University of Anbar Sport and Physical Education Science Journal

The research aims to identify the effect of special harmonic exercises in learning the skills of the front and back ground strokes in tennis for students. The researchers used the experimental method by designing two equal groups with a pre- and post-test. The research population may be third-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Anbar University for the academic year 2023-2024. The number of students was (77) and the research sample was chosen randomly from Divisions B and C and consisted of 40 students divided into two equal groups, with 20 students from Division C as an experimental group applying special combinatorial exercises, and the second group consisted of 20 students also from Division B to form a group. A female officer applies the method followed by the subject teacher, The educational units were implemented for a period of 6 weeks at a rate of one educational unit per week and the time of the educational unit was 90 minutes. The results showed that there were significant differences in both the control groups that applied the followed method and the experimental group that applied the special harmonic exercises. When comparing the post-tests, the results showed that the experimental group She was better than the control woman in learning the skills of the forehand and backhand shots in tennis for students, and the researchers recommended implementing combinatorial exercises in learning the basic skills in tennis and other skills and activities because of their positive and effective role in the learning process.

The aim of the research was to identify some specific kinematic variables of the arm path and its relationship to the stroke time. The researchers used the descriptive approach. The sample included three swimmers from the national freestyle swimming team, aged (16-18). The sample was chosen intentionally. The most important procedures were to take pictures from the front and side. The specific kinematic variables of the arms' path were determined. The researchers used four cameras, two above the water surface and two inside the water to film the swimmer from the front and side. The test distance was determined to be 10 meters from the 50-meter completion test for three attempts for each swimmer, the arithmetic mean is taken. The statistical package (SPSS) was used to process the data statistically. The most important conclusions The emergence of a significant correlation between the kinematic variables and the time of the stroke, and identifying the shape of the kinetic path, which appeared in the shape of the letter (S) through some kinematic variables. The researchers recommended that trainers should have the correct kinematic information to enable them to diagnose errors and develop appropriate solutions for them, and to conduct studies so that filming is done from underwater (below the swimmer).

Artistic gymnastics for men include six competitions that differ from each other in the apparatus used for competition, as their equipment differs from one another and is not similar to each other. The pommel horse apparatus is the second apparatus in its sequence classification and is considered one of the most difficult because it requires physical and motor qualities and high compatibility. The aim of the research. To know the effect of exercises using an auxiliary device in teaching the skill of moving forward by turning from the Leather to the grip on the pommel horse equipment. The research assumed that there are statistically significant differences between the two pre-tests. The posttest of the research sample on the skill of moving forward by turning from the Leather to the grip on the pommel horse equipment is for the benefit of the posttest. The researcher used the experimental method with a single sample design to suit the research problem, as the research population was defined as (5) emerging players who train in Baghdad, Al-Amana Sports Club for Gymnastics, and their ages range between (9-13) years. The research sample included the entire research population, and the research sample constituted a proportion (100%). The most important conclusions are that the exercises were effective because they gave the players a greater idea of the requirements for skill performance. Through the curriculum for 12 weeks and 24 units, it becomes clear that the device was well designed and served the purpose for which it was designed. The researchers suggest using the device for other skills, especially for lateral movements and rotations on a handle. One for youth and advanced teams and through work streams of some skills similar to the skill under investigation

Attention concentration is one of the things that play an important role in the sports field, as it is one of the basic requirements for good performance in any color of sports activity, as the high degree of mastery is not only related to training qualifications, but also to the subject of concentration of attention and the ability to contribute consciously and control his motor skills, and the study aimed to identify the relationship between concentration of attention and the level of performance of ball referees in Anbar province, and the researchers used the curriculum The research community was selected from the football referees in Anbar Governorate, first and second division, numbering (40) referees for the football season (2023-2024), and the research sample was selected in a deliberate way from the total research community by (100%) and all the sample was targeted to apply the scale and the sample of the exploratory experiment numbering (5) referees by (12.5%). The study reached the application of the scale of concentration of attention to football referees, and the researcher recommended the need to pay attention to the focus of Attention as a positive state of mobilization aimed at organizing internal energies and directing them to the working muscles with internal sensory instructions and high proficiency.

The objectives of the study were summarized in knowing the effectiveness of the six-dimensional strategy (PDEODE) in reducing psychological stress and learning some basic defensive skills in volleyball for secondary school students, and knowing which strategy is best, whether it is the six-dimensional strategy (PDEODE) or the teacher's strategy that he follows with the research variables. The research hypotheses included the existence of a statistically significant difference in the results of the pre- and post-tests for the control and experimental groups in reducing psychological stress and learning some basic defensive skills. Volleyball and the existence of a statistically significant difference in the results of the post-tests of the two research groups in reducing psychological stress and learning some basic defense skills with volleyball. An experimental approach was used for the research to suit this researech. The sample in cluded fifth-grade scientific students in (Al-Suqoour Boys School) for the academey year (2024/2025) and their numbar was (24) studentes. They were divided in to two group : Group (A) control and Group (B) experimeental. Each groups consisted of (12) students. The researcher conducted a pre-test with a scale Psychological tension and defensive skills to recover the ball from the net and defend from zones (1, 6 and 5).
The control group implemented the teacher strategy and the experimental group implemented the six-dimensional strategy (PDEODE). The educational units were implemented in (11) weeks at a rate of one educational lesson per week. The researcher treated the results of his research using statistical methods. It was concluded that the six-dimensional strategy (PDEODE) and the teachers strategy are two strategiey with positive effectiveness in reducing psychological stress and learning the accuracy of the two skills under study and with varying percentages. The six-dimensional strategy showed clear development of the research variables. The researcher recommended using modern strategies. And move away from traditional strategies and conduct research for other team games

The research aimed to identify the effect of the REACT strategy in learning the skills of scoring and heading the ball in soccer for students. The researcher used the experimental approach by designing two equal groups with a pre- and post-test. The research population consisted of (150) students from the fifth grade of literature in Degla Preparatory School for Boys for the academic year. 2024-2025, distributed among five sections, as the research sample was chosen randomly to represent section (B) with (20) students in the experimental group and section (C) with (20) students in the control group, after excluding frequently absent and injured students, and a process was conducted. Homogeneity and equivalence in the pre-tests, and then the main experiment was applied, which included educational units according to the REACT strategy, then the post-tests were conducted, and after collecting the data, appropriate statistical operations for the tests were conducted in order to reach the results, and the researcher concluded that the implementation of the educational units according to the REACT strategy was It has an impact in learning the skills of scoring and heading the ball for students, and it clearly contributed to raising their level of performance through the content of the strategy, which gave a major role to the student in real and effective participation in activating his mental processes in order to achieve the goals of the lesson, compared to the commanding style adopted by the control group. The researcher recommended There is a need to introduce the REACT strategy into the teaching process in learning skills, whether in football or other activities, in order to raise the skill level of students.

The importance of the historical study is evident in its depth and breadth, which begins from the date of the first Asian Championship in which the Japanese national team participated in volleyball in 1975 in Melbourne to 1989 in Manama, as it is considered the most important championship, as well as identifying the most important achievements made by the Japanese national team in qualifying for these championships for the historical period from (1975 to 1989). Since such topics have not been addressed before, this study was found to identify the participations and results achieved by the Japanese national team. The researcher used the historical method in this study as it is the appropriate method for the nature of this study and benefited from the sources that accompanied these events to obtain the information that concerns this study. A set of conclusions and recommendations were reached.

The study aimed to prepare special exercises according to the principle of moments in force for the ankle joint for students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences and to know the effect of these exercises. The researchers assumed that the exercises prepared according to the principle of moments in force have a positive effect in reducing ankle joint injury for students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The researchers used the experimental method using the two equal groups method to suit the nature of the research problem. The research community included students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, first stage, for the academic year (2023-2024). The research sample was selected by lottery and their number was (30) students. The research sample was homogenized using torsion and equivalence in the tests approved in the study. The contribution rates for the research sample were determined through tests (the pull test towards the leg for the ankle joint, the forward push test for the ankle joint). The researchers applied the training curriculum (8) weeks with a total of (24) training units, and each week (3) units and in the high-intensity interval training method. Statistical methods were used (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, torsion, Pearson correlation and t-test). When the statistical data for the tests were completed, they were presented and discussed.
As for the most important conclusions:
1. The exercises according to the principle of moments had a positive effect in developing the strength of the ankle joint.
2. Giving exercises according to training principles, appropriate intensity, and tools that suit the purpose of the research gives positive results.

The study aimed to identify the effect of using suggested therapeutic exercises in improving the range of motion of the lower extremity joints in patients with post-surgical fractures (hip joint, knee joint). The results showed statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-test measurements in the following variables (muscle strength of the hip and leg muscles of the injured leg, circumference of the hip and injured leg muscles), in favor of the post-tests.
The researcher recommended the necessity of using the exercises under study in a standardized manner after the patient's vital signs stabilize and under the guidance of the attending physician who performed the surgery, and in an early manner to prevent complications that may occur to patients if therapeutic rehabilitation exercises are ignored

The aim of the research was to prepare educational units based on the K-U-D strategy and to teach some fundamental skills in football to students. The study also sought to identify the impact of the K-U-D strategy on learning these fundamental skills in football among students. An experimental method was used to suit the nature of the research, employing an experimental design with both the experimental and control groups. The research population consisted of fifth-grade students. The researchers conducted pre-tests, then implemented the exercises, followed by post-tests. The results showed that the experimental group outperformed the control group, which can be attributed to the K-U-D strategy.

This study aimed to develop instructional exercises using the idea filtering strategy for teaching some volleyball skills, and to identify the strategy\'s effect on cognitive load and the performance of certain volleyball skills. The study hypothesized statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test results of the control and experimental groups in reducing cognitive load and learning some basic volleyball skills among students. Furthermore, it hypothesized statistically significant differences between the post-test results of the experimental and control groups in measuring cognitive load and learning certain volleyball skills.
The study adopted an experimental design with experimental and control groups. The research population consisted of second-year students from both morning and evening studies in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Al-Maarif University College for the academic year (2023/2024), totaling (375) students. (70) students were selected as the study sample from the morning study sections, representing (83.333%) of the original study population. Additionally, a sample of (110) students from this population was selected for scale construction.
The researcher then prepared (18) lessons, with (6) lessons per skill, applied at a rate of two lessons per week for a period of (9) weeks. These lessons utilized instructional exercises based on the idea filtering strategy and were applied to students in the experimental group, numbering (35) students, at a rate of one lesson per week.
The study concluded and recommended that the idea filtering strategy is suitable for practical physical education lessons in volleyball for students. Teaching volleyball skill performance using the idea filtering strategy helps in reducing the level of cognitive load and improving the performance of spiking, blocking, and forearm passing skills in volleyball among students, surpassing their peers who learn without it

This research aims to study the impact of the integrated strategy on learning the setting skill for second-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. It also seeks to assess the effectiveness of this strategy in improving the skill performance level of the students and enabling them to master this essential skill. The researcher used the experimental method with experimental and control groups, along with pre- and post-tests, as it is the most suitable approach to address the research problem. The study population was purposively selected from second-year male students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Diyala for the academic year 2023/2024, divided into six sections, totaling 196 students. The research sample was randomly selected by lottery from students in sections (D) and (E). After excluding failing, deferred students, and those already proficient in the game, the final research sample consisted of 60 students, with 30 students in each group. The experimental group was represented by section (D) and the control group by section (E), making up 30.61% of the original population. The results of the study showed that the integrated strategy had a positive impact on learning the setting skill, as it helped the students significantly improve their skill levels through the integration of theoretical and practical aspects. The use of the integrated strategy led to an improvement in the students' skill performance in setting, contributing to enhancing their ability to apply the skill accurately in practical situations. The study also confirmed that combining motor training with cognitive guidance helps students understand and apply the skills in a more integrated way, enhancing their ability to learn complex sports skills. The study recommends using the integrated strategy in learning team sports skills in general, especially for learning the setting skill, due to its numerous benefits in improving skill performance and skill retention. It is important to combine cognitive aspects with motor learning to expand students' understanding of how to perform the skill correctly and effectively. The study also recommends focusing on providing immediate feedback during learning, as it has proven effective in accelerating the learning process and improving performance.

This research aims to design proposed training exercises using the intensive training method for both equal and unequal groups to develop performance endurance in football players under 20 years old. The study examines the effect of these proposed exercises on improving endurance levels. The researcher employed an experimental approach with a pre-test and post-test design for two experimental groups to match the nature of the research problem. The research sample consisted of first-division youth football clubs in Al-Anbar province, specifically players from Al-Fallujah and Al-Sufiyah football clubs, with a total of 50 players under 20 years of age for the 2024–2025 football season. The research sample was deliberately chosen from Al-Fallujah Club, consisting of 24 players. Six players were excluded for a pilot study, leaving 18 players who were divided by lottery into two groups: 9 players in the equal group and 9 in the unequal group, representing 48% of the research population. The main experiment lasted 8 weeks, with a total of 24 training sessions (three sessions per week). The researcher concluded that intensive training exercises are suitable for football players under 20 years during the special preparation period and contribute to improving endurance. It is recommended that coaches incorporate these exercises to enhance performance endurance in young football players and conduct similar studies on different age groups.

The study aimed to identify the impact of the comprehensive and built-in training method in the development of the tactical link for the advanced players of the Ramadi Club, and the researcher assumed that there are statistically significant differences between the results of the pre- and post-tests of the control and experimental research groups.
The researcher has adopted the experimental approach and the design of the two equivalent groups equal number to suit the nature of his research, and chose the sample of his research in a deliberate way and they are players Ramadi Club and Al-Fahd Club number (48) players, and the researcher prepared (20) a special exercise to develop your endurance and link tactical and put them in (36) training units by three training units per week and for a period of three months Implementing these exercises in the main part of the training units, the researcher used six tests commensurate with the requirements and objectives of the research and chose them through scientific sources to obtain the results of his experiment.
Pre-tests were conducted in the variables of the research and the tactical link to determine the equivalence of the two groups and start from one line of initiation.
The researcher carried out the exercises prepared on the two research groups, and the experiment continued for a period of 12/9/2024 - 3/12/2024, by three units per week, and the post-tests were conducted under the same conditions in which the pre-tests were conducted.
The results of the research were presented and discussed scientifically based on the sources of the subject of the research and the researcher concluded that the exercises prepared by the researcher have a positive impact on the development of the tactical link of the experimental research sample and recommended the researcher to introduce exercises focused on the development of the tactical link through additional training methods

This study aims to highlight the history of the Argentina national team's participation in the FIFA World Youth Championships and the results achieved from 1997 to 2007. Given the lack of previous research on such topics, this study seeks to document the names of the countries that had the honor of hosting these World Youth Championships from 1997 to 2007, and to document the results achieved in the FIFA World Youth Championships during the same period 1997-2007.
The researchers utilized the historical method for this study, as it is the most suitable approach for its nature. They drew upon sources that chronicled these events to gather relevant information. The study concluded with several key findings, most notably:
The Argentina national team participated in six consecutive FIFA World Youth Championship finals from 1997 to 2007.
The Argentina national team qualified for the Round of 16 in the FIFA World Youth Championship held in Nigeria in 1999, but was eliminated from that tournament.
The United Arab Emirates hosted a FIFA World Youth Championship during the period of 1997-2007.

The study aims to identify the effect of exercises with proposed educational means on some kinematic indicators of arm skill in freestyle swimming. A set of exercises was designed with proposed means, the number of exercises was (6) exercises and the number of proposed means was (4) four means. The sample was from the first-year students - Anbar University / College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Section (H). The experiment was applied in the wrestling hall in the same college, and some exercises were applied in the royal swimming pool in Ramadi. The researcher used the experimental design for one group to implement the experiment. The researcher conducted the pre-tests on (15/12/2024) on (Sunday), with accurate photography for the purpose of kinetic analysis of the sample. The researcher began implementing the main research experiment on (18/12/2024) on (Wednesday). The experiment continued for (5) weeks, each week (2) educational units, with a total of (10) educational units, (6) of which were applied in the wrestling hall of the same college and (4) in (the royal swimming pool). The experiment was completed on (Sunday) corresponding to (19/1/2025), the data were processed by the statistical package (SPSS), and some conclusions were reached, including that these exercises and methods have a positive effect on some kinematic variables of the arm skill in freestyle swimming. In light of this, the researchers recommend using these exercises and methods in order to acquire the correct learning of the arm skill.

This study aimed to identify the effect of mixed muscular training on the healthy muscle and the impact of cross-education in rehabilitating the injured muscle, indicated by electromyographical activity and muscular strength, in volleyball players. The researchers employed an experimental methodology with a single-experimental group design. The study sample comprised five players with quadriceps femoris muscle injuries. Prior to the experiment, electromyography and muscle strength measurement devices were used to obtain pre-test data. Subsequently, participants performed mixed exercises with intensity and resistance on the healthy quadriceps femoris muscle to rehabilitate the corresponding injured muscle in the affected limb. Upon completion of the experiment, the same pre-test measurement procedures were repeated to obtain post-test data. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The researchers reached several key conclusions, notably: the use of a mixed exercise program for the healthy muscle had a positive effect on developing the electromyographical activity variable (peak and area) and muscular strength for both the healthy and injured muscles. The researchers recommended using mixed training methods in developing rehabilitation programs aimed at strengthening healthy muscles and improving injured muscles.

Gymnastics is one of the games that has special requirements, as today it imposes great physical and skill duties and tasks on the players. The aim of the research was to prepare exercises with a device with different resistances and to identify their effect on some physiological variables and to develop the special strength of gymnasts. The researcher used the experimental method with a single group to suit the nature of the research problem. The research sample consisted of players of the first Rusafa Education team in Baghdad, aged 13-15 years, numbering (8 players) for the academic year (2024-2025). Through the results, the researcher concluded that the exercises used on the device with different resistances had a clear effect in improving the efficiency of the respiratory system and developing the special strength of gymnasts. The researcher recommended using the exercises prepared by the researcher on the device with different resistances in training advanced players for Iraqi clubs and national teams.

The significance of this study lies in constructing and standardizing a legal knowledge test for preparatory school students during inter-school handball competitions. The research problem, identified through the researcher's experience, indicated that most existing legal knowledge tests did not fully incorporate the latest amendments to the handball rules. Therefore, the researcher decided to address this problem by developing a legal knowledge test for preparatory school students in accordance with these recent amendments.
The study aimed to construct a legal knowledge test for preparatory school students in Erbil Governorate schools, based on the fundamental legal articles within the prescribed curriculum related to handball, and to establish normative levels for legal knowledge. The researcher adopted a descriptive approach using a survey method, which was suitable for the research problem. The research population consisted of preparatory school students in Erbil Governorate during the academic year 2023-2024. The construction sample comprised (60) students, while the standardization sample included (65) students, with the results from the construction sample (60 students) added to it, bringing the total standardization sample to (125) students.
Among the most important conclusions was the successful construction of a legal knowledge test for students of Colleges of Physical Education and Sports Sciences in handball, consisting of (20) questions. Additionally, a positive indicator was found in the legal knowledge test, as more than half of the sample achieved an average level or above. The most significant recommendation is to apply this knowledge test to preparatory school students to assess their level of legal knowledge.

The study aimed to identify the effect of the rebound training method with increasing speed on the track curve in developing some performance variables for 200m runners, in an attempt by the researcher to reduce the problem of the weakness and low digital level of the 200m running race, which was inferred through the numbers achieved by the college team players in the race and their stability, Which prompted him to study the problem that reflects the increasing gap between the Iraqi national numbers that do not meet ambition compared to the numbers recorded in the Arab and Asian countries and are far from international numbers.To apply the research procedures, the researcher deliberately selected the research sample from the runners of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences team at Anbar University for the race.200 meters running, numbering (6) runners during the academic year (2024-2025) A survey study was also conducted on a sample of (3) players from outside the basic research sample, and the most important conclusions reached are that the rebound training method with increasing speed on the track curve has a positive effect in developing the translational speed and muscular strength of the legs (under research).) for 200 m running players (sampled individuals), The development in the physical variables (under research) had a positive impact on the development of the digital level of the 200m running race, in addition to the fact that the muscular strengths of the legs have an impact on the length of the runner’s stride and its frequency rate, which is reflected in his speed.

The importance of this research lies in raising the physical and skill level of junior basketball players by using the correct standardization of the physical load for the exercises designed, based on the players\' abilities. This enhances the physical and skill aspects, which is what we aspire to in the science of sports training, to bring athletes to the highest levels. The research problem was: The physical and skill level of junior players is not up to the desired level, and sometimes some exercises are not implemented due to difficulty. This indicates the method used to standardize the physical load for exercises. This prompted the researcher to study this problem by employing a new standardization method, the Burke Method, which uses scientific equations to calculate the required load and intensity. This provides the correct scientific path to developing the physical and skill level of junior players. The aim of the study was to identify the effect of standardizing specific exercises using the Burke method on developing some physical and skill variables for junior basketball players. An experimental approach was used, and after implementing the exercises, conclusions were drawn: Standardizing specific exercises using the Burke method is considered a successful method for developing the physical and skill aspects of junior basketball players. Accordingly, it was recommended to adopt standardized exercises using the Burke method, as it is considered a successful method for developing the physical and skill aspects of junior basketball players. Keywords: Standardization of exercises, Burke method, physical and skill variables, basketball.

Appearance is one of the most important elements that reveal a person's personality, especially in teenage girls. Through the study and research of researchers in fields related to human orthopedics, physical therapy, and medical rehabilitation, especially spinal rehabilitation, a common and significant problem has been identified: spinal deformities, particularly scoliosis, among female students, particularly in middle school, as this is the age group most affected by such deformities. The aim of the study was to prepare and test a rehabilitation program to treat spinal curvature for intermediate school female students (13-15 years old). Research Methodology and Sample: The researcher used the experimental method to suit the nature of the problem to be solved. The research sample consisted of intermediate school female students (Hawazin Intermediate School), numbering (10) students. Based on the results of the research, the researcher reached the most important conclusions: practicing the proposed rehabilitation program reduces the degree of spinal curvature for the research sample members in the X-ray test or through the Frogson angle. The researcher recommended the need for physical education teachers in schools to pay attention to the posture of students with spinal deformities and to care for them to protect them from the development of this deviation.

The importance of the study lies in the constructive strategy of Bybee by linking new concepts and information to previous concepts and information of the student through discovery and scientific thinking. The researcher also addressed the importance of volleyball because it is one of the team games that has begun to attract the attention of its followers due to the privacy it enjoys in terms of motor and skill qualities. The main problem of the research was represented by the presence of weakness in agility and the skills of sending and handling from below for middle school students. Therefore, the researcher decided to delve into this problem and determine the causes as well as try to develop appropriate solutions in order to raise the level of learning this skill. As for the objectives of the study, they are to prepare skill exercises according to the Bybee strategy and identify its effect on agility and learning the skills of sending and handling from below in volleyball. The research method and sample: The researcher used the experimental method because it is suitable for the nature of the problem to be solved. The research sample consisted of first-year middle school students (Al-Azhar Middle School), numbering (120) students. Based on the results of the research, the researcher reached the most important conclusions, which is the emergence of a preference for the effect of using the Bybee strategy and its effectiveness on the method followed in agility and the skills of sending and handling from below for middle school students.

The importance of the study lies in using the analogical thinking strategy in educational units that provide opportunities for the learner to develop his motor qualities and learn scouting skills. The study aimed to prepare educational units according to the analogical thinking strategy and to identify its impact on learning some scouting skills for the cub stage. The main research problem was represented by the weakness in learning some scouting skills. When observing the reality of scouting education in schools, we find that traditional methods of learning skills have become a major burden on learning in the modern era, as the role of the cub is negative and they depend heavily on the leader in order to obtain information so that the leader becomes the focus of the educational process. Through the researcher’s experience as an international training leader, it was concluded that most teachers are not familiar with modern teaching strategies such as the analogical thinking strategy, and this in turn is reflected in the students and their level of performance of scouting skills. The research method and sample: The researcher used the experimental method to suit the nature of the problem to be solved. The research sample consisted of the cub scouting group (Martyr Mu’ayyad Al-Sumaida’i School), numbering (24) scouts, based on what the results showed. Based on the research results, the researcher reached the following conclusions: The analogical thinking strategy gives students opportunities to participate by motivating them to think about finding more than one solution to the problems they face in the educational process.

This study aims to examine the impact of using the SWOM model in learning basic football skills among first-grade middle school students. The research employed an experimental design with a single experimental group, consisting of 15 students who received training through an educational program based on guided repetition, immediate feedback, and active participation in learning.
Students' skill performance was assessed before and after implementing the program using specific skill tests. The results showed a statistically significant improvement in students' performance across all tests, indicating the effectiveness of the SWOM model in developing fundamental football skills. Based on these findings, the study recommends integrating the SWOM model into physical education curricula and expanding future research to explore its effects on different age groups and other sports skills.

The research aims to prepare pressing exercises for female futsal players and to identify the effect of pressing exercises on speed endurance among female futsal players. The researcher assumed the existence of statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests of the research sample in the variables of speed endurance among female futsal players. The experimental method was used, with a single-group design with pre- and post-tests. The research community was deliberately selected from female futsal players in Kirkuk Governorate (center), numbering (4) clubs to represent the original community. The research sample was randomly selected by lottery. They are the players of Solaf Club, numbering (15) players. The percentage of the sample used from the total number of the original research community was (20.338%). Pre-tests were conducted for the experimental research group, and then they applied pressing play exercises in the main section of the training units, which lasted (10) weeks, with a total of (30) training units, and each week had (3) training units. After that, post-tests were conducted, and the results were processed using the statistical package (spss). The researcher concluded that the use of pressing play exercises used on the sample had a positive effect in developing speed endurance. She recommends the importance of using the pressing play exercises under study by coaches to develop speed endurance among female futsal players.

The aim of the research was to build a scale for analyzing the reality of administrative skills in the departments of faculties of physical education and sports sciences from the point of view of instructors, and to apply a scale for analyzing the reality of administrative skills in the departments of faculties of physical education and sports sciences from the point of view of instructors, and to identify the analysis of the reality of administrative skills in the departments of faculties of physical education and sports sciences from the point of view of instructors. The researcher adopted the descriptive، approach, using the. Survey، method . to. Suit, the. nature of. the problem. The, research، community. was selected from the instructors of faculties , of physical ، educati . and sports , sciences. from the universities of Baghdad Governorate, as the sample number reached (200) instructors. The researcher built the scale from the point of view of the instructors of faculties of physical education and sports sciences in Baghdad according to the formulation of paragraphs, as a number of paragraphs were formulated for the administrative skills scale to obtain the results and in a manner consistent with the nature of the work of the research community. After the procedures mentioned, the researcher conducted the exploratory experiment on a sample of (5) instructors, on (1/30/2025), after which the researcher used the validity of the structure to verify the scale: This type of validity is achieved by conducting statistical analysis of the statements, and the researcher verified by using the ability to discriminate and consistency Internal, then the researcher used stability to ensure the stability of the scale by using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient, then the researcher applied the final form of the scale to the research sample, which numbered (95) teachers, then the results were discussed and supported by scientific sources.

This study aims to develop a psychological scale to measure psychological rebellion among advanced scouts in preparatory schools affiliated with the Basra Directorate of Education. The research seeks to provide a precise psychometric tool that contributes to diagnosing this recurring behavior among adolescents within non-formal educational environments, such as scouting programs.A descriptive survey method was adopted, given its relevance to the nature and objectives of the study. The scale construction process involved several scientific procedures, including face validity assessment through expert review in psychology and education, item discrimination using the extreme groups method, internal consistency testing via Pearson correlation, and reliability estimation using Cronbach’s alpha.The total sample consisted of 120 scout students, distributed across three subgroups for pilot testing, construction, and final application. The final version of the scale included 20 items categorized under four subdomains: rebellion against teachers, school administration, rules and regulations, and peers.Statistical analysis revealed that the scale possesses sound psychometric properties, with an overall reliability coefficient of 0.745. The items effectively discriminated between students with high and low levels of rebellion.The study recommends adopting this scale as a diagnostic tool in scouting and educational settings, and suggests conducting further research to examine its applicability across broader psychological and social contexts.

The aim of the research is to prepare visual exercises to divide the distance of a swimming race (400) freestyle meters of free light points for young swimmers, and to learn about the effect of visual exercises to divide the distance of a swimming race (400) freestyle meters points in some electrical activity variables in a swimming (400) freestyle meters of the youth category, and the researcher assumed that there are statistically significant differences between the results of the EMG signals (EMG) The power of the tribal and remote arms of the experimental and controlled research groups, and there are statistically significant differences between the results of the experimental and controlled research groups for the EMG sign test The two well-being to participate in the sports season (2025-2024), who numbered (18) swimmers, They were chosen deliberately, all of them for the research sample of their original community by (100%), as the experiment was experimented with a daytime watercourse in the middle of the bottom of the legal Olympic pool (25) meters from the launch and with a width of (25) meters to form light points that are controlled by Rembert Control from outside the pool for the purpose of diversification at the level of lighting Their training in dividing the legal distance of the pool (50) meters, in which the completion of a swimming (400) freestyle meters swimming is for the eight or eight sessions to go and the seconds. The experiment has the results of the tribal and dimensional tests to process them with a SPSS system so that extracts and applications are for the visual exercises to divide the distance of a swimming race (400) freestyle meters of free optical points, a positive role in increasing the level of the Signal (EMG) and the lack of space for both the muscles with the bold heads, And the two excuses, the exclusive, in the foreboding, the righteous and left muscles of the arms in the swimmers of a distance of (400) freestyle meters, and it is necessary to take into account the trainers by not exaggerating the large number of or increasing the division of the swimming pool when training swimmers by dividing the race distance with optical points to avoid dispersion, and seeking to improve achievement more than interest in improving attention in sports training, so that this calls for the development of capabilities Coaches in technology aid in sports training that affect the physiological indicators required for achievement.

The importance of the research is evident in raising the physical level of volleyball players, especially in terms of speed in its physical and skill types, through the use of appropriate and effective training, which is mixed interval training, with determining the difficulty of training units to suit the player's level and the specificity of the game, thus contributing to raising the level of performance in volleyball. The research problem was: There is fluctuation in the physical level of players, especially speed, as well as the accuracy of skill performance in offensive skills, which is caused by the training used and the standardization of the applied load, which may not contribute to raising the level in terms of speed. Therefore, using training according to the researcher's method, which is mixed interval training, which includes low-intensity intervals and high-intensity intervals, while emphasizing the difficulty of the units and standardizing them, will help in addressing the research problem and achieving the required physical level, which is speed. The research objective was: To identify the effect of mixed interval training using the difficulty of the training unit to develop some types of speed and accuracy of skill performance in volleyball. The experimental method was used. The most important conclusions: Mixed interval training using the difficulty of the training unit is important and good training for developing some types of speed and accuracy of skill performance in volleyball. It was recommended to adopt mixed interval training using the difficulty of the training unit because it is important and a good training method for developing some types of speed and accuracy of skill performance in volleyball.

This study aimed to investigate the role of small-sided games in enhancing integrated skill performances in football among students of the College of Physical Education at the University of Anbar. The study focused on two key aspects: psychological preparation and skill mastery. To achieve these objectives, the descriptive-analytical method was adopted, and a questionnaire consisting of 30 items equally distributed across the two axes was developed.
The instrument was administered to an intentional sample comprising all faculty members of the College of Physical Education at the University of Anbar (N = 52) during the academic year 2024–2025. The instrument’s validity was verified through expert review and internal consistency using Pearson’s correlation, while reliability was confirmed using Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient, which reached a high value of 0.953.
Data were analyzed using SPSS, employing statistical techniques such as means, standard deviations, Pearson's correlation, and the One-Sample T-test to determine the significance of differences in mean responses.
The findings revealed that small-sided games play a significant role in improving integrated skill performances, with a high mean score of 3.77 for psychological preparation and 3.80 for skill mastery. These results highlight the effectiveness of such games in enhancing self-confidence, mental resilience, decision-making abilities, motor coordination, passing accuracy, and group interaction. The study recommends incorporating small-sided games as a fundamental training tool in academic and athletic programs aimed at developing the skills of physical education students.

The aim of the research was to analyze the performance of some basic skills of the goalkeepers of the Iraqi national futsal team in the Arab Cup Championship in its sixth edition. The researchers used the descriptive approach with a survey method based on observation and analysis of the Arab Cup Championship matches, as the Iraqi national team played five matches in the championship, The researchers used a special form to extract data to analyze the basic skills of goalkeepers from all aspects. After analyzing all the matches, the researchers collected the data, extracted it, and tabulated it in its final form for statistical processing. Then, the analysis of the matches began on Friday, corresponding to (2024-11-1), and the analysis process ended on (2024-11-5), corresponding to Tuesday, The results showed that goalkeepers played an effective role in helping the team reach the final match. A clear weakness was also identified in the skill of long passes with the hand and with the foot, as well as a lack of goalkeepers’ contribution to offensive attempts. The researchers recommended the need to focus on developing the accuracy of long passes with the foot and hand among goalkeepers. Keywords: (Analysis, basic skills, goalkeepers, Arab Championship)

The importance of the research: Visual effects mean the use of educational aids that contribute to the speed of learning and mastery of motor tasks through understanding and comprehending the method of performing the skill stages. Therefore, visual effects are an important means used by coaches to help their players master the smash serve skill. Research Problem: The player's awareness and understanding of the method of performing the skill means for him the speed of learning and mastery of the motor task. The researcher, through his work in the field of volleyball, especially among the junior category of the game, found that there is a weakness in their performance of the smash serve skill. The aim of the research is to identify the effect of using visual educational stimuli on the accuracy of the smash serve in volleyball for juniors among the experimental group players in the pre- and post-tests under study. The research hypothesized that there is a positive effect of visual educational stimuli on the accuracy of the smash serve performance skill in volleyball for juniors among the experimental group players in the tests under study, in favor of the post-test. Research methodology The researcher chose the experimental method as it is the optimal method for the subject of this study. Society and research sample: The research society represents junior volleyball players aged (14-16) participating in the game league (2024) and their number is (97) players. The research sample was chosen intentionally from the players of Maysan Sports Club with a number of (16) players. Conclusions: The researcher has a positive impact on developing the accuracy of the smash serve in junior volleyball. Recommendations: Emphasize the importance of trainers using educational tools based on visual effects to develop the accuracy of the smash serve in junior volleyball.

Modern football excellence is no longer limited to physical and technical skills alone but increasingly relies on mental strength and psychological resilience in facing pressure. With growing public expectations and the importance of decisive matches, it has become essential to develop comprehensive psychological training programs. Mental preparation has become a crucial factor in achieving results. Research indicates that a player's mental state directly affects focus, decision-making speed, and team interaction. Teams lacking mental toughness often collapse under anxiety, leading to performance decline despite having strong technical abilities. Football is characterized by unique psychological pressures, such as massive crowds, high expectations, fast-paced play, and significant match consequences—making psychological preparation vital. This study aims to explore the relationship between psychological skills, mental toughness, and athletic excellence among players of Basra, Al-Minaa, Naft Al-Basra, Al-Kahraba, and Al-Bahri football clubs, to reveal the role of psychological aspects in enhancing athletic performance.

Objective of the Research: The research aims to analyze some biomechanical variables in the 50m backstroke swimming arm strokes for young swimmers by determining the nature of the relationship between some biomechanical variables during the stages of arm stroke performance and the level of digital achievement in the 50m backstroke swimming for young swimmers. The researcher hypothesized the existence of a correlation between some biomechanical variables.
Arm strokes, 50m backstroke, for young swimmers and their digital level. The researchers used the descriptive approach to suit the nature of the research. The basic study was conducted on
(6) Selected backstroke swimmers, young Iraqis, aged 17-18 years. They were pre-selected intentionally, and the research sample was subjected to biomechanical measurements and was photographed in the water During a 50-meter backstroke swim at maximum speed to obtain the biomechanical variables, the following most important results were reached: There is an inverse correlation between some biomechanical variables and the digital level in the 50-meter backstroke race for junior swimmers, the angle of the wrist joint of the hand at the moment of entering the water, (the resultant joint speed Finger, vertical velocity of the body's center of gravity at the moment of beginning to hold the water). The vertical displacement of the center of transport, the resultant velocity of the wrist joint of the hand, the resultant velocity of the finger joint of the hand, the vertical velocity of the center of gravity at the moment the arm begins to be pulled), (the resultant displacement of the finger of the hand Vertical displacement of the center of gravity of the body, vertical velocity of the shoulder joint, horizontal velocity of the hand wrist, horizontal velocity of the finger joint of the hand, angle of the elbow at the moment of the end of the pull), (resulting displacement of the finger joint of the hand, vertical displacement of the center of gravity, vertical velocity of the shoulder joint, horizontal velocity of the wrist Hand: Horizontal velocity of the finger joint, elbow angle, thrust onset phase, joint displacement The elbow, the vertical displacement of the center of gravity, the vertical velocity of the shoulder joint, the horizontal velocity of the elbow.. The vertical velocity of the wrist joint, the vertical velocity of the finger joint of the hand, the angle of the elbow joint at the moment the end of the push. The vertical velocity of the wrist joint at the moment the shoulder begins to emerge from the water) existence A direct correlation between some biomechanical variables and the level in the 50 race.

The aim of this research was to develop educational units based on the chattering groups strategy for teaching female students the skills of blocking and defending the court in volleyball. The aim was to identify the effect of the chattering groups strategy on teaching female students the skills of blocking and defending the court in volleyball As for the research hypotheses, there are statistically significant differences between the results of the pre- and post-tests in learning the skills of blocking and defending the court in volleyball for female students, and there are statistically significant differences between the results of the post-tests in learning the skills of blocking and defending the court in volleyball for female students The researchers used the experimental method by designing the control and experimental groups with pre-test and post-test to suit the research problem on a sample of third-year female students in the morning study at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences for Girls/University of Baghdad, numbering (35) female students. After applying the skills tests, the forms were collected in order to process them statistically. In light of the results, the researchers reached a number of conclusions.
Among them, the chattering groups strategy had an effective and positive role in learning the skills of blocking and defending the court in volleyball among female students, and the method followed by the school had a positive and effective role in learning the skills of blocking and defending the court in volleyball among female students in the control group. In light of the conclusions, the researchers recommend the necessity of using the chattering groups strategy.
Employing them correctly within educational units and adopting modern learning strategies to achieve the best results are essential. This is necessary to eliminate strategies that are teacher-centered and do not provide a role for expressing opinions.

The research aims to identify the effect of aerobic training on some physical and skill abilities of futsal players through (determining the physical abilities of futsal players, determining the skill abilities of futsal players, identifying the effect of the training program using aerobic training on some physical and skill abilities of futsal players). The researchers used the experimental method to suit the nature of the research and used the experimental design with two pre- and post-measurements for one experimental group. The researchers selected a deliberate sample of 16 players from the Tigris University Club in Iraq. One of the most important results was the presence of statistically significant differences between the average scores of the pre- and post-measurements of the experimental group in favor of the average post-measurement in the physical and skill tests of futsal players. One of the most important recommendations was the necessity of using the training program using aerobic training because of its effective positive impact in developing the physical aspects and the level of skill performance of futsal players. Futsal.

Researchers have noted that there is a weakness among young football players in cognitive flexibility with regard to linking skill and plan for players and paying attention to the open environment conditions they face, which creates weakness in their scoring accuracy in offensive situations. Therefore, teaching them to confront different environment perceptions during the match is very necessary, especially in the youth stage, which is one of the most important stages, as the player is in a critical stage for moving to the advanced stage. The objectives of the research are to identify the relationship between cognitive flexibility and the accuracy of the scoring skill of Al-Najaf youth football players and to identify the relationship between some perceptions of the environment and the accuracy of the scoring skill of Al-Najaf youth football players. The researchers used the descriptive approach using the survey method and correlational relationships. The research community was identified, which is Al-Najaf youth football players for the sports season (2023-2024). The researchers conducted tests in the Psychological Sciences Laboratory at Al-Qadisiyah University for cognitive flexibility and perceptions of the environment and conducted scientific transactions on it, then it was used on the research sample. The researchers reached the following conclusion: There is a significant positive correlation between cognitive flexibility and the accuracy of the scoring skill of Al-Najaf youth football players. There is a significant positive correlation between some perceptions of the environment and the accuracy of the scoring skill of Al-Najaf youth football players.

This study aimed to document and analyze the legal amendments that have occurred in the rules of basketball from its inception to the present day. This provides comprehensive academic material that contributes to improving both the academic and practical understanding of the game's rules. In this research, the historical method was adopted to study these amendments, based on official scientific references issued by the International Basketball Federation (FIBA) and specialized academic references on the sport.
The study initially focused on the history of basketball rules from the game's beginning in 1891 up to 2024, examining how games were played and reviewing and analyzing the legal amendments that have impacted the game. The study drew several key conclusions, most notably the international standardization of court dimensions. Furthermore, the introduction of the three-point line significantly enhanced excitement and enjoyment, and the reduction of the shot clock duration increased the pace of play. The amendments also contributed to creating a stricter system of penalties for teams that lack discipline.
The study recommended developing the skill level of referees and increasing their numbers through intensive courses to familiarize them with the latest rule amendments and how to apply them effectively. It also emphasized the necessity for educational and coaching staff to stay informed about the latest updates to basketball rules.

The aim of the research was to prepare rehabilitation exercises to correct deviations in those with anterior curvature of the spine and sagging shoulders, primary school students, by identifying the degree of deviation (sagging shoulders and falling head forward, and increasing anterior dorsal convexity) for primary school students under study, measuring the range of motion and muscle strength of the muscles working on the spine in those affected, as the researcher used the experimental method with a single group, pre- and post-measurements, to suit the nature of the research, and the research community was represented by primary school students during the academic year 2023-2024 AD, the research experiment was applied for a period of (10) weeks during the time period, the research sample was selected intentionally, aged (9-11) years, who suffer from anterior curvature, and their number was (6) students with anterior curvature of the spine, as the results showed the effectiveness of rehabilitation exercises with the use of a medical ball, a positive effect in improving the degree of deviation of sagging shoulders and falling head forward by an improvement rate, and the degree of increasing anterior curvature by an improvement rate in the sample under study, and it was The most important recommendations for benefiting from the rehabilitation program using rehabilitation exercises for those with kyphosis.