Iraqi Journal of Humanitarian, Social and Scientific Research

This research aims to study the role of social marketing in combating social phenomena among university students by identifying the nature of the relationship and impact between social marketing as an independent variable and social phenomena as a dependent variable. The importance of the research lies in highlighting the effectiveness of modern social marketing tools, particularly digital campaigns and social media, in influencing youth behavior and reducing negative social behaviors. The research adopted the descriptive-analytical method and was applied to a sample of (180) male and female students from the College of Basic Education. A questionnaire was used as the primary data collection tool. Data were analyzed using the SPSS V.23 statistical software, relying on arithmetic means and standard deviations, in addition to Pearson's correlation coefficient and simple linear regression analysis. The results showed a statistically significant positive correlation between social marketing and the reduction of negative social phenomena among university students. The regression results also demonstrated a significant effect of social marketing in mitigating these phenomena, with the independent variable explaining a considerable proportion of the variance in the dependent variable. Furthermore, the results indicated that the most effective social marketing tools are digital content and awareness campaigns via social media. In light of these findings, the research recommends strengthening the use of social marketing strategies within educational institutions, continuously activating digital awareness campaigns, and engaging digital influencers to support targeted social messages. This will contribute to promoting positive behavior among university students and reducing negative social phenomena.

This research aims to analyze the impact of educational service quality on achieving organizational health in educational institutions, through an applied study conducted at the University of Baghdad. The study adopted an applied analytical approach, based on field data collected using a questionnaire distributed to a selected sample of faculty members and administrative staff. The final sample size was 108 individuals, with a response rate of 90%. Educational service quality was measured as the independent variable through four main dimensions: faculty quality, scientific research quality, educational administration quality, and curriculum quality, while organizational health was measured as the dependent variable. The results of the statistical analysis showed a statistically significant positive impact of educational service quality on achieving organizational health, with an impact factor (β = 0.63) and a coefficient of determination (R² = 0.40) at a significance level of (Sig = 0.000). This indicates that educational service quality explains approximately 40% of the variance in organizational health levels within the university. The results of the sub-hypothesis testing showed variation in the strength of the impact of the dimensions of educational service quality. The quality of scientific research ranked first in terms of impact, followed by the quality of educational administration, then the quality of faculty members, and finally the quality of curricula. All these results were statistically significant. The study confirms that improving the quality of educational services is a fundamental approach to enhancing organizational health, which contributes to improving the work environment, strengthening institutional commitment, and raising levels of organizational effectiveness in higher education institutions. The study also recommends giving greater attention to scientific research and the development of educational administration, as they are among the most influential dimensions in building a sound, resilient, and sustainable educational institution.

This research aims to identify the effect of the phenomenon-based learning strategy on developing scientific curiosity among fourth-grade students in general science.The following null hypothesis was formulated: There is no statistically significant difference at the 0.05 level between the mean scores of the experimental group students in developing scientific curiosity, who study general science using the phenomenon-based learning strategy, and the mean scores of the control group students in developing scientific curiosity, who study the same subject using the traditional method. The researcher selected Al-Maqasid Primary School for Boys and chose two classes for the two research groups in the fourth grade. The students in both groups were matched in terms of age and their grades from the previous year (third grade). The subject matter included the topics from the fourth-grade science textbook for the second semester. Specific behavioral objectives were formulated, and model lesson plans were prepared for the experimental topics. The phenomenon-based learning strategy was taught and implemented with the experimental group, while the traditional method was used to teach the control group. After the experiment was completed, the researcher developed a test that included items designed to demonstrate the development of scientific curiosity among the students. After confirming the validity of the items, the test was administered to both research groups. Using appropriate statistical methods, the researcher concluded that:(The students in the experimental group, who studied general science using the phenomena-based learning strategy, outperformed the students in the control group, who studied general science using the traditional method, in developing scientific curiosity) by a statistically significant difference at the 0.05 level.

Ibn al-Sarraj addressed the topic of negation in several chapters of his book, *Al-Usul*, explaining its tools, rules, and the resulting changes in meaning and grammatical structure. Therefore, the aim of our research, entitled "The Negative Sentence in Ibn al-Sarraj's *Al-Usul*," is to understand Ibn al-Sarraj's concept of the negative sentence, identify the negation tools he used, explain their effect on various grammatical structures, and clarify the rhetorical and semantic implications associated with the style of negation. The research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, tracing texts related to negation in the book "Al-Usul" (The Foundations), analyzing them, and linking them to the opinions of several grammarians and researchers. The study yielded a number of results, including Ibn al-Sarraj's reliance on grammatical evidence and examples to clarify issues related to negation, which helped to clarify the meaning and explain the rule. It also revealed that Ibn al-Sarraj was influenced by the opinions of earlier grammarians, particularly Sibawayh and al-Mubarrad, while maintaining his own unique style in presenting the material. Among the research recommendations is the importance of studying the grammatical styles in Arabic heritage books, due to the linguistic and semantic issues they contain that contribute to a deeper understanding of the structure of the Arabic language.

This research examines the phenomenon of anxiety and fear in Morisco literary heritage, a rich human legacy shaped by the experience of Andalusian Muslims who endured forced displacement, exile, and the suppression of their religious and cultural identity. The study explores the stylistic and thematic representations of anxiety and fear through selected poetic texts from Morisco poetry and prose writings preserved in Aljamiado literature. It reveals a complex psychological and social structure reflected in Morisco writings through three major dimensions: existential anxiety associated with the loss of homeland and identity, fear of the Inquisition and its mechanisms of persecution, and the anxiety of religious and cultural belonging under conditions of oppression and marginalization. The research employs textual and contextual analysis, while integrating psychological and sociological approaches to interpret Morisco texts and uncover the profound emotional and cultural implications embedded within them.

The current research aims to identify (the effect of the Woods model on the achievement of modern history among second-year intermediate students). To achieve the research objectives, the researcher adopted an experimental design with partial control, which is the design of the experimental and control groups with pre- and post-tests, and two hypotheses were developed for the research. The research population was identified, which represents middle schools within the Salah al-Din Governorate Education Directorate - Science Education Department. The research sample was (64) students from the second middle grade from Al-Kharjah School, intentionally. The sample was divided into two groups: experimental and control - the experimental group (32) students studied according to the model. Woods, and the control group (32) students, studied according to the usual method. Parity was conducted between the two groups in some variables such as (chronological age, achievement, intelligence level, parents’ academic achievement), which the researcher believes affect the dependent variables along with the independent variables.

This research examines a crucial variable: organizational resilience. Organizational resilience is a fundamental strategic capability for organizations to confront crises and adapt to unforeseen environmental changes, with a focus on the period between 2018 and 2026. The research aims to analyze the factors and practices that contribute to enhancing organizational resilience, including organizational awareness, adaptive capacity, organizational learning, organizational culture, strategic human resource practices, digital transformation, and the use of digital resources. The research is based on a critical and comparative review of empirical and qualitative studies that addressed small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), service organizations, the public sector, and the tourism sector, analyzing the impact of resilience on organizational performance, innovation, business continuity, and employee well-being. The results show that organizational resilience is based on awareness, which enables the organization to assess the environment and understand potential changes in order to act proactively, and adaptive capacity, which enables the organization to modify its structure, processes, and culture to recover quickly after crises. This study highlights the importance of integrating organizational resilience into corporate strategies to enhance adaptability, recovery, and innovation in dynamic and turbulent environments. It also underscores the need for further applied research to identify best practices and indicators for measuring resilience effectiveness across different sectors.

The aim of this research is to analyze the development of Turkish–Israeli relations during the era of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan by monitoring the transformations that have occurred in these relations, interpreting their political and strategic determinants, and revealing the nature of their fluctuation between cooperation and tension in light of regional changes. The study relies on the historical method and the descriptive-analytical approach. The research concludes that Turkish–Israeli relations during Erdoğan’s era have witnessed a state of fluctuation between cooperation and tension, as a result of the interconnection of political, economic, and security interests with ideological considerations. The rise of the Justice and Development Party to power in 2002 contributed to a shift in Turkish foreign policy by enhancing Turkey’s regional role and opening up to Middle Eastern issues, particularly the Palestinian cause. The study recommends the need to monitor changes in Turkish foreign policies, especially in light of the accelerating regional and international transformations.

This research focuses on the study of environmental pollution, which is considered one of the most widespread and dangerous problems affecting our world today. Discussing pollution is particularly challenging, as it is a multifaceted issue with complex and undefined dimensions. Therefore, it is essential to study it thoroughly, understand its various aspects, and make efforts at all levels—internationally, nationally, and locally—to address and resolve it. In this research, we aimed to present the key concepts of environmental pollution, its types, and the international, governmental, and local strategies proposed to find solutions and recommendations that contribute to achieving a cleaner environment.

This research aims to conduct a comprehensive and in-depth study of the word "kull" (all) and its derivatives within the Qur'anic context from an interpretive and exegetical perspective. The study provides a precise analysis of this important word, which carries multiple and profound meanings in the Holy Qur'an. The research begins by defining the word "kull" linguistically and technically, then moves on to examine the types of inclusiveness it conveys. The study distinguishes between absolute, true inclusiveness, which admits no exceptions, and relative, conventional inclusiveness, which is determined by context and surrounding evidence. The research focuses on the role of the genitive construction in determining the meaning of "kull." It clarifies that when added to an indefinite noun, it indicates the inclusiveness of individuals; when added to a definite noun, it indicates the inclusiveness of parts or what is known; and when it is used without a genitive construction, it conveys brevity and conciseness. The research also examines the phenomenon of considering both form and meaning in the pronoun's reference to "all," explaining how the singular form emphasizes individuality and singularity, while the plural form emphasizes plurality and comprehensiveness. The research explores the profound rhetorical connotations of the word "all" in the Quranic context, such as its connotations of encompassing and absolute comprehensiveness, emphasis and exaggeration, and equality and equivalence. It also studies the various Quranic contexts in which "all" appears, whether legislative contexts establishing legal rulings, cosmic contexts depicting natural phenomena, or social and psychological contexts portraying the conditions of groups and individuals. The study further investigates the rhetorical miracle in the use of "all" and its derivatives, demonstrating how this word achieves conciseness and brevity, conveys emphasis and exaggeration, and reflects the art of fronting and delaying. The research also presents precise comparisons between "all" and other similar words such as "all," "all together," and "any," to highlight the subtle semantic differences between them. This research is based on reliable and meticulously documented sources, including books of Quranic exegesis (al-Tabari, al-Zamakhshari, Ibn Kathir, al-Qurtubi, Abu Hayyan), linguistic dictionaries (Lisan al-Arab, al-Qamus al-Muhit, Taj al-Arus), books of grammar and morphology (al-Kitab by Sibawayh, Mughni al-Labib, Sharh al-Tashil), and books of rhetoric and inimitability (Dala’il al-I’jaz, al-Burhan fi Ulum al-Quran, al-Itqan fi Ulum al-Quran(.

This research examines the jurisprudential causes (ʿilal fiqhiyyah) in Imam al-Khatib al-Shirbini’s al-Iqnaʿ within the Book of Fasting, as one of the key usul-based tools influencing legal reasoning and preference of opinions within the Shafi‘i school. The study aims to uncover al-Shirbini’s methodological approach in employing legal causation in justifying fasting rulings, clarifying its role in interpreting Sharia texts, deriving legal rulings, and reconciling juristic differences. The research adopts an inductive-analytical method by tracing and analyzing instances where legal causes appear in the Book of Fasting within al-Iqna

This study aims to clarify the extent of British - Ottoman competition over the Arabian Gulf region in general and Kuwait in particular, due to its strategically important location on maritime transport routes and its position on the global trade route. The two states engaged in a fierce rivalry, with each utilizing its available resources—whether through the use of force at times or diplomacy at others, To achieve its goal of direct control and domination over Kuwait, thereby gaining control of the most important maritime route linking trade from the East to the West, the Ottoman Empire sought to assert its right to sovereignty over Kuwait, while Britain viewed itself as the strongest power in the region and, on that basis, believed it had the right to control Kuwait. However, in the end, Britain imposed its control and incorporated Kuwait into the British Protectorate Treaties.

Before Islam, the Arabs knew the political system of governance according to tribal values, where loyalty to the tribe superseded that of the state. With the advent of Islam, which illuminated the world, these concepts changed, and loyalty shifted to the state, according to a sound and well-established system founded by the Prophet Muhammad. He became the religious and secular authority for all who adhered to this faith. After the death of the Prophet, there was no established administrative system for determining his successor, nor had the Prophet designated anyone. Therefore, independent reasoning (ijtihad) led to the selection process during the era of the Rightly Guided Caliphs (40-11 AH / 660-632 CE). The system implemented during the reigns of the first two caliphs, Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq and Umar ibn Al-Khattab, involved nomination to choose the most suitable person to safeguard the interests of the nation. The same applied to the third and fourth caliphs, Uthman ibn Affan and Ali ibn Abi Talib. They were chosen by a council called the Shura Council, which was approved by the Muslims to choose the successor of the Messenger of God. During the Umayyad Caliphate (132-40 AH/660-749 CE), a system emerged that was alien to the Islamic political system. Caliph Mu'awiya implemented the concept of succession in an attempt to maintain power within the Umayyad dynasty, making the caliphate purely hereditary, with the son or brother succeeding the caliph. This led to opposition and attempts to restore the system to its foundation: the principle of consultation (shura) and the selection of the most capable leader. Succession was one of the most significant and dangerous developments for the Islamic political system. Its emergence stemmed from the expansion of the Islamic Caliphate during the era of the Rightly Guided Caliphs, and the resulting diversification of ethnicities and races within the state. In Islam, a crown prince is the person to whom the caliph or ruler entrusts the rule after him, whether by explicitly designating him alone or by designating several individuals in succession. Some schools of thought have agreed on the permissibility of the caliph pledging allegiance to his son or father, as he is the leader of the nation and his command is binding. The study of succession in Andalusia was encouraged by the firm conviction that succession...

Corruption is one of the most serious phenomena facing modern states, given its profound impact on the structure of both the state and society. It is not limited to the squandering of public funds or the exploitation of public office for personal gain, but extends to undermining trust in institutions, weakening the rule of law, hindering development, and affecting the value system upon which society is based. Thus, combating corruption has become a top priority for governments and international organizations, recognizing that sustainable development cannot be achieved in an environment rife with corruption and lacking transparency and accountability. The issue of corruption in Iraq has acquired even more complex dimensions as a result of the accumulation of numerous political, economic, and social factors over many decades. Successive wars, economic sanctions, the weakness of state institutions, and the political transformations that followed 2003 have all contributed to creating a conducive environment for the spread of corruption in its various forms. Over time, corruption ceased to be merely isolated incidents and transformed into a widespread phenomenon affecting all levels of the state. It became practiced openly or implicitly in numerous institutions, leading many citizens to accept it as an unavoidable reality. The danger of the current situation lies in the fact that the prolonged persistence of corruption has not only resulted in economic losses but has also contributed to a shift in societal culture itself. Individuals have become accustomed to conducting their affairs through bribery or favoritism, having witnessed that obtaining employment has become more about influence than competence. Consequently, these practices have gradually transformed from reprehensible acts into familiar patterns of behavior, even becoming, in the eyes of some, legitimate means to achieve personal goals. As a result, corruption has shifted from being a legal violation to a social culture that is passed down and continuously reproduced by generations. Social culture is not formed overnight; rather, it is the culmination of a long accumulation of values, customs, and behaviors acquired by individuals from family, school, the workplace, the media, and public institutions. If these institutions send implicit messages that success is achieved through connections rather than merit, and that the law is not applied equally to everyone, then they are contributing, whether they realize it or not, to establishing a culture that tolerates corruption, and perhaps even encourages it.

This study examines the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in university administration and employee work through a qualitative case study of Erbil Polytechnic University. It is situated within the accelerating digital transformation of higher education, where AI increasingly shapes not only teaching and learning but also reporting, document management, decision support, quality assurance, and institutional governance. Using semi-structured interviews with 35 participants drawn from leadership, administrative, information technology, quality assurance, and service units, the study develops an integrated analytical framework linking institutional readiness, employee practices, governance, and ethical oversight. The findings suggest that AI is widely perceived as a tool for improving productivity and service quality, particularly in repetitive tasks, reporting, communication, and data organization. At the same time, the results reveal structural constraints related to uneven AI literacy, limited policy clarity, data-governance concerns, and the need for sustained professional development. The discussion situates these findings within recent international literature on AI policy, institutional adoption, AI literacy, and responsible governance in higher education. The study concludes that AI can enhance administrative effectiveness at Erbil Polytechnic University only when adoption is phased, policy-led, ethically governed, and continuously supported by human oversight and staff capacity building.

This study examines the impact of adopting artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in accounting information systems on the quality of financial decision-making in Iraqi banks, in light of the rapid digital advancements in the financial and banking sector. The study aimed to identify the extent to which AI technologies, specifically expert systems, machine learning, natural language processing, and robotic process automation (RPA), contribute to improving the accuracy and efficiency of financial decisions within Iraqi banks. The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach, combining theoretical frameworks with applied field research. A questionnaire was used as the primary data collection tool, targeting employees in the finance and senior management departments of several Iraqi public and private banks. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and a range of statistical methods.
The study concluded that adopting AI technologies has a statistically significant positive impact on improving the quality of financial decision-making. Expert systems, in particular, contributed to addressing financial problems and reducing errors.

The Islamic economic factor is intertwined with all religious, social, and political factors, such that these factors integrate to offer comprehensive solutions for life. The Islamic economic factor is linked to the Islamic creed, which is based on the belief that God Almighty is the owner of all dominion and possesses absolute power. It is also linked to acts of worship, such as the obligation of Zakat and Khums to care for the poor and needy. Furthermore, it is connected to the system of financial transactions, which legislates measures to protect wealth from any individual or collective transgression. Therefore, the economic factor has a decisive impact on the emergence, development, and flourishing of cities and urban development. It is considered the key to the formation of societies on the one hand, and the reason for the division of cities and the outbreak of wars on the other.

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of modern motor rehabilitation programs compared to traditional ones in the speed of functional recovery for junior football players with lower limb injuries. An experimental approach was used with a two-group design (control and experimental) including pre- and post-tests. The research population consisted of players from one of the specialized football schools in Al-Qadisiya Governorate. A sample of (30) junior players (under 19 years) with lower limb injuries (partial anterior cruciate ligament tear, grade II ankle sprain, hamstring strain) during the 2025-2026 sports season was selected and randomly divided into two equal groups: a control group (traditional rehabilitation program) and an experimental group (modern and innovative rehabilitation program). The study used tests to measure muscle strength, flexibility, balance, passing accuracy, and dribbling performance before and after an (8)-week rehabilitation program. The results showed a significant improvement in all variables within each group, with the experimental group outperforming the control group in post-tests (p < 0.01), confirming the effectiveness of modern programs in accelerating recovery and improving motor performance. The study recommends adopting modern motor rehabilitation programs in sports rehabilitation programs for junior players.

The importance of this research lies in helping students improve their skills and performance by using modern educational techniques specializing in skill-based and psychological aspects. This involves using educational units that incorporate cognitive techniques, which undoubtedly impacts the skill of dribbling in football.
During the researcher's field observations and observation of practical lectures on attacking football skills for students at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, it was noted that teaching the skill of dribbling in football was difficult for several reasons, including skill-related and psychological factors. These difficulties stemmed from a lack of attention to the psychological variables in the educational curricula and a tendency to minimize the effort and emotional expression displayed by students while performing the required skills. Therefore, the researcher found it necessary to study certain behavioral and psychological variables to develop the skill of dribbling by preparing educational units using cognitive techniques. This approach is likely to play a significant and important role in improving student performance.
Therefore, the researcher defined the study's objectives as follows:
1- To develop educational units using cognitive techniques in football.
2- To identify the impact of educational units using cognitive techniques on developing students' football dribbling skills.
The researcher also hypothesized that educational units using cognitive techniques have a positive impact on developing football dribbling skills.
The researcher used the experimental method. In this type of research, one or more factors related to the study topic are systematically modified and developed in order to determine the effect of this modification on the dependent variable. The researcher defined the research population as second-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Kufa, for the academic year (2025-2026). A sample of (15) students was taken for the study, selected with (5) students from each of sections (B, C, and E), according to the registration lists.
The study also revealed the following key conclusions:
1- The educational units using cognitive techniques developed by the researcher have a positive impact on teaching students the football dribbling skill.
2- The exercises used within the specialized educational units have a positive impact on developing students' football dribbling skills.
3- The use of physical and skill-based exercises within the specialized educational units helps shorten the allotted unit time and ensures continuity in teaching students football dribbling skills.
Regarding the most important recommendations, the researcher concluded the following:
1- The results of this study should be generalized to educational institutions concerned with individual character development.
2- The researcher should emphasize the use of diverse and modern cognitive techniques and integrate them into the programs.
3- Openness and consultation with specialists in various Arab and international countries are essential to ensure that the extracted information is relevant to the level of these countries and to promote scientific and cultural exchange.

This research aims to uncover the behavioral and psychological dimensions within Surat Al-Hujurat by formulating a model for what is termed "Behavioral Exegesis." This approach links Qur’anic texts with modern behavior modification theories. The research problem lies in the gap between the theoretical interpretation and the practical application of moral verses in contemporary societies. The researcher employed an analytical-deductive methodology to extract educational rules from the Surah. The study concluded that Surat Al-Hujurat represents a comprehensive therapeutic system targeting "cognitive restructuring" before "procedural control."The study demonstrated the effectiveness of the "behavioral aversion" strategy used in the Qur'an to treat the phenomena of backbiting and bullying The Surah established a precise protocol for protecting the psychological security of society through the concepts of "verification" (Tabayyun) and "self-regulation."

The modern era is witnessing a widespread use of smartphones, which has led to significant changes in patterns of social interaction, as reliance on technology has increasingly replaced direct communication. This research aims to explore the relationship between smartphone addiction and the decline in social interaction within Iraqi society, especially in light of the cultural and social changes brought about by excessive use of these devices. The study addresses the concept of smartphone addiction, its causes, and its psychological and social effects, with a particular focus on how this phenomenon contributes to diminishing social interaction—an essential component of Iraqi culture, known for its strong familial and social ties. The research also discusses how excessive phone use impacts the quality of social relationships and daily interpersonal communication. The study adopts an analytical methodology through surveys and field interviews to investigate the extent to which smartphones affect social interaction among various segments of Iraqi society, such as youth, students, and employees. By analyzing the data, the research aims to determine whether there is a direct correlation between increased smartphone use and the decline of social gatherings and participation in group activities. Finally, the research provides practical recommendations to mitigate the impact of smartphone addiction and promote social interaction. These include raising awareness about the risks of excessive use, encouraging activities that foster real-world engagement, and highlighting the role of educational and media institutions in addressing this phenomenon.

This research aims to identify the impact of the Sharpak model on linguistic concepts among second-year intermediate students. The researcher selected a sample of (60) students from the second intermediate grade at Al-Hamamiya Intermediate School for Boys, which is part of the day schools affiliated with the General Directorate of Education of Salah al-Din. They were randomly distributed into two equivalent groups, with (30) students in the experimental group and (30) students in the control group. The subject teacher taught the experimental group using the Sharpak model, and the control group using the usual method. In line with the research objective, the researcher prepared a multiple-choice linguistic concepts test consisting of (45) items distributed across linguistic branches, namely (at the word level, at the sentence structure level). Its validity and reliability were verified, in addition to its psychometric properties. After conducting the research experiment, the researcher applied the linguistic concepts test, then collected the data and analyzed it statistically using the t-test for two independent samples. The researcher reached the following conclusions: 1- There are statistically significant differences at the (0.05) level between the mean scores of the experimental group, which studied according to the Sharpak model, and the control group, which studied according to the traditional method, in terms of linguistic concepts, in favor of the experimental group. 2- There is a statistically significant difference at the (0.05) level between the mean scores of the pre-test and post-test for the experimental and control groups in their reading comprehension test, in favor of the post-test. In light of the research findings, the researcher recommended utilizing the Sharpak model in the teaching process to effectively convey course material to students. The researcher also suggested conducting a study on the effect of the Sharpak model on other variables such as scientific inquiry, successful intelligence, gender, achievement, and reasoning and critical thinking.

This critical narrative review investigates how contemporary American novels depict setting as a dynamic force shaping identity, community, and national imaginaries. The study addresses how authors reposition place, space, and environment to reflect shifting social, political, and cultural grammars in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Employing a cross-method approach, the analysis synthesizes close readings of narrative landscapes with a thematic survey of critical scholarship, emphasizing urban and rural milieus, regional diasporas, and liminal spaces that complicate traditional geographic binaries. The review examines recurring motifs such as displacement, whiteness and whiteness in flux, surveillance, environmental change, and the commodification of place, linking them to broader inquiries about memory, power, and belonging. Findings reveal how modern American novels use setting to enact ethical inquiries, test claims of authenticity, and destabilize conventional genres. The significance lies in revealing setting as an active protagonist that negotiates national self-conception and fosters critical dialogue about contemporary American life.

This article interprets two classic utopian novels written entirely by women, Herland (1915) by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Mizora (1890) by Mary E. Bradley Lane, as biopolitical imaginings, instead of merely feminist fantasies of liberation. This study claims that both novels uphold an idealized picture of societies where women have replaced men in reproductive, educational, and social control functions, but the utopian images rely on the ability to transform reproduction into a political system that can be controlled. Through extensive samples from the novels themselves, comparative close textual analysis, and the incorporation of feminist utopian theory, the account of the history of eugenics, Michel Foucault's notions of biopower and the politics of reproduction, this article demonstrates how parthenogenesis, scientific reproduction, idealized motherhood, and the absence of men serve as tools for the production of ideal citizens. Herland's idea of reproduction is sacralized, disciplined in a collective manner and exclusionary to the races considered less desirable, whereas Mizora's is a truly eugenic and racially exclusive perfection of the female body. The comparison highlights the dual nature of the reproductive utopia, one that frees women from the control of the patriarchy, and another that creates new regimes of bodily management. The article ends with a discussion of the moral boundaries of women-only reproductive utopias and why such concepts remain relevant when discussing reproduction, race and politics of life.

This correlational study aimed to investigate the impact of internet addiction and academic procrastination on the academic achievement of middle and high school students in Najaf Governorate, specifically in the city of Najaf. Data was collected from 140 female students using purposive sampling. The researcher employed a descriptive research methodology. The results indicated that a significant percentage of students spend time on mobile devices, with most dedicating up to three hours, while a considerable number spend more than five hours. The correlational analysis revealed a positive correlation between academic procrastination and internet addiction among the female students, emphasizing the need for educational interventions. The study recommended promoting the healthy use of technology and supporting academic success among female students.

The journeys undertaken by travelers in the past are of great importance due to the documentation they provide, which greatly aids in understanding and studying societies of that time. Among these journeys is that of Ibn Battuta, which was distinguished by its focus on studying societies and their political, economic, and social conditions. From this perspective, we find that these journeys greatly enriched historical sources with the realities of the countries visited by the travelers and highlighted the points of agreement and disagreement in the accounts of other travelers, such as Ibn Jubayr, regarding historical events. Furthermore, they reflected the difficulties they faced when traveling from one country to another and the changes that occurred in those countries during their subsequent visits. They also revealed the political role played by Ibn Battuta during his visit to China and the interest shown in him by the ruler of its province. In addition, they documented his multiple visits to Mosul and the Levant, and the phenomena he witnessed that caught his attention. However, we also find that many opinions have opposed the Moroccan traveler\'s accounts, questioning his writings, and in some cases, even denying and doubting his information. He reported. Ibn Battuta’s account was based on the accurate description of the countries and cities he visited. He described everything he encountered with meticulous detail, paying close attention to the nature of the matter. He did not conceal anything he saw. He was inclined to explore and sometimes reached places that posed a danger to his life, but he insisted on continuing and recording what he saw, as we will see in the next part of the Serch.

This study aimed to identify the impact of smart accounting dimensions on maximizing accounting profits in the Anbar Education Directorate. The study adopted the descriptive-analytical approach, using a questionnaire as the main tool for data collection. The study sample consisted of (180) employees from various administrative levels in the Anbar Education Directorate, selected using stratified random sampling method. The study identified four main dimensions of smart accounting: automation and artificial intelligence, data analytics and business intelligence, cloud computing integration, and cybersecurity and data protection. The dependent variable was measured through accounting profit maximization indicators including cost reduction, revenue optimization, resource allocation efficiency, and financial performance improvement. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS software, employing descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. The results showed a significant positive impact of smart accounting dimensions on accounting profit maximization, with R² = 0.742, indicating that smart accounting dimensions explain 74.2% of the variance in accounting profit maximization. The study concluded several recommendations including the need for comprehensive digital transformation in accounting systems, investment in staff training on smart accounting technologies, and development of integrated performance measurement frameworks that align with modern technological capabilities.

The current system is considered one of the basic pillars on which the economy of every country is built. This is due to the effective role it plays through financing investment projects and contributing directly to the well-being and prosperity of society. Change has become an urgent necessity and a characteristic of successful institutions, and they must keep pace with the technological changes that have occurred and the innovations they have produced, including smartphones and their accompanying applications. Their advantages and features have contributed to overcoming barriers, whether spatial or temporal, in addition to the flexibility and interactions that smartphone applications add to this information. These modern methods have been considered important in raising their efficiency, introducing their products and services, reaching more customers, and knowing their requirements in order to provide quality products and services that meet their expectations and needs. This field study aimed to identify the impact of working through smart delivery applications on the social security of young people in the city of Diwaniyah. To achieve this objective, the study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach and used a questionnaire as the primary tool for collecting data from a purposive sample of [number missing in original text. The study, which surveyed 40 young people working for these apps within the city, discussed the dimensions of social security through three main axes: economic and livelihood security, psychological and family stability, and occupational and social risks in the digital work environment. The study reached several conclusions, most notably the positive impact of delivery apps in providing flexible job opportunities that contribute to reducing unemployment and achieving a degree of temporary economic security. However, it also highlighted challenges that negatively affect social security, such as the lack of legal protection and health insurance, and the psychological pressures of working in the workplace due to interactions with the public and traffic accidents. The study concluded with recommendations aimed at legally regulating this sector to guarantee the social rights of young people working within it.

Abstract:

This study aimed to identify the level of intellectual awareness and its relationship to performance at the Open Education College, to reveal the specific relationship between the two variables, and to distinguish differences in the responses of the sample members according to the variables of gender, years of experience, and age. The study stemmed from the importance of intellectual awareness in preparing teachers capable of addressing contemporary issues and its impact on the level of work within the educational environment. After searching for various approaches to achieve the study's objectives, the study population consisted of 1800 students from the Open Education College/Diyala Classical Center (2025–2026), while 250 students were partially selected and did not participate in the study. The research utilized a questionnaire consisting of 30 items distributed across two domains: intellectual awareness (15 items) and performance (15 items). The questionnaire's validity and reliability were verified using a criterion-based approach. Population analysis, gender bias, Pearson correlation coefficient, independent samples t-test, and one-way ANOVA were also employed. The study revealed that the average level of intellectual awareness among those with visual impairments was 4.13, while the average level of professional performance was 4.12. The results demonstrated a statistically significant correlation between intellectual awareness and performance, indicating that higher levels of awareness contribute to higher performance. Furthermore, the results showed no statistically significant differences based on gender or age, while significant differences were found based on years of experience, with those having more experience exhibiting higher levels of performance. The results also indicated no statistically significant differences based on gender or age, while differences were found based on years of experience, with those having more experience demonstrating higher performance. In light of these findings, the study recommended contributing to the development of intellectual awareness in teacher preparation programs, developing professional development programs, and creating courses and workshops that contribute to raising the level of professional performance. It also recommended conducting future studies and exploring other educational approaches and their relationship to intellectual awareness.

This study aimed to identify the training needs of social studies teachers at the primary stage in light of national school accreditation standards. The researcher adopted the descriptive analytical approach. The study population consisted of all social studies teachers in government primary schools (N=1200), while the purposive sample included (120) teachers, of whom (112) returned valid questionnaires, yielding a response rate of (93.3%). A questionnaire consisting of (40) items distributed across five domains derived from national school accreditation standards served as the data collection instrument. These domains were: evidence-based instructional planning, active learning strategies in social studies, authentic assessment tools construction, digital technology integration in teaching, and reflective practice and self-directed professional development. The questionnaire's validity was established through face validity and internal consistency, while reliability was confirmed via Cronbach's Alpha (α=0.91) and test-retest reliability (r=0.88). Results revealed high training needs across all five domains, with digital technology integration ranking first (84.3%), followed by active learning strategies (83.8%), authentic assessment (83.7%), reflective practice (80.9%), and instructional planning (79.9%). Results also indicated no statistically significant differences in training needs attributable to gender, years of experience, or educational qualification. The study recommended adopting training programs derived directly from national school accreditation standards and activating the role of educational supervisors in monitoring the classroom application of training outcomes.

This research aimed to study the relationship between passion for sports participation and its connection to sports identity among students in middle school sports teams. The research employed a descriptive correlational approach, developing two scales: one to measure passion for sports participation and the other to measure sports identity. Both scales were validated for various reasons, including reliability and psychometric properties. The scales were administered to a sample of 245 students, divided into a pilot study, an analysis, and a validation/reliability test. Statistical methods were used, and the results showed a good level of both passion for sports participation and sports identity. A strong positive correlation was found between the two. The researcher recommended that physical education teachers monitor students' regular participation in sports and encourage them to remain engaged in the sporting environment to foster a habit of physical activity. The researcher also recommended that teachers increase their focus on incorporating training methods that contribute to developing both passion for participation and sports identity when preparing school sports teams.

Our study is concerned with uncovering the esoteric dimension (al-baṭn) of transmitted religious texts. We have titled it "Esoteric Interpretation and the Qur’anic Bāṭin: A Focus on the Perspective of Allāmah Ṭabāṭabāʾī", employing a descriptive-analytical methodology. This approach involves identifying the semantic indications of verses and narrations that point to the bāṭin inner meanings. The primary objective of our research is to demonstrate that esoteric interpretations of religious discourse aim to uncover the profound and concealed meanings within the Qur’anic and narrational texts, based on established hermeneutic standards. This esoteric depth is not only legitimate but also intended by thegreat exegete , and these discourses are actualized when applied to the lived realities of human beings. We draw on the insights of the great exegete Allāmah Ṭabāṭabāʾī, who elucidated the inner layers of meaning through uncovering implicit indications or identifying specific, context-bound referents (maṣādiq ḥāditha) tied to ilzāmī (entailment-based) meanings. It is worth noting that the multiplicity of such esoteric interpretations and the degree of variation among interpreters has had a profound influence on many juristic (fiqh-related) issues, permeating various branches and particulars of Islamic law. These differences stem from the depth of ijtihād and hermeneutic ability of each scholar, as each interprets the text through the evidentiary framework of the Sharīʿah, which itself encapsulates deeply embedded esoteric understandings. Despite the diversity of these interpretations, they do not fundamentally contradict each other. This coherence reflects the inherent harmony within religious texts—free from contradiction or incoherence—thanks to contextual and rhetorical linkages that shape the text within a unifying framework, even when the apparent meanings of words might seem dissonant or distant on the surface. The esoteric dimension (bāṭin) of the Qur’an is regarded as a definitive ontological reality distinct from its outward textual form. It is disclosed by God to the custodians of knowledge, the interpreters of the Qur’an, and those who follow their path of insight and understanding. Therefore, engaging in esoteric interpretation requires intellectual aptitude, strong inferential and analytical abilities, and firmly grounded knowledge to explore the deeper meanings of Qur’anic expressions and attain their higher interpretation.

The current research aims to determine the effectiveness of using the established teaching strategy on the achievement and effective communication skills of middle school students. To achieve this goal, the researcher formulated the following two null hypotheses: (There is no statistically significant difference at the 0.05 level of significance between the mean scores of the experimental group students who studied using the established teaching strategy and the mean scores of the control group students who studied using the traditional method in the achievement test) and (There is no statistically significant difference at the 0.05 level of significance between the mean scores of the experimental group students who studied using the established teaching strategy and the mean scores of the control group students who studied using the traditional method in effective communication skills). The research population consisted of first-year middle school students in the General Directorate of Education of Al-Muthanna / Samawah for the academic year (2024-2025). The research sample consisted of 77 students distributed between two groups: 38 students in the experimental group and 39 in the control group. The researcher chose a quasi-experimental design with one experimental variable, which is the established teaching strategy, and two dependent variables, one being achievement and the other being effective communication skills. The researcher divided the two groups into two groups with some variables. The research required two instruments to measure the two dependent variables: an achievement test and an effective communication scale. The researcher developed an achievement test consisting of 30 items, 20 of which were objective and 10 essay questions. The effective communication scale was also developed, and after establishing its validity and reliability, the researcher used specific statistical methods to verify the research hypotheses. These methods included the difficulty index, discrimination index, alternative effectiveness index (Kuder-Richardson equation 20), Cronbach's alpha, and the t-test. One of the most important findings of the research was a statistically significant difference at the 0.05 level between the mean scores of the experimental group students who studied using the established teaching strategy and the mean scores of the control group students who studied using the traditional method on the biology achievement test, in favor of the experimental group. A statistically significant difference at the 0.05 level was also found between the mean scores of the experimental group students who studied using the established teaching strategy and the mean scores of the control group students who studied using the traditional method on the effective communication scale, again in favor of the experimental group. In light of the research findings, the researcher offered several recommendations, including the use of this strategy in teaching other subjects and across different grade levels, the use of modern teaching strategies such as the established teaching strategy, and a focus on student achievement and effective communication skills in the classroom.

This research aims to investigate emotional deprivation, hyperarousal, and the relationship between them. The study focused on gifted students. The researcher developed an emotional deprivation scale based on Jeffrey Young's (2003) definition, which describes it as "an early maladaptive cognitive schema characterized by a firm belief and expectation that the individual's need for emotional support, empathy, and protection will never be met by others." The researcher developed a hyperarousal scale based on Dabrowski's (1972) definition, which describes it as "a response above average that exceeds the stimuli causing it, manifesting as high levels of motor, imaginative, emotional, and intellectual arousal. This arousal is expressed through the intensity or sharpness of the response, resulting in a strong reaction to internal and external stimuli, which can be viewed positively in developing individual potential and aptitudes." The researcher used a descriptive correlational approach and verified the psychometric properties of the scale. After confirming its validity, reliability, and the method of answering its items, the researcher administered the two scales to a sample of 200 high-achieving students. The researcher used statistical analysis to examine the results, which showed that the high-achieving students did not exhibit a high level of emotional deprivation but rather a high level of hyperarousal.

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of the Star of the Lesson Strategy on the achievement of fifth-grade literary stream female students in History. To achieve this objective, the researcher adopted an experimental research design involving two equivalent groups: an experimental group taught using the Star of the Lesson Strategy and a control group taught using the conventional teaching method. The study sample consisted of 64 fifth-grade literary female students selected from a secondary school affiliated with the Baghdad Al-Karkh First Directorate of Education during the 2024–2025 academic year. The sample was equally divided into an experimental group (32 students) and a control group (32 students). The two groups were statistically equated in several variables, including age in months, intelligence, previous achievement in History, parents' educational attainment, and the pre-test scores. An achievement test in History was developed by the researcher, and its validity, reliability, and psychometric properties were established before implementation. After the completion of the experiment, the achievement test was administered to both groups. The collected data were analyzed using the independent-samples t-test, Chi-square (χ²), and other appropriate statistical procedures.The findings revealed a statistically significant difference at the 0.05 level in favor of the experimental group in the post-achievement test, indicating that the Star of the Lesson Strategy was effective in improving students' achievement in History. Based on these findings, the study recommends adopting the Star of the Lesson Strategy in teaching History, training teachers on its effective implementation, and conducting further studies to examine its impact on other educational and psychological variables.

The research problem can be summarized by answering the following question: What is the level of dependent personality among drug users? The current research aimed to: 1- Identify the level of dependent personality among drug addicts. 2- Identify differences in dependent personality among drug addicts according to some demographic variables such as (educational achievement) and (marital status). The current research was limited to drug users (males only) at the Addiction and Drug Rehabilitation Center in Diwaniyah. Regarding the theoretical background, the researcher reviewed a number of theories that explain dependent personality, as well as a number of previous studies related to dependent personality. The study sample consisted of (64) drug users from the Addiction and Drug Rehabilitation Center in Diwaniyah.

The moral convictions of university students have become a modern-day problem, contributing to the spread of negative, unethical traits. When the moral system is influenced by foreign cultures, and the pursuit of material gain becomes the primary goal, moral values weaken. Their understanding of right and wrong, as shaped by Western-influenced moral convictions, affects their ability to interpret situations and events in a way that leads to ethical behavior. Students confront and overcome difficulties by developing their potential self. This potential self significantly impacts students, shaping a large part of their feelings and thoughts about their future. These perceptions extend beyond current self-awareness to encompass future self-images. The potential self may be realistic or unrealistic, positive or negative. It is influenced by the social context, including the expectations of others, cultural and social norms, and the prevailing cultural and moral values. In essence, the culture of the society determines whether an individual's potential self is positive or negative.

Social poetry was one of the poetic arts concerned with addressing the conditions of societies, describing their defects and sufferings, and expressing their hopes and various aspirations in life. Modern poets paid great attention to this genre, dedicating significant sections to it in their poetry collections, where they presented many of 5`88the social problems and afflictions suffered by Eastern societies.The issues of women and poverty were among the subjects that had a profound impact on human societies. Social poetry often portrayed poor women as symbols of human weakness at times and symbols of patience at others, as they represented a vivid image of human pain and daily suffering. Poets depicted the marginalization and harshness of life that women endured. Moreover, social poetry did not stop at merely describing their outward suffering; rather, it went beyond that to reveal the causes that led to the spread of poverty and the consequences that affected both women and society.As a result, many images and scenes emerged portraying cruelty and suffering, through which poets sought to stimulate social awareness and call for justice, compassion, and human solidarity. Therefore, the study of women and poverty in the social poetry of Elia Abu Madi aims to uncover the humanitarian and reformative dimensions of the poetic experience embodied by the poet in portraying the suffering of women in particular, as they are an essential element of society, and the suffering of society in general.

The current research aims to identify the effect of an instructional design based on post-constructivist theory models on generative thinking in chemistry among fifth-grade science students. To achieve this aim, the following null hypothesis was adopted: There is no statistically significant difference at the 0.05 level between the mean scores of the experimental group students, who studied using the post-constructivist instructional design, and the mean scores of the control group students, who studied using the traditional method, on the generative thinking test. The experimental method, with quasi-controlled groups (experimental and control), was used, employing a post-test for the generative thinking test. The research population consisted of fifth-grade science students in government secondary and preparatory schools affiliated with the Directorate of Education in Najaf Governorate. Amerli Girls' Secondary School was selected purposively as the research sample. Two sections of fifth-grade science students were randomly assigned, totaling 60 students (30 students each in the experimental and control groups). The students in both groups were matched in terms of age. Based on the months, the Philip Carter-Ken Russell Intelligence Test, and a chemistry prior knowledge test, the research instrument, the Generative Thinking Test (35 items), was developed. After verifying the psychometric properties of the test items, the experimental group was taught using an instructional design based on post-constructivist theory models, while the control group was taught using the traditional method. After completing the prescribed curriculum and concluding the experiment, the Generative Thinking Test was administered to both the experimental and control groups. The results were analyzed using SPSS+24. The statistical results showed that the students in the experimental group, who studied using the instructional design based on post-constructivist theory, outperformed the students in the control group, who studied using the traditional method, on the Generative Thinking Test. In light of these results, a set of recommendations and suggestions were presented.

The current study aimed to identify the relationship between academic grit and its connection to digital identity among university students. To achieve this objective, the researcher followed the descriptive approach. The study sample consisted of (340) male and female students, selected randomly, with (151) male students and (189) female students from the university. In this research, academic grit was measured according to (Duckworth & Quinn, 2009), where the scale, consisting of (8) items phrased as declarative statements, was translated. Five response options were placed before each item according to the Likert scale. To measure digital identity according to (Kavut, 2021a), the scale consisting of (28) items phrased as declarative statements was translated, with five response options placed before each item according to the five-point Likert scale. The validity and reliability of the two scales were verified. The results showed that university students possess academic grit and digital identity. The results did not show any statistically significant differences according to the gender variable. In light of this, a set of proposals and recommendations were presented.

The research aimed to identify the relationship between technological awareness and digital teaching skills among the faculty of Diyala University / Mathematics Department. The researcher adopted the descriptive-analytical approach as it was suitable for the nature of the study. The research sample consisted of (46) male and female instructors from Diyala University, specializing in mathematics. To achieve the research objectives, two scales were developed. One scale, specifically for technological awareness, consisted of (28) items distributed across three domains: cognitive, psychomotor, and affective. The other scale, specifically for digital teaching skills, consisted of (30) items covering three basic skills: planning for digital teaching, implementing digital teaching, and evaluating digital teaching. Both scales were designed with three alternatives on a three-point Likert scale (high, moderate, and low). Their validity and reliability were verified by presenting them to experts and extracting indicators of internal consistency and discriminatory power. The two instruments were administered to the group members. The results showed the following: - A statistically significant difference at the 0.05 level was found between the sample mean (scores of male and female instructors) on the technological awareness questionnaire and the hypothetical mean of the questionnaire, which was (56). -No statistically significant difference at the 0.05 level was found between the sample mean (scores of male and female instructors) on the digital teaching skills questionnaire and the hypothetical mean of the questionnaire, which was (60). -Levels of technological awareness, according to the alternatives, among male and female instructors in the mathematics department at Diyala University, as measured by the scale's domains, begin with the highest-ranking domain: skills, followed by knowledge, then affective. -Levels of digital teaching skills, according to the alternatives, among male and female instructors in the mathematics department at Diyala University, as measured by the scale's skills, begin with the highest-ranking domain: planning, followed by implementation, then evaluation. -There is a statistically significant correlation at the significance level (0.05) between technological awareness and digital teaching skills among male and female teachers. The study yielded several conclusions, including that mathematics teachers possess an average level of technological awareness and that their digital teaching skills are weak and fall below the required standard. Based on these findings, the researcher recommended several measures, including establishing ongoing training courses for educational staff in technological awareness and digital teaching skills, equipping classrooms with modern technology, and conducting similar studies in other disciplines for comparison.

This research examines sentence patterns in the poem "The Illusion" by the Iraqi poet Shawqi Abdul-Amir. It attempts to analyze the poem's syntactic structure and demonstrate the role of sentence pattern in conveying meaning and creating the text's poetic quality. This necessitated dividing the study into two parts: the first, theoretical, explains the concept of the sentence and its main parts as discussed by linguists and grammarians; the second, applied, explores the patterns used for nominal and verbal sentences in the selected poem. The research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, which involved analyzing the poem, extracting its most important sentence patterns, and attempting to analyze them, explore their meanings, and understand their role in constructing the poetic text. The research concluded with a number of findings, most notably: the diversity of syntactic structures, ranging from nominal to verbal, with each structure being appropriate to the intended meaning; and the temporal diversity of verbal sentences, encompassing past, present, and future tenses, each contributing to the overall meaning of the text. In other words, the syntactic level, with its various sentence patterns, worked to produce the text's meaning and achieve its poetic quality.

Sports investment is the process of increasing capital by investing it in various sports fields. This allows for mutual benefit between investors and sports institutions. It can be said that sports investment involves setting goals between sports institutions and investors, taking into account the requirements of professionalism, which transform sports clubs into commercial companies with shares, aiming to generate financial gains from sports products, player sales, and other activities.

Summary
Introduction: Proper sports planning leads to the development of many changes. The importance of the research lies in providing vital indicators (such as calcium and phosphate) that can be relied upon to assess the training status. Research Problem: The research problem lies in finding the differences between playing positions (2, 3, 4) in terms of variables, especially biochemical variables. This is due to reasons that may be related to training, the type of training, and its efficiency in improving the internal balance and functional performance of the athlete's body. Research Objective: The research aims to identify the differences in certain biochemical variables after anaerobic physical effort among the different offensive playing positions (2, 3, 4) in youth volleyball. Research Hypothesis: There are no differences in certain biochemical variables after anaerobic physical effort among the different offensive playing positions (2, 3, 4) in youth volleyball. Research Methodology: The researcher adopted the descriptive method as it suits the research objectives. The research sample included (18 players) from the Al-Shaheed Saad Suwaif youth volleyball club. Research Hypothesis (restated): 1. There are no differences in biochemical variables after anaerobic physical effort among the certain different offensive playing positions (2, 3, 4) in volleyball .Conclusions: 1. There are no statistically significant differences among the offensive playing positions (2, 3, 4) in calcium and phosphate levels after exertion. Recommendations: The necessity of adopting tests and measurements to determine the training status of athletes, especially regarding the functional aspect

The current research aims to identify: 1. The extent to which secondary school teachers achieve the quality level of the EMIS system in general. 2. The extent to which secondary school teachers achieve the quality level of the EMIS system by specialization and gender. The current research community represents teachers working with the EMIS system in secondary schools in the Najaf Education Directorate. The research community totaled (582) male and female teachers. The sample was randomly selected using a stratified random sampling method from the original research community. The sample size reached (130) male and female teachers in the Najaf Education Directorate, comprising (65) male and (65) female teachers. To achieve the first objective, the EMIS system quality scale was applied to the sample members. The results indicated that the average score of the sample members on the scale was (65.35) points, with a standard deviation of (8.288) points. By comparing this average with the arithmetic average of the (hypothetical) community for the scale, which was (52) points, it is noted that the arithmetic average of the sample is higher than the hypothetical average. When testing the differences between the two averages using the t-test for a single sample, and the degree of freedom (129), it was found to be significant at a significance level of (0.05) and in favor of the sample average. To verify the second objective, the arithmetic averages and standard deviations were calculated for gender (males, females) and specialization (scientific, humanities). It was found that there were differences between the averages and deviations according to the variables of gender and specialization. The results showed that there were no statistically significant differences in specialization in the level of quality of the EMIS system, as the calculated p-value for the gender and specialization variables and the interaction between the two variables was smaller than the value The table shows a mean of (3.92) at a significance level of (0.05) and with two degrees of freedom (1,126,129). Consequently, after applying the research tool and using appropriate statistical methods, according to the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) program, the following results were reached:

The phenomenon of ellipsis is a linguistic feature in grammatical studies. Arab grammarians paid close attention to this phenomenon, establishing conditions and contexts for its application. In Arabic, ellipsis means omission or removal. In grammatical terminology, it refers to the omission of an element from a sentence and its mental representation. It is a common practice among Arabs, a subtle and intricate art, almost magical in its application. For through it, one can find that omitting something is more eloquent than mentioning it, and silence can be more informative. In this research, we have focused on this linguistic phenomenon, which Ibn Jinni considered a form of Arab courage. We have examined and analyzed issues not explicitly mentioned by the Arabs .

This research aims to explore the extent to which artificial intelligence is employed in teaching the course (Geography Teaching Methods) from the perspective of students in basic education colleges. The researcher used the descriptive-analytical method. The research community consisted of geography department students in basic education colleges in Iraq. The sample included 200 male and female students selected randomly. The researcher prepared a 30-item questionnaire as the research tool, and its validity and reliability were confirmed. The SPSS statistical package was used to analyze the data. The results showed that AI applications are employed in teaching the Geography Teaching Methods course among the study sample, and there were no statistically significant differences between students based on gender. The researcher concluded several findings, including that AI applications contribute to personalizing the learning experience for students, which helps them learn quickly and choose the method that suits their learning style.

The present study aimed to identify the level of self-motivation and future thinking, and to investigate the correlational relationship between them among students of the Department of Art Education at the College of Basic Education, University of Misan. The study adopted the descriptive correlational approach. The research sample consisted of (64) male and female students from the Department of Art Education, College of Basic Education. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researchers developed two instruments: a Self-Motivation Scale consisting of (20) items and a Future Thinking Scale consisting of (35) items. The results revealed that the students of the Department of Art Education demonstrated a high level of self-motivation as well as a high level of future thinking. Furthermore, the findings indicated a statistically significant positive correlation between self-motivation and future thinking among the participants. Based on these findings, the researchers drew a number of conclusions and presented several recommendations and suggestions

This study aims to determine the level of cognitive failures among preparatory school students. Adopting a descriptive approach, the researcher selected a sample of 400 students from the fifth grade of preparatory school (literary and scientific branches). The study utilized the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) developed by (Broadbent et al, 1982), which was translated into Arabic by Al-Khilani (2008) and adapted for preparatory school students by Al-Karawi (2018). After conducting a statistical analysis of the items and verifying the psychometric properties of the scale, the results revealed that preparatory school students exhibit a moderate level of cognitive failures.

This research examined the impact of workplace incivility on employee happiness at Baghdad Soft Drinks Company, with a particular focus on the mediating role of organizational commitment. The research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach and utilized a questionnaire administered to a sample of 260 employees. Data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software. The findings revealed that workplace incivility, represented by hostility, privacy violation, exclusionary behavior, and gossip, has a direct negative effect on employee happiness. The results also indicated that workplace incivility negatively affects organizational commitment. In contrast, organizational commitment was found to have a significant positive effect on employee happiness and to play an important mediating role in reducing the negative consequences of workplace incivility. The research concluded that organizations should minimize negative workplace behaviors and promote a culture of respect, support, and trust, due to their significant role in enhancing employee happiness and improving the quality of work life within the organization.

The research examined the administrative methods adopted by the Ilkhanids in managing their state during the pagan period with the aim of consolidating authority and strengthening their rule. It demonstrated that, despite the Mongols’ great military power, they lacked administrative experience. Therefore, they relied on skilled Iranians and Iraqis to occupy administrative, financial, and judicial positions. The study also clarified that Hulagu Khan established the first foundations of the Ilkhanid administration by strengthening centralization, reorganizing the provinces, and granting territories to princes close to the ruling family in order to ensure political and military loyalty.

This research examines the nature of relations between the Abbasid State and the Byzantine Empire, one of the most important foreign relations in medieval Islamic history. This relationship was not based solely on war, but rather encompassed military conflict, political truces, prisoner exchanges, diplomatic contact, and mutual cultural influences. The Abbasids inherited long borders with the Byzantines from the Umayyad State, particularly in the border regions of the Levant, Mesopotamia, Armenia, and Asia Minor. Military confrontations between the two sides continued during the Abbasid era, but took various forms, including summer and winter raids, border defenses, major campaigns, negotiations, and prisoner exchanges. This study begins with the premise that the Abbasid-Byzantine relationship was not merely one of perpetual hostility, but rather a complex political relationship governed by military, economic, religious, and diplomatic interests. This interaction contributed to shaping the Abbasid state's border policy and revealed the caliphate's capacity to manage external conflict through both war and peace.

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

The complex relationship between Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences (MI) and the use of efficient study techniques in the context of reading comprehension is examined in this study.Although linguistic aptitude is frequently the only focus of traditional literacy education, this study suggests that a learner's broader cognitive profile—including spatial, logical, and intrapersonal intelligences—strongly influences their decision and effectiveness while employing study techniques. This study investigates the relationship between particular intelligences and metacognitive reading techniques using a descriptive-correlational design. The results are intended to offer a paradigm for customized education that matches evidence-based reading resources with students' cognitive capabilities.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of using Artificial Intelligence tools in enhancing academic achievement among intermediate school students in Physics. The study adopted a quasi-experimental design with two groups (experimental and control). The sample consisted of 60 students, equally divided into two groups.
The experimental group was taught using Artificial Intelligence tools, while the control group was taught using the traditional method. An achievement test was applied before and after the experiment to measure students’ academic performance. The results showed statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group, indicating the effectiveness of Artificial Intelligence tools in improving students’ achievement in Physics. Accordingly, the study recommends integrating AI technologies into teaching and training teachers on their use.

This study investigates the dialectical relationship between visual language and aesthetic interpretation in the graphic design works of Jessica Walsh, one of the most influential figures in contemporary graphic design. It examines how visual structures generate multiple layers of meaning through aesthetic interpretation. The study is based on the premise that visual language extends beyond the formal arrangement of design elements and functions as a symbolic and cultural system open to diverse interpretations shaped by the viewer's knowledge, experience, and contextual understanding. A descriptive-analytical methodology was employed to analyze selected works by Jessica Walsh using theoretical indicators, including composition, color, typography, symbolism, visual metaphor, text-image interaction, and cultural references. The findings reveal that Walsh's designs integrate formal innovation with expressive depth, enabling multiple interpretive possibilities and enriching aesthetic experience. The study concludes that visual language serves as an effective communicative system that enhances meaning-making and reinforces the intellectual and aesthetic dimensions of contemporary graphic design.