Karbala Journal of Physical Education Sciences

The present study was conducted on the research population of students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences / University of Babylon, totaling 80 students. The sample was selected randomly, with ages ranging between 18–22 years, including users of electronic cigarettes and non-smokers. They were classified into two groups: the first group consisted of electronic cigarette smokers and included 60 students, while the second group consisted of non-smokers and included 20 students. The study involved assessing the levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and low-density lipoproteins (LDL). The results of the present study showed A statistically significant increase (P ≤ 0.05) in total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoproteins in the electronic cigarette smokers group compared with the control group).A statistically significant decrease (P ≤ 0.05) in the level of high-density lipoproteins in group compared with the control group.

The research aimed to Identifying the impact An adaptive educational program based on sensory-motor interaction, using the method of randomized varying stimulation, in developing the speed of motor response and accuracy of performing the punch for second-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - University of Karbala. It is one of the modern educational methods that keep pace with the environmental and sensory changes that students face in the sport of boxing.
The researcher used the experimental method with two groups, experimental and control. The sample consisted of (40) students from the second stage of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, who were randomly selected. A program was designed educational Random variation in sensory stimuli (visual - auditory) is based on Which are presented in a random and unpredictable manner, for the purpose of stimulating neural adaptation.–Muscular function and improved motor timing accuracy. This aligns with the characteristics of motor development in learners, as the experimental group underwent this program. Which lasted (8) weeks at a rate of one educational unit per week and the duration of each unit was (90 minutes).While the control group was subjected to the method followed in learning, the two variables of motor response speed and accuracy of performing the punch were measured using approved scientific tools and measures. The results indicated that there were statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group, and this indicates the effectiveness of the proposed program in achieving the research objectives.
The researcher recommends adopting this program in motor learning programs due to its effectiveness in promoting sensory-motor adaptation and achieving optimal performance in the punching skill in boxing for students.

The present study aimed to identify the effect of the Five Fingers Strategy on learning the volleyball serve skill among students. The researchers employed an experimental approach using a design of two equivalent groups (control and experimental) with pre- and post-tests.The research population consisted of second-year students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Karbala for the academic year (2025–2026), totaling 163 students. The research sample included 40 students, who were selected randomly and divided into two groups, with 20 students in each group.
Data related to the studied variables were statistically processed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS.(

The study examines the role of legal oversight in combating financial and administrative corruption within government sports institutions in Iraq. It also analyzes the legal and institutional framework for administrative and financial oversight of government sports institutions in Iraq and its role in reducing the spread of financial and administrative corruption. This research is based on an analysis of applicable legal texts and the roles of oversight bodies (the Federal Board of Audit and Financial Control, the Commission of Integrity, and the Ministry of Youth and Sports), highlighting the challenges of implementation and control in combating these financial and administrative violations and the limits of government intervention in light of Iraq's international sports commitments. The research resulted in a model that balances sports administrative independence with the protection of public funds, along with a package of implementable legislative and institutional recommendations.
We note that regulation or the oversight role has entered a new phase in the world of sports, especially after the global professionalization of Iraqi sports, which means the expenditure of significant amounts of money.
Our goal is to raise awareness of the importance of the role of legal oversight in combating financial and administrative corruption within sports institutions in Iraq. This is not a cultural phenomenon, but rather the real control that prevents these institutions from engaging in financial or administrative manipulation and preventing such corruption from occurring. Legal oversight and its role in monitoring sports institutions financially and administratively significantly reduces the level of corruption and develops these institutions and enables them to operate legally and properly.
The primary objective of this research is to understand the role of legal oversight in controlling financial and administrative corruption in these sports institutions. The researcher's delving into this research demonstrates her understanding of the primary and important role of legal oversight over these institutions, the purpose of which is to ensure that work within these institutions is clean and free of financial and administrative manipulation.
The development of sports and its rise to professionalism and globalization has led financial oversight to take a cautious approach to the disbursement of these large sums of money, which require management operating properly, legally, and in accordance with established regulations.

Visual scanning (scanning) refers to the brief glances performed by a player to explore the surrounding environment and scan the field in order to facilitate decision-making after receiving the ball, evaluate the game situation, and form a prior perception of the next action. In modern soccer, where time has become a highly influential factor, visual scanning contributes to maintaining game rhythm and tempo by accelerating decision-making through prior environmental awareness.
In light of the continuous efforts to enhance soccer players’ performance levels, the need for adopting modern, scientifically based training methods has emerged. Through field observation and the researcher’s experience in the Karbala Youth Clubs League, a noticeable weakness was identified in monitoring opponents and identifying teammates’ positions before and during ball reception, which negatively affects reaching the opponent’s goal and scoring.
The aim of this study was to identify the effect of visual scanning exercises on developing motor response speed, motor coordination, and selected complex offensive skills among under-17 soccer players. The research hypothesized that visual scanning exercises have a significant effect on improving motor response speed, motor coordination, and selected complex offensive skills among under-17 soccer players.
The research population consisted of 23 under-17 soccer players from Al-Hussein Sports Club during the 2025–2026 training season. A sample of 20 players was intentionally selected and divided into two groups: an experimental group (10 players) and a control group (10 players). Six players were selected for the pilot study, and three goalkeepers were excluded.
The study concluded that visual scanning exercises had a significant positive effect on the development of motor response speed, motor coordination, and selected complex offensive skills. The researchers recommended the adoption of modern training methods, particularly visual scanning exercises, due to their importance in enhancing athletic performance and moving away from traditional training approaches.

The study aimed to:
1. Identify the aspects of muscular strength among second-year female students at the College of Physical Education, University of Koya.
2. Determine the level of achievement in the triple jump event among second-year female students at the College of Physical Education, University of Koya.
3. Identify the relationship between the aspects of muscular strength and the level of achievement in the triple jump event among second-year female students at the College of Physical Education, University of Koya.
The research sample consisted of second-year female students from the College of Physical Education, University of Koya. The participants were selected intentionally (purposive sampling), and the total number was (15) students for the academic year 2013–2014.
The researcher adopted the descriptive method using the survey approach due to its suitability to the research problem. After obtaining the results, they were discussed scientifically and supported by relevant references to achieve the objectives of the study.
Conclusions
In light of the research results, the researchers reached the following conclusions:
• There were statistically significant differences between aspects of muscular strength and the level of achievement in the triple jump event among the research sample.
• There were statistically significant differences between speed-strength of the abdominal muscles and the level of achievement in the triple jump event.
• There were statistically significant differences between the explosive strength of the legs and the level of achievement in the triple jump event.
• There were statistically significant differences between the maximal strength of the back muscles and the level of achievement in the triple jump event.
Recommendations
Based on these conclusions, the researcher recommends the following:
• The training process in track and field classes should include exercises to strengthen the abdominal, leg, and back muscles.
• Training sessions should integrate strengthening exercises for the abdominal, leg, and back muscles with triple jump performance development.
• Conducting similar studies on other track and field events.

Different playing zones on the field are considered tactical environments with varied demands, as the intensity of performance, type of movement, and directions of play differ according to the nature of each zone (defensive, midfield, offensive). Therefore, directing tactical training in accordance with the characteristics of each zone contributes to developing the tactical and offensive abilities of youth players and enhances their physical capacities related to performance endurance, which is one of the most important requirements for achieving effectiveness in offensive situations.
Despite the importance of tactical training based on the characteristics of playing zones in developing physical and tactical abilities, studies addressing the effect of such training on performance endurance in the context of soccer and linking it to offensive situations are still limited. Accordingly, the research problem lies in the lack of knowledge regarding the impact of tactical training according to playing zone characteristics on performance endurance and some offensive situations, which necessitates investigating this effect in order to develop more effective training methods.
The research aimed to identify the effect of tactical training according to playing zone characteristics on performance endurance and some offensive situations of soccer players. The research hypothesis stated that there is a significant effect of tactical training according to playing zone characteristics on performance endurance and some offensive situations of soccer players.
The researchers used the experimental method due to its suitability for solving the research problem. The research sample consisted of youth soccer players of Karbala FC.
The researchers concluded that tactical training designed according to the characteristics of playing zones had a positive role in improving the physical performance endurance of youth players, as evidenced by the significant differences between the pre-tests and post-tests of the experimental group.

This chapter included an introduction to the research, which consisted of the background and significance of the study. It addressed the development of sports sciences resulting from the diversity of modern training methods used in various sports, particularly in football goalkeeping. The study also focused on the goalkeeper as the backbone of the team and highlighted the responsibility and importance of this position within the team. In addition, it emphasized the essential characteristics that a goalkeeper must possess, especially agility, which is considered one of the most important physical attributes. The study also focused on methods for developing this distinctive and necessary attribute for goalkeepers.
The significance of the research lies in designing special exercises to develop agility using assistive devices for advanced football goalkeepers.
The research problem is represented by the presence of weakness in some physical and motor abilities of advanced football goalkeepers, due to the limited use of appropriate assistive devices and training exercises, as well as reliance on outdated training methods that have not contributed effectively to the development of important physical and motor attributes, particularly agility. Therefore, assistive devices suitable for advanced goalkeeper training were used in order to address this problem scientifically and practically and to achieve the best possible results.

Sports have been an important part of Arab life since ancient times, linked to lifestyles, the desert environment, and social and religious values. Before Islam, Arabs practiced various physical activities such as horsemanship, archery, wrestling, racing, hunting, and camel riding. These activities aimed to prepare individuals for self-defense and tribal defense, and to cultivate strength and courage. With the advent of Islam, the importance of sports increased, as the Islamic faith encouraged physical fitness, and there are hadiths (sayings of the Prophet Muhammad) that urge learning swimming, archery, and horseback riding. Sports became a means of building a physically and morally balanced individual without contradicting religious values. The social impact of sports among Arabs includes: strengthening cooperation and social cohesion; instilling values of courage, discipline, patience, and commitment; strengthening tribal and social bonds through competitions and group activities; filling leisure time with beneficial activities; and reducing negative behaviors. The physical impact includes: developing muscular strength and physical fitness; improving endurance and flexibility; maintaining general health and preventing disease; and preparing individuals physically for the demands of life, work, and defense. In modern times, sports in Arab societies have evolved to encompass modern team and individual sports, becoming an important tool for physical education, health, character development, and participation in local and international competitions.
In conclusion, sports have historically been a fundamental element in the development of the individual and society among Arabs, contributing to a balance between physical strength and social and moral values.

This study examines the history of Iraq’s participation in international Paralympic Games, with a particular focus on Iraqi athletes’ involvement in athletics, which includes events such as running, jumping, throwing, and other sports activities designated for persons with disabilities. The research addresses the developments that characterized these participations, the challenges encountered, and the achievements accomplished by Iraqi teams during this time period.
Beginning and Development (1990–2000)
During the early stage, Iraq faced significant political and security challenges, which negatively affected financial and organizational support for disability sports. Despite these difficulties, Iraqi athletes began participating in international Paralympic competitions. However, achievements were limited due to a lack of equipment, resources, and proper training facilities.
Improvement in Participation (2000–2010)
After 2003, and with relative stabilization of the situation, the Iraqi government and sports organizations started to provide greater support for Paralympic sports. Training and rehabilitation programs were established for athletes with disabilities, which contributed to improved performance outcomes. Iraqi athletes began achieving tangible results in certain events, particularly in sprint races and throwing events.
Achievements (2010–2017)
This period witnessed a noticeable improvement in performance levels, as Iraqi athletes secured medals in regional and international championships. Greater emphasis was placed on specialized athletics training, along with psychological and technical support for participants. Among the most prominent achievements were the breaking of several local and regional records in running and throwing events.
Challenges and Future Opportunities
Despite these accomplishments, several challenges remain, particularly concerning funding limitations and insufficient infrastructure for Paralympic sports. There is a need to further develop training systems and provide continuous support for athletes with disabilities in order to achieve greater success in future international competitions.


In conclusion, sports have historically been a fundamental element in the development of the individual and society among Arabs, contributing to a balance between physical strength and social and moral values.

This study aimed to prepare educational units based on the McCarthy model (4MAT) to improve the technical performance and cognitive achievement of female students in the badminton serve skill. The researcher adopted the experimental method using a two-group design (experimental and control) with pre- and post-tests due to its suitability for the research problem. The research population consisted of second-year female students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Kerbala. The sample was selected and divided randomly. After analyzing the data statistically using (SPSS), the results revealed that the educational units based on the McCarthy model significantly contributed to enhancing the technical performance of the serve and increasing the cognitive achievement (legal and technical) of the experimental group compared to the control group. Based on these findings, the researcher recommended moving away from traditional methods and adopting the McCarthy model in the educational process for racket sports, as it provides a learning environment that considers individual differences and learning styles.

Posture is considered an attractive feature in our time, and given the importance of this age stage in the correct construction of posture and the correction of early deviations, the problem was initiated by the researcher’s observation of some girls of this age with slight deviations that affected the straightness of the body. The study aimed to prepare special exercises for some basic skills in rhythmic gymnastics that have a clear effect on correcting posture through exercises that help in learning the skill, resulting in correcting the straightness of the body. The researcher used the experimental method as it is suitable for the research procedures and the method of one group, and the research sample was (10) female students who were subjected to the educational training program prepared by the researcher. The research tools included a set of tests to measure postural variables, and the program was implemented for a period of (12) weeks at a rate of (3) units per week. The results showed statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-measurements, which indicates the effectiveness of the skills in improving posture. The researcher recommended relying on the followed method and paying attention to rhythmic activities within the physical education curricula.

This study aims to examine the effect of a speed training program using the Optical Step-Frequency Analyzer on improving movement economy among 200-meter sprint runners in the youth category. The study employed a quasi-experimental design with a sample of 12 young sprinters, divided into an experimental group that received the training program and a control group that continued their regular training. The program lasted eight weeks with three training sessions per week, and pre- and post-intervention measurements were taken, including step frequency, stride length, and flight time, using the Optical Step-Frequency Analyzer.
The results revealed significant improvements in all measured variables for the experimental group, while no significant changes were observed in the control group. Effect size calculations (Cohen’s d) indicated that the training program had a substantial and practical impact on runners’ performance. The study concludes that speed training programs based on analytical measurement can enhance movement economy and technical efficiency among youth sprinters and serve as an effective, evidence-based tool for coaches to improve athletic performance systematically.

Research objectives: To develop two research scales, one measuring psychological well-being and the other measuring creative thinking, for fourth-year female students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. To identify the relationship between psychological well-being and creative thinking. In order to achieve the research objectives, the descriptive approach using a survey method was used. The research sample was selected purposively and consisted of fourth-year female students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The sample was divided into exploratory, constructive, and applied groups, and preparation procedures were initiated, including finding the scientific basis for the two scales: psychological well-being and creative thinking. After extracting the discriminatory power and consistency, the two scales were applied and the results were extracted. The conclusions and recommendations were as follows: A psychological well-being scale was prepared for fourth-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, consisting of (6) areas that represent the essence of the studied trait or phenomenon. A creative thinking scale was developed for fourth-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. It is essential to adopt specific criteria for assessing students' psychological well-being and creative thinking. Furthermore, it is crucial to support students by addressing any challenges they may face within the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences

This research aims to develop the effectiveness of strength endurance exercises in maintaining the accuracy of serving and spiking skills among junior volleyball players under conditions of repetitive performance and physical fatigue. The researchers adopted an experimental approach with a two-group design (experimental and control). A special strength endurance training program was implemented for eight weeks on a sample of 24 junior players from Al-Madina and Al-Jubayish clubs, with 12 players in each group. Standardized tests were used to measure strength endurance, the accuracy of the jump serve, and the accuracy of the diagonal spik from position 4. The data were statistically analyzed using SPSS software. The results showed statistically significant differences favoring the experimental group in strength endurance and the accuracy of the offensive skills under investigation. Furthermore, the experimental group demonstrated superior performance in maintaining skill quality under conditions of repetition and fatigue compared to the control group. The researchers concluded that incorporating strength endurance exercises designed according to the requirements of skill performance is a crucial factor in enhancing neuromuscular stability and motor direction accuracy among junior players. The researchers recommended adopting this type of training. Within the special preparation programs due to its direct practical impact on developing offensive performance and improving competitive efficiency.

Artistic gymnastics is considered one of the individual sports that requires teaching skills to children at an early age, unlike many other sports. From the researchers’ point of view, the problem lies in the students’ inability to properly visualize the correct movement path for performing the two skills, in addition to the fear of falling. In order to overcome the difficulty of performing these skills, the researchers proposed designing an educational assistive device aimed at increasing performance safety. They also prepared a set of exercises using this assistive device, which may contribute to developing the correct movement path and directing it positively. This, in turn, may generate motivation, excitement, and enthusiasm among students when learning these skills.
The researchers used the experimental method. The research sample was intentionally selected and consisted of 30 students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences–University of Diyala. The sample was divided into two groups: an experimental group represented by section (H), and a control group represented by section (B). Appropriate statistical methods were used, including the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), to obtain the results.
The researchers presented, analyzed, and discussed the results obtained from the pre-tests and post-tests. The study concluded that the exercises prepared according to the designed educational device had a positive effect on teaching the experimental group the two skills of the research (handstand and shoulder stand), with a greater level of improvement in the experimental group compared to the control group, which also showed improvement but at a lower level.

The study aimed to establish normative reference standards for measuring functional asymmetry between the dominant and non-dominant limbs using the indicators of motor agility and reaction speed according to the (ASI) model among youth soccer players. The researcher adopted the descriptive approach on a sample of (124) players aged (14–15) years in Baghdad during the specified research period. Agility was measured using the Arrowhead Agility Test, and reaction speed was assessed using the Nelson Reaction Test. The Asymmetry Index (ASI) was then calculated, and the scores were classified into five normative levels. The results revealed differences in asymmetry degrees between the two limbs, with the majority of players classified within the moderate level. The findings also indicated variation in neuromuscular integration efficiency, which was reflected in motor performance levels. The study concluded that a moderate degree of asymmetry represents a natural developmental characteristic at this age stage; however, it requires systematic training follow-up. The study recommended adopting the established normative standards for periodic player evaluation and implementing bilateral training exercises to reduce the gap between limbs and improve agility and reaction speed.

The research aims to develop resistance training exercises using the Vertimax device and apply them to the youth goalkeepers of Naft Al-Wasat Football Club. To achieve this aims , the researchers used the experimental method and the design of two equivalent groups with pre- and post-tests. The research population consisted of the youth goalkeepers of Naft Al-Wasat Club, numbering (6) goalkeepers, who were randomly divided into two groups of (3) goalkeepers in each group. After that, tests were prepared for vertical and horizontal explosive power, as well as a test of the skill of catching the high football. After that, the pre-tests were applied, and after confirming the homogeneity and equivalence of the two research groups, the researchers began applying the exercises for a period of 8 weeks, at a rate of 3 units per week, while the intensity was standardized using the high-intensity training method (80-95) with a fluctuation (2:1) between weeks and daily units. The Vertimax device consists of support straps that connect to the body's joints to enhance the targeted muscle activity. The researcher calculates the resistance level according to the device's specifications, converting inches to centimeters. One percent of the resistance is then applied to a rope, corresponding to a 1.3 cm pull for each 1% resistance in speed-strength exercises and a 0.5 cm pull for each 1% resistance in explosive power exercises. After completing the exercises, post-tests were administered. The researchers then used the SPSS statistical software package to analyze the results. They concluded that resistance training using the Vertimax device improves the explosive power of the legs and the high-ball catching skill of football goalkeepers. Furthermore, the experimental group outperformed the control group in all research variables.