Wasit Journal Of Sports Sciences

Muscle injury is one of the most common injuries among athletes, due to the fact that muscles are the main tool for implementing performance requirements.
The aims to prepare rehabilitation exercises and identify the effect of these exercises with muscle stimulation in improving muscle strength, range of motion and stable balance for players with partial rupture of the quadriceps femora's muscle. The researchers used the experimental method with one experimental group and the application of measurement (pre dimensional) to suit the nature of the research. The study sample consisted of (6) players from Al-Kout Sports Club with partial rupture of the quadriceps femora's muscle, who were selected by the method. The researchers concluded that rehabilitation exercises and muscle stimulation achieved a significant improvement in muscle strength, range of motion and stable balance of the quadriceps femora's muscles. The researchers also recommended to be guided by rehabilitation exercises and muscle stimulation when rehabilitating the quadriceps muscle affected by partial rupture, and the need to integrate the elements of physical rehabilitation from a practical point of view in order to raise the functional efficiency of the muscles, which is developed through muscle strength exercises, muscle endurance and range of motion.

Education and learning in the field of physical education and sports sciences play an important role in the educational system as they help in gaining the trust of learners, providing them with motivation, shaping their attitudes towards studying, building personality, developing social and cooperative relationships during physical education classes. This is achieved through the use of educational units based on some effective teaching methods to contribute to the teaching and learning processes of basic football skills. The research aims to identify the impact of using educational units based on some effective teaching methods in learning some technical football skills for first-year middle school students. The researcher used the experimental method with two groups (control and experimental) to suit the study's curriculum and the nature of the problem. The study community consisted of third-year middle school students in intermediate and high schools in the Meimouna Education Directorate under the Maysan Education Directorate. The sample for the application was taken from third-year middle school students at Sheikh Al-Tousi High School. The researcher reached a number of conclusions, including that using the method of educational units based on some effective teaching methods plays a significant role in learning some football skills, and that students' group work and involvement in asking questions also play a major role in learning some football skills. As for the main recommendations of the research, they include: focusing on diversity in educational units by using more than one effective teaching method while learning some football skills.

The game of football is characterized by a diversity of skills, so the player must focus on performing the skills that this game relies on. Since technical skills are the basis on which the rest of the football skills depend, without mastering these skills, the team cannot perform technical and skillful tasks and achieve victory. The research aims to identify the impact of compound physical-skill exercises on improving the accuracy of handling and scoring skills, and enduring performance in football. The researchers used the experimental approach to suit the nature of the research and the problem. The research community may include players participating in the Iraqi Youth League and those registered with the Iraqi Football Association. The research sample was deliberately selected and consisted of (24) players from the Al-Athamiya Youth Sports Club for Football for the year (2021-2022). The researchers concluded that compound (physical-skill) exercises had a positive impact on scoring, medium handling, and enduring skill performance in football. The approach used by the researchers effectively contributed to improving the selected skills in the game of football. The researchers recommended conducting training units that include these compound physical-skill exercises for players of Al-Athamiya Club or other clubs.

Badminton is one of the individual sports practiced by both genders, and most of its skills fall under the open-loop system, so it requires a high level of skill performance due to changing playing conditions within a single point. This has led to competition among countries to innovate the best modern scientific foundations that can develop the level of skill performance for learners. Therefore, the importance of the research lies in reaching the optimal way to deal with the specificity of the skill by utilizing the principle of diverse practice for generalizing motor programs in developing some basic skills in badminton, enabling the learner to find the best solutions for skill performance in different positions and forms with high skill performance. The researcher used the experimental method to suit the nature of the problem, and the research sample consisted of all members of the research community, who are young players from the badminton clubs of Wasit Governorate for the 2021-2022 season, totaling 27 players aged between 10-12 years. They were divided into three groups, two experimental and one control, with each group consisting of 9 players. The researcher concluded that diverse practice for generalizing motor programs has a positive impact on learning some basic skills in badminton.

Tests are one of the necessary scientific methods in the field of physical education and sports science, as they play a prominent role in the process of proper planning and continuous progress. Objective testing and accurate scientific measurement play a significant role in providing a true indicator of the player's abilities. Therefore, it is necessary to benefit from them to promote sports activities in general and volleyball in particular. The research aims to identify the correlation between the offensive strategic thinking scale and the tests of basic skills (spiking, serving, setting) and the direction of this correlational relationship among players of some volleyball clubs in Kirkuk province. The researcher used a descriptive approach with correlational method to suit the nature of the current research. The research sample consisted of players from clubs (Sulaf, New Sulaf, Daquq) who were advanced in number (36) representing 50% of the total research community. The researcher relied on (10) players from Al-Shurja club as a stability sample and a pilot survey for the research. The researcher concluded the following: there is a mutual influence between the strategic thinking scale and the tests of basic skills (setting, spiking, serving), as the variables affect each other in an exclusionary manner among advanced volleyball players in Kirkuk province. The researcher recommends the following: paying attention to linking strategic thinking with the performance of basic skills during training units and transferring this information to the player's performance during the game. The relationship between strategic thinking and some offensive skills of advanced volleyball players in Kirkuk province.

Parkour is one of the sports that require special physical abilities to perform strong, fast, and sudden movements. These special physical abilities are considered essential elements for assessing the player\'s skills, and any weakness in physical abilities leads to a deficiency in skill performance and consequently hinders the player from meeting the performance requirements, such as strength, speed, and other physical abilities. The research aims to identify the simple factorial structure of physical abilities as an indicator for the initial selection of parkour gymnasts. It also aims to identify a number of abbreviated measures representing the extracted factors, which serve as indicators of the physical abilities for parkour gymnasts. The researcher used the descriptive method with a survey approach and correlational relationships. The research community was identified as advanced parkour players in Mosul, numbering 78 players, and the research sample consisted of 44 players selected randomly from the research community, representing 56.5% of the total research community. The most important conclusion reached by the researcher is that the factorial analysis using orthogonal rotation on 31 physical tests for parkour players revealed 11 factors, of which 6 were accepted according to the factor acceptance conditions. Physical ability tests were extracted based on the extracted factors, and their units represented the highest saturations. The researcher recommended using the extracted tests for advanced players in developing training programs and considering the extracted factors for students at this age stage when observing growth.

The study aims to understand the impact of climate change on the conduct of physical education classes, teaching basic skills in physical education to students, analyzing the effect of climate change on students' performance in physical education classes, developing educational strategies to deal with climate change during the teaching of physical education, and providing recommendations to improve the learning environment and enhance the impact of climate change on the conduct of physical education classes. The study community consists of students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Science at the University of the Future (Iraq), totaling approximately 1200 students, with a study sample of 150 third-year students. The study utilized a descriptive survey experimental approach, and data was collected through questionnaires allowing for the collection of hypothetical individual data. The study was conducted from September 1, 2022, to September 27, 2023. The conclusions indicated an increase in students' awareness of the importance of taking measures to protect against the negative effects of climate change, as well as an increase in promoting sustainability values. Furthermore, it was recommended to continue developing curricula to include climate change topics and to provide more training for faculty members on how to teach climate change.

Football is one of the sports characterized by a competitive and intense nature, and it holds great importance for people of different races and languages. Games that require intense physical effort and vary according to the match conditions require players to be prepared to face these efforts in the best possible way, as any functional disorder will lead to a disruption of the physical and skill level of the players, meaning that players must be physically prepared in a way that aligns with the requirements. The research aims to prepare exercises for explosive power and some motor abilities in developing some of the muscles working on the knee joint in young football players. The experimental approach was used as it is the closest approach to solving the research problem. The researcher used one of the main designs of the experimental approach, which is the single-group pretest-posttest design. The researcher concluded that the exercises used in a scientific and regulated manner, using appropriate devices and tools that suit the capabilities and potentials of the players, are capable of developing the muscles working on the knee joint. The researcher recommends using the physical and motor exercises he prepared as they have a positive and noticeable impact on developing the muscles working on the knee joint.

The interest in sport psychological counseling has become one of the requirements and necessities needed in the process of preparing the player to help him overcome the psychological problems he faces. It also helps in developing athletes by providing them with skills such as meditation, relaxation, communication, and goal setting through specialized counselors in this field. The study aims to reveal the relationship between positive thinking and free throw performance among first stage students at Diyala University, College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. To achieve the study objectives, the researcher used the descriptive method with correlational relationships. The research community consisted of first-year students for the year 2023, totaling 14 students. The research sample consisted of 10 students who were selected intentionally. The study tools included the use of the positive thinking scale, and the scientific foundations of the scale were verified using statistical methods. The study found a positive correlational relationship between the research variables in positive thinking and the level of performance in free throw shooting in basketball, in a negative direction. The study recommended developing free throw shooting skills, positive thinking, and attitudes among students in university stages, and conducting studies on this variable in other sports events.

Leadership styles are an effective means to influence others and mobilize management to overcome difficulties. There are many diverse and varied sports leadership styles that vary depending on the type of sports activity and practice conditions, which affect the use of leadership style to influence players and achieve better results, varying from one coach to another. As sports coaches in clubs take on the role of leader, they go beyond it to delve into deeper aspects of the public and private life of the group or team they deal with. The research aims to identify the best leadership style among football coaches in the (C) Asian category between the Sulaymaniyah province center and outside it, as well as to understand the differences that appear in the leadership styles of football coaches in the (C) Asian category between the city center and outside it in the Sulaymaniyah province. The researcher used a descriptive method with a comparative style to suit the nature of the problem. The research community included football coaches in Sulaymaniyah Governorate who hold the Asian certificate category (C), totaling (86) coaches. The research sample consisted of (73) coaches selected intentionally, with (44) coaches in the city center and (29) coaches outside the city. Thirteen (13) coaches were excluded, with ten (10) being used for the pilot survey experiment and theoretical foundations of the scale, and three (3) coaches providing incorrect answers, making the sample rate for the community (84.88%), a high and studyable percentage. The researcher concluded that leadership styles in training - instructions, democratic, dictatorial, and social support did not show significant differences, while a significant difference appeared between coaches in the city center and outside it in favor of the city center in the social reinforcement approach. The researcher recommends preparing coaches with proper leadership training by involving them in training courses to acquire modern knowledge in coaching.

The knee joint is one of the largest joints in the body and is of great importance in walking and weight-bearing. It is one of the complex joints in structure, and is also one of the joints most prone to injury. The knee joint performs two opposing functions, one is movement such as running and turning, and the other is bearing the weight of the body. The research aims to prepare rehabilitation exercises accompanied by ultrasound therapy and to recognize their effect on rehabilitating players with partial tears of the lateral ligaments of the knee joint. The researcher used the experimental method with two experimental and control groups with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up designs. The research sample consisted of 14 individuals with lateral ligament tears of the knee joint. The researchers concluded that the rehabilitation program led to improvement in muscle strength of the injured joint muscles in all movement directions during program execution, as well as the disappearance of pain due to the use of rehabilitation exercises accompanied by ultrasound therapy. The researchers recommended the necessity of promptly dealing with partial tears of the lateral ligaments of the knee joint and focusing on regulated therapeutic exercises accompanied by medical devices for treating knee ligament injuries.

The modeling strategy works to impart individual with motor, behavioral, and cognitive patterns through observing the performance of appropriate models. There are several types of modeling, including direct, indirect, and participatory. Live modeling has been used in this research due to its importance in the motor learning process, as it deals with different models, leading to addressing differences and disparities. This strategy aims to deliver skills smoothly and correctly, helping to facilitate proper and highly motivated learning. The research aims to identify the impact of live modeling strategy on learning some football skills for first-grade middle school students. The researchers used the experimental approach suitable for the nature of the study. The research community consisted of students from Al-Thabat Intermediate School for Boys, one of the schools of the Education Directorate of Al-Karkh, Baghdad, for the second term of the academic year (2022-2023), with a total of (163) students distributed among (4) classes. The research sample was divided into two classes from the first grade, namely (A, D), selected using simple random sampling (lottery) to form two groups, each consisting of (10) students. The researchers concluded that live modeling helped students identify the correct performance of the skills under study, recognize the difficulties and errors associated with skill performance. The researchers recommend training teachers and educators during service to be a good model or to use a model that leads to skills being performed well, easily, and correctly.

Management is considered the cornerstone of success for any institution, whether it is industrial, educational, or commercial. It plays a major role and largely determines the success or failure of these institutions. Therefore, management is one of the most important reasons for the growth and advancement of societies. The research aims to prepare two scales to measure the variables of leadership traits and administrative performance, and to identify the level of these variables among primary school principals from the perspective of physical education teachers in Thi Qar. The researcher used the descriptive approach with both survey and correlational methods to fit their nature of research. The research community consisted of teachers from schools affiliated with the General Directorate in Thi Qar province, totaling 100 teachers distributed among 100 primary schools in Thi Qar province. They were divided into three samples (survey sample of 10, construction sample of 50, and application sample of 40). The researcher concluded the presence of a significant positive correlation between leadership traits and administrative performance of primary school principals in Thi Qar province center. The principals of primary schools affiliated with the Thi Qar Education Directorate exhibited a good level of leadership and administrative traits from the perspective of the research sample. The researcher recommended emphasizing the accuracy in selecting primary school principals according to regulated scientific criteria and ensuring the development of continuous guidance programs for primary school principals.

Boxing is one of the sports in which the boxer frequently uses both hands to direct punches against the opponent, as well as to use them in defense and offense. Most combat sports rely on the use of hands in the process of both defense and offense, which exposes many boxers to injuries. One of the most common and important injuries is wrist joint injury, especially carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), which is a narrow tunnel in the wrist area. The researcher aims to prepare proposed exercises to rehabilitate carpal tunnel syndrome injury for advanced boxers, and to understand the impact of these exercises in strengthening the working muscles and assisting the injured wrist of advanced boxers. The researchers used the experimental method to suit the nature of the problem, and the research sample was deliberately selected from (4) boxers suffering from carpal tunnel syndrome and the injury was diagnosed by a specialist doctor. The researchers concluded that the proposed exercises had positive effects on regaining muscle strength of the working and assisting muscles, as well as a positive role in saving time and effort. The researchers recommended using rehabilitation exercises to maintain the strength of the working and assisting muscles of the wrist joint, and advised the boxers to follow the specified rehabilitation period prescribed by the rehabilitation specialist and to refrain from training until full recovery to avoid injury recurrence.

The research aims to reveal the effect of special defensive exercises on a number of physical characteristics of football players. The researcher used the experimental method for its suitability and the nature of the research. The experiment was implemented on a sample of Zakho Football Club youth players for the football season (2022-2023), who numbered (2022-2023). 20) players were chosen intentionally and divided randomly into two groups (experimental and control) with (10) players for each group. Homogeneity was achieved in the variables (age, height, mass) as well as parity between the two research groups in physical variables. The design was adopted. The experimental design, which is called a random-selection control group with two pre- and post-tests, The researchers used the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, skewness coefficient, t-test for related samples, t-test for independent samples as statistical means, and the researchers concluded that the special defensive exercises carried out by the experimental group achieved development in all physical characteristics, including experimental group players, the control group also achieved development in explosive power and strength characterized by speed and agility, but did not achieve development in maximum transitional speed and strength endurance, of the control group players. While the experimental group that carried out the special defensive exercises achieved better development than the control group in most physical characteristics, with the exception of maximum transitional speed.

The history of the Scouting movement reflects global social, cultural, and technological changes over more than a century. Scouting aims to develop young people worldwide through educational programs based on specific principles and values. In Arab countries, the Scouting movement is considered one of the most important platforms contributing to developing young people and enhancing their role. Positive in society, began with the establishment of the first scout camp in the region and witnessed great growth and prosperity over the decades. The research aims to reveal the historical roots and development of the scout movement in the leading Arab countries and analyze the positive impact of scout movements in the leading Arab countries on the development of youth and society in light of the challenges it experienced during its historical development.
The most important conclusions came: Scouting movements in the leading Arab countries have contributed by being a source of learning, development, and character-building since the establishment of their first scouting camps in 1913 in Mount Lebanon. These beginnings and spread represented an important initiative towards providing comprehensive development opportunities for young people, and the scouting movements in the leading Arab countries also sought Since its inception, it has aimed to transmit and strengthen the principles of the World Scout Movement, represented in ideal values and morals such as tolerance, justice, respect and responsibility, and to form a generation of young people with high morals.

The ground tennis game relies primarily on mastering the basic skills of the game effectively, and the success of the teacher in his work is through the students\' mastery of its basic skills. This is achieved through the use of the best teaching strategies to ensure the learning of the students\' forehand and backhand skills. The research aims to develop an educational curriculum and to understand the impact of this curriculum using the strategy of illustrative shapes in learning the forehand and backhand skills of ground tennis students. The researcher used the experimental method to suit the nature of the research. The research community was defined by third-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Al-Qadisiyah for the academic year 2023-2024, totaling (80) students. A sample of (20) students was selected randomly and divided into two controlled and experimental groups. The researcher concluded that there is a development of the controlled group in the post-test in the front and backstroke tests in tennis for students. The use of visual aids helped increase students\' confidence in themselves by allowing them to design shapes that indicate their understanding of the subject matter. The researcher recommends emphasizing the use of visual aids strategy as it is important in adding some fun and desire to learn for any scientific subject, which the researcher observed during the experiment.

The objective of the present study was to develop educational modules utilising the SOM strategy, specifically teacher guidance and peer pairing, to instruct the research sample in various volleyball skills. Additionally, the study aimed to assess the effectiveness of these modules and determine the impact of utilising the SWOM strategy, in the form of teacher guidance and peer interaction, on the acquisition of specific skills by the second stage sample. The study examined the preference for two methods in the post-test of the study's variables. "It assumed that there would be statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-test results of the experimental and control groups in terms of learning volleyball skills among student participants". The study also aimed to identify any differences between the two groups in the post-tests for the variables being studied. "The researchers utilised an experimental design for both the experimental and control groups, employing a pre- and post-test methodology". "The educational units were administered to a sample of 36 students, with 12 students randomly selected from each division". This sample represented 38.46% of the overall research community. The researcher implemented their main teaching approach by delivering one educational unit per week for a duration of 8 weeks. Subsequently, post-tests were conducted. The data was analysed using suitable statistical methods to accomplish the intended research goals. The researchers reached significant conclusions: both methods employed had a distinct influence on enhancing offensive skills, with the strategy (SWOM) guided by peers proving more effective than the strategy (SWOM) directed by the teacher. This was observed not only in comparison to the control group, but also in comparison to the method employed by the teacher.

The research aims to prepare educational units and assess their impact using the listening triangle strategy to teach some offensive basketball skills to second-grade middle school students. The experimental method was used, and the method was applied to second-grade middle school students, totaling (40) students, who were randomly divided into two groups: experimental and control, with an average of (20) students in each group. The experimental group applied the prepared method using the listening triangle strategy, while the control group followed the school's regular curriculum. The researchers concluded that the listening triangle strategy contributed to improving the performance of chest control speed, high dribbling, and peaceful scoring. Using the listening triangle strategy in physical education class helped stimulate and motivate students, making them feel excited and engaged, and more energetic during the lesson. The researchers recommended the necessity of conducting workshops and training courses for physical education teachers to enhance their knowledge and understanding of the listening triangle strategy and its importance. Implementing the listening triangle strategy as one of the modern learning methods strategies for the freedom it provides in performance and moving away from coercive learning.

The aim of the research is to identify the impact of the vocabulary of the training program using (S.A.Q) exercises on some physical abilities studied by the research sample, and to identify the differences in some physical abilities studied between the players of the two groups, the experimental group and the control group, in the pre-test and post-test. The researcher used the experimental method due to its suitability and the nature of the research. The research community consisted of players from the Derbendikhan sports club football team, who are considered applicants for the sports season (2022/2023), totaling (24) players. The research sample was deliberately selected and divided into two groups, experimental and control, with (9) players in each group. The researcher concluded a number of conclusions, including that the proposed training exercises in the SAQ style had a positive impact on the physical abilities under study, as shown by the research results. There was a noticeable development in the increase in data of a number of physical variables, accompanied by a development in other physical variables that had a positive impact on them. This is an indicator confirming the development of the research sample in terms of physical abilities, a result reflected in the ability of the proposed training exercises to achieve the desired goal. The use of physical tests is considered a valid and accurate indicator for evaluating the physical aspect and training programs aimed at improving performance.

Paying attention to physical activity means paying more attention to general health than just physical fitness, and any type of physical activity intended will help with that. Programmed effort to increase sports activity will provide an opportunity to reduce risk factors of injury and achieve positive physiological changes, thus gaining general health. The research aims to use aerobic exercises and understand their impact on developing some physical, motor, and functional variables for non-athletic individuals aged (40-50) years. The researcher used the experimental method to suit it to solve the research problem and chose the pre-test and post-test one-group design. The research sample consisted of non-athletic individuals aged (40-50) years, with a total of (10) individuals. The researchers concluded that the aerobic exercises prepared by the researcher positively contributed to the development of some physical, motor, and functional variables in the experimental group individuals. The aerobic exercises prepared by the researcher also clearly contributed to the occurrence of functional adaptation in the experimental group individuals. The researcher recommended the use of aerobic exercises prepared in sports centers and gyms to create a healthy disease-free community and to conduct similar research on other samples and variables.

The first psychology shows a clear interest in studying personality as it represents the distinctive behavior of the individual, as psychologists have emphasized in their studies and research on the importance of some personality traits that can distinguish one person from another. These traits can be prominent in an individual's character. There are many types of personalities, one of which is the conscientious personality, characterized by high alertness. The research aims to build and standardize the conscientious personality scale and identify the dimensions of conscientious personality among sports stadium security personnel. The researcher used the descriptive method with a survey study approach as it suits the research variables and objectives. The research community consisted of (550) security personnel, while the research sample consisted of (407) employees working in the security of sports institutions in Iraq, distributed in the provinces (Baghdad - Basra - Karbala - Najaf - Maysan - Muthanna) representing 73% of the research community. The researcher concluded that all forms of vigilance personality were at a moderate level except for the criticism vigilance dimension, which was at a low level. It was also found that there is a difference in the levels of the dimensions of vigilance personality among the workers in the security of sports institutions, the research sample. The researcher recommended adopting the current scale as a standard for selecting workers in the security of sports institutions and including activities for developing cautious vigilance personality in the curricula of development courses for workers in the security of sports institutions.

The research aimed to prepare muscle elongation exercises for the arms with high intensity in which the training methods for young blind fencers vary, and to identify the effect of the diversity of muscle elongation exercises for the arms with high intensity on the cellular basal efficiency (lactic acid and sodium bicarbonate) and pulmonary respiration for young blind weapon fencers in terms of sports technology, and the experimental approach was adopted by designing the experimental and equal control groups, and the limits of the research community were represented by young fencers with shish weapon under the age of (20) years in the Army Sports Club, whose number is Total (15) swordsmen, continuing their training for the sports season (2023/2024), the research sample of them was deliberately selected by a comprehensive inventory method by (100%) of their original community, then they were randomly divided into two groups according to the determinants of the experimental design of the research, as the number of fencers of the first group reached (7) fencers who were randomly selected for the experimental group, and the second group (8) fencers as its control, and after the end of the experiment the conclusions were that the diversity of the exercises Muscular elongation of the arms with high intensity suitable for young swordsmen, positively affects the development of basal cellular efficiency by decreasing the level of lactic acid concentration and increasing the level of sodium bicarbonate concentration, And reduce the number of times pulmonary breathing in young fencers of the weapon of shish, and outperform their peers who train without it, and the researcher recommended that it is necessary to accompany the biochemical measurement of Alali according to sports technology muscle strength training for young fencers with the weapon of shish, and it is necessary to adopt the principle of diversification methods and methods of training when preparing the diversity of exercises and applied exercises muscle elongation of the arms with high intensity for young fencers with shish weapon.

Knowledge sharing aims to work in a spirit of group or team collaboration, and knowledge sharing is of great importance for success. Knowledge sharing works to remove social, temporal, and material barriers, reduce time, effort, and distance, and attempt to overcome barriers and constraints, speeding up the learning process. The research aims to explore the relationship between knowledge sharing and learning the skills of volleyball spike and block among fourth-grade female students. The researchers assumed that there is a relationship between knowledge sharing and learning the skills of volleyball spike and block. The researchers adopted a descriptive approach with correlational studies, and the research population consisted of 180 fourth-grade female students. The study sample consisted of 68 students, representing 37.7% of the research population, selected intentionally from high-achieving female students attending school regularly for the academic year (2023-2024). The scale was prepared according to methodological steps and statistical processing to be suitable for the research sample, and after preparing the scale, the researchers verified the results using the statistical package SPSS. The researchers concluded that the cognitive collaboration scale is a valid measurement tool to meet scientific requirements. Fourth-grade female students require a high level of cognitive collaboration and an advanced level of multiplication and barrier skills. The researchers also found a relationship between cognitive collaboration and learning multiplication and barrier skills. The researchers recommended employing and activating the components of cognitive collaboration among fourth-grade female students due to its positive impact on various aspects, whether personal or cognitive

The study aimed to identify the differences between (S.AB), (D.AB), (PP), and lactic acid at rest before the start of the match and after physical exertion and the end of the three rounds, and to identify the differences between performance endurance and accuracy during each round of the three rounds. As for the research methodology, the researchers used the descriptive approach, and identified the research population from the boxers participating in the Basra youth championship held at Al-Mina Club with a total of seven clubs and 25 boxers. The researchers selected 8 boxers in the final rounds intentionally and the percentage was 32%.Based on the results obtained, the researchers concluded that measurements (S.AB), (D.AB), (PP) at rest are within normal limits, while after the three rounds there is a response and an increase in (S.AB), (PP) indicating a relative increase in functional efficiency, and a near increase to the normal level (D.AB) after physical exertion. Also, measuring lactate at rest before exertion is within normal limits of lactate concentration levels. After the three rounds, lactate accumulation increased to a level estimated to be five times its level at rest, with an inability to return to the normal state. The researchers recommended periodic examinations of physiological and chemical responses of boxers before and after physical exertion to determine their capabilities, specify the training method, and provide an indicator and guide for training load and intensity, emphasizing the use of lactate tolerance training for boxers to develop muscle endurance.

The research aims to develop exercises specific to the descending pyramidal training method to develop the muscle mass of the leg muscles of 100m athletes in the arena and field through (preparing a training program using the descending pyramidal training method for 100m running athletes, identifying the effect of the proposed program on the digital level of 100m running athletes, The researcher used the experimental method due to its suitability to the nature of the research. The researcher used an experimental design with two measurements, pre- and post-test, for one experimental group. The researcher chose a deliberate sample of (20) 100m runners from some Iraqi clubs. One of the most important results was: the presence of statistically significant differences. At the level of (0.05) between the average scores of the pre- and post-measurements of the experimental group in favor of the average of the post-measurement in the physical tests (strength endurance characterized by speed for the legs, the maximum muscular strength test, the broad jump from stability, and the vertical jump test), there were statistically significant differences at the level the average scores of the pre- and post-measurements of the experimental group in favor of the average of the post-measurement at (the digital level). One of the most important recommendations was to work on using the hierarchical training method within the vocabulary of the training curriculum, and to emphasize following the scientific method when developing training in the hierarchical method.

Advanced countries work actively to use many strategies, educational models, and theories that contribute to bringing athletes to high levels to achieve athletic excellence in specialized events. They have used many modern techniques to improve physical and motor skills that work on developing skills in various events. The research goals include preparing an educational curriculum according to the Shamk model and identifying the impact of the educational curriculum on cognitive achievement and learning some basic football skills for students. Researchers used the experimental method by designing two equivalent groups with pre-test and post-test to suit the nature of the problem. The research community was intentionally identified as represented by first-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Wasit University, totaling (124) students. The research sample was selected randomly, with the number of students in the control group being (20) students and the experimental group (20) students. The survey experiment sample, consisting of (10) students, will be determined. The researchers concluded that the educational method according to the Shemek model had a clear and effective impact on improving cognitive achievement in football for students. The educational method according to the Shemek model also had an impact on developing the most important researched basic skills (dribbling, passing). The researchers recommended the necessity of relying on the Shemek model in building educational curricula for students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences.

The research aimed to determine the type and nature of the relationship between the positive emotional tone among teachers of the faculties of physical education and sports sciences and the cognitive feelings of the fourth stage students during the volleyball lesson, after determining the level of positive emotional tone among volleyball teachers in the faculties of physical education and sports sciences in dealing during the lesson from the point of view of their students. The researchers have identified the research community with students of the fourth stage in the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Kirkuk, who number (196) students, and the researchers have chosen all members of the research community as a main sample of the research, and the main research sample has been divided into sub-samples, namely (exploratory study sample, preparation sample, and final application sample) with an individual number of (6-114-76) Students respectively, and in order to measure the level of positive emotional tone and cognitive feelings, the researchers prepared two tools, the first measures the level of positive emotional tone among volleyball teachers and the number of paragraphs (12) paragraphs, while the second tool describes the level of cognitive feelings among students and the number of paragraphs (14) paragraphs, , and after processing the results, the researchers reached as a set of conclusions, the most important of which is that the relationship between the positive emotional tone of volleyball teachers and the cognitive feelings of students is characterized as moral and positive.

That the bud in gymnastics sport through the learning by practice method learns how to perform the skill discovery process itself, leading to an increase in mental efficiency for him, thus transforming from relying on external sensation to internal sensation represented by his sense of achievement and joy in his journey when he goes through the discovery process and becomes the source of effectiveness and activity. The research aims to identify the impact of learning by practice on developing creative thinking and the skill of vault jumping among gymnastics buds aged (10) years and below. The researcher assumed that there are differences in creative thinking and vault jumping skill between pre and post measurements in favor of the post in the control and experimental groups. There are differences in creative thinking and vault jumping skill between the control and experimental group in favor of the experimental group in the post measurement. The researcher used the experimental method with a pretest-posttest control group design to address the research problem. The research sample consisted of 20 children aged 10 years from an original community of 30 children. The researcher found that learning through practice has a positive impact on creative thinking in children, as evidenced by the development of fluency, imagination, and originality. Additionally, learning through practice has a positive effect on the skill performance of high jump on a high jump table. The researcher recommends the use of applied learning through practice in research due to its positive impact on the development of creative thinking, as well as the assessment of children's possession of creative thinking for the importance of designing learning programs, especially in gymnastics movements.

Shooting skill in basketball is one of the most important offensive skills and the final stage of the team's attack and the culmination of all skills in which points are scored, including the skill of peaceful shooting. The research aims to prepare competitive exercises and understand the impact of competitive exercises on developing coordination and balance for basketball players under 18 years old. The researcher used the experimental method with the single experimental group approach, including the research community of female athletes in the public directorates of education in Baghdad, totaling (6) directorates and (72) players. The research sample was selected intentionally, consisting of female athletes in the sports activity of the Directorate of Education in Baghdad / Al-Karkh First, totaling (12) players, with a percentage of 67.16%. The researcher concluded that competitive exercises have an impact on developing coordination, balance, and peaceful shooting skills for female players, showing differences in all research variables of coordination, balance, and the development of peaceful shooting skills. The researcher recommends the necessity of benefiting from prepared exercises in training units after proving their role in development and emphasizing that basketball coaches should use competitive exercises in line with the specific performance of basketball during games.

Karen's model is one of the effective models that engage learners and improve their cognitive abilities to acquire information and enhance focus throughout the instructional unit. The stages of applying Karen's model engage all the senses of the learner through listening, discussion, and application. In addition, it arouses the learner's attention and reinforces concepts to receive information related to teaching skill and sports efficiency. The research aims to develop a social interaction scale for first-stage students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Wasit University, as well as preparing instructional units with Karen's model in social interaction and learning chest passing in basketball, and understanding the impact of instructional units with Karen's educational model in social interaction and learning chest passing in basketball. Researchers used the experimental method (in the form of controlled and experimental groups) with pre-test and post-test to suit the research. The research community boundaries were represented by first-stage students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Wasit University for the academic year (2023-2024) for the morning study with a total of (200 students). Based on the research requirements, the sample size for the scale was (40) students from section (Y) at a rate of (20%), while the survey research sample size was (10) students from a section at the same rate. The main research sample size was (40) students selected randomly and divided equally into controlled and experimental groups. The researchers concluded that the Karen model contributed to students acquiring skills faster, helping them connect previous information with new information and link concepts by making the lesson more engaging. The researchers recommend using modern models, including the Karen model based on constructivist and behavioral theory and learning

The study aimed to identify the patterns of brain dominance (right hemisphere-left hemisphere) and to determine the impact of the reverse learning strategy according to the brain dominance patterns in learning the skill of throwing and catching the ball with performing the scissors leap in rhythmic gymnastics among a sample. The researcher used the experimental method on a sample of second-year female students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences/University of Baghdad, totaling (35) students divided according to brain dominance patterns into four groups: two experimental groups (right and left hemisphere) and two control groups (right and left hemisphere.( Upon completion of the research procedures, a number of conclusions were reached, the most important of which is that the flipped learning approach is effective in learning motor skills compared to the traditional teaching method. Additionally, the second experimental group (left-brain dominant individuals) outperformed the first experimental group (right-brain dominant individuals) in the skills of throwing and catching the ball along with performing the scissors skill in rhythmic gymnastics. The researcher recommended incorporating modern teaching methods, including the flipped learning approach, into the curriculum of rhythmic gymnastics, and emphasized the importance of teachers being familiar with the students' cognitive control type to address individual differences in learning skills and enhance performance levels

The research aims to identify the impact of the cooperative integrative learning strategy on learning the skills of chest and bounce pass in basketball. The researchers used the experimental approach to suit the nature of the problem, and the research sample included (48) female students, with (24) students in the experimental group who studied according to the cooperative integrative learning strategy and (24) students in the control group who studied according to the method followed by the teacher. The two research groups were equalized in variables such as age, height, weight, and some elements of physical and motor fitness. An instructional program was implemented for three weeks for each skill, with one instructional unit per week for both the experimental and control groups, with each instructional unit lasting (90)) minutes. The researchers concluded that the experimental group outperformed the control group in post-tests on chest pass and basketball bounce pass skills, as well as in the post-test of chest pass and basketball bounce pass skills. The researchers recommended the use of cooperative integrative learning strategy in learning chest pass and basketball bounce pass skills, as well as in other subjects.

The development and progress in all sports levels and other sciences are attributed to the advancement in the strategies, methods, and techniques used in teaching and their utilization to deliver knowledge to the student in a better and faster manner, taking into account the capabilities and levels of the learners. The more effective these means are, the better the outcomes of the teaching process. Therefore, the researcher utilized the strategy (ES.7) which aids in the development and learning of some basic skills in handball. The aim of the research is to identify the impact of using the ES.7 seven-step learning cycle strategy on learning some basic skills in handball for students and preparing educational units for handball according to the (ES.7) seven-step learning cycle strategy. The researcher used the experimental method with the pretest-posttest two-group design. The research sample consisted of second-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences / Wasit University, totaling (61) students who were selected randomly. The sample was divided into two groups, the control group consisting of (20) students and the experimental group consisting of (20) students, making the total number of students in both groups (40). The researcher concluded that the Seven-Step Learning Cycle (ES.7) strategy had a significant impact on teaching some basic handball skills, and that effective organization of the stages of the learning cycle (ES.7) and its application through lesson plans facilitates its implementation and planning in real-life settings. The researcher recommended the use of the Seven-Step Learning Cycle (ES.7) strategy in other studies, activities, and different age groups.

Physical education programs work with the student as a whole mentally, physically, and socially, providing organized and enjoyable content for all students. They form the basis for more complex skills and allow for evaluation without excluding fun and learning time. The research aims to develop some physical abilities and basic handball skills for primary school students for the academic year 2023. To achieve the research goal, the researchers used the experimental method to suit the problem and its nature. The research group consisted of (30) students enrolled in the fourth grade of primary school. The following tools were used to collect research data: physical fitness tests - basic handball skills tests. The researchers concluded that the proposed physical education program had a positive effect on the physical abilities and basic handball skills of primary school students. The researchers recommended conducting further similar studies on different age groups not covered by the current study, as well as benefiting from specialized scientific research in physical education practically and applicably in handball.

The Perkins-Blythe model is one of the models that brings great benefit to students by encouraging, exciting, and motivating them to be cooperative in groups. The importance of the research was highlighted in the research based on the Perkins-Blythe model in analytical thinking and learning the skill of receiving the serve among students of the second stage. The aim of the research was to prepare educational units using the Perkins-Blythe model for the skill of receiving the serve in volleyball and to identify the effect of the Perkins-Blythe model on analytical thinking and the skill of receiving. Serving volleyball for second stage students. The research also aimed to prepare a measure of analytical thinking for the students of the second stage of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Wasit. The researchers adopted the experimental method for the two equal groups, the experimental and the control, and the boundaries of the research community were represented by the students of the second stage of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Wasit, for morning study continuing in the academic year (2023-2024). The number of students was (185) and they were divided into the exploratory sample, which numbered (10) students, and (24) students for the main research sample, divided into two groups: the experimental group, which numbered (12) students, and the control group, which numbered (12) students. As for the sample numbers, it was (100) students, and the remaining ones were excluded. The researchers concluded that the Perkins-Blythe model has a positive impact on analytical thinking and learning the skill of receiving a volleyball serve. Also, applying the steps of the Perkins-Blythe model is appropriate for the students’ mental and physical abilities, as well as generating desire and motivation in them. Active participation in analytical thinking and learning the skill of receiving a volleyball serve. The researchers recommended emphasizing raising the level of students with sufficient cognitive information when learning the practical, applied aspect, and urging teachers to diversify teaching methods for everything new by employing modern models, including the Perkins-Blythe model in teaching volleyball to students. Adopting the analytical thinking scale prepared by researchers in educational centers, Ministry of Education schools, and colleges of physical education and sports sciences.

The objective of this study is to determine the elements that influence the level of enjoyment and anger experienced by spectators in sports arenas. The research approach employed was qualitative analysis, which was chosen due to its suitability for the type of analysis conducted. The statistical population included all people who followed sports competitions in sports halls and had enough experience referring to sports halls in the province of Halabja city, in the region of Kurdistan, Iraq. The method of sampling was purposeful, and the researcher collected three other samples. An acceptable level of agreement (83% of the time) was reached between the three coders so that the research's collaborative approach and recoding by experts in the field of coding could be trusted and used in other situations. The factors that contributed to the development of the club included the importance of economic development, the creation of excitement, the need-oriented nature of the stadium, and the development of all sides of the team. lack of budget, political and sports managers, and the power of possibilities The results showed that the clubs play a major role in the promotion and anger of customers and should have a modern programme in this field. By engaging players and coaches with knowledge and defining the budget line for the club, they will try to make the spectators loyal and feel enjoyment, also in the field of anger should be the role of politics and the involvement of political individuals to its lowest level, and the bed is clean and accessible in the stadiums. To analyses the data obtained from the interview, software version 10 was used.

Teaching methods occupy great importance for the educational process and the goals set for it, as well as their ability to deliver the material with the least effort and in the shortest time to the learner, as well as their ability to align with the individual's potential and capabilities. The research aims to identify the impact of the active learning (interactive) strategy in teaching some types of handball deception to students, as well as to understand the importance of deception tests in handball for second-stage students in the Physical Education and Sports Sciences Department at Al-Qut University. The researcher used the experimental method with the pre-test and post-test two-group design, with the original population consisting of second-stage students totaling (30) students divided into two groups: control group (15 students) and experimental group (15 students) selected deliberately, representing the research population and sample. The researcher conducted pre-tests, applied the active learning strategy, then conducted post-tests. The research results were processed using statistical methods, and the researcher concluded that the active learning (interactive) strategy has a significant impact on teaching some types of handball deception to students. Based on the obtained results, the researcher recommends the use of the active learning (interactive) strategy in other studies, activities, and age groups.

The aim of the research is to identify the level of some aspects of attention among the young players of Al-Qal'ah Sukkar Sports Club, as well as to understand the relationship between some aspects of attention and the accuracy of shooting performance from a stable position in basketball for the young players of Al-Qal'ah Sukkar Sports Club. The researcher assumed that there are statistically significant differences between some aspects of attention and the accuracy of shooting performance from a stable position in basketball for the youth. The researcher used the descriptive method with correlational studies to match it with the nature of the problem, where the research population was determined with the basketball players of Al-Qal'ah Sukkar Sports Club (youth) for the sports season 2022-2023, totaling (30) players. The sample was selected randomly from that population, consisting of (15) players, representing (50%) of the original population. The researcher used two tests, the attention concentration test and the attention stability test for the research sample, conducted pre-test and post-test, and then used the statistical package SPSS to process the data. The researcher concluded that there is a significant and meaningful relationship between some aspects of attention (attention concentration and attention stability) and shooting performance from a stable position for young basketball players. The researcher recommends the necessity of conducting similar studies taking into account other variables and different aspects of attention such as attention distribution and the relationship of other skills with basketball or any other game.