journal mustansiriyah of sports science

The objectives of the research are to identify the balanced performance of school principals from the point of view of physical education teachers in Diyala Governorate, so that the impact of practicing this practice in developing the level of physical education teacher and showing his performance. The problem of the research indicates the existence of shortcomings in some practices of some school principals, represented by the focus on routine administrative aspects. Therefore, the researcher conducted his study on a sample of physical education teachers in Diyala Governorate. The researcher used the descriptive approach with the survey method, to suit the nature of the study. The researcher used the balanced performance scale consisting of (20) phrases. The researcher conducted his exploratory experiment on a sample of (21) teachers, who were chosen randomly. After that, the main study was conducted on a sample of (197) teachers, who were also chosen randomly. The most important conclusions are that balanced performance is an essential element in terms of dimensions and axes, and its great impact on the school’s administrative process cannot be ignored. If any aspect of it is neglected, this will hinder the achievement of the expected results. The results of the study also showed the presence of some positive points, which is evident in the directive leadership and the ability to strategic planning. The most important recommendations are to work on strengthening and developing the internal environment for the level of balanced performance of school principals, and for the purpose of achieving the study’s objectives, and after collecting data from the sample of the testers, statistical analysis was conducted using statistical methods and the statistical package SPSS

The research aims to know the (WUODS) models and its effect on the dual coding and accuracy of the skills of coordinated sending and receiving the serve in volleyball among middle school students and to discover the best models, whether it is the (WUODS) model or the command model followed by the variables of the research, and the research hypotheses included that there are differences with statistical significance in the results of the pre and post tests for the two research groups with the dual coding and accuracy of the skills of coordinated sending and receiving the serve in volleyball among middle school students and there are differences with statistical significance between the two groups in the results of the post-test with the dual coding and accuracy of the skills of coordinated sending and receiving the serve in Volleyball among middle school student


The researcher used the experimental method to suit his research’s problem. The research sample included fourth-grade science students for the academic year (2024/2025) at Ana Middle School for Boys in Ana District, numbering (40) students, divided into two groups: a control group (C) and an experimental group (A), each group consisting of (20) students. The researcher conducted pre-tests for them on the dual coding scale and the accuracy of the skills of coordinated sending and receiving the volleyball.


The standard models was applied by the control group, while the (WUODS) model was applied by the experimental group. The implementation of the educational units took eight weeks, and two educational units were applied per week for forty minutes. The researcher took into consideration the gradual progression of the exercises of his educational units from ease to difficulty and processed the results of his research by using the data analysis and statistics program (spss). He concluded that the two models used were effective in dual coding and the accuracy of the skills of coordinated sending and receiving the volleyball serve and in the variation of the ratios between them. The (WUODS) model also showed tangible progress in the variables of his research. The researcher recommended the necessity of activating the use of modern models for their positive and effective role in the teaching process.

The study aimed to know the effect of educational units according to Merrill's structural theory (CDT) on motor flexibility and learning some basic handball skills. The researcher used the experimental method by designing the experimental and control groups with pre- and post-tests, on a sample of first-year middle school students, numbering (34) students. The results of the post-tests showed that there were significant statistical differences between the test results of the two groups in favor of the experimental group. The researcher also recommended the necessity of benefiting from the educational units prepared according to Merrill's structural theory, in addition to holding workshops and courses to define, develop and train educational staff on how to use the theories that organize the educational content of the physical education lesson.

The aim of the study is the effectiveness of an entertaining sports program in ethical and intellectual behavior and to enhance decision-making skills to reduce the tendency to use drugs in young people aged 15-25 years. And decision-making at the research sample. The researcher used the semi-experimental approach with a pre-designed, one-group design, where a deliberate sample of (17) young men from the Social Rehabilitation Center in Baghdad/Channel was applied. One week, including sports activities (football, basketball, volleyball), physical and recreational exercises, as well as educational workshops on drug damage and life skills related to stress control and decision-making. The data were collected using questionnaires to measure the attitude towards drugs, ethical behaviors, decision-making tests, as well as behavioral observation. Hence the importance of the research, that sports and recreational activities have an effective role in reducing the phenomenon of drugs and guiding ethical behavior.

The aim of the research is to identify the effect of delayed feedback after (16 minutes) from the start of the practical activity in learning the skill of the forward handspring for gymnastics players on the floor exercise mat at the ages of (10-12) years. The research problem was the difficulty of learning the skill of the forward handspring for most players at the ages of (10-12) years, so the researcher decided to use delayed feedback after (16 minutes) from the start of the practical activity to help players learn the skill. The researcher used the experimental method with a design of the control and experimental groups with a pre- and post-test. The research community was determined in gymnastics players on the floor exercise mat at the ages of (10-12) years in Maysan Governorate. The researcher chose the research sample intentionally by identifying (10 players) (5 players) who represented the experimental group and (5 players) who represented the control group. The researcher conducted homogeneity for the members of the research sample. The researcher used means of collecting information, devices and tools, and field research procedures from a survey experiment, pre-tests and the training method. The researcher concluded that giving delayed feedback after (16 minutes) from the start of the practical activity contributed to improving the skill performance of gymnasts on the floor exercise mat at the ages of (10-12 years) in the skill of the forward handspring, which led to a positive impact on learning the skill. The researcher recommended the necessity of emphasizing the need to give delayed feedback after (16 minutes) from the start of the practical activity for gymnasts on the floor exercise mat at the ages of (10-12 years) to learn the skill of the forward handspring.

The importance of the research is manifested in preparing exercises using elastic bands for the prevention of Deltoid muscle injury. The researcher believes that these exercises will have an impact on the strength of the Deltoid muscles in handball goalkeepers, consequently providing protection against injury and reflecting on the long pass during fast attacks.


Through the researcher's experience, surveying the opinions of specialists in this field, and reviewing numerous studies and research, it was observed that Deltoid muscle injuries frequently occur due to continuous movement and high stress on this muscle because of long-distance passing and inadequate preparation through warm-up, which leads to injury and the player's absence from the field.


The research objective is to identify the effect of elastic band exercises on preventing Deltoid muscle injury and their impact on the Range of Motion (ROM) for the long pass skill in handball goalkeepers.


The experimental method was used to solve the research problem. The research population was identified as players in the National Center for Sports Talent Care (Juniors). The criterion of zero pre-existing injuries within the sample was adopted, which was ensured through a medical examination of the players by a specialized doctor. The sample size totaled (6) goalkeepers.

Modern training is characterized by an increased tendency to use exercises that keep pace with the specialized performance requirements of the type of event. The important and fundamental physical element in most sporting events is strength, which plays a significant role in the organizational process. The research problem is the failure to provide players with exercises that develop their muscles before engaging in ballistic training. There was also no interest in using ballistic training to improve achievement in the long jump event. The research used the experimental method, and the research sample was four long jumpers in Baghdad Governorate. Cardiac and post-tests were conducted, and the results showed a significant difference. The researchers concluded that ballistic training had a positive effect on improving strength, explosive power, and speed, which affected achievement in the event.

This research aims to identify digital transformation and its role in enhancing administrative decision-making within sports institutions in Diyala Governorate. This is achieved by analyzing the dimensions of digital transformation, determining its implications, and assessing its impact on the speed, accuracy, and objectivity of decision-making. The research also seeks to review the most prominent challenges hindering the optimal utilization of digital technologies. A digital transformation questionnaire was developed, comprising five axes, each with six statements. The researcher employed the descriptive survey method, deemed the most suitable approach for addressing the research problem and achieving its objectives. After expert review and scientific processing, the questionnaire was finalized and administered to the research sample. The study targeted a sample of 75 administrative supervisors, executive directors, and team managers in sports institutions, divided into a pilot sample of 10 and a final application sample of 50. Data collection was analyzed using the SPSS statistical package. The researcher concluded that digital transformation significantly contributes to improving decision-making processes, while a lack of digital literacy in some administrations hinders optimal utilization of digital transformation. Based on these findings, the researcher recommends developing policies to support digital transformation. It aligns with the requirements of modern management and provides continuous training programs to develop leaders, employees, and administrative staff in digital skills and tools.

The aim of the research is to identify the exercises specifically using the fast learning method in learning the skills of serving and pressing in youth soccer tennis. The researchers used the experimental method, which is the deliberate and controlled change of the specific conditions of a particular incident and then observing the resulting changes in this same incident as well as interpreting them. Therefore, the researchers used the two-group design with pre- and post-tests to suit this research. The researchers defined the research community as players of Shahrban Sports Club for the youth category, so the sample became (4) players out of a total of (10) players, so the percentage of the sample became (40%) of the research community for the year 2024. After completing the main experiment, the researchers used the statistical package (spss) to process the data they obtained. The researchers reached the most important conclusions: employing exercises using the fast-learning method had a positive effect on learning the skills of serving and pressing in soccer tennis for the research and was reflected positively on the players’ performance of the skills under research. The exercises prepared using the fast-learning method also have an effect on learning the skills of Sending and pressing, as well as applying the fast-play style to the sample individuals, has proven its effectiveness.

The importance of the research lies in identifying the administrative performance of football federation through club trainers. The problem lies in weakness in administrative performance of football federation members. The researchers used the descriptive method on (80) coaches and assistant coaches as well as goalkeeper coaches. One of the most important results of the current research is designing a scale for administrative administration of football federation members. The results showed that although the level of administrative performance in Iraqi football federation is good, yet it needs development. The mean of the scale is (79.22) higher than the hypothetical mean 72 with significance level (000) as shown in table (4). There is a weakness in commitment to fixed plans that affect preparations for national and international championships according to scientific references. Finally, the researchers recommended the necessity of taking coaches’ opinions when making future plans of national championships and dates for beginning and ending the football league. Furthermore, the federation should base their selection of coaches on national championship’s results. Finally, members of the federation should stay updated with everything that is new in the world of sport administration that will help them better plan for their administrative work.

The importance of this research lies on the level of personal toughness and the performance of players on the field of national centers for the care of sports talent. Sports games in general and basketball in particular are characterized by the need for levels of training on the various personal toughness required by this game, accompanied by excitement and enthusiasm. In order to advance this game to achieve victory, the need arose to research the details of this. The game and identifying the determinants of the impact on the game’s results, the level of achievement in it, and the requirements for success The problem of the research is represented by the questions posed by the researcher, which is: Does personal toughness have an impact on the performance of players at the National Center for Sports Talent Care in Baghdad, which can express to us the efficiency of the players’ performance? The objectives of the research lie in identifying the level of personal toughness possessed by players of national basketball centers. The research also seeks to codify the measure of personal toughness and seeks to search for basic concepts that reflect the strengths and weaknesses of the human personality and its influential role on the psychological and material reality of the individual in general. The researcher used the descriptive approach using the survey studies method, due to its suitability to the nature of the research problem. The research sample included players from the National Centers for Sports Talent Care at the Ministry of Youth and Sports in Baghdad. The researcher reached several conclusions, including that the Personal Hardness Scale is suitable for what it was prepared for measuring personal hardness among players from the National Centers for Sports Talent in Baghdad, he enjoys the conditions for accepting measuring instruments. Players of the National Centers for the Care of Sports Talent in Basketball have a clear level of personal toughness, and one of the most important recommendations is the necessity of working to empower coaches and develop their abilities to measure personal toughness in basketball. The Ministry of Youth and Sports must pay attention to the availability of a specialist or psychological counselor in basketball talent care centers, and attention must be paid to supporting researchers in the fields of basketball sports academies.

The importance of this research lies in developing bio-motor abilities during training to determine their impact on developing the speed and accuracy of performance, transitioning to the attack depth, and finishing attacks by players. The researcher noted slowness in the process of moving the ball to the opposing team’s court, tactical performance, passing accuracy, and finishing attacks (scoring) among young players. The researcher believes that developing bio-motor abilities will have a positive impact on the players’ capabilities. Therefore, the researcher decided to study this problem. The study aimed to develop exercises to develop bio-motor abilities and their impact on developing the speed and accuracy of performance and transitioning to the attack depth of young soccer players, as well as to determine the impact of these exercises. The researcher used the experimental method, designing two equivalent groups: control and experimental. The research population was defined as young players from Baghdad Governorate. Twenty young players from Karkh team were deliberately selected to represent the research sample. The researcher conducted two pilot experiments, including tests and exercises, and established the scientific basis for the tests. The training period lasted (10) weeks, with three units per week. After statistically processing the results, they were presented and discussed. The researcher concluded that the designed exercises had an impact on the development of the players’ bio-motor abilities, as well as on the speed and accuracy of performance and the transition to the attack depth.

The present study aims to examine the impact of selected physical abilities, psychological barriers, and achievement level among junior fencers. Specifically, the research involved the development of a psychological barriers scale tailored for junior fencers, and the investigation of the relationship between physical abilities and achievement level, the relationship between psychological barriers and achievement level, and the combined relationship between physical abilities, psychological barriers, and achievement level.


A descriptive methodology employing the correlational approach was adopted, as it was deemed appropriate to the nature and objectives of the study.


The research population consisted of 54 junior fencers, from which a purposive sample of 44 fencers was selected (épée, foil, and sabre). The main sample included 24 fencers, while the exploratory sample comprised 20 fencers drawn from the same population.


The primary findings related to the first domain of the psychological barriers scale (self-confidence) revealed that the item “I trust my physical abilities in competition” obtained a mean score of 5.00 with a standard deviation of 0.00.


The study recommends conducting further research on the relationship between psychological barriers across different age groups, in addition to developing strategies to mitigate the psychological barriers faced by athletes.

Modern basketball has witnessed a remarkable strategic evolution since the introduction of the three-point line. Shooting from beyond the arc has become a key element of attacking and a direct cause of numerous changes in defensive strategies. The nature of a three-point shot varies depending on how it is executed; it may come after receiving the ball in a stationary or semi-stationary position, or after driving to the basket and moving with the ball before stopping to shoot. Choosing the appropriate technique influences the shooting decision, depending on the timing of the attack and the level of defensive pressure around the player. After reviewing numerous studies and research to determine the attacking balance of shooting skills in basketball, it became clear when to resort to a three-pointer and when to suffice with a two-pointer (2-point), highlighting the increasing importance of the three-pointer (3-point). This importance enables coaches to design effective training plans that enhance team performance at both the individual and collective levels. It also highlights the relationship between the choice of shooting type, defensive conditions, and attack timing. This illustrates the relationship between shooting type, defensive conditions, and the time available to execute the attack. Studies have shown that increasing distance reduces shooting accuracy due to changes in launch height, shooting angle, and ball speed, requiring precise kinematic adaptations from players. Using spatial and temporal analytical models contributes to understanding individual player behavior and formulating more effective attacking strategies. Modern teams rely on balanced attacking strategies between two-point and three-point shots to achieve the best risk-reward ratio. Evaluating the efficiency of shooting type, both attackingly and defensively, is a key factor in determining results and point differentials. Finally, relying on three-point shots has become not just a matter of individual skill, but also an integral part of tactical planning and statistical analysis to maximize the team's attacking value.

This study aims to assess the level of psychological burnout among advanced scouts in preparatory schools within the Basra Education Directorate and to examine the nature of its relationship with selected fundamental scouting motor skills. The researcher employed the descriptive method using both survey and causal-comparative approaches, as they align with the study's objectives and subject matter. The sample consisted of 110 advanced scouts drawn from various preparatory schools in the specified area. To achieve the research objectives, a psychological burnout scale comprising 50 items was utilized, along with a set of performance tests designed to measure skills such as long-distance walking, rope handling, formation execution, and other related physical activities. Data were analyzed using appropriate statistical techniques, including the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and the one-sample t-test. The findings revealed a high level of psychological burnout among the participants, as well as a statistically significant correlation between burnout and decreased performance in scouting skills. Based on these results, the researcher recommends giving greater attention to the mental well-being of scouts by implementing psychological support programs aimed at reducing stress and enhancing their performance in key scouting activities.

The aim of this research is to identify the organizational conflict management strategies adopted within sports activity institutions in the Khanaqin District and determine their effectiveness in enhancing institutional performance. It also seeks to explore the relationship between conflict management strategies and the leadership personality of the staff within these institutions. The researcher employed the descriptive method using correlational relations, as it is the most appropriate approach for addressing the research problem. The research population consisted of the staff working in sports activity institutions in Khanaqin District, specifically the instructors of the Directorate of Physical Education, totaling (50) individuals. A total of (8) individuals were excluded for participating in the pilot study, along with (12) administrators who were not directly involved in training-related tasks. Furthermore, (6) questionnaires were excluded due to non-return or failure to meet the statistical analysis requirements, leaving a final sample of (24) valid participants. The researcher concluded that there is a strong and positive correlation between organizational conflict management strategies and leadership personality. This indicates that individuals possessing high-level leadership traits are more capable of employing effective approaches in managing conflicts within the sports work environment. The results also showed that the sample members tend to use collaborative and integrative strategies in conflict management, reflecting a high level of organizational awareness that enhances harmony among employees within the institution.


The researcher recommends the adoption of leadership development programs within sports institutions, focusing on emotional intelligence, decision-making, and negotiation skills, in order to improve the staff’s competence in managing organizational conflict. Additionally, it is recommended that sports institutions adopt scientific strategies in conflict resolution, with an emphasis on the collaborative approach due to its significant role in strengthening functional relationships and achieving collective goals.

This research aims to identify the role of governance in enhancing the confidence of sponsors and investors in the football industry. The researcher used the descriptive method, as it is suitable for the nature of the research. A random sample of (83) individuals was selected from:


Members of the Executive Committee of the Federation, numbering (7) individuals, and employees of the Iraqi Federation, numbering (13) individuals.


The study included (15) heads of sub-federations, (36) members of Iraqi Premier League clubs (club president + secretary), and (12) investors and sponsors in the sports sector. The researcher designed a questionnaire for the individuals and groups within the research community. One of the most important conclusions was the importance of transparency and financial disclosure. Financial disclosure is a key factor in enhancing sponsors' confidence in their investments within the clubs. In sports, financial transparency directly contributes to increasing opportunities to attract investors, reflecting its importance in supporting the financial and administrative stability of the club. Clubs' adherence to the rules set by both local and international federations for financial disclosure highlights the existence of a minimum level of regulatory controls in this area. Clear transparency in announcing player transfer deals helps reduce doubts and controversy surrounding contracting mechanisms. It is recommended to develop disclosure mechanisms, including the announcement of details of sponsorship and television broadcasting contracts, to reduce ambiguity and increase investor confidence. Establishing independent financial review and audit committees within sports clubs, comprising independent accounting experts to ensure integrity and impartiality, is also recommended.

Introduction and Importance of the Research is that 3x3 basketball is a relatively new sport that has recently gained popularity worldwide, including in Iraq. It resembles 5x5 basketball in its diverse skills and playing style, which varies depending on player positions and their tactical, technical, physical, and skill-based abilities. To effectively perform the various basic tasks, players must possess strong motor skills that enable them to execute skills quickly and at the right time, and to react to the rapid and unexpected situations that arise during the 10-minute game, which requires reaching the basket and scoring points. The research problem is thsat Through observing 3x3 basketball tournaments, the researcher noted a clear weakness in shooting skills among female 3x3 basketball players. This is attributed to a lack of focus on shooting drills from both inside and outside the arc during training sessions, and a failure to prioritize developing these skills by most coaches. The recordings of most matches revealed a significant weakness in shooting skills in 3x3 basketball, a weakness that can make a significant difference in the outcome of a game, hindering the ability to secure victory quickly and decisively. The result, and this is where the importance of the problem lies, is the number of exercises specific to multiple resistances and their effect on developing leg explosive power and shooting in 3x3 basketball players. The study aimed to identify exercises specific to multiple resistances and their effect on developing leg explosive power in 3x3 basketball players. Research hypothesis that there is no effect of exercises specific to multiple resistances on leg explosive power in 3x3 basketball players. Research methodology: The researcher used a single-group experimental method as it is suitable for the nature of the research, Conclusions, and recommendations.

It must be noted that the developments taking place in various sports fields are the result of diverse research, sources, and sciences. These diverse sciences have a significant impact on raising standards in all areas of life, including sports, and are considered the outcome of scientific developments across all fields. Furthermore, various research in all fields of science are the important and most appropriate means of achieving this goal. The scientific method can be considered the correct path to achieving the desired goal. To ensure this, psychological compatibility is considered an important concept related to the player’s personality and its interactive relationship from a psychological and physiological perspective in training and competition. The player’s endurance may be positive, enabling him to deal with the pressures of training and competition in a positive manner, which helps him maintain his psychological and physiological compatibility in achieving athletic achievement. Research Problem: The researcher believes in the importance of the topic of psychological compatibility for students, whether they are students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences or students of the College of Engineering, in explaining their behavior, it is an important necessity to reveal their psychological compatibility and the role of sports activity in reducing the influences to which the student is exposed, thus reaching a high degree of compatibility. Research Objectives: 1- To identify psychological compatibility among students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences and students at the College of Engineering. 2- Identifying the relationship between practicing sports activities and psychological compatibility among students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences and students at the College of Engineering. Research hypotheses: 1- There are significant differences in psychological compatibility between students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences and students at the College of Engineering. Research methodology and sample: The researcher used the descriptive approach to suit the nature of the research problem, as the descriptive approach is one of the basic approaches in research. This helped the researcher to benefit from the data and information that he was able to obtain to achieve the research objectives and achieve his hypotheses through statistical analysis. The research sample consisted of (100) students representing students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences and students of the College of Engineering for sports activities, with (50) students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences and (50) students from the College of Engineering, Al-Mustansiriyah University. The sample was chosen randomly. Presentation, discussion, and analysis of the results: The results included presenting tables with their analysis, which include the values ​​of arithmetic means and standard deviations and the results of the relationship between the arithmetic mean and the hypothetical mean. Conclusions and recommendations: After the researcher reached the results of the study, he concluded The following: 1- Random differences appeared between students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences and students at the College of Engineering on the psychological compatibility scale. Recommendations: 1- Conduct a study to determine the effect of psychological compatibility on achievement levels.

The aim of the research was to develop two scales, one for false memory and the other for mental confusion, and to identify their levels among veteran athletes in selected sports. It also sought to examine the effect of false memory, its relationship, and its contribution to mental confusion among veteran athletes in some sports. The descriptive method with a correlational approach was employed on a sample of (504) individuals, representing (16.111%) of the original population of veteran athletes in Baghdad, officially registered in 2025. The sample was divided into three groups (exploratory, construction, and application). After completing the construction and survey phases, the data were processed using the (SPSS) system. The conclusions revealed that the false memory and mental confusion scales are psychometric tools in sport psychology, valid for measuring the phenomena for which they were designed and can be adopted to assess these two constructs among veteran athletes in some sports. The results further indicated that veteran athletes exhibit a concerning level of false memory and mental confusion, which are likely to increase with age. Moreover, higher levels of false memory contribute to higher levels of mental confusion among veteran athletes, with a direct, adverse correlation. The most important recommendations emphasized the necessity for the Ministry of Youth and Sports to increase attention to recreational aspects and to establish clubs dedicated to the elderly, providing mental training programs through scientific methods based on sport psychology concepts. This aims to offer support and protection against mental disorders that may appear with aging.

This research aims to investigate the effectiveness of artificial intelligence–based decision support systems among faculty members at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences – Al-Mustansiriya University. The study adopted a descriptive analytical approach, using a structured questionnaire as the primary tool for data collection. The first chapter presented the general framework of the study, including its significance, problem statement, objectives, hypotheses, and research domains. The second chapter described the methodology, identifying the study population and sample, as well as the instruments used in measurement. The questionnaire was designed to cover several dimensions: system quality, information quality, ease of use, user satisfaction, and the system’s impact on decision-making. Appropriate statistical methods were applied, including the t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient.


The third chapter analyzed the results, which revealed varying levels of responses. System quality and its impact on decision-making were rated high, whereas information quality and user satisfaction were at moderate levels. Ease of use scored the lowest. The results also indicated different correlation levels between the dimensions, with the strongest relationship found between information quality and decision-making effectiveness.


The fourth chapter included conclusions emphasizing the strengths of the system in enhancing decision accuracy and effectiveness, alongside challenges related to data quality and usability. Recommendations were made to improve the system’s interface, regularly update databases, and provide continuous training programs to enhance faculty members’ skills and increase their satisfaction.

The role of this theory in education is to clarify the relationship between teacher and learner. The goal is to understand and correctly apply the skills taught, as in teaching basic attacking volleyball skills. Considering this, the importance of this research lies in raising the level of education for basic attacking volleyball skills according to a scientific theory that explains the role of education and encourages learners and teachers to learn correctly, understand the material, and apply it. This goal of using such a theory is to provide a correct picture of teaching basic attacking volleyball skills. The research problem is that the basic attacking volleyball skills education level is weak, and this requires the application of a scientific theory that addresses the problem and raises the level of education. Here, we find that David Ausbel's theory is one of the successful theories in providing an explanation of the cognitive aspect and improving both memory and learning by constructing and using frameworks to organize and store information in a coherent and logical manner, which is in itself required in teaching basic attacking volleyball skills. The research objective was to identify the effect of teaching according to David Ausbel's educational theory on students’ learning of some basic attacking volleyball skills. An experimental approach was used, and the research sample was first-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Basra. After applying the theory, the most important conclusions were reached: Teaching according to David Ausbel’s educational theory provided a clear picture of its scientific application and raised the level of learning of some basic attacking volleyball skills for students. The most important recommendations are: Adopting teaching according to David Ausbel’s educational theory because it provided a clear picture of its scientific application and raised the level of learning of some basic attacking volleyball skills for students

Administrative planning is considered one of the fundamental pillars for the success of sports activities, as it represents the tool that directs human and material efforts toward achieving the desired goals efficiently and effectively. Since the practical experience of staff working in the sports field greatly affects their mastery of administrative planning skills, the reality in many universities indicates variability in the level of mastery of administrative planning within these units. This variability appears in aspects such as clarity of objectives, precision in task distribution, efficiency in utilizing human and material resources, and the processes of follow-up and evaluation. Such inconsistencies may sometimes lead to organizational problems such as weak coordination and delays in schedules. The aim of this study is that identifying the level of mastery of administrative planning. The sample consisted of (94) staff members working in sports activities. The researcher adopted the descriptive survey method and followed the scientific stages of scale construction, ensuring its validity and reliability, making it a suitable tool for measuring the level of mastery of administrative planning. The results showed that organization and distribution of responsibilities received the highest evaluation among the domains of administrative planning, reflecting a solid structural foundation in the sports departments and units of Iraqi universities. Furthermore, statistically significant differences were found at the (0.05) level between those with more than 15 years of experience and those with less than 15 years, in favor of the less experienced group. The study recommended that enhancing strategic planning through training programs for sports activity staff focused on building future visions and setting long-term goals linked to clear performance indicators

This study aimed to examine the relationship between specific aspects of leg muscular strength—namely explosive power and speed-strength—and the accuracy of spike performance among female volleyball players. A descriptive correlational design was adopted as it best fits the study’s objectives. The research sample deliberately included fourteen (14) advanced-level players from the Akad Ankawa Volleyball Club. Field tests were employed to measure the study variables: the vertical jump test (for explosive power), the sidestep-over box jump test performed for ten seconds (for speed-strength), and the spike accuracy test targeting the inner triangle of the opponent’s court (for technical precision).


The findings revealed significant positive correlations between both explosive power and speed-strength of the legs and the accuracy of spike performance. These results indicate that enhancing specific muscular strength capacities of the legs contributes to improving technical proficiency and attack precision in volleyball. The study recommends incorporating explosive and speed-strength exercises into the physical preparation programs of female volleyball players to enhance their attack efficiency and spike accuracy.

Discus throwing is a sport event that requires a high integration between joint range of motion and physical abilities, such as explosive strength, speed, and balance, where the flexibility of the shoulders, hips, and trunk directly affects the efficiency of rotation and the force of release. Observations indicate that some young throwers face challenges in achieving the required range of motion, leading to suboptimal technical performance, which formed the basis of this study’s problem. The study aimed to investigate the effect of active stretching exercises on improving the range of motion and certain physical abilities, hypothesizing that there would be statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test results for the experimental group. The seven-week experimental program demonstrated that dynamic exercises enhanced explosive strength, movement speed, balance, and flexibility, positively reflecting on throwing performance. Based on these results, it is recommended to regularly incorporate active stretching into warm-up and training programs, with emphasis on exercises targeting the major joints, to enhance technical performance, increase release speed, and improve the physical effectiveness of young athletes.

Despite the importance of volley and ground strokes in tennis, there are few studies that have addressed the physiological differences between these two strokes. Therefore, this research aims to study the physiological differences between volley and ground strokes in young tennis players. The research objectives were: The main objective of this research was to study the physiological differences between volley and ground strokes in young tennis players.


The researcher concluded the following:


- There are significant differences between volley and ground strokes in muscle strength, speed, muscle activity, and response time.


- Volley strokes require greater muscle strength, speed, and muscle activity than ground strokes.


He recommended the following:


- Coaches and players should focus on developing muscle strength, speed, and muscle activity to improve their tennis performance.


- Players should practice volleying and ground strokes to improve response time and speed.

This study aims to identify the contribution ratio of selected anthropometric measurements to simple and complex reaction time among elite handball goalkeepers, given the crucial role of these variables in enhancing defensive performance. The researcher employed the descriptive survey method alongside the experimental approach. The study sample consisted of 35 goalkeepers representing clubs in the Iraqi Handball League during the 2024–2025 season. Data were collected on anthropometric variables (height, weight, arm length, leg length, and hand span) and tests were administered to measure both simple and complex reaction time, using appropriate statistical tools (multiple regression and analysis of variance). The findings revealed that certain anthropometric measurements—particularly body height, arm length, leg length, and hand span—significantly contributed to improving reaction time, whereas body weight showed no positive effect. Moreover, simple reaction time was found to be faster than complex reaction time, reflecting the physiological and cognitive demands of performance. The study concludes that anthropometric characteristics should be considered essential indicators when selecting goalkeepers, and that training programs should emphasize the development of complex reaction speed.

The defensive skill in handball is one of the most important basic skills, as through it the team’s goal is defended, and the team whose members possess good defensive skill in addition to good attack can meet the requirements of the game in a better way, through possession of the ball, which enables its members to organize a quick attack. Defense has other positive functions and goals, including trying to possess the ball to start attacking stages and operations. Therefore, a good team can be inferred through the ability of its members to perform this skill correctly. Hence, the importance of research in using the direct playing style using auxiliary means in developing the defense of the area for handball players of the third-Rusafa Education team. The researcher used the experimental method appropriate to the nature of the problem to be solved because the problem is what determines the method used to obtain accurate information and results. The research community, represented by the players of the Baghdad Rusafa Education teams (first, second, third), numbering (90) players, and the research sample was chosen by lottery, represented by the players of the Baghdad Rusafa Education team, third, numbering (90) players. Their number is (30) players, with a percentage of (33.33%). The results of the study showed the presence of statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-measurements in favor of the post-measurement in the performance of the skill of defending the zone among handball players, which indicates the effectiveness of the direct play learning method using auxiliary means in developing this skill. As for the conclusions, the players showed a noticeable improvement in the performance of defensive skills related to defending the zone, especially in the rapid transition between defensive positions and covering spaces. The auxiliary educational means enhanced the cognitive-motor understanding, as they helped to deliver training concepts in a simplified and interactive manner. Integrating direct play into the training units contributed to creating a stimulating educational environment that increased the players’ motivation to participate and interact during performance. As for the recommendations, adopting the direct play learning method as an effective training strategy in training the emerging and middle age groups in handball, due to its positive impact on developing performance, integrating modern educational means (such as interactive devices, smart goals, and analytical video) within the training content, to increase the effectiveness of the training units, and training the trainers. Teachers and educators design training units that integrate direct play with skill-based objectives to ensure the desired results are achieved.

This study aims to examine the effect of a neuromuscular rehabilitation program employing assistive tools on restoring shoulder range of motion and muscle strength in combat sport athletes suffering from partial tears of the rotator cuff. The researcher adopted the experimental method using a one-group pre–post test design on a purposive sample of seven athletes diagnosed with partial shoulder injuries, confirmed clinically and through MRI imaging by a specialized medical team. The rehabilitation program extended for eight weeks, with three sessions per week, and included diverse neuromuscular exercises utilizing assistive tools such as resistance bands, medicine balls, and balance boards. The program followed a progressive approach in resistance intensity, transitioning from isometric to dynamic exercises. Measurements included shoulder range of motion in seven directions and rotator cuff muscle strength across six functional movements, assessed using a goniometer and digital dynamometer. The results revealed statistically significant improvements in all variables in favor of the post-test measurements, indicating clear gains in range of motion and muscle strength following program application. These improvements are attributed to the effectiveness of neuromuscular exercises that relied on progressive resistance, proprioceptive activation, and enhanced neuromuscular coordination of the injured joint. The study concludes that the neuromuscular rehabilitation program using assistive tools is an effective and safe approach for rehabilitating partial rotator cuff tears and contributes to restoring joint function and improving motor performance in combat athletes. The researcher recommends adopting such programs in rehabilitation and physiotherapy centers and emphasizes the necessity of incorporating proprioception and balance training in rehabilitation phases for injured athletes

This study determined the effectiveness of cold-water immersion (CWI), active recovery (AR), and passive rest for restoring elite handball players after high-intensity match simulation.


Forty-five players were randomly assigned to the three recovery groups. Physiological (heart rate, lactate, creatine kinase [CK]), physical (vertical jump, agility), and skill (shooting accuracy) markers were measured at baseline, post-exercise, and 1-, 24-, and 48-hours post-recovery.


Results showed a clear, statistically significant (p < 0.05) superiority of CWI over AR and passive rest. The CWI group achieved the fastest physiological recovery (reduced lactate and CK), leading to a state of performance overcompensation in physical and skill tests at 24-48 hours. The AR group improved more than the control group but less than CWI, especially for muscle damage indicators. Correlation analyses in the CWI group indicated a strong link between improved physiological markers and enhanced physical performance.


Cold-water immersion is the most effective and rapid method for restoring elite handball players' full function post-match and is recommended for maintaining performance and reducing injury risk during intense competition.

The study of sports psychology is considered one of the important sciences related to the educational process, particularly in faculties of physical education and sports sciences, as it contributes to achieving athletic excellence by optimizing students’ physical and skill capacities. Therefore, educational program coordinators aim to provide students with psychological skills and ensure their mastery of acquired skills to achieve integrated and balanced performance. This study aims to explore the nature of the relationship between psychological skills and motor performance on the balance beam among third-year students at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Baghdad. The researcher used the descriptive method with survey and correlational approaches, which suit the nature of the study. The sample included 56 third-year students, and data were collected and analyzed statistically using the Social Sciences Statistical Package (SPSS). The results of the study indicated a significant positive correlation between psychological skills and motor performance.

Our contemporary world is experiencing continuous scientific, cognitive, and technological progress across various fields, including sport. These advances result from effective planning and sustained efforts to enhance the quality of teaching, learning, and training processes to reach higher levels of athletic performance. The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between mental fitness, which refers to the learner’s strength and ability to adapt to surrounding conditions, and attentional control, which reflects the ability to select relevant stimuli and disregard irrelevant ones, and the performance of two basketball skills: high dribbling and chest passing.


The researchers hypothesized that there would be significant correlations between the outcomes of the Mental Fitness Scale, the Attentional Control Scale, and the performance of high dribbling and chest passing. The study sample included 63 first-year female students from the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences for Women during the academic year 2024–2025. The descriptive survey method was used because it was suitable for addressing the study objectives.

The importance of the research included the importance of using rehabilitation exercises and therapeutic methods to improve some motor functions in throwing players who have sustained injuries to the ligaments of the wrist joint, to help them heal the injury and quickly return to the field. The research aims to develop rehabilitation exercises for the research sample and to identify the effect of rehabilitation exercises with therapeutic methods in improving some motor functions in the wrist joint. The researcher assumed that the existence of significant statistical differences between the pre- and post-tests, and the validity of the post-tests for the research sample. There are statistically significant results to determine the effect on improving some motor functions. The researcher used the experimental method using a single-group approach with pre- and post-measurements to suit the nature of the research. The research community was deliberately defined as throwing players with partial tears (medium degree) of the ligaments of the wrist joint, aged (18-21) years, males, numbering (8) athletes in Baghdad Governorate. (2) athletes were selected for the exploratory experiment, and (6) athletes were selected for the pilot experiment. To conduct the main experiment for the research sample, the researcher used a set of tests, and some motor functions were


identified. Rehabilitation units were applied to the sample, divided into three days over a period of (6) weeks throughout the rehabilitation period. The researcher conducted pre- and post-measurements to process the data statistically, and reached the conclusion that the use of rehabilitation exercises with the therapeutic method had a positive effect in improving some motor functions of the injured. The researcher recommends that emphasizing the selection of rehabilitation exercises with one of the appropriate therapeutic methods in a manner consistent with the type of injury.

The study aimed to prepare exercises using Balance Ball to develop balance and accuracy of shooting with an air pistol for the Iraqi national junior team players and to identify the amount of differences in the pre- and post-test among the research sample. The researcher chose the research sample that represents the real community represented by the Iraqi national junior team players. The researcher conducted a pre-test for the balance and the air pistol shooting accuracy test on the research sample. She then applied the special exercises according to the established program and re-applied the post-tests under the same conditions. The researcher concluded that there is a significant effect of the special exercises on the level of balance and the level of shooting accuracy with the 10-meter air pistol for junior players.

Physiology is an integrated science that is concerned with studying the functions of the body at various levels, starting with molecules, cells, organs and systems. Sports physiology aims to develop athletic performance by causing structural and functional changes in the body, as the pulse rate is lower in people who practice physical work than others who are sedentary, and the systolic pressure in athletes at rest is closer to falling, while the diastolic pressure is closer to rising. The researcher aims to conduct a comparative study between some physiological variables in second- and third-class football referees to identify the pulse rate for both samples and also to identify the level of systolic and diastolic pressure. The study aimed to identify some physiological variables in second- and third-class football referees and compare them. The researcher used the descriptive approach with a comparison method between the two groups, as it is appropriate for the research objectives by collecting data to try to determine the current state of the sample in the study variables. The research community was determined intentionally, represented by second- and third-class football referees, numbering (125) referees. As for the research sample, The researcher concluded that significant differences appeared in the variables of pulse, systolic and diastolic pressure between second and third-degree referees, in favor of second-degree referees. The researcher recommends adhering to the training units and intensifying them, taking into account the gradual increase in training loads in line with the preparation period or competitions, providing sufficient and regular stadiums for all refereeing categories, and paying attention to monitoring the referees’ committee and department in the Iraqi Central Football Association for.

The aim of the research was to develop a measure of attentional control in handball for second-year students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, and to design instructional exercises and employ them using the components of the rapid learning strategy in practical physical education lessons for handball. The research also sought to identify the effect of the rapid learning strategy on attentional control and on the performance of the skills of receiving and shooting from head level in handball among second-year students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, the experimental method was adopted using a design involving both an experimental group and a control group, with a sample of 66 students randomly selected (67.374) from the population of second-year students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the College of Education, Al-Farahidi University, for the academic year 2024/2025. A mental scale was constructed, and practical handball lessons were prepared and applied using the investigated strategy in the experimental group over a period of four weeks, with two lessons per week. Each skill was covered in four lessons. After the completion of the experiment, data were processed using the SPSS program. The conclusions indicated that the attentional control scale in handball is suitable for second-year students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the College of Education, Al-Farahidi University, and meets the scientific criteria for academic acceptance. Teaching using the rapid learning strategy was found to contribute to improving attentional control in handball, as well as enhancing the performance of the skills of receiving and shooting from head level in handball among second-year students. These improvements were significantly better than those seen in their peers who were taught without the strategy. The main recommendations emphasized that the rapid learning strategy should not be implemented rigidly in a way that limits the students’ engagement and freedom during the instruction of handball skills in practical lessons. It is also essential to train handball instructors on how to effectively utilize the elements of the rapid learning strategy in the educational settings of practical lessons.

The aim of the research was to develop a measure of attentional control in handball for second-year students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, and to design instructional exercises and employ them using the components of the rapid learning strategy in practical physical education lessons for handball. The research also sought to identify the effect of the rapid learning strategy on attentional control and on the performance of the skills of receiving and shooting from head level in handball among second-year students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, the experimental method was adopted using a design involving both an experimental group and a control group, with a sample of 66 students randomly selected (67.374) from the population of second-year students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the College of Education, Al-Farahidi University, for the academic year 2024/2025. A mental scale was constructed, and practical handball lessons were prepared and applied using the investigated strategy in the experimental group over a period of four weeks, with two lessons per week. Each skill was covered in four lessons. After the completion of the experiment, data were processed using the SPSS program. The conclusions indicated that the attentional control scale in handball is suitable for second-year students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the College of Education, Al-Farahidi University, and meets the scientific criteria for academic acceptance. Teaching using the rapid learning strategy was found to contribute to improving attentional control in handball, as well as enhancing the performance of the skills of receiving and shooting from head level in handball among second-year students. These improvements were significantly better than those seen in their peers who were taught without the strategy. The main recommendations emphasized that the rapid learning strategy should not be implemented rigidly in a way that limits the students’ engagement and freedom during the instruction of handball skills in practical lessons. It is also essential to train handball instructors on how to effectively utilize the elements of the rapid learning strategy in the educational settings of practical lessons.

Since the dawn of history, all nations have been concerned with educating their people in various sciences. As a result, those responsible for this field have called for the development of modern strategies for learning skills, particularly those that require motor coordination between different parts of the body during the execution of movement. One such strategy is the “Overlapping Waves” strategy, which is based on the cognitive approach to learning and thinking. The developer of this strategy is the scholar Siegler, who argues that learners use a series of cognitive processes that interact and integrate into a single sequence in order to solve a specific problem. This strategy assumes that learners who are thinking cannot confine their thinking to a single “wave,” as the cognitive wave is in a constant state of change.


The research problem lies in the presence of weaknesses in the skills of high dribbling with a change of direction and chest passing in basketball, as it is a sport that is rarely practiced in physical education classes, especially in schools. These skills (high dribbling with a change of direction and chest passing) require motor coordination between the upper and lower limbs, as well as between the body and the eyes, in addition to the correct and appropriate timing for performing these skills, as they determine the outcome of the match for the teams.


Research Hypothesis


(1)The educational program based on the Overlapping Waves Strategy positively affects the learning of high dribbling with change of direction and chest passing in basketball among second-grade intermediate students.


Research Objectives


(1) To design an educational program based on the Overlapping Waves Strategy to teach high dribbling with change of direction and chest passing to second-grade intermediate students.


(2) To identify the differences between pre- and post-tests in learning these two skills for the control and experimental groups..


Research Scope


(1) Human Scope: Second-grade intermediate students at Al-Mutanabbi Intermediate School for Boys for the academic year 2024–2025.


Time Scope: From 1 November 2024 to 1 April 2025. (2)



Place Scope: The outdoor playground at Al-Mutanabbi Intermediate School for Boys. (3)


Research Population and Sample


The research population comprised second-grade intermediate students at Al-Mutanabbi Intermediate School for Boys in Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf for the academic year 2024–2025, totaling 70 students. The main experimental sample of 30 students was randomly selected and divided by lottery into two groups—experimental and control—each containing 15 students and representing 42.85% of the total population.


Statistical Methods


The researchers employed the following statistical tools appropriate for the study sample



Arithmetic Mean

Standard Deviation

§ Skewness Coefficient

t-Test to identify differences between pre-tests and post-tests


Conclusions


(1) The educational program based on the Overlapping Waves Strategy contributed positively to learning the skills of high dribbling with change of direction and chest pass among second-grade intermediate students.


(2) The strategy enabled students in practical lessons to engage in more active thinking, thereby enhancing their speed of cognitive processing while learning the two skills.


Recommendations


(1) Employ the Overlapping Waves Strategy in teaching fundamental basketball skills to different student samples.


(2) Apply this strategy to other skills in physical education across various educational stages


(3) Organize training courses to qualify teaching staff in schools throughout all directorates of education in Iraq.