. The study recommends integrating generative learning strategies into Arabic language digital curricula and developing teachers’ capacities to implement such strategies.

The use of illustrations, maps, and other dynamic visual elements in teaching social studies is of great importance and interactivity, as it contributes to making fundamental concepts—such as history, climate change, and landform characteristics—understandable to students by transforming them from abstract ideas into tangible images. In today’s digital age, students no longer perceive social studies as merely a linguistic text, but rather as a visual space that connects place, time, and events.
However, the reality of education in Iraq reveals a clear gap betwen the quality of visual content included in school textbooks and the educational needs of students in the digital era, who are accustomed to high-quality visual content characterized by clarity, interactivity, and rapid responsiveness. This visual discrepancy limits the potential of illustrations, weakens their educational role, and may even turn them into a source of confusion rather than a useful learning tool.
Animated visuals areaconsidered a cornerstone in teaching social studies, as they transform static concepts—such as time or landform characteristics—into concrete mental images. Nevertheless, the current reality indicates a significant gap between visual content and the cognitive needs of students in the digital age.

This research aims to identify the impact of the inquiry-based learning strategy on the achievement of second-year intermediate school students in Arabic grammar. To achieve this objective, the researchers adopted an experimental approach and selected a non-randomized post-test experimental design with experimental and control groups.
1. The research was limited to second-year intermediate school students in government-run morning intermediate and secondary schools for girls affiliated with the General Directorate of Education in Baghdad/Al-Rusafa Third District. After ensuring the equivalence of the two groups in several variables and implementing the experiment using the inquiry-based learning strategy with the experimental sample, the following was observed: A statistically significant difference was found between the average achievement scores of students who studied Arabic grammar using the inquiry-based learning strategy and the average achievement scores of students who studied Arabic grammar using the traditional method in the post-test.
Based on these findings, the researchers concluded that the inquiry-based learning strategy has an impact on the achievement of second-year intermediate school students in Arabic grammar. In light of the findings of the current study, the researcher drew several conclusions, including:
1. The use of the inquiry-based learning strategy in teaching Arabic grammar instilled enthusiasm and energy in the students and fostered a spirit of cooperation and participation during the lesson.
2. The use of the inquiry-based learning strategy in teaching Arabic grammar helped students develop curiosity and a desire to seek new knowledge.
• Based on these findings, the researcher made several recommendations, including:
1. Adopting the inquiry-based learning strategy because it makes Arabic grammar more appealing to students.
2. The necessity of using the inquiry-based learning strategy in teaching secondary and intermediate school students, given its ease of implementation by both teachers and students, and the positive results demonstrated by the strategy in the current research.
• To further this study, the researcher suggested conducting several scientific studies and research projects, including:
1. Conducting a similar study on the inquiry-based learning strategy to demonstrate its impact on acquiring grammatical concepts. 2. Conduct a similar study to demonstrate the impact of the (inquiry-based learning) strategy on the development of reading comprehension skills.

The current research aims to identify the effect of the Answer Sequencing Strategy on the scientific sense of second intermediate grade students in biology. The researchers adopted an experimental method with a partially controlled experimental design involving two groups (experimental and control).The experiment was conducted on a sample of second intermediate grade students at Al-Jawadeen Intermediate School for Boys, affiliated with the Directorate of Education / Baghdad Al-Rusafa First, during the academic year (2025–2026). The school was intentionally selected. The research sample consisted of 68 students, divided equally into two groups: 34 students in the experimental group, who were taught using the answer sequencing strategy, and 34 students in the control group, who were taught using the traditional method.Equivalence between the two groups was established based on the following variables: previous achievement, chronological age (in months), prior knowledge, and Raven’s intelligence test.The researchers identified the scientific material taught to both groups, which included the first four chapters (first, second, third, and fourth) of the biology textbook prescribed for second intermediate grade students for the academic year 2025–2026. The researchers formulated 215 behavioral objectives, classified according to the four levels of Bloom’s taxonomy in the cognitive domain (remembering, understanding, application, analysis).In addition, 19 lesson plans were prepared for the experimental group using the answer sequencing strategy, and 19 lesson plans for the control group using the traditional method.The researchers used one research instrument: a Scientific Sense Scale, consisting of 40 items distributed across two domains (cognitive and affective). To ensure validity, the scale items were presented to a group of specialized experts for review.After completing the experiment, the instrument was applied to both groups. Students’ responses were corrected and statistically analyzed using SPSS version 21. The results showed the following:There was a statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the mean scores of the two groups in favor of the experimental group in terms of scientific sense.The findings indicate a positive effect of teaching using the answer sequencing strategy on the scientific sense of students in the experimental group compared to those in the control group. Based on these findings, the researchers presented several recommendations and suggestions.

The current research aims to determine the effect of the Tragist model on the acquisition of biological concepts among first-year middle school students by verifying the following null hypotheses:
"There is no statistically significant difference at the (0.05) significance level between the mean scores of the experimental group students studying biology according to the Tragist model and the mean scores of the control group students studying biology according to the traditional method on the biological concepts acquisition test."
To verify this, the researchers used a quasi-experimental design with two groups: an experimental group and a control group, and a post-test. The researchers intentionally selected Al-Zamakhshari Secondary School, specifically first-year intermediate students, to conduct the experiment. Using simple random sampling, section (B) was chosen as the experimental group, which studied biology according to the Tragist model (25 students), and section (A) was chosen as the control group, which studied according to the traditional method (also consisting of two students). The researchers ensured the equivalence of the two research groups using the following variables: science grades from the previous academic year (2024-2025), Raven's Progressive Matrices scores, prior knowledge, and chronological age (calculated in months). The subject matter consisted of the first five chapters of the biology textbook prescribed for first-year intermediate students by the Ministry of Education under the official (semester) system. The researchers then formulated 157 behavioral objectives and prepared daily lesson plans for both the experimental and control groups. As for the research instruments, the researchers developed a concept acquisition test. The biological test consists of (30) objective multiple-choice items distributed according to the researchers. The researchers then verified the face validity and content validity of the test by presenting it to a group of specialists, as well as extracting the psychometric properties of the test, the difficulty index, discrimination power, and the effectiveness of the incorrect alternatives. The researchers applied the test to the experimental and control research groups at the end of the experiment, which lasted (13) weeks. As for the reliability of the test, it was based on the split-half equation using Pearson’s correlation coefficient, which reached a value of (0.57). After correcting it using Spearman-Brown’s correlation coefficient, it became (0.73).

Deaf and mute individuals represent a social and cultural category with a unique linguistic and communicative identity that warrants multidisciplinary scientific interest, particularly in cultural anthropology and linguistic anthropology. Deafness is no longer viewed merely as a hearing impairment, but rather as an identity and cultural component that establishes a complete society with its own language, communication patterns, and values. From this perspective, this research provides a general overview of the history of deafness, the development of sign languages, the structure of a deaf society, and the social and institutional challenges they face within society.

This study aims to identify the level of attentional load among gifted and ordinary students in the intermediate stage, as well as to examine differences according to gender and type of school. The researcher adopted the descriptive analytical approach. The sample consisted of (525) male and female students from intermediate schools in Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf Governorate. An Attentional Load Scale was developed based on Lavie’s (2015) theory, and its validity and reliability were confirmed. The results showed that most students had attentional load related to task-relevant processing, with a percentage of (74.9%). The findings also revealed statistically significant differences in favor of males in task-relevant processing, and in favor of females in task-irrelevant processing, in addition to the superiority of gifted students in attentional load level. In light of the results, several educational recommendations were proposed to enhance the understanding of attentional mechanisms and improve the educational process.

The current research aims to identify the impact of a guidance program based on persuasion theory on developing intellectual resilience among juvenile delinquents, and to achieve this goal by verifying the following hypotheses:
1_There are no statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test at the 0.05 significance level for the experimental group on the intellectual immunity scale.
2- There are no statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test at the 0.05 significance level for the control group in the intellectual immunity scale.
3_ There is a difference Statistically significant difference exists between the post-test of the experimental group and the post-test of the control group within a significance level of 0.05 on the intellectual immunity scale.
4_ The guidance program based on persuasion theory has no effect on developing intellectual immunity among juvenile delinquents.
The current research is based on a sample of juvenile delinquents within the juvenile reform departments affiliated with the Ministry of Justice in Baghdad, for the year (2025-2026). In order to achieve the objectives of the current research and its hypotheses, the researcher used the experimental design through the experimental and control groups and conducted a pre-test and post-test. The researcher built an intellectual immunity scale based on the theory of immunity against attacking persuasion, and the number of items reached (30) items.

The aim of this research was to identify the effect of Barman's model on the cognitive curiosity of first-year middle school students. A quasi-experimental design with two equivalent groups was adopted. The research sample consisted of 50 first-year middle school students, divided into an experimental group of 25 students and a control group of 25 students. The experimental and control groups were matched in terms of intelligence and chronological age. To achieve the research objectives, a cognitive curiosity scale consisting of 29 items with a graded response was developed as the research instrument. The experiment was conducted during the first semester of the 2025-2026 academic year. The results showed that the experimental group outperformed the control group in cognitive curiosity. The research findings indicated that varying the lesson presentation according to Barman's model, posing different questions, and investigating information led to an increase in the level of cognitive curiosity.

The current study aims to investigate:
The Impact of the Judges' Pens Strategy on Second-Year Intermediate School Girls’ Achievement in Literature and Texts”. To test this research objective, the researcher formulated the following null hypothesis:
- There is no statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the mean scores of the experimental group students who study literature and texts using the Judges’ Pens Strategy and the mean scores of the control group students who study the same material using the conventional method on the post-test.
To achieve the research objective, the researcher adopted the experimental approach, as it best suited the requirements of the study. The researcher chose a partially controlled experimental design for the two research groups (experimental and control) and intentionally selected Al-Adhara Girls’ High School, affiliated with the Directorate of Education in Governorate of Diyala / Baqubah Central District, to conduct the experiment. Using random sampling, the researcher selected her research sample, consisting of second-year middle school students (Al-Adhara) for Girls, Section (A), to represent the experimental group, consisting of (38) students who studied literature and texts using the “Judges’ Pens Strategy, while Section (B) represented the control group, consisting of (36) students who studied literature and texts using the conventional method. Thus, the research sample totaled (74) students.
The researcher equaled between the two study groups (experimental and control) in terms of the students’ chronological age (in months), their Arabic language grades from the previous academic year (2024–2025), the parents’ educational attainment, and the students’ scores on the mental ability (intelligence) test.
The researcher then formulated (61) behavioral objectives covering the seven topics identified for the experiment and prepared lesson plans for these topics, totaling (14), seven of which were for the experimental group based on the Judges’ Pens Strategy and seven others for the control group based on the conventional method and presented two of them to a group of experts and specialists in literature and Arabic language teaching methods. In light of their opinions, the researcher made the necessary modifications and obtained the experts’ approval.
The researcher then personally examined seven literary and textual topics from the first part of the Arabic Language textbook for the second intermediate grade, which is scheduled to be taught to second-intermediate-grade students in Iraq during the first semester of the 2024–2025 academic year.
To measure the achievement of students in both groups on the literature and text topics studied during the experiment, the researcher developed a research tool: an achievement test consisting of (40) multiple-choice items. The test’s validity, reliability, and psychometric properties were then verified.
After completing the experiment, the researcher administered the achievement test to the students in the research sample and then analyzed the data statistically using the t-test for two independent samples to determine the significance of the difference at a significance level of (0.05) between the two research groups in terms of achievement. It was found that there was a statistically significant difference at a significance level of (0.05) between the mean scores of the experimental group students who studied literature and texts using the Judges’ Pens Strategy and the mean scores of the control group students who studied the same material using the conventional method in the post-test of the experimental group students.
In light of the research findings, the researcher made a series of recommendations, including:
1. The need for Arabic language teachers to adopt the "Judges’ Pens Strategy in teaching literature and texts, as well as other branches of the Arabic language.
2. Utilizing the lesson plans prepared by the researcher for the “Judges’ Pens Strategy as a new teaching method in general and for teaching literature and texts in particular
In light of the research findings, the researcher proposed a set of recommendations, including:
1. Conducting a study similar to the current one on male students.
2. Conducting a study similar to the current one in another branch of the Arabic language, such as Arabic grammar.

The current research aims to identify the effect of the "Chatty Groups" strategy on the achievement of fifth-grade scientific students in gifted girls' high schools in the subject of literary texts.
Methodology:
The research population consisted of fifth-grade scientific students in gifted girls' high schools affiliated with the Karkh II Education Directorate in Baghdad for the 2025/2026 academic year. The sample was purposively selected from Al-Shaimaa Scientific High School for Gifted Girls, totaling (66) students, distributed into (34) students for the experimental group (Section B) and (32) students for the control group (Section C). The researcher established equivalence between the two groups in variables such as chronological age, linguistic ability, previous academic year grades, and parents' educational background. The researcher developed an achievement test consisting of (20) items (13 multiple-choice and 7 essay questions), ensuring its validity, reliability, and discriminatory power.
Results:
The findings revealed that students in the experimental group, who were taught using the "Chatty Groups" strategy, outperformed those in the control group, who were taught using the traditional method, in the post-achievement test. The results also indicated that the strategy was effective in consolidating information through continuous practice and student-centered discussion.
Conclusions and Recommendations:
The researcher concluded that the "Chatty Groups" strategy is more effective than the traditional method in teaching literary texts and contributes to developing higher-order thinking skills, such as inference, criticism, and investigation. Based on these findings, the researcher recommends the implementation of the "Chatty Groups" strategy across various branches of the Arabic language and suggests conducting similar studies for different grade levels.

The current research aims to:
1. Examine concept formation among students with learning difficulties.
2. Identify differences in concept formation among students with learning difficulties according to the gender variable (males and females).
The statistical analysis sample of the current research consisted of (100) male and female students with learning difficulties, aged between (9-10) years, in the schools of the Third Rusafa Education Directorate in Baghdad Governorate for the academic year (2025-2026). To achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher adopted a concept formation test developed by the researcher, constructed according to Bruner's theory of cognitive structure. The test consisted of (24) items. Its psychometric properties, including validity and reliability, were verified by presenting it to a number of experts and specialists. Appropriate statistical methods were used. The results of the research showed that the sample individuals had difficulty in concept formation. In light of the results, a number of recommendations and suggestions were made.

This paper aims to identify the level of meta-emotional skills among female students at the College of Education for Women / Departments of Quranic Sciences and Islamic Education and the Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education. The study also aims to identify the significant statistical differences in meta-emotional skills according to class variables (grade, second, fourth) and (specialization: humanities, science). The primary research sample consists of (100) students from the fourth year (50 female students) and second year (50 female students), representing both scientific and humanities majors.
To achieve the objectives of this study, a meta-emotional scale, developed by Al-Abbasi (2022), is adopted. It includes(41) items, and its validity and reliability were verified by the researchers. To process the data statistically, a number of statistical methods (SPSS) are employed. The research results show that the level of meta-emotional skills among female students at the College of Education for Women is above average. There are also statistically significant differences in positive thinking according to the grade variable, in favor of the fourth grade, and according to the specialization variable, in favor of the scientific specialization.
In light of the findings, the researcher presented a number of recommendations and suggestions.

The current research aims to identify the effect of an educational program based on the Five Minds theory on the achievement of science subjects among fifth-grade primary school students. To achieve the research objective, the following null hypothesis was formulated: There is no statistically significant difference at the significance level of (0.05) between the mean scores of the experimental and control groups in the academic achievement of science subjects. The researchers adopted the descriptive approach in preparing the educational program in light of the theoretical foundations of the Five Minds theory, and the experimental approach in its application, using the experimental design with two equivalent groups (experimental and control). The research population consisted of fifth-grade primary school students in government schools affiliated with the city center of Mosul for the academic year (2025-2026), The research sample consisted of (78) students who were divided into two groups (an experimental group that studied according to the educational program based on the theory of the five minds, and a control group that studied according to the usual method). The researchers prepared an achievement test consisting of (24) items, and its validity and reliability were verified. The data were statistically processed using the t-test for two independent samples via the statistical package program (SPSS), and the results showed a statistically significant difference in favor of the experimental group.

This research aimed to identify mild cognitive impairment among elderly residents in care homes and the significance of differences in mild cognitive impairment according to gender (male-female). To achieve these objectives, relevant theoretical frameworks were reviewed, and it was concluded that the Theory of Mind is the most suitable theory to explain mild cognitive impairment.
Therefore, a simple random sample of (188) elderly men and women from care homes in Baghdad was selected. The researcher then adopted a scale for mild cognitive impairment, based on the theory adopted in this research. The final version of the scale consists of (13) items. All the objective psychometric properties of psychological scales were established, and the scale's validity and reliability indicators were calculated, including face validity and construct validity. Reliability was determined using two methods: test-retest reliability and Cronbach's rank correlation coefficient. The scale was then administered to the sample for statistical analysis. Appropriate statistical methods were used using the SPSS statistical software, and the following results were obtained:
1_The research sample suffers from mild cognitive impairment .
2_There are no statistically significant differences in mild cognitive impairment based on the gender variable (male-female).
The research concluded with a number of findings, recommendations, and suggestions.

The current research aims to identify the analysis of Arabic grammar textbook questions for the Institute of Fine Arts according to the Revised Bloom's Taxonomy, as the two researchers relied on the descriptive (analytical) approach to analyze the Arabic grammar textbook questions in their current research due to its suitability for the research requirements. The research population consisted of the questions from the three grammar books, totaling (226) exercises and the number of main questions was (327) questions. As for the research sample, the questions varied in number according to the levels of the Revised Bloom's Taxonomy, totaling (567) questions. Therefore, the two researchers prepared the research tool for analyzing the questions with a list containing criteria that measure the skills of Revised Bloom's Taxonomy questions and the type of questions (essay and objective). It was presented to a group of experts and specialists in the methods of teaching Arabic language and psychological sciences; thus, it was adopted as the approved tool. Reliability was extracted using the (Holsti) equation; the reliability coefficient for the two researchers was (0.90), the reliability coefficient between the two researchers and the first analyst was (0.89), and the two researchers with the second analyst was (0.87). The reliability of analysis for essay and objective questions was (86%) for the two researchers with the first analyst, (89%) for the two researchers with the second analyst, and (91%) for the first analyst with the second analyst. To achieve the research objectives, the two researchers used statistical methods and treated the data statistically using frequencies, percentages, Chi-square, and the Holsti equation.
The most important conclusions reached by the two researchers:
1- The majority of Arabic grammar textbook questions in the three grades were concentrated in the levels (Understand, Apply, Analyze), and were few in the level of (Remember), while they were very few in the levels of (Evaluate, and Create), and the (Evaluate) level was absent in the third-grade book, which means there is a weakness in the levels of question formulation and a lack of comprehensiveness in a balanced and gradual manner from ease to difficulty.
2- The majority of Arabic grammar textbook questions in the three grades at the Institute of Fine Arts were concentrated in one type of questions, which is the essay type, with clear neglect of objective questions that are considered very important, and it was limited to the (fill in the blanks) type only.
In light of the results reached by the research, the two researchers recommended several recommendations, including the necessity of officials in the education of Fine Arts Institutes paying attention to including questions from the higher levels of the Revised Bloom's Taxonomy (Evaluate, Create) and educational books in other schools. As for the most important suggestions put forward by the two researchers, they include conducting a comparative study between Arabic language curricula in Fine Arts Institutes in Iraq and an Arab country.

The current research aims to identify the knowledge output of secondary school teachers, as well as to reveal differences in this variable according to gender (male-female), specialization (scientific-humanities), and years of service (1-5 years, 6-10 years, and 11 years or more).
The research sample consisted of 200 teachers (70 male and 130 female) selected using stratified random sampling. The researchers developed a knowledge output scale consisting of 26 items distributed across three domains. The psychometric properties of the instrument were verified in terms of validity, reliability, and discrimination.
A range of statistical methods were used, including the one-sample t-test, the independent samples t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed that teachers possessed a high degree of knowledge production. Statistically significant individual differences were also found based on gender, favoring males, as well as differences based on specialization, favoring those in the humanities. Furthermore, differences were found based on years of service, favoring those with 6-10 years of experience.
In light of these findings, the researchers presented several recommendations and suggestions related to the study.

The current research aims to identify the effect of the nine-squares matrix strategy on the achievement of middle school students in Arabic grammar. To achieve this objective, the researcher adopted the experimental method, as it was suitable for the nature of the research. The researcher selected Al-Ritaj Intermediate School for Girls in Wasit Governorate, Al-Suwaira General Directorate of Education. This school comprised two middle and high schools, and Al-Ritaj Intermediate School had five sections for the first year of middle school. Using random assignment, section A was chosen to represent the experimental group 40 students who studied using the nine-squares matrix strategy, while section B 40 students was chosen as the control group and studied using the traditional method. The two study groups were matched in several variables, including intelligence, age calculated in months, parental educational attainment, prior achievement in Arabic grammar, and language proficiency. The researcher developed an achievement test consisting of 30 multiple-choice questions with four alternatives. The results of the current research revealed that the students in the experimental group, who studied using the traditional method, outperformed the students in the test. Achievement

The current research aims to identify the effectiveness of two proposed strategies, based on thinking skills, in improving the mathematics achievement of second-year intermediate school students. The researchers based their findings on the null hypothesis regarding mathematics achievement, which is further divided into two sub-hypotheses. They employed a descriptive approach in developing the two proposed strategies and an experimental approach to determine their effectiveness on the achievement variable. An experimental design with three equivalent groups was used: two experimental groups and one control group. The research sample consisted of 133 students. The first experimental group comprised 45 students from Palestine Girls' School who studied using the first strategy (active reasoning strategy). The second experimental group comprised 43 students from Ruqayya Girls' School who studied using the second proposed strategy (active induction strategy). The third experimental group comprised 45 students from Sumer Girls' School who studied using the traditional method.
The third experimental group consisted of 45 students from Sumer Girls' School who studied using the traditional method. Based on several variables, such as age in months, parental education level, previous year's mathematics grade, and overall GPA, the two groups were found to be equivalent. The researchers developed the following instruments: a mathematics achievement test consisting of 28 items that included three levels of Bloom's Taxonomy (knowledge, comprehension, and application), and multiple-choice questions. Using Cronbach's alpha, the reliability coefficient was 0.818, the item difficulty coefficient was 0.460–0.684, the item discrimination coefficient was 0.315–0.473, and the alternatives' effectiveness coefficient was -0.210, -0.052. One-way ANOVA and Scheffé's post-hoc test were used to analyze the data using SPSS software.
The results of the statistical analysis of the data were also obtained. Main Hypothesis: There is a statistically significant difference at the 0.05 level between the mean scores of the first experimental group, which studied using the first proposed strategy (active reasoning strategy), the mean scores of the second experimental group, which studied using the second proposed strategy (active induction strategy), and the mean scores of the control group, which studied using the traditional method, on the achievement test.
1- There is a statistically significant difference at the 0.05 level between the mean scores of the first experimental group, which studied using the first proposed strategy (active reasoning strategy), and the mean scores of the control group, which studied using the traditional method, on the achievement test.
2- There is a statistically significant difference at the 0.05 level between the mean scores of the second experimental group, which studied using the second proposed strategy (active induction strategy), and the mean scores of the control group, which studied using the traditional method, on the achievement test. Based on the research findings, the researchers presented a set of recommendations and suggestions.

The current research aims to identify narcissistic rivalry and cumulative stress among university department heads, as well as to determine the nature of the correlational relationship between them. The researchers adopted the descriptive-correlational method due to its suitability for the nature of the research in uncovering relationships between variables without intervention. To achieve the research objectives, a sample of (190) department heads was selected. For the purposes of the study, the researchers developed a narcissistic rivalry scale, which in its final form consisted of (26) items distributed across three domains. Additionally, a cumulative stress scale was developed, consisting of (37) items distributed across four domains. Both scales underwent procedures for validity, reliability, and statistical analysis to verify their suitability for application.
The results showed that department heads do not possess high levels of narcissistic rivalry and do not suffer from cumulative stress. Furthermore, the results indicated a moderate correlational relationship between narcissistic rivalry and cumulative stress among department heads. Based on these findings, a set of recommendations and suggestions related to the study variables were presented.

This research aims to identify the impact of the network analysis strategy on the achievement of fifth-grade science students in literature and texts. To achieve this objective, the researcher formulated the following three hypotheses:
1. There is no statistically significant difference at the 0.05 level between the mean scores of the experimental group students who studied literature and texts using the network analysis strategy and the mean scores of the control group students who studied the same material using the traditional method in the post-test.
The researcher adopted a quasi-experimental approach, as it was the most suitable for the requirements of her research. She chose a quasi-experimental design with partial control for the two research groups and randomly selected Al-Hamaim Secondary School for Girls, affiliated with the Directorate of Education of Diyala Governorate/Al-Khalis District, to conduct the experiment. The two research groups included 35 students. The researcher statistically matched the variables between the students in the two research groups: the students' chronological age (calculated in months), their grades in Literature and Texts for the previous academic year (2023-2025), their parents' educational attainment level, and their IQ test scores. The researcher formulated 99 behavioral objectives based on the content of the subject matter textbook for the cognitive domain of Bloom's Taxonomy (knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation). The researcher prepared lesson plans for the selected topics, consisting of eight lesson plans using the network analysis strategy for the experimental group and eight lesson plans using the traditional method for the control group. The validity of these plans was confirmed by presenting two models to a group of experts and specialists in Arabic language and its teaching methods. Based on their feedback, the researcher made the necessary modifications, which were then approved by the experts. The researcher also prepared a post-test and administered it to the students in both the experimental and control groups at the end of the experiment. The test consisted of 39 items. Multiple-choice questions.
The researcher used SPSS software to extract the appropriate statistical tools for this research. After statistically analyzing the data to determine the significance of the difference at the 0.05 level between the scores of the students in the two research groups on the achievement test, it became clear that there was a statistically significant difference at the 0.05 level between the average scores of the students in the experimental group. In light of the research results, the researcher concluded that the network analysis strategy has a positive effect on raising the achievement level of fifth-grade science students compared to the traditional method.
The researcher recommended that teachers adopt the network analysis strategy when teaching literature and texts to fifth-grade science students and not rely on traditional teaching methods.

This study seeks to explore the effectiveness of using YouTube videos in improving the English pronunciation of English learners at the secondary level in Iraq. One of the main components of communicative competence is pronunciation but in EFL classrooms it is usually neglected because of the emphasis on grammar, lexis and written exams. This study utilized a quasi-experimental pre-intervention/post-intervention control-group design. The sample was made up of 50 Iraqi secondary school students from Al- Qadisiyah Governorate: an experimental group (n = 25) taught selected pronunciation YouTube videos and a control group (n = 25) taught through traditional pronunciation instruction. It was a pronunciation test designed by the researcher and focusing on segmental sound phonemes such as vowels, stress, and intonation. The results showed that the experimental group had a higher performance than the control group on all aspects of pronunciation: consonants (90% vs. 70%), vowels (85% vs. 60%), and stress and intonation (80% vs. 65%).

The research aims to identify:
1. Positive stress among middle school students
2. The significance of differences in positive stress according to the variables of gender and grade level.
3. Self-efficacy among middle school students
4. The significance of differences in self-efficacy according to the variables of gender and grade level.
5. The significance of differences in the correlation between positive stress and self-efficacy among middle school students. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher adopted the following:
The researcher used the Eustress Scale ES, consisting of 10 items. The researcher also developed a Self-Efficacy Scale based on several previous studies and scales, consisting of 25 items. The researcher administered the scale to a sample of 400 middle school students 140 males and 260 females during the 2023-2024 academic year. The results were as follows:
1. Middle school students generally have a moderate level of positive stress.
2. The results showed no differences between gender and grade level in positive stress and self-efficacy. This is attributed to the lack of differentiation in socialization and education.
3. A correlation exists between positive stress and self-efficacy among middle school students.
The research concluded with a discussion of the results and the presentation of some recommendations and suggestions.

This research aims to address a societal problem related to reducing emotional deprivation among orphaned adolescent girls, given the significant humanitarian importance of this group. The researchers developed a guidance program based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) to alleviate emotional deprivation in these girls. The program was developed using a descriptive methodology and followed a structured scientific approach. ACT is designed because it aligns with the nature of the research problem and focuses on practical solutions rather than attempting to change negative thoughts. Furthermore, the program is suitable for orphaned adolescent girls and can be implemented in a group setting. The techniques used in the program include discussion, progressive relaxation, mindfulness, situation cards, avoidance strategies, SMART strategies, values ​​tree activities, metaphor activities, gradual exposure, and home-based training. The researchers recommend utilizing this program to train staff in state-run orphanages and to adapt it for implementation in other institutions, such as the Ministry of Education.