University of Anbar Sport and Physical Education Science Journal

This study aims to identify the effect of the Error Observation Learning Model (E.O.L.M) based on Social Learning Theory and compare it with the Command method based on Behavioral Learning Theory on some motor learning outcomes of certain motor skills in boxing for students. The experimental method was used according to a pre-test and post-test control group design. The study population and sample consisted of second-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences / University of Anbar, who were divided into a control and an experimental group. The Error Observation Learning Model was implemented in specific steps and procedures. After completing the study, it was concluded that the Error Observation Learning Model (E.O.L.M) based on Social Learning Theory and the Command method based on Behavioral Learning Theory had a positive effect on some motor learning outcomes of certain motor skills in boxing for students. Moreover, the Error Observation Learning Model (E.O.L.M) showed superiority. The study recommended using the proposed model to teach motor skills in boxing and other combat sports characterized by fast-paced motor skills, as well as using it to teach skills in other sports that align with the model's style and procedures.

The research aims to: prepare special exercises to develop some functional variables for young tennis players, apply special exercises to develop some functional variables for young tennis players, and identify the effect of special exercises in developing some functional variables for young tennis players. The researcher adopted the single-group experimental method to suit the nature of the research. The research community was represented by young national tennis team players, numbering (7) players, while the research sample was the same as the research community, i.e. (100%). The sample was divided into an exploratory experiment sample of (2) individuals, and a main experiment sample of (5) players. The exploratory experiment was conducted on 03/15/2024 on two players from outside the research sample, to ensure the validity of the curriculum, tests, and workflow. The pre-test was conducted on the research sample on 03/20/2024 at Al-Shaab Tennis Courts, and all temporal and spatial conditions were fixed for the purpose of unifying them with the post-tests. After the pre-tests were applied, the researcher moved on to apply the exercises in. The researcher designed a training program, and the program continued to be implemented for three months, with three training units per week. The post-test was conducted on the experimental research sample on 06-30-2024 in the same court where the pre-tests were conducted, and all temporal and spatial conditions were fixed for the purpose of unifying them with the pre-tests. The results were presented and discussed to achieve the research objectives. The researcher concluded that the improvement in the percentage of blood oxygen saturation after the post-tests generally indicates an improvement in the physical performance of young tennis players, and the resting pulse rate witnessed a decrease, indicating greater efficiency in the heart's work. The researcher recommended continuing to implement special exercises regularly within training programs to consolidate improvements and achieve further development.

The aim of this study was to assess the level of sustainable professional development for the heads of departments and scout stages in the general directorates of education in Baghdad, using the sustainable professional development scale. The scale was applied to a sample of officials in the general directorates of education in Baghdad, and it consisted of three main axes: "professional development and continuous training," "specialized curricula and courses," and "evaluation mechanisms."The study calculated the mean scores and standard deviations for the responses of the sample participants to each of these axes, and a one-sample t-test was used to determine the significance level of professional development in these areas. The results showed that the "professional development and continuous training" axis did not show a statistically significant result, indicating that this area requires improvement. In contrast, the results for the "specialized curricula and courses" and "evaluation mechanisms" axes showed clear statistical significance, indicating their significant impact on sustainable professional development. Based on these results, a set of recommendations was made, including improving professional development and continuous training programs, updating specialized curricula and courses, and enhancing the effectiveness of evaluation mechanisms. The study also recommended providing administrative and technical support for developmental programs, increasing awareness of the importance of sustainable professional development, and conducting regular evaluation studies to measure the effectiveness of these programs.This study is an important reference for enhancing developmental and training programs in educational institutions, which contributes to improving the professional performance of department heads and scout stage officials in the general directorates of education in Baghdad.

This study aimed to identify the effect of Small Sided Game exercises conditioned by playing lines on some offensive skills, which are scoring, handling and rolling skills for under-17 football players. The researchers assumed that there is no statistical significance for the differences between the pre- and post-tests in the offensive skills under study. The researchers used the experimental method with a single-group design. The research community was identified as the teams of the first group of the Junior League for the year 2024-2025, which numbered (8) teams. The research sample was selected as the Al-Zawraa Sports Club team for juniors under 17 years, with a total number of (30) players, while the research sample included only (20) players, representing (15%) of the research community. The main experiment took approximately 11 weeks, with two training units per week, which included Small Sided Game exercises conditioned by playing lines, which are defense, midfield and attack. The researchers concluded from this study that the exercises used have a benefit in influencing skills. Offensive for young players, as well as using the conditions of the playing lines during training has an advantage for players to act and use skills in the correct manner, and the study concluded the effectiveness of applying the exercises on the skills under study for Al-Zawraa Sports Club players under 17 years old.

The study aims to build a measure of organizational sarcasm for those involved in the Central Iraqi Volleyball Federation.
Determine the grades and standard levels for the organizational sarcasm scale for those involved in the Central Iraqi Volleyball Federation. The researchers used the survey method on the research community and its sample of those involved, including referees, administrators, and volleyball coaches. The sample amounted to (185) individuals, and after that, construction procedures were carried out, the fields and expressions were selected, and then the scientific foundations of honesty, consistency, and objectivity were extracted using some statistical methods. After that, a codification experiment was conducted and the criteria and levels were extracted. The researchers reached several conclusions and recommendations, including the possibility and ease of applying the organizational sarcasm scale to those involved in volleyball. A measure of organizational cynicism was constructed, consisting of (26) statements distributed into three areas. The necessity of adopting the standard on an ongoing basis to identify the level of organizational sarcasm in order to reduce negative behavior towards the Central Iraqi Volleyball Federation. The need to select union members who possess administrative skills.

Squash is one of the individual games that require players to have the elements of strength, speed, agility and coordination. The proportions of these abilities vary according to the nature of the player's skill performance, whether it requires strength to reach the corners of the court and away from the opponent's presence, or requires a quick movement to return the opponent's ball, or both. The development in training programs forces those working in the field of sports training to keep pace with this development and try to find the best ways that contribute to developing the level of their players. Through the experience of the researchers in the field of play and training, they found that the best methods followed in developing players according to modern training programs focus on making training take into account the specialized part that serves the skill performance. Since the squash player needs high central and decentralized contractions in the muscles to enable him to keep up with the fast play and try to reach the ball to direct it and hit it to areas far from the opposing player, the best training that serves squash players is anaerobic training. Not only that, but also focusing on the muscles that contribute to the skill performance, especially the muscles of the arms and legs when performing forehand and backhand ground and flying strokes for players. Squash, hence the research problem lies in using exercises according to the nature of the prevailing energy system represented by the anaerobic system on some physical abilities of the working muscles and technical skills of the national squash team players, the most important objectives are to know the effect of anaerobic exercises on some physical abilities of the muscles of the national squash team players, to know the effect of anaerobic exercises on some technical skills of the national squash team players. The most important conclusions are that the exercises used have proven their effectiveness in developing and improving the physical and skill aspects combined in a balanced manner that is consistent with the high level of the research sample, that the training intensity used in the exercises led to a noticeable development in the functional devices reflected in the development of the muscle groups participating in the performance of the physical and skill capabilities of the research sample, the most important recommendations, standardizing the work of special exercises according to the prevailing energy system when developing the physical and skill aspects of squash players, using aerobic exercises similar to the playing conditions gives development to the muscle groups contributing to the skill performance and thus achieving development in the overall performance.

The game of football has received increasing global attention because it is one of the most popular games in the world, mastering the basic skills in football is the important and main part of the implementation of the functions of play properly and effectively, and skills are the means of implementing plans, so mastering them as required is necessary for the success of these plans, and the problem of research is that most coaches do not focus on developing the basic skills of the player and through the experience of the researcher in the field of sports and training, the importance of research in the development of the game and directing coaches working as Especially on this category in order to stand and help them for their emergence in the future service of their country in the international and continental benefits and the fact that the researcher worked in the field of sports training for this category, and the objectives of the research is to identify the impact of physical exercises compound in a way repetitive training on the performance of skills among players of the junior category of football, either impose research There are statistically significant differences between cardio-post tests in skill performance in favor of the post-test, research methodology The researcher used the experimental approach to suit it Due to the nature of the problem to be solved, the researcher chose his research sample from the players of Al-Talaba Sports Football Club for the junior category participating in the Iraqi Football League for the season (2023-2024), which numbered (30) players by (20) players, with (6) players randomly selected as a survey sample, and the (4) goalkeepers were excluded, to constitute a percentage of (66%) of the research community.

The importance of the research comes to raise the level of gymnastics players while performing floor movements by focusing on raising the level of vital variables such as calcium and chlorine conservation and other variables in addition to focusing on the necessary functional variables that provide the body with energy and the requirements of variables in the blood and maintaining pressure. This comes through the correct use of appropriate training such as intermittent training that controls intensity and rest and increases the frequency of the required movements such as floor movements in gymnastics for women, and thus we contribute to evaluating the functional aspect of the players through follow-up and periodic measurements. The research problem: Each gymnastics activity for women has a special training that affects the functional and biochemical aspect in the players' body, and also helps to bring about changes in the level of functional concentration, raise the level of energy, and rid the body of waste in a way that serves the performance of difficult movements similar to competitions, such as floor movements. The most important objectives of the research were: Identifying the effect of intermittent training on some biochemical and physiological variables in the blood and the performance of some floor movements in gymnastics for women. The researcher relied on the experimental method, while the research sample was the gymnastics players of the team of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Al-Waziriyah University of Baghdad. The most important conclusions were reached: - Intermittent training is successful training because it works to bring about changes in the concentrations of some biochemical and physiological variables in the blood and the performance of some floor movements in gymnastics for women. Accordingly, the most important recommendations were: Adopting intermittent training because it is successful training because it works to bring about changes in the concentrations of some biochemical and physiological variables in the blood and the performance of some floor movements in gymnastics for women

This study aims to explore the impact of effective communication methods on enhancing administrative efficiency within the Iraqi Athletics Federation, which is considered one of the most prominent sports federations in Iraq. The researcher adopted the descriptive analytical method, using a questionnaire as the primary tool for data collection from a sample of 123 individuals, including administrators, coaches, and staff members within the federation.
The effective communication scale was adapted to suit the administrative environment of the federation. Its items covered four core communication skills: reading, writing, speaking, and listening. The statistical analysis using SPSS revealed that reading ranked first in terms of importance, followed by speaking, then writing, and finally listening. The results indicated that effective communication practices significantly contribute to improving administrative performance and fostering harmony among employees.
The study concluded with several recommendations, most notably the need to adopt modern communication strategies, intensify training programs for federation staff, and leverage modern technologies to improve administrative communication methods in ways that serve the federation’s goals and support its institutional development

The importance of the research is evident in providing a balanced educational level among students in the basic defensive skills of foil fencing, provided that education is according to Carroll's model, which helps in proper education and takes into account the level of learners in terms of understanding and application. The research problem was: There is a low level of defensive skill performance in foil among students, as well as clear differences in performance, which reduces the chances of the largest number of correct performance. This is due to the applied educational model, which requires the use of the correct model such as Carroll's model, which achieved an advanced and successful educational level because it reduces differences, brings ideas closer, and gives close results among learners, which enhances proper education. The aim of the research was: To identify the effect of exercises using Carroll's model in learning some defensive foil skills for students. The experimental approach was used, and the research sample consisted of third-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Basra. After applying the model, the most important conclusions were reached: Exercises using the Carroll model achieved balance and improved performance in learning some defensive foil skills for students. It was recommended that exercises using the Carroll model be adopted because they achieved balance and improved performance in learning some defensive foil skills for students. Keywords: Carroll model, learning, defensive skills, foil.

This study aimed to know the effect of using TRX exercises in developing some biological capabilities, muscle strength, flexibility, endurance and handball scoring skills among Al-Kut Sports Club players. The experimental method was applied to a sample of players, numbering (14) out of (18), where they were divided into two groups: an experimental group that underwent a training program using TRX exercises, and a control group that followed the traditional training program. The results of the study showed a significant improvement in the biological capabilities of the players in the experimental group compared to the control group, and a significant development was observed in the accuracy and effectiveness of the scoring skill. These results confirm the effectiveness of TRX exercises in enhancing the physical and skill performance of handball players. The study recommends adopting TRX exercises as part of training programs for handball players to improve their performance in general, with further research to explore the effect of these exercises on other aspects of sports performance.

This study aimed to know the highest degree of sportsmanship among players of some team activities of Ana Sports Club in the Directorate of Youth and Sports in Anbar Governorate, in addition to developing appropriate solutions for players of these activities, which are (football, indoor football, basketball and handball) in Ana Sports Club in the Directorate of Youth and Sports in Anbar Governorate. The researcher used a descriptive approach with a survey style to suit the nature of his study. As for his research sample, it included players of the above-mentioned events, whose numbers amounted to (40) players. The researcher used the sportsmanship scale as a tool for his study, as the scale consisted of (6) axes that included (40) paragraphs, and in front of each paragraph there are five alternatives: (strongly agree, agree, do not know, disagree, strongly disagree). The degree of correction of the scale is in descending form for positive paragraphs (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) and for negative paragraphs it is (5, 4, 3, 2, 1). The highest degree obtained by the player is (200) and the lowest is (40) degrees. The study data was processed statistically by using percentages, arithmetic means, Standard deviations, simple correlation coefficient and analysis of variance.
The results of the study showed that the highest degree of sportsmanship among the players of the team events in the Ana Sports Club was in the futsal team, followed by the basketball team, then the handball team in third place, and the football team in fourth place. The researcher recommended several recommendations, including the necessity of focusing on preparing and setting up training programs that serve the psychological preparation of the players, and paying attention to conducting psychological tests for the players through the training process to contribute to the early detection of their distinctive personal dimensions, as well as honoring the teams that are distinguished by their fair play and imposing deterrent penalties on the teams whose behavior contradicts the sportsmanship, and the necessity of involving the players in various training camps to increase behavioral experiences.

The aim of the research is to:-Identifying the level of psychological sporting prosperity among Iraqi futsal sports club players. Identifying the level of social sports integration among players of Iraqi sports clubs for futsal, And identifying the relationship between the level of psychological sports prosperity and the level of social sports integration among.The researcher used the descriptive approach in the style of correlational studies for its suitability and the nature of the research. The original research community for the study is represented by Iraqi futsal sports club players, who number (200) players, with a percentage of (100%). The study sample included (100) players, with a percentage of (50%). The sample was chosen randomly from the research community, distributed among the sports clubs. The following Iraqi (Nineveh, police, air force, Basra oil, central oil, air defense, refineries The center, water resources, Baghdad municipality, southern gas, the eastern, police mechanisms, Basra youth, Basra municipality, the Popular Mobilization Forces, Al-Jaid, Al-Masfas, traffic). The researcher used the questionnaire as a means of collecting data and the researcher reached the following conclusions: Iraqi football sports club players are characterized by Futsal football has a high degree of psychological well-being and social-athletic integration, and there is a relationship(A positive and significant correlation between psychological sports prosperity and social sports integration among players of Iraqi sports clubs for futsal. Urging Iraqi sports club players in all sports to organize lectures and educational courses on the concepts of psychological sports prosperity and social sports integration.Conducting further studies related to the concept of psychological sports prosperity and social sports integration for players, and preparing psychological programs for players that would enhance the level of psychological sports prosperity and social sports integration for players of Iraqi sports clubs for futsal.-The need for the Ministry of Youth, Sports, Education, Higher Education and Practical Research to pay attention to effective educational programs and sports activities that contribute to the development of social relations and social cohesion and the consolidation of the social-sport integration of athletes with their communities

The study aimed to identify the relationship between psychological stress and sports injuries among handball players, and the researchers used the descriptive approach using the survey method, due to its relevance to the nature of the research. The sample was chosen randomly, represented by the second Rusafa breeding team, and the number of sample members was (6) players, The main research tools was the psychological stress scale to identify the level of psychological stress, as well as the preparation and distribution of a data and information collection form that includes the name, location, cause and type of injury, and after processing the data statistically using percentage and chi-square, Several conclusions were reached that there is a relationshp between psychological stress and some sports injuries and their recurrence in handball players. Trauma, sprain, tear and sprain (dislocation) of ligaments in the research sample. The two researchers recommended several recommendations, including - the necessity of conducting periodic checks by the clubs on the players of their teams before the start of the football season. The necessity of having a sports medicine doctor in each team who constantly follows up on the players. Not allowing the injured player to play until full recovery has been restored

The research aimed to design specialized exercises to develop certain physical abilities and physiological variables, such as heart rate and blood lactate concentration, to improve shooting accuracy from jumping in handball for talented players. The researcher employed the experimental method, as it is the most suitable approach for addressing the research problem and achieving the study’s objectives.
According to the study requirements, the researcher implemented the specialized exercises for eight weeks, with three training sessions per week, totaling 24 training units on (Saturday – Monday – Wednesday). Tests were conducted to assess physical abilities (explosive strength of the throwing arm and legs) and the physiological variables under study.
As a result of the efficiency of the specialized training program based on qualitative exercises—considered the core of modern training program design—the physiological variables (heart rate and blood lactate concentration) showed improvement. Additionally, shooting accuracy from jumping significantly improved in the post-tests, especially in the experimental group, due to the effectiveness of the specialized training program. The researcher concluded that the experimental group outperformed the control group in the studied variables related to shooting accuracy from jumping. Furthermore, the research highlighted the increased retention of performance improvements and the lower rate of decline in these gains.

The electronic learning packages (e-learning packages) became a modern method of teaching and learning therefore the researcher using this method in learning overhand serve in volleyball. The study aims to identify the effect of e-learning package in learning overhand serve for students in addition to identify the learning differences in post tests for control and experimental groups. The experimental design used which appropriates with the nature of the study. The research population intentionally selected from second grade students at college of physical education and sport sciences - Salahaddin University – Erbil for the academic year (2022 – 2023) numbered (66) participants divided on (4) groups, the research sample consists of (2) groups which deliberately selected from study population.
The test of overhand serve is selected as a data collection tool by expertise and specialists, then a specific teaching program for overhand serve is prepared and applied on the experiment group, after data analysis by using (mean, standard deviation, independent samples t-test and percentage) formulas the researcher achieved several results, most importantly: the experiment group (e-learning group) accomplished higher level in acquisition overhand serve in volleyball compared to control group (followed teaching style). The researcher recommends using e-learning package that has a positive effect in acquisition overhand serve in volleyball as well as the necessity of inducting teaching staff in directing them to apply test periodically to identify the level skill retention (overhand serve) in volleyball.

The research aims to recognize the impact of using various burdens with proposed exercises in the development of certain special physical abilities and digital level in the effectiveness of the long jump in an attempt by researchers to reduce the problem of weak numbers achieved by the college's elected players effectively or consistently and contribute to the finding of a scientific solution to them. By identifying the causes of this weakness, which in turn reflects the increasing gap between Iraqi national figures and world figures in an era when numbers are spectacularly broken and as quickly as possible, the players of physical education colleges always provide the teams with many sports talents. In order to apply the research procedures, researchers selected the research community in a deliberate manner from the 8 players of the team of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences of Anbar University for the long jump during the academic year. (2024-2025), (2) players were disqualified for not attending the trial for various reasons and thus the number of sample personnel (6) players. A survey was also conducted on a sample of (3) players from outside the core sample. The main conclusions reached are that the proposed exercises using various burdens have a positive impact on the development of certain special physical abilities (in question) and the digital level of long jump players.

Practical lessons and their impact on some physiological indicators among fourth-level students, The research included five chapters. In the first chapter, the researcher dealt with the introduction and the importance of the research, as its essence lies in educating students about the benefits of sports activities and the importance of practicing physical activity and its importance in improving the performance of functional devices. The researcher also touched on the goal of the research, which states, Identifying the relationship between practical lessons and some physiological variables among fourth-stage students, The researcher assumed the existence of a statistically significant correlation between practical lessons and some physiological variables, The problem of the research, from the researcher’s point of view, is that researchers have touched very little on the effect of practicing sports activities on some physiological variables. The second chapter also dealt with theoretical and similar studies, and the third chapter included the research methodology and field procedures, where the researcher used the experimental method to suit the research. The research sample was fourth-level students who were chosen intentionally, as their number reached (18) students, constituting (26.4%) of the community. The research consisted of (68) students, and (6) were excluded to conduct the exploratory experiment, The main test experiment was conducted on Wednesday, 3/29/2023
The team measured the pulse, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, temperature, blood sugar, and blood oxygen levels, The work team examined and recorded data, The researcher used the following statistical methods: arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and simple correlation coefficient to analyze the data , The researcher also recommends that coaches and researchers measure physiological variables because they give clarity about the athlete’s condition before and after exercise

This study addresses the problem of low back pain among female students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences for Girls, a common problem that impacts athletic performance. The spine is an essential component of the human body, and proper posture and daily movements depend on its integrity and stability. Any imbalance in the distribution of force between muscles or abdominal pressure leads to spinal instability, which increases low back pain. The study indicates that many individuals are exposed to unbalanced efforts and weights due to the nature of their daily lives and constant training, leading to disturbances in physical performance. The study confirms that women suffer from additional factors such as obesity and weak abdominal and back muscles, which further exacerbate these pains. The study also examines the impact of high training loads on female athletes, which may lead to strain on the spinal ligaments due to repetitive movements such as flexion, extension, and bending. This problem arises from the lack of specialized medical committees to examine the anatomical and physiological suitability of sports programs for female students. The study also examines the relationship between some structural characteristics and low back pain. It also analyzes some physical characteristics associated with low back pain. This study aims to understand the factors affecting lower back pain among female students and to develop preventive and therapeutic strategies to help them practice sports without health problems.

the study aimed to identify the reality of administrative engineering in the departments of sports activity in the general directorates Education in Iraq from the point of view of technical supervisors, while the researchers followed the descriptive approach in a comprehensive survey method for its suitability to the nature of the problem and its objectives, as the study community was represented, while the research community and a sample of technical supervisors from graduates of institutes and colleges of physical education in Iraq who are not affiliated with the owners of the activity departments in the General Directorates of Education, and the researchers followed all the scientific steps in preparing the management engineering scale, which included 28 items distributed over 5 areas (understanding administrative processes, strategic performance, Planning, division of labor, evaluation of the performance of employees) After applying the sample, the two researchers drew conclusions, the main ones of which were that the sports departments of the Directorates for Education in Iraq are endeavored to apply engineering in their administrative conduct. The sports departments of the Directorates for Education in Iraq are capable and competent in their administrative thinking by means of belief in the development and change of some of their administrative processes through proper planning and a good awareness of administrative processes in order to upgrade the department. Furthermore, the engineering of administrative work within the department can only be accomplished through the upgrading of their members They can also allocate tasks and constantly evaluate them to identify strengths and weaknesses of their development in order to achieve their goals

The research aimed to identify the relationship between management and objectives for academic leaders and the functional link of faculty members in the faculties of physical education and sports sciences in Baghdad. The researcher adopted the descriptive approach in the manner of correlational relations and the research community was identified from faculty members in the faculties of physical education and sports sciences for the universities of Mustansiriya and Baghdad, where the current research community reached (433) faculty members distributed in the faculties of physical education and sports sciences at the universities of (Baghdad and Mustansiriya) The research sample was determined by adopting a percentage of (80%) and in a random way (lottery) for the research community, where a sample of (353) member was taken The researcher concluded that the Dean of the College By giving great motivation and incentives to faculty members in order to create competition among them, and recommended the need for academic leaders to pay attention to the psychological development of.

Psychology is considered one of the important sciences as it is concerned with psychological topics, including those related to sports activities in its various fields and levels. It also studies the psychological characteristics and traits of the personality that form the intrinsic basis of sports activities with the aim of developing this type of activity and trying to find scientific solutions to its various applied problems. In order to achieve the goals, aspirations and ambitions of society, there must be attention to the process of preparing students properly, as knowledge of intelligence, its characteristics and dimensions in general, and emotional intelligence in particular, of the student can contribute to developing his abilities and considering him a valuable member because he is the foundation of society and its leaders. Therefore, the study aims to identify the level of emotional intelligence and social interaction among students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The researchers used the descriptive approach with two survey methods, and the research community was determined by students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Kufa for the academic year 2023-2024. The study used the Emotional Intelligence Scale and the Social Interaction Scale to obtain data. The study concluded that students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences enjoy varying levels of emotional intelligence and social interaction, with real differences among students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences in emotional intelligence and social interaction, in favor of the third stage

The importance of the research is the benefit of aerobic exercise in strengthening the body’s muscles after the age of forty for women, as the problem appeared through the woman’s failure to exercise after the age of forty, which causes her body muscles to weaken, in addition to the inability to perform her daily movements normally. The research sample included (15) All of them are in good health and do not suffer from diseases such as blood pressure and diabetes. Their physical appearance does not show the characteristic of obesity, and their ages range from (40 to 45) years. The two researchers concluded that aerobic exercises have a positive effect in strengthening the body’s muscles, as well as a positive effect in increasing endurance over a period of time. The program was performed as a result of exercises that were appropriate in intensity and frequency and the availability of appropriate tools for the sample members

The current study aimed to prepare educational units according to the model of Bransford and Stein in learning the skills of Spiking and Blocking with volleyball, and to identify the impact of the model of Bransford and Stein in learning the skills of Spiking and Blocking with volleyball for students, and the researchers used the experimental approach by designing the two equivalent groups (control and experimental) with pre- and post-test, and the researcher community included second-stage students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - University of Kerbala for the academic year (2023-2024), where it reached (86) students ,The research sample amounted to (30) students, as they were selected in a simple random way, and they were divided into two groups by (15) students for each group, and the data was statistically processed for the variables surveyed using the statistical bag (SPSS), and the researchers concluded that the model of Bransford and Stein has a positive impact on the superiority and raising the level of the experimental group in learning the skills of Spiking and Blocking with volleyball, and the researcher recommended the need to rely on teaching models that are learners whose main focus is in order to achieve the best results.

The research aimed to identify the explosive power of the arms and legs and the performance of the short and long passing and receiving skills in handball, as well as to find the relationship between the explosive power of the arms and legs and the performance of the short and long passing and receiving skills in handball among the research sample members. The researcher used the descriptive approach with correlations for its suitability to solve the research problem, as the research sample consisted of second-stage students, Section (B) in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Anbar, with (22) players, in addition to using appropriate means, tools and devices. A survey experiment was conducted, as well as conducting the research tests. Then the data was unloaded and processed statistically, then presented, analyzed and discussed. The researchers reached several conclusions, which are: The research sample was characterized by a compatible level of explosive power of the arm muscles with the performance of the short and long passing and receiving skills in handball. The research sample was characterized by a compatible level of explosive power of the leg muscles with the performance of the short and long passing and receiving skills in handball. Through the conclusions reached, the researchers recommend:The necessity of emphasizing the physical aspect in the educational and training process. Using the research tests by those working in the field of handball education and training. Conducting similar research on different samples and activities.

The importance of research and the need for it is highlighted through the interest in studying the variables of the relationship between mental motivation, self-efficacy, and some offensive basketball skills for fourth-stage female students as a contribution to participating in the development of this game. The aim of the research is to identify mental motivation and self-efficacy among fourth-stage female students and to learn about the relationship between mental motivation. And self-efficacy in offensive basketball skills for female students in the fourth stage for the academic year 2023-2024. The research hypothesis was that there is a statistically significant relationship between mental motivation and self-efficacy in some offensive skills in basketball. The areas of research were the human field: female students in the fourth stage for the academic year 2023 - 2024 Time domain: 10/31/2023_ April 21, 2024 Spatial domain: College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences for Girls. Through the conclusions, there is a relationship between mental motivation and self-efficacy in some offensive skills in basketball, and we recommend the necessity of emphasizing training to develop the relationship between mental motivation and competence. Subjectivity in improving skill performance in some offensive skills in basketball

The process of acquiring and developing the skills and abilities necessary to practice a variety of sports effectively is called motor learning. Motor learning is based on repetition and continuous practice of sports movements and skills, improving power and performance and strengthening muscle memory. The aim of the study is to determine which teaching strategy is most effective for beginner freestyle swimming. The research sample was purposively selected from beginner, consisting of (27) beginners for each group of (9) beginners. They were divided into three groups, two of which were experimental groups and the other was a control group. The teaching units included (12) units. The researchers used the experimental method according to the nature of the research problem. The researchers found that the curriculum based on the kinetic model using pedagogical means had a significant impact on the level of performance in free swimming for beginners compared to other methods, with three lessons per week for each group. Furthermore, the kinetic model shows that the educational program has a significant impact on the performance level of beginners in free swimming compared to the control group. The researchers proposed teaching beginners at the freestyle swimming level using teaching techniques consistent with the kinetic model of learning. In addition, comparable studies are being conducted using kinetic model-based curriculum and teaching tools at the performance level of sports such as backstroke, butterfly, breaststroke, and others. Moreover, in different ages and other groups, especially beginners, to understand the impact on them. Additionally, the results of the current study should be communicated to swimming coaches so that they can use them and consider them when developing their training or teaching plans.

This study aims to identify the differences in several variables—physiological and biomechanical structure, reaction speed, and accuracy—between the front and back spike skills of the striking arm in volleyball. Additionally, it seeks to analyze the physiological and biomechanical factors that influence reaction speed and accuracy in these two striking techniques.
The research sample consisted of six players from the Peshmerga Volleyball Sports Club for the 2021-2022 sports season, who participated in the Iraqi Elite Volleyball League. Specifically, players specializing in positions (4, 1) were chosen. Position (4) is associated with the forehand spike skill, typically performed by the team's main hitter, while position (1) is associated with the backhand spike skill. The researchers ensured parity between players in certain body variables. The study utilized SPSS and T-tests. Laboratory devices, including a force platform device, a reaction speed measuring device, a radar gun device to measure ball speed, and the Kenovia program to analyze biomechanical variables, were used. Tests of the front and back spike skills were also conducted.
No differences were observed between the two skills regarding the physiological variables of the striking arm. However, differences were noted in the biomechanical variables. Specifically, the height of the center of body mass at the moment of ball contact, the height of the ball above the ground, and the angle of ball launch all favored the forehand spike skill. In contrast, the accuracy index showed a difference between the two skills, favoring the backhand spike skill. These findings can assist coaches and players in improving training strategies and focusing on developing the necessary skills for each type of spike, ultimately enhancing overall team performance in matches

Through watching and following up on the researchers’ handball players, especially the youth group, as they were former players and coaches of this game in the Premier League, they noticed that there is a clear weakness in explosive ability and the skill of shooting from the jump, in addition to the lack of coaches’ use of modern devices and techniques in the training process that helps to improve the ability of players to reach the highest level faster and better, so the researchers decided to use training with two devices (Vartmix and electrical stimulation) in developing these variables, and the aim of the research is to identify the effect of training with two devices (Vartmix and electrical stimulation) in developing the explosive ability and the accuracy index of shooting from jumping high for handball players under (19) years, and to identify the advantage of differences in the post-test of the two experimental groups in developing explosive ability and the accuracy index of shooting from jumping from above for handball players under (19) years. The researchers used the experimental design with two equal experimental groups to suit the nature of the studied problem, and the researchers identified a community The study included the players of the Karbala Handball Club, aged (17-19) years, who numbered (12) players, excluding goalkeepers. They were all selected as a sample for the research using a comprehensive enumeration method, and they were divided randomly and equally into two experimental groups, with (6) players for each group. The first group trained using the Vartimex device, and the second group used exercises using the electrical stimulation device. The researchers concluded that the Vartimex training exercises and the electrical stimulation device training worked to develop the explosive ability and jumping shooting skill of handball players under (18) years of age, and that the Vartimex training exercises are better than Electrical stimulation device exercises to develop the explosive ability of the arms and legs and the jumping shooting skill of handball players under (18) years old.

The game of artistic gymnastics for men is one of the important games and has a constant change in its competitive program, as it is renewed in its movement skills and difficulties, and it has a feature for players to invent new skills and has a very high difficulty, which gave the players the opportunity to name the new innovative skill after it. This increased the interest of players in innovating the skill. To obtain its name, the aim of the research is to identify the development of the level of classification of difficulty values for performing motor skills in artistic gymnastics for men for the period from 1964 - 2024. The researcher used the historical method in his quest to collect information, historical data, and through what is documented by the International Federation of Artistic Gymnastics for men. As for the research sample, they are some of the players. Gymnastics participants in competitions recognized by the International Gymnastics Federation. The researcher concluded that 1- The International Federation of Artistic Gymnastics, after each Olympic session, measures the level of development of motor difficulties and builds on the basis of the new law and amends some of its paragraphs in a way that gives the right to compete among players 2- The Technical Committee of the International Federation for it. The right to reduce the level of difficulty for some skills and raise the value of others as appropriate. 3- To keep the door open for innovation for new skills, it gives players performance with higher difficulties, and the level of difficulty does not stop at the letter (j). The researcher recommended 1- Conducting a broader study of skills with high motor difficulties. 2- Conducting the same study. On artistic gymnastics for women

Introduction/Mountaineering is one of the effective means of promoting tourism, and despite Shaqlawa having mountainous areas and a strong picturesque nature that qualifies it for many sports, especially mountaineering, it is not exploited due to its lack of optimal marketing.
Importance of the research/The importance of the research stems from the need to understand the impact of mountaineering on sustainable sports tourism in Shaqlawa, which enables the exploitation of this sport as a means to stimulate and attract certain categories of tourists who are looking for challenge and adventure, and thus can contribute to activating the tourism movement in the region. The problem of the research lies in the lack of studies that address the impact of mountaineering on tourism. There are challenges and problems facing the development of sports tourism in general and mountaineering in particular, which limits the exploitation of the great potential of this sport in strengthening the local economy.
Research objectives / The research seeks to study, analyze, and propose solutions and strategies to promote mountaineering. The descriptive approach was used on a sample of Shaqlawa Club players. The most important results showed that mountaineering contributes significantly to attracting tourists, increasing local income, and stimulating environmental awareness, making it an effective tool for achieving sustainable development. Recommendations: Strengthening the infrastructure that supports mountaineering, organizing awareness campaigns. Define terms / mountaineering, sustainable tourism, sports tourism, Shaqlawa District, sustainable development.

The aim of this study is to utilize the educational stations strategy in learning certain defensive skills in volleyball at the specialized school. It also seeks to identify the effect of the educational stations strategy on acquiring some defensive skills in volleyball at the specialized school. The researcher employed the experimental method, as it is the most suitable approach to address the research problem. The research population was deliberately selected and consisted of the volleyball players from the specialized school for talent development, aged between 14 and 16 years. The research sample was randomly chosen by lottery and included 14 players from the specialized school for talent development in Diyala Governorate.
The researcher concluded that the use of the educational stations approach plays a significant role in learning defensive skills (such as serve reception, court defense, and blocking) in volleyball among the players of the specialized school for talent development. The educational stations strategy is considered a modern and advanced method that positively influences the teaching of certain defensive skills in volleyball among the research sample. Additionally, dividing the learners into groups based on their skill levels and performance facilitates their progression from one station to another with gradually increasing difficulty, which is a key factor in the success of the experimental group in acquiring volleyball performance skills.
The researcher recommends adopting the educational stations approach due to its modernity, development, and positive impact on teaching defensive skills, with the possibility of applying it to offensive skills in volleyball as well. Emphasis is also placed on the importance of grouping learners according to their skill levels and performance to facilitate their transition between stations according to the level of difficulty, which contributed to the success of the experimental group. Moreover, it is essential to employ the educational stations strategy in learning other skills in university sports (such as basketball, football, and handball), especially in specialized schools.

The importance and problem of research aimed at the skill of playing with the players’ non-preferred foot. In football, players are exposed to many situations during play, such as receiving, passing, or scoring the ball with their non-preferred foot. Due to the lack of focus on it in the training curricula, this exposes them to many mistakes and losing the ball. As a result, individual and group performance and results are lost. One of the objectives of the research is to prepare skill exercises with the unfavorable foot to develop some basic football skills.
The researcher hypothesized: Skill exercises with the non-preferred foot have a positive effect on developing some basic skills in football.
The researcher used the experimental method with two equal groups, control and experimental.
The researcher concluded: Skill exercises with the non-preferred foot had a positive impact on developing the investigated skills.
He also recommended: developing skill exercises for the unfavorable foot for younger groups to learn better and faster.

The study is to identify measurement the degree of practice of government middle and middle school principals in the Nineveh Governorate Center for Administrative Accountability, the descriptive approach was used, a questionnaire was built to measure the degree of practice of school principals of administrative accountability, and its validity and stability were verified, consisting of (30) items, such as the study population Physical education teachers, who numbered (263) teachers, the scale was applied to a sample of (118) teachers, the study reached The existence of administrative accountability towards physical education teachers According to its four areas, the field of job discipline with a high degree, the field of performance and achievement with a medium degree, and the field of human relations with a high degree, but in the field of professional ethics it was also high, and therefore the degree of application of administrative accountability among the administrations of intermediate and preparatory schools in the center of Nineveh Governorate in general came to a high degree, the researcher recommended the need to spread the culture of administrative accountability and its procedures in all educational institutions as part of measures to combat administrative and financial corruption through the establishment of Courses and seminars.

The defense skill is one of the important defensive skills through which a team can build a good and effective attack, as any failure in the level of technical performance causes a failure in delivering the ball to the setter. The importance of the research is evident in highlighting this skill to provide information about its biomechanical variables according to modern developments in the game, which helps coaches in preparing players correctly. The study aims to identify the values of some biomechanical variables when performing the serve reception skill and compare them between static and movement conditions. The study hypothesized the existence of significant differences in the values of some biomechanical variables when performing the serve reception skill between static and movement conditions, in favor of reception from a static position. The descriptive method was used. The study sample consisted of (8) volleyball players from Ghazi Al-Janoob Club for the year 2024-2025, after excluding setters and the libero player. The study concluded the existence of differences in the values of the angle variable between the arms and the trunk at the moment of contact with the ball between receiving the serve from movement and static conditions, in favor of reception from a static position for both positions (1-5). The researchers recommended emphasizing the adoption of the required mechanical position in the serve reception skill in line with the performance requirements

The study aims to identify the effect of (Veen) educational units on some basic skills and tactical knowledge of playing positions in football, as well as the differences between the pre- and post-test for some basic skills and tactical knowledge for the experimental and control groups, and the differences between the post-test for some basic skills and tactical knowledge between the experimental and control groups. The experimental method with two equivalent groups was used, and the study included (40) players from Al-Najah Academy with a two-month educational curriculum with (16) educational units according to the (Veen) diagram to learn and develop the basic skills and tactical knowledge for each of the playing positions in football according to the basic rules of the diagram. The most important conclusion reached is that the educational units used contribute significantly to raising the skill level and that the (Venn) diagram is consistent with acquiring the cognitive aspect of learners because it contains educational steps that help in understanding and absorbing the cognitive aspects and takes into account individual differences in learning, as well as making learners compete in searching for information.Keywords: Veen diagram, football playing centers, cubs category.

The research aimed to identify the effect of cognitive apprenticeship in developing the cognitive aspect and the level of technical performance of some floor movement mat skills in artistic gymnastics for men. The researchers used the experimental method by designing two equivalent groups, the control and the experimental, with pre-and post-tests. The research sample included students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences (University of Anbar, third stage for the academic year 2023-2024). The data were processed statistically using the statistical program (SPSS). Through the results that appeared to the researchers, they reached conclusions and recommendations, the most important of which were: The researchers concluded the effectiveness of cognitive apprenticeship in developing the cognitive aspect among students because it worked to enhance their theoretical and applied understanding. They recommended including the cognitive apprenticeship strategy within the curricula: designing educational units based on the steps of cognitive apprenticeship (modeling, scaffolding, contemplation, exploration, expression, application), and applying them in gymnastics lessons

Moreover, the aim is to assess the effects of implementing a tailored physical exercise program, with or without a concurrent Mediterranean diet, on health-related fitness parameters such as body composition, peak expiratory flow, and upper limb strength.
A sample of 50 new members of the SRT Fitness Center in Baghdad Governorate, with a mean age of 42.20 ± 1.67 years, was recruited for this study, which was conducted between February 19 and July 20, 2024.
The researcher used the experimental method with two groups: experimental and control.
Participants in the experimental group adhered to a tailored physical exercise program combined with a Mediterranean dietary pattern. The control group used the designed physical program without the Mediterranean diet. The results of the main experiment were processed statistically using the SPSS program. A key finding of the study was that the designed physical program, combined with the Mediterranean diet, significantly reduced the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) in the experimental group. As a result of following a low-calorie Mediterranean diet, caloric intake was decreased relative to the energy expenditure from physical exercise. The designed physical program alone, as followed by the control group, had a lesser impact on reducing waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) compared to when it was combined with the Mediterranean diet. a key recommendation of the study is to promote the widespread adoption of the Mediterranean diet. In fitness canters within the governorates of the Republic of Iraq explaining the benefits of nutritional items and their role in improving the level of human physical fitness.

The study aimed to identify the differences in motor coordination and shooting accuracy from stability and movement in handball among female students of morning and evening studies in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences for the academic year 2023-2024. The size of the research sample was (30) female students out of 123) female students, with a percentage of (24.39%) and (15) female students for each study. The researchers used the descriptive approach using the causal comparison method. The tests for the research variables were determined by experts and specialists with an agreement rate of (70%) or more. After that, the tests were applied to the individuals of the research sample on Tuesday, 11/28/2023, at 10:00 Am for the morning study and 2:00BM for the evening study. The data were collected and processed statistically, then presented in special tables, and their results were discussed in a scientific manner based on scientific sources and references in the exact specialization. The researchers concluded that the age group of the two groups had a clear effect, represented by the superiority of the morning study students in the ability of motor coordination and the accuracy of the skills of shooting from a stability position and movement in handball. The researchers recommended increasing the learning period and repetitions for the evening study students and conducting similar studies on other variables in other individual or team sports. Keywords: Motor coordination, shooting from a stationary position and movement in handball

The research aims to prepare a training curriculum using electrical stimulation to develop the working muscle groups and accomplish the snatch lift for young lifters, and to identify the effect of the training curriculum using electrical stimulation in developing the working muscle groups and performing the snatch lift for members of the research sample.
To achieve the goal, the researcher used the experimental method with a pre- and post-test to suit it with the research problem. The research community included the quartet of the National Center for Sports Talent Care in Baghdad, which consists of (30) quartet, The researcher deliberately selected the research sample from lifters aged (15-17) years who had completed a sufficient period of learning and had stages of training for two years, and whose number reached (9) lifters, meaning (30%) of the research community in the weight category (62). The method prepared by the researcher was applied, The researcher conducted a pre- and post-test for members of the research sample, and the appropriate statistical treatments were carried out. The researcher concluded that electrical stimulation contributes to developing the specific muscular strength of the muscle groups working in the snatch, The highest peak of electrical activity of the working muscles was recorded in the anterior thigh muscle, then the posterior thigh muscle, the biceps brachii muscle, and finally the triceps brachii muscle, because the size of the muscle greatly affects the strength of the electrical signal.
The researcher recommends the need to pay attention in training to electrical stimulation according to different levels of current intensity, as well as to include in weightlifting training curricula electrical stimulation sessions for different muscle groups.