Al-Muthanna Journal of Sport education Sciences

Physical attributes, including muscular strength, are among the most important qualities a wrestling player needs. They are a key factor in combat and in the proper use of skills. Therefore, wrestlers need grips alongside muscular strength, as they play a prominent role in performing the grips under discussion, including the mat grip, the Abbasid grip, and the leg hold and then push. These are among the grips in freestyle wrestling. Therefore, developing this element is a necessary requirement and foundation for wrestlers to achieve the best local, Arab, and continental achievements, as well as world and Olympic championships. The researcher set the primary research objective in this study to determine the relationship between certain forms of muscular strength and their relationship to the performance of basic grips in youth freestyle wrestling. In order to achieve this goal, the researcher used the descriptive approach (survey method) and correlational relationships to address the causes of this problem. The research sample included youth wrestling players and trainees at Al-Kut Sports Club. The researcher determined the research tests after applying the research procedures, including (muscular strength) tests, in order to ensure its validity in measuring the research variables, and proceeding to conduct the main experiment. The researcher reached the following conclusions: There is a positive relationship between muscular strength and the performance of basic grips in wrestling.

The research aims to identify the effect of the Klausmeier model on teaching students the skills of handling and rolling a soccer ball. The researcher used the experimental method with a design of two equal groups: control and experimental, to suit the nature and objectives of the research. The research community was defined as first-year boys' morning studies at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Thi Qar University for the academic year 2024-2025. The research sample consisted of (60) students representing two sections (C-D), with (30) students from each section. The sample percentage from the original population of (220) students was equal to (27.27%). They were divided into two groups, one control and the other experimental. The most important conclusions reached by the researcher were the superiority of the experimental group, which learned according to the Klausmeier model, over the control group, which learned using the teacher's method for learning the skills of handling and rolling a soccer ball.

This study aimed to identify the effect of regular sports training on bone and muscle health and to identify the factors affecting them in female tennis players. The researcher used a single-group experimental approach (before and after) to achieve the study objectives. The training program was implemented on the experimental group for 12 weeks, with three training sessions per week. The results showed statistically significant differences in favor of the post-tests in all studied variables after implementation, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed training program in the presence of statistically significant differences in bone density, muscle strength, and muscle flexibility. The results indicate that the training program was effective in improving bone density, muscle strength, and muscle flexibility, and could help reduce the risk of injury in female players. It also helps improve bone and muscle health in the long term, as well as improving female tennis players' performance. The researcher recommends the wider implementation of the training program to improve bone and muscle health in female players.

The research included an introduction and the importance of using the pairing teaching strategy to develop some basic soccer skills for students (dribbling, penalty kicks, and heading). The research addressed the problem using the pairing teaching strategy, which dressed the problem as a training method, in which the teacher acts as a vehicle for conveying information to the student. This allows the educational process to move from simply receiving information to more solid and deeper tasks and functions that empower the student to play a positive role. The research also included the objective, which focused on the pairing strategy in training and its impact on developing students\' basic soccer skills. The research also examined the extent of the statistical significance of the experimental group\'s relationship with the control group in terms of the requirements for pairing teaching methods compared to the control group, which used the imperative method. The research also addressed the conclusions, indicating that teaching methods based on the pairing method had an impact on soccer skills. The research concluded that the traditional method did not provide students with positive participation. The recommendations emphasized the use of pairing teaching as one of the important strategies in teaching students the basic skills of other activities, as it is an enjoyable method for the student learner.

Modern educational studies and research have focused on identifying teaching strategies and methods that facilitate the learning process, which is one of the main components of academic education that is affected by and affects its components and contributes to the success of teaching and achieving the desired goal of the educational process. Among these strategies that work to encourage students to increase creativity and develop students’ skills and experiences and their acquisition of knowledge is the overlapping waves strategy, This strategy helps students learn to cooperate with one another and takes into account individual differences among members of a heterogeneous group. The overlapping waves strategy is an important educational strategy in teaching. It focuses on learning through working in groups, solving problems, and preparing appropriate educational materials by developing specific educational units specific to the curriculum's vocabulary, taking into account students' needs and interests, The overlapping waves strategy focuses on the cognitive structures present in students, which directly affect the educational process, which in turn is reflected in the students’ skill performance in a good way. It can also be achieved through presenting scientific content in a clear manner, which in turn contributes to increasing the students’ abilities and the learner’s mental skills.

This study aimed to identify the effect of Strong by Zumba exercises on muscular strength, balance, and skill performance on the balance beam among second-year female students. To achieve this, the researcher used an experimental approach (single-group design) to suit the research problem. The program was implemented on a sample of 20 female students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, who were intentionally selected. The program was implemented for eight weeks, three units per week. The results showed statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-measurements, in favor of the post-measurement, in the research variables (muscular strength, balance, and skill performance). The researcher recommended the integration of Strong by Zumba exercises into training programs directed at female physical education students, given their effective role in developing physical and skill elements .

The study aimed to identify some physiological variables, in addition to identifying the body mass index, as well as identifying the relationship between some physiological variables and body mass in women aged (40-45) years in Diwaniyah Governorate. The descriptive approach was used using the survey method and correlation relationships to suit the problem and nature of the research, as it is a descriptive approach. The research community was identified as women aged (40-45) years participating in fitness centers in Diwaniyah Governorate, numbering (5) fitness centers with (54) participants aged (40-45) years. The most important results reached is the existence of a correlation between the heart rate and the weight index in women aged (40-45) years, as well as the existence of a correlation between adipose tissue and the weight index in women aged (40-45) years.

The study aims to identify the availability of the necessary resources for practicing physical education in primary schools from the perspective of physical education teachers in some schools in the center of Maysan Governorate. The study hypothesized that the necessary resources for practicing physical education are not available in primary schools in some centers of Maysan Governorate. The researcher used a descriptive approach, a research sample, and field procedures to present, analyze, and discuss the results. After completing the research procedures, the researcher processed the results statistically and then discussed the results. The most important conclusions are: The resources of most primary schools are very weak in terms of providing designated playgrounds for physical education lessons or providing the necessary equipment and tools for the success of physical education lessons. Among the most important recommendations: Providing the necessary resources in schools by the relevant authorities to ensure the success and raise the level of students.

The aim of the research was to develop exercises on sloping surfaces to help pass the CODA agility test. The study aimed to identify the effect of sloping exercises in developing the leg muscles. The research hypothesis suggested that sloping exercises have a significant effect on developing the leg muscles for assistant referees. The research method used was the experimental approach as it suits the nature of the research problem. A one-group design (experimental) with pre-and post-tests was selected. The research population consisted of second-tier referees aged (20-22) years, officially registered with the Iraqi Football Federation for the 2023-2024 season, with a total of 20 referees. A random sample of 10 referees was selected to represent Maysan referees. The main conclusions were that sloping surface training helped strengthen the leg muscles, and the development of leg muscle strength aids in passing the CODA test for referees. The key recommendations include the need to focus on sloping surface training, using alternative surfaces for exercises to develop muscle strength, such as sandy surfaces, and using aquatic environments to improve leg muscle strength. Additionally, using parachutes to increase air resistance for the legs was recommended.

This research aims to develop a physical abilities battery for selecting young futsal players from middle school teams aged 14-16. Secondly, it aims to standardize the physical abilities test battery for the research sample. The researcher used the descriptive approach with a survey method to address the research problem. The research was conducted on a representative sample of young futsal players from middle school teams in Sulaymaniyah, totaling 120 players, as follows: 10 players for the pilot study, 70 players for the development sample, and 40 players for the standardization sample. To obtain the information and data related to the research, the researcher relied on sources, references, personal interviews with experts, questionnaires, and various tests and measurements. The researcher then performed the following statistical procedures: percentage, relative importance, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, median, simple correlation coefficient (Pearson's), t-test for independent samples, and factor analysis. The researcher processed the data. The statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package (SPSS), and in light of the results, the researcher reached the most important conclusions, which is that the factor analysis using orthogonal rotation was performed on (12) variables representing the tests for the physical abilities of the junior futsal players, which showed (4) variables, then (3) of them were accepted in light of the special conditions, and the accepted factors are the speed of motor response, the first factor, flexibility, the second factor, and the explosive power of the legs, the third factor. Then the physical abilities battery for the junior futsal players aged (14-16) years was extracted, and the extracted factors, whose units represent the saturations on the factors, are the (Nelson) test for motor response in two directions, the trunk flexion test forward/downward with the long sitting position, and the vertical jump from a standing position (Sargent).

This study aimed to compare some physiological variables between volleyball and basketball players at the College of Physical Education, University of Diyala. The studied variables included resting heart rate, heart rate during exertion, energy expenditure during exertion, and maximal oxygen consumption (VO₂ max). The tests were applied to a sample of 11 players representing both teams, using instruments such as a stethoscope, Fitmate device, and Treadmill. The results indicated that resting heart rate and maximal oxygen consumption showed no significant differences between players, whereas heart rate during exertion and energy expenditure during exertion revealed significant differences. These findings highlight the importance of these variables in assessing physical performance efficiency. The researcher recommended developing physiological factors and improving aerobic capacity through specialized training programs, as well as conducting future studies with larger samples and additional physiological variables.

This study investigated the impact of ChatGPT-generated virtual training exercises on learning officiating movement mechanics in basketball among second-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Baghdad. Utilizing an experimental design, 100 participants (50 males, 50 females) were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n=50), which engaged in an eight-week AI-based training program, and a control group (n=50), which followed traditional training methods. Pre- and post-test assessments were conducted using the Instrument of Observation for the Evaluation of a Basketball Referee (IOVAB) to measure transitional movements, positioning, and decision-making. Results revealed significant improvements in both groups, with the experimental group demonstrating superior post-test performance (p < 0.001), indicating the efficacy of ChatGPT in enhancing motor skill acquisition through personalized, interactive scenarios. The findings suggest that AI-driven training can augment conventional approaches, offering scalable solutions for sports education. However, limitations include the study\'s academic setting and short duration, necessitating further research into longitudinal effects and professional contexts. This study underscores AI’s transformative potential in physical education, particularly for complex motor tasks like basketball officiating.

The importance of this research lies in the necessity of employing modern educational models, including Thelen’s model, due to their role in developing creative thinking and improving skill performance in handball, particularly in the shooting from distance skill, which is considered one of the most influential skills in match outcomes. The study aims to identify the effectiveness of educational units based on Thelen’s model in enhancing creative thinking and the performance of long-range shooting. The research problem is represented in the weakness of students’ creative thinking and skill performance in shooting from distance, and the need to adopt an educational model that contributes to raising these levels. The research population was determined to be second-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences for the academic year 2024/2025, with two groups (control and experimental). Two sections were randomly selected out of five, with (22) students in each group. The research concluded that the educational units using Thelen’s model positively contributed to improving creative thinking and the performance of long-range shooting among students, and the researchers recommend adopting this model in teaching the basic skills of handball in colleges.

Objective: The aim of the study was to examine the influence of gamification technique on forehand and backhand groundstroke accuracy in tennis in 30 children aged 8-10 years from a specialized school, Baghdad. Procedures: The participants were randomly divided into an experimental group (N = 15) who did attend a gamified 8-week training program using points, badges, challenges and leaderboards to increase motivation and engagement, and a control group (N = 15) who attended the traditional training program analyzed of this study with repetitions of passive exercises as direct instruction. International Tennis Federation (ITF) skill test were performed pre- and post-testing, and data was analyzed by descriptive statistics and t-tests at p < 0.05 of significance level. Results: Both groups showed improvement, but the experimental group had significantly higher gains in forehand (p < 0.001) and backhand (p < 0.001) accuracy. There were also clear differences between the groups in favor of the gamified approach (forehand: p < 0.001; backhand: p < 0.001). Conclusions: Game-based training improves tennis training by making it fun and efficient, at the same time allowing children to adopt motor skills quicker while maintaining a high motivation. This strategy is of great importance for enhancement the PE in school, particularly under undeveloped situations as Iraq where such high active and continue sport involve in generations will be promoted.

This study aimed to identify the effect of CrossFit training on the explosive strength of the dominant arm, systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels, and the tennis serve skill among players. To achieve this, the researcher employed the experimental method (one-group design) with pre- and post-tests, as it was suitable for the nature of the research problem. The training program was applied to a sample of tennis players from Al-Said Club in Iraq, consisting of (10) players. From this group, (6) players were intentionally selected as the main sample, while (4) players were chosen to conduct the pilot study from outside the main sample. The program was applied over a period of (8) weeks, at a rate of (3) training sessions per week. The results indicated that there were statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test in favor of the post-test. Based on these findings, the researcher recommended the use of CrossFit training to develop other physical abilities, as well as its application to different age groups of both genders due to its positive outcomes.

he aim of the research was to develop special rehabilitative and preventive exercises, accompanied by various methods, for female throwers in athletics. The aim was to understand these exercises and their impact on joint rehabilitation, accompanied by various
methods, in reducing pain in female throwers in athletics. The researcher assumed that there were statistically significant differences between the pre-tests and post-tests, in favor of the post-tests. The research sample used the single-group experimental method with pre-tests and post-tests, due to its suitability to the nature of the research. The research sample consisted of eight female throwers in athletics clubs in Baghdad, and two players were assigned to the exploratory experiment. Six players were selected for the main experiment, who suffered from knee joint pain. They were deliberately selected from those who complained of pain in the knee joint most of the time The most common injuries to these games are weights, hammer and disc, and the rehabilitation period, which included special rehabilitation exercises, took 24 units of preventive rehabilitation (3( units per week (Saturday - Monday - Wednesday). After completing the special preventive rehabilitation exercises, post-tests were conducted. One of the most important conclusions reached by the researcher was that the special rehabilitation exercises prepared by the researcher had a positive effect in improving and reducing knee joint pain through the use of various auxiliary means, which worked to improve and strengthen the knee joint in female throwers from the sample. As for the recommendations, the researcher recommended the necessity of using special preventive exercises by using various means during the rehabilitation process for injuries, which speeds up the treatment process.

The aim of this study was to design an eight-week training program for elite male volleyball players suffering from chronic ankle sprains and to examine its effects on the injured athletes. The program included various exercises such as (standing on one leg, standing on one leg while throwing a ball, standing on a balance board, standing on toes/heels,and performing the stork balance test on each leg).
The research population and sample consisted of elite male volleyball players aged between 20 and 28 years with chronic ankle sprains in Isfahan province. A total of 30 male athletes with chronic ankle sprains were randomly assigned into two groups of 15 players each: the experimental group, which performed the selected exercises, and the control group, which did not perform any exercises.
Both groups were assessed using static and dynamic balance tests before the training. After the experimental group completed the selected training program, both groups were reassessed using the same pretest balance assessments to measure the dependent variables. After collecting the questionnaire data, the results were analysed using SPSS software version 21. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare the results between the two groups. The findings showed that the selected training exercises had a significant and positive effect on both static and dynamic balance among elite volleyball players with chronic ankle sprains, compared to the control group.

The study aims to identify the effect of psychological-educational counseling sessions accompanied by music, based on mental imagery, on learning some ribbon skills in rhythmic gymnastics among female students.Specifically, it seeks to identify the differences between the pre- and post-tests, as well as the differences in the level of learning some ribbon skills in rhythmic gymnastics between the experimental and control groups in the post-tests.The research population consisted of **37 female students**, divided into a **pilot experimental sample** of 7 students, and a **main experimental sample** of 30 students, which was further divided into two groups students in the control group**, who followed the traditional teaching method.students in the experimental group**, who underwent the psychological-educational sessions based on mental imagery prepared by the researcher.The researcher concluded a set of findings, the most important of which is that **the counseling program prepared by the researcher based on mental imagery, as well as the method used by the course instructor, had a positive and effective impact on the performance of some ribbon skills in rhythmic gymnastics among the students**.The results showed a **clear and significant superiority of the experimental group** over the control group in the post-tests regarding the performance of some ribbon skills in rhythmic gymnastic.

This research aims to study the impact of physical activity and health habits on the academic achievement of female students in colleges of physical education and sports sciences. This was achieved through a review of recent literature (2023-2024) and an analysis of representative comparative data between Iraq and some other Arab countries. The descriptive analytical method was used with hypothetical model data to illustrate the patterns and statistical relationships between the variables. The results showed a positive and statistically significant correlation between the level of physical activity and academic achievement, as well as between health habits, sleep quality, nutrition, and academic performance. The research concluded with practical recommendations for activating university physical activity programs and integrating health education into academic curricula.

The Importance of the Study
Scientific research holds great significance across various fields. Studies have often led to unexpected results, particularly in the field of exercise physiology. The study of exercise physiology is closely related to all sports disciplines due to its importance for health.
In recent years, with the broad and in-depth exploration of sports physiology, researchers have been able to obtain vital physiological information and facts that have contributed to the development of athletic training methods. These advancements aim to make training more compatible with the body’s adaptive capacity, leading to changes at the cellular and tissue levels. Such changes include both aerobic and anaerobic adaptations.
The Study Aimed to:
• Identify the differences between the two aerobic training units in some blood variables and plasma volume.
• Identify the differences in post-test values between the two aerobic training units in some blood variables and plasma volume.
The Researcher Hypothesized That:
• There are statistically significant differences between the two aerobic training units in some blood variables and plasma volume.
• There are statistically significant differences in post-test values between the two aerobic training units in some blood variables and plasma volume.
Sample of the Study:
The research community was intentionally selected from the Nineveh Governorate athletics team, consisting of 10 players. From this population, 6 advanced-level athletes (representing 60% of the total population) were intentionally chosen as the research sample.
Statistical Methods Used:
The researcher utilized the following statistical tools:
• Arithmetic mean
• Standard deviation
• Paired sample t-test
• Coefficient of variation
The data were analyzed using the SPSS software (version 11.0) for statistical processing.
Conclusions:
• There are significant differences in the mean values between the intermittent and continuous effort units in favor of the intermittent effort unit regarding blood variables.
• There are significant differences in the mean values between the intermittent and continuous effort units in favor of the intermittent effort unit regarding plasma volume.
• There are significant differences in the mean values between the intermittent and continuous effort units in favor of the intermittent effort unit regarding the fibrinogen variable.
Recommendations:
• Employ training units with varying intensities and longer durations for the same level of subjects as in the current study.
• Conduct comparative studies between male and female advanced athletes on the same variables.
• Carry out further studies

The study aimed to develop a scale for organizational effectiveness and strategic planning for sports institutions in the Ministries of Education, Higher Education, and Scientific Research, as well as to establish the relationship between organizational effectiveness and strategic planning for sports institutions in the Ministries of Education, Higher Education, and Scientific Research. The research community amounted to (406) individuals working in sports institutions in the two ministries. The researcher used the descriptive approach with the survey method and correlational and comparative studies to suit the nature of the research problem. The researcher used the means of data collection, which are: (questionnaire and personal interviews). After processing the results of the application with appropriate statistical means, the researcher reached the following: Several conclusions, the most important of which are: The results showed the existence of a direct positive correlation in the Ministry of Education between the two measures, as well as in the Ministry of Higher Education between the two measures. In light of the research conclusions, the researcher made several recommendations, the most important of which are: the necessity of building a culture of strategic planning and spreading it in all sports institutions affiliated with the Ministries of Education and Higher Education.

The study aims to identify the effectiveness of employing Thelen’s model using skill exercises in developing creative thinking and learning the technical performance of freestyle swimming among students.The research problem lies in the fact that most traditional methods used in teaching freestyle swimming do not focus on both creative and skill aspects simultaneously, which limits the development of students’ abilities in technical performance and creative thinking.The researcher adopted the experimental method with the design of two equivalent groups (control and experimental). The research community consisted of first-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences – University of Wasit for the academic year (2023–2024), totaling (130) students. The sample included (31) students selected randomly and divided equally into two groups, (15) students for each group.Conclusion: Employing Thelen’s model with skill exercises had a positive impact on developing creative thinking and improving .technical performance of freestyle swimming compared with the traditional method.Recommendation. The researcher recommends adopting Thelen’s model in teaching freestyle swimming in colleges of physical education and sports sciences, as it plays an effective role in fostering creativity and enhancing technical performance

The research aims to identify the most important physical determinants and physical and motor characteristics that influence the selection process of gymnastics juniors, and to build a predictive model using the logistic regression method to classify players into (qualified and unqualified). The researcher used the descriptive approach, and the research sample included gymnastics juniors in training centers aged (9-14) years, totaling (40) players. The research sample was selected randomly. The physical measurements, tests, and motor chains were determined by presenting a questionnaire to experts and specialists. The scientific foundations of the tests were also extracted, and through the use of one of the statistical methods (logistic regression), which contributes to identifying which of these physical and motor variables and body dimensions affect the performance of motor chains on each gymnastics device. The most important conclusions were that performance on the floor movements device is affected in an integrated manner by the body dimensions (height, weight, circumferences), muscle strength, agility, balance, and flexibility. This device also represents the most comprehensive device in terms of physical ability requirements.

The importance of this research lies in the fact that the Cavarel model offers a new educational approach that teachers can apply to teaching futsal players. It helps improve learning efficiency by enhancing student understanding and active participation in the learning process. It also contributes to developing the skill performance of young players in a scientific and organized manner, thus raising the level of the game in sports and educational institutions. The research problem was that the current level of skill does not meet expectations, necessitating the application of educational exercises based on an advanced and modern model such as the Cavarel model. This model relies on structured and guided learning, allowing the learner to move from theoretical understanding to practical application through specific stages that include explanation, analysis, practice, and evaluation. It is expected that this model will contribute to improving the learning of basic futsal skills by developing motor understanding and activating student participation in the learning process more effectively. The aim of this research was to identify the effect of training exercises based on the Cavarel model in teaching some basic futsal skills. The experimental method was used, and the research sample consisted of novice futsal players. After implementing the exercises, the main conclusion was reached: the training exercises based on the Cavarel model were successful and beneficial in teaching some basic futsal skills. Therefore, the recommendation is to adopt the training exercises based on the Cavarel model, given their success and effectiveness in teaching some basic futsal skills.

The importance of this research lies in developing balance and learning leg movements for fencing through the use of compound exercises that enable the athlete to gain good control when performing these movements, which will be taught during the training unit. Based on this objective understanding of the importance and role of balance and leg movements, the researchers sought to prepare compound exercises that contribute to some motor abilities for learning leg movements among beginners at the Specialized Fencing Center. This aims to assist physical education teachers in raising the level of performance and improving results, and to contribute positively to the development of fencing. The research population was defined as the female fencers at the Specialized Fencing Center in Al-Muthanna Governorate, totaling (25) female players, representing (100%) of the population. The research sample consisted of (22) beginner female players, divided into an experimental group of (11) players and a control group of (11) players, based on even and odd numbers. The experimental group represented (88%), while (3) players were included in the pilot study, representing (3) players. (12%) The experimental group also showed superiority over the control group in the balance test as a result of the effect of compound exercises. The researchers recommend the need to focus on compound exercises to develop (balance) and to learn leg movements (advance with a quick jump, retreat with a quick jump, lunge) through the training or educational unit.

Handball occupies a distinguished international and global position, having risen to the forefront as one of the most widely practiced and watched sports in the world due to the great enjoyment it offers. The sport has managed to firmly establish itself and attract a growing number of enthusiasts, including players, coaches, referees, and media professionals. In order to further develop this sport, it is essential to focus on all aspects of preparation, including proper psychological preparation for players, which plays a major role in determining their overall level of motivation and, more specifically, achievement motivation. Achievement motivation is considered one of the key psychological factors that significantly contribute to attaining high performance levels in sports in general and in handball in particular. Handball is one of the sports in which players’ personalities are clearly reflected, including personality levels represented in role-related behavior, which in turn influences the efficiency of their achievement motivation .Given that achievement motivation is addressed according to McClelland’s theory, the aim of this research is to construct and apply a measure of achievement motivation based on McClelland’s framework among handball players in Al-Muthanna clubs, as well as to identify the levels of achievement motivation among these players. The researchers hypothesize that there is a statistically significant relationship between achievement motivation and personality levels (role-related behavior) among handball players in Al-Muthanna clubs. The researchers adopted the descriptive survey method as the most appropriate approach for addressing the research problem and achieving its objectives. The research population consisted of players from Al-Muthanna Governorate’s handball clubs (Al-Samawa, Al-Muthanna, Al-Rumaitha, Al-Warka, Thawrat Al-Ishreen, and Al-Salman), totaling 120 players distributed across these clubs. Since the primary purpose of selecting a sample is to generalize the findings to the entire population, the researchers selected their sample randomly from these players. The sample consisted of 75 players, representing 62% of the original population. The researchers concluded that the achievement motivation scale developed for this study is capable of measuring achievement motivation in accordance with McClelland’s need theory, and that there is a correlation between personal factors, typical responses, and role-related behavior. They recommended that coaches place greater emphasis on the psychological preparation of players in order to regulate achievement motivation and personality levels, ensuring that they remain at an optimal level conducive to high performance. They also advised making use of players’ prior competitive experiences to enhance their motivation and personality levels and to prevent the negative effects of failure.

The study aimed to identify the effect of sports competition in beach volleyball in some urinary components. The sample consisted of (14) players representing clubs of Nineveh Governorate in beach volleyball. Their average height, weight, and age were (188.00 ± 6.189) cm, (81.28 ± 5.105) kg, and (12.71 ± 2.701) years, respectively. The research procedures included pre-competition measurements (before the start of competition and warm-up) followed by post-competition measurements (immediately after the competition). Urinary components measured included urine pH, glucose, protein, blood, and ketone bodies. The study found that the competition induced changes in urine (pH) and body temperature, while no changes were observed in the other components, namely glucose, protein, blood, and ketone bodies.

The study aimed to identify the role of human resources management in crisis management in the National Boxing Sports Federation from the employees’ point of view. The research problem lies in answering the question (What is the role of human resources management in crisis management in the National Boxing Sports Federation?) The researcher used the descriptive approach using the survey method and correlational relationships. The research community was identified, represented by the employees of the Iraqi National Boxing Federation, which numbered (140) workers The research sample was chosen intentionally using the comprehensive enumeration method. The research community was divided into the exploratory sample, which numbered (20) workers, and the construction and application sample amounted to (120) workers. The researcher concluded by evaluating the federation. The performance of employees in light of their performance of their duties. Union workers participate in making some decisions. The researchers recommended analyzing the external competitive environment to determine the opportunities available to improve the union and encouraging union workers to perform better professionally

The research aims to develop educational units based on a cognitive teaching approach to teach students some offensive basketball skills. Using modern strategies and methods contributes significantly to the advancement of the educational process. The research problem lies in the teaching methods used. The researcher used the experimental approach using the two-equal-group approach. The researcher used pre- and post-tests for skills, and the research community included (60) female students, from the first-year students / College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences / Al-Qadisiyah University, while the research sample was represented by (40) female students in two groups (control, experimental). The application of the experiment took (6) weeks, with (12) educational units for each experimental group. The program included giving the student more space for sufficient time, repetition of skills, and diversity in performing movements. The conclusions are that the educational program had a positive impact on learning basic basketball skills. The recommendations included the necessity of using the strategies of play and competition in the educational curricula for skill learning. Emphasizing the importance of directing students to have self-confidence and rely on their abilities without relying more on the teacher. Statistical methods: arithmetic mean, median, correlation coefficient, discrimination coefficient, difficulty coefficient, ease coefficient, t-test, and Cord's coefficient.

The researcher dealt with the characteristic of motor speed and its relationship to the level of performance of human wheel movement on the carpet of ground movements of young people, because the performance of any skill is related to some abilities, whether physical and motor, even if they are in different proportions in terms of technical performance of the skill, and that working on such qualities can improve skill performance as well as the growth of abilities in gymnastics The performance of any skill is related to the components of physical and motor abilities so that skill performance can be successful as well as the growth of their abilities, as well as the good use of time in the distinguished performance of many activities. This is shown in gymnastics. Achievement needs to link the skill to physical and motor abilities in all its elements. Many studies have proven the positive relationship between the level of physical numbers and the level of skill performance, and that the levels of this relationship differ depending on the type of sports activity practiced As for the research method and its field procedures The researcher used the descriptive method, survey method and correlational studied The researcher identified the research community and they are the players of the Specialized Center for Gymnastic in Samawa (Sawah Center / Juniors). After conducting the tests and collecting the grades of the raw, they were analyzed using the appropriate statistical means and discussed, and then the researcher made conclusions and recommendations in the light of the results of the tests.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of training with balls of different sizes and weights on developing selected physical and skill-related variables among young soccer players. The experimental method was employed using two groups (experimental and control) with pre- and post-measurements. The study sample consisted of 30 players aged 10–12 years, divided equally into two groups. The experimental group followed an eight-week training program that incorporated balls of varied weights, sizes, and textures, with three training sessions per week, whereas the control group received traditional training using only the standard ball .The results revealed statistically significant improvements in favour of the experimental group in explosive power, agility, and ball control, while no significant differences were found in speed despite the noticeable improvement in mean values. These findings indicate that varying ball characteristics enhances neuromuscular adaptations and improves physical and skill performance more effectively than traditional training. The study recommends implementing different-sized and weighted balls as an effective tool in youth soccer training programs and encourages future research to explore their impact on additional skills and various age groups.

This research aims to identify the effect of cooperative learning on improving offensive volleyball skills (overhead serve and forward spike). The researchers used the experimental method as it is suitable for the nature of the current research. The research population was defined as second-year students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Imam Jaafar Al-Sadiq University (PBUH) / Al-Muthanna Branch, for the academic year (2024-2025). The sample was divided into two groups: an experimental group that studied using the cooperative learning method, and a control group that studied using the traditional method. The researchers implemented (16) learning units over (8) weeks for the cooperative learning group, at a rate of two learning units per week, with each learning unit lasting (90) minutes. The same procedure was followed for the control group. The focus was on the practical application of the cooperative method as well as the traditional one, while the warm-up, instructional portion, and closing segment were standardized for both groups. Skill tests were used to measure performance levels before and after the experiment, covering basic volleyball skills such as the overhead serve and the diagonal spike. The results showed that the experimental group significantly outperformed the control group in both skills under investigation, demonstrating the effectiveness of cooperative learning in improving students\' skill performance. The researchers recommended adopting this approach in teaching other mathematical skills due to its diversity of teaching methods and its encouragement of self-directed and practical learning among students.

The current research aims to prepare special training and apply it to the youth players of Al-Samawah Club in the 400m running event to identify the effect of the special training on developing the variables of running stride and performance in the 400m running event, as well as identifying the superiority between the training prepared by the researchers and the traditional method training prepared by the coach. To achieve this goal, the researchers used the experimental method and the design of two equivalent groups (control, experimental) with pre-test and post-test. The research population was determined by the comprehensive enumeration method, which is represented by the youth players of Al-Samawah Club in the 400m running event, which numbered (4) players. They were distributed by simple random method (drawing) into two groups with (2) players in each group. In order to build a statistical base for the researchers, each player was tested with three performance tests, which were dealt with statistically. The researchers then proceeded to administer pre-tests to the research sample. Performance was effectively tested in the 400-meter sprint, and the test was filmed using a video camera positioned 150 cm above the center of the field. The following variables were then recorded: number of steps, step length, and step frequency. Following this, the researchers implemented the prepared training program for eight weeks, consisting of three training sessions per week. The researchers employed a high-intensity interval training method with an intensity ranging from 80% to 95%, using a 2:1 ratio between the training sessions and the weekly intervals. After completing the training program, post-tests were administered. Once the results were obtained, the researchers used the SPSS statistical software to analyze the data. The researchers concluded that the prepared training contributed to improving the step variables (number of steps, step length, and step frequency) for the 400-meter sprint, which positively impacted the level of performance.

The current research aims to develop a psychological well-being scale and a learning motivation scale for basketball, and to administer them to first-year female is students at College of the Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Muthanna University. It also aims to identify the correlation between psychological well-being and learning motivations in basketball. researcher employ a descripting methodology, utilizing serve and correlation study, as these approaches are best suited to the natures of research problems. The research consisted of 48 year- first female student at the College Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Al-Muthanna University, during academic year 2025-2026. The researcher then adopted the Psychological Reassurance Scale developed by Khalid Naeem Abdul Kadhim, consisting of 50 items and the response options The researcher also utilized the Learning Motivation Scale developed by Mohammed Jabbar Mohammed Al-Shammari, which comprises 27 items and the response options The researcher then proceeded to conduct the main experiment on the research sample by administering both scales. Statistical Packages form the Social one Sciences (SPSS27.1) used analyze data. The results is show that psychological reassurance plays a significant and effective role in learning motivation in basketball, as evidenced by the statistically significant correlations.

Scientific research is the cornerstone upon which academic institutions rely to develop their programs and curricula, particularly in the field of teaching methodologies, which is the cornerstone of preparing and qualifying university students to practice the teaching profession effectively. Hence the importance of this research, which aims to demonstrate the contribution of scientific research principles to developing university teaching competencies in the subject of teaching methodologies. This stems from the pressing need to link university teaching to rigorous research standards and to employ them in improving planning, implementation, and evaluation processes. The researcher adopted the descriptive-analytical approach as it is the most suitable for the nature of the problem. The research population consisted of faculty members in the field of physical education and sports science in Al-Muthanna Governorate during the academic year (2025-2026), totaling (95) individuals. The research sample consisted of (70) faculty members, randomly selected. To collect data, a questionnaire consisting of 30 items distributed across three axes (teaching planning, implementation, and evaluation and feedback) was developed. Its validity was verified by presenting it to a group of experts, and its reliability was confirmed using Cranach's alpha coefficient, which reached 0.86, a high coefficient indicating good internal consistency .The research results showed that the principles of scientific research contribute significantly to developing university teaching competencies. Responses showed high mean scores across all three axes, with a convergence of opinions between faculty members and students. The results also indicated that research-based planning, implementing lessons according to scientific methodologies, and using comprehensive evaluation that includes feedback all positively impacted the quality of university education. The research concluded that integrating the principles of scientific research into teaching methods is vital for developing the educational process in faculties of physical education and sports science. It recommended the development of training programs for faculty members in this area and encouraged students to utilize scientific research in their graduation projects related to teaching methods.

The aim of this research is to develop and implement a field intelligence scale for football referees in the Middle and Southern Euphrates regions to establish standards and levels of field intelligence. To achieve this objective, the researcher employed a descriptive survey methodology, deemed suitable for the research goals and nature. The research population consisted of 120 referees from first and premier division football clubs, representing 8 clubs, for the 2024-2025 season. The sample was divided into two groups: the first for designing and developing the scale, and the second for administering it. Once the scale was finalized, the researcher administered it to the main experimental group of 50 referees. The results showed that referees with high field intelligence demonstrate more positive performance in officiating matches and competitions.

The technical performance in volleyball cannot be enhanced without motor learning as the ability to serve, set, and spike the ball requires accurate coordination between the senses and movement. The study will explore how a mental imagery-based and visual activity educational program can be used to enhance the acquisition of certain sensorimotor skills in regard to the fundamental volleyball skills. The participants involved in the study were 30 students of colleges of physical education and sports science, split into two groups: an experimental group, which was provided with the program, and a control one, which was provided with traditional teaching. The training took eight weeks and consisted of mental imagery and visual exercises to improve motor perception. Pretest and after program tests were carried out to determine how fast reaction time, performance accuracy and sensorimotor coordination were. The findings indicated that there was a great enhancement of basic skills performance in the experimental group, and the differences were statistically significant when compared to the control group. The results substantiate the significance of combining the learning, cognitive, and visual approaches with the motor learning encouraging the creation of training programs that will help players advance in their skills by applying sophisticated techniques beyond the simple repetitively oriented physical training. The researcher suggests including this kind of program in the physical education curricula to bring qualitative change in the technical and self-performance of the learner.

This study analyzed the capacity and application of innovation under crisis and environmental instability in multi-purpose sports and recreational centers in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, employing a mixed-methods approach and the Importance–Performance Analysis (IPA) framework. In the qualitative phase, 35 scientific articles were reviewed to extract 33 indicators, subsequently validated via the Delphi method by eight experts in management and sports marketing, achieving consensus levels of 0.66–0.92. The IPA sample included 37 managers and specialists with an average of 9.62 years of work experience. Results revealed that the “Innovation Planning & Execution” dimension exhibited the highest importance (M = 4.61) but the lowest performance (M = 0.85), indicating an urgent area for improvement, whereas “Open Innovation & External Input” (M = 2.00) and “Resource Allocation & Support” (M = 1.66) represented organizational strengths. “Innovation Culture & Attitude” scored lowest in both importance and performance (M = 3.47 and 0.96), highlighting the need for gradual cultural development. Regarding innovation types, “Product & Service Innovation” held the highest importance (M = 4.61), while “Technology & Virtual Platform Innovation” achieved the highest performance (M = 1.92), whereas “Business Management” and “Business Model Innovation” were rated lowest in importance and performance (M = 3.47 and 0.92). These findings indicate that organizations prioritize product- and technology-driven innovations over managerial and structural innovations, providing a strategic framework for balanced innovation development during crises.

Management has become one of the fundamental pillars of the educational institution, as it is the foundation for the progress and development of nations. It is the lifeblood of these institutions through the proper use of material and human resources and capabilities. One of the tasks of management is to utilize these capabilities and resources positively and to prepare individuals capable of performing their administrative duties effectively, contributing to the achievement of the general objectives of the institution they work in. The importance of research has taken up significant attention from researchers and specialists in this field. The importance of the research is highlighted by the essential and principal role played by the administrative leadership in the Faculties of Physical Education and Sports Sciences through strategic renewal and its relationship with creative performance and job satisfaction within these faculties in Iraqi universities. The research problem lies in attempting to answer the following question: (What is strategic renewal and to what extent is it related to creative performance and job satisfaction among administrative leaders in the Faculties of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Iraqi universities?). As for the third chapter, it encompassed the research methodology and field procedures, including the preparation of the three measurement scales, their review by a group of experts and specialists, as well as the analysis of the research results using the applied statistical methods. Chapter Four included the presentation, analysis, and discussion of the results of the measurement axes, as well as the correlation relationships of the measures. The most important conclusions of Chapter Five indicate that strategic renewal is a fundamental pillar for the growth and survival of educational institutions in general and business management in particular, by abandoning outdated methods and procedures and seeking everything new and unfamiliar to break organizational stagnation and guide these institutions towards leadership and excellence within their scope of work. As for the most important recommendations, administrative leaders should conduct ongoing studies of their staff's skills in order to achieve accomplishments and invest in potential and available creativity by using appropriate strategies to reach a creative environment level

This research examines the relationship between digital transformation in sports facility management and the quality of recreational activities for youth. It aims to identify the dimensions of smart management (technical, human, and organizational) and their impact on operational efficiency. The research seeks to provide a scientific and practical vision to help those in charge of the sports sector in the capital transition towards a \\\\\\\\&amp;quot;smart facility\\\\\\\\&amp;quot; model. This model not only provides physical activity but also offers a comprehensive recreational experience characterized by intelligence, innovation, and speed, befitting Baghdad\\\\\\\\&amp;#039;s cultural standing and the evolving aspirations of its youth. The research problem revolves around the question of the extent to which the dimensions of smart management contribute to improving the efficiency of recreational services. The research aims to identify the requirements for implementing smart management in sports facilities and to assess the current state of recreational services provided to youth in light of digital transformation. The researchers used a descriptive-analytical approach and concluded that adopting artificial intelligence and Internet of Things technologies significantly contributes to increasing youth satisfaction rates

In recent years, the world has witnessed a major revolution in the field of artificial intelligence, the effects of which have extended to various aspects of life, including the sports field, particularly in biomechanics, sports training, teaching methods, and motor learning. This development has also reached the sport of wrestling, which has recently begun to benefit from artificial intelligence applications. Given the distinguished status of wrestling in Iraq, the importance of employing training devices and educational technology to develop technical performance has become evident, especially for athletes with disabilities. Accordingly, the researcher utilized modern artificial intelligence applications through (VR4z goggles and iPhone 14 Pro devices) to teach wrestling techniques and exercises using the (T-Bar Row) device via high-quality video clips and animated images. The study aimed to design resistance exercises using the (T-BarRow) device supported by artificial intelligence technology to develop some snatch techniques in Greco-Roman wrestling for athletes with disabilities (deaf and mute.(The research sample consisted of players from the Paralympic Committee in Al-Diwaniyah practicing Greco-Roman wrestling for the deaf and mute, aged (19–20) years, for the academic year (2025–2026). The sample included four weight categories (55, 60, 66, and 74 kg), with two players in each weight. The players were divided into an experimental group and a control group, each consisting of four wrestlers, with equivalence established between the two groups in technical performance (arm drag, over-the-chest snatch throw, and arm throw.The exercises were applied during the special preparation and pre-competition phases. The experimental group performed exercises using (VR4z goggles and iPhone 14 Pro devices) in addition to special exercises on the (T-Bar Row) device, while the control group followed traditional training exercises without artificial intelligence applications. The training program lasted for two months, with three training units per week. The results indicated that the use of artificial intelligence applications had a greater effect on developing the technical performance of the experimental group compared to the traditional exercises used with the control group. Accordingly, the researcher recommends emphasizing the design of exercises that simulate actual technical performance

This study examined the impact of vertical jump training in various orientations utilizing elastic resistance (medicine balls of differing weights) on enhancing speed-strength, motor speed, and shooting proficiency (including both jump and ladder shoots) in young basketball athletes. The research sample comprised 12 young players aged 16 to 18 years, randomly allocated into two equal groups: an experimental group (6) and a control group (6). The experimental group participated in training for 8 weeks, attending 3 sessions weekly, whereas the control group adhered to the coach\\\\\\\\&amp;#039;s standard training regimen, which included jump drills. The variables were assessed pre- and post-training utilizing standardized instruments. The results demonstrated statistically significant differences (p &amp;lt; 0.05) favoring the experimental group across all examined variables, underscoring the efficacy of elastic resistances in enhancing the physical and technical performance of young basketball players during leaping activities. Subsequent to this study, the researcher advocated for the integration of this activity into weekly training regimens.

This research aims to examine the correlation between specific physical talents and particular offensive skills of goalkeepers in the Iraqi Youth Football League, as well as to find workouts designed to enhance fundamental defensive skills for young football goalkeepers. The researcher posited a statistically significant correlation between specialised physical talents and offensive capabilities within the study population. The research population comprised clubs engaged in the Iraqi Youth Football League for the 2024–2025 season, totalling 20 clubs competing in the Iraqi Youth Premier League Championship, specifically: Al-Zawraa, Al-Talaba, Al-Shorta, Al-Jawiya, Al-Najaf, Zakho, Dohuk, Noorzo, Erbil, Al-Kahraba, Al-Naft, Karbala, Al-Qasim, Al-Mina, Al-Hudud, and Naft Basra. The researcher used a purposive sample strategy by picking the primary goalkeepers from these teams, totalling 20 goalkeepers. Four (4) goalkeepers were removed owing to their involvement in the pilot study, yielding a final research sample of sixteen (16) goalkeepers. The descriptive research methodology was used because of its appropriateness for the study issue at hand. Statistical analyses included the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The results indicated a statistically significant association between specialised physical ability and some attacking capabilities of football goalkeepers. The researcher recommended prioritising training programs during the competition period by incorporating tactical drills with specialised physical abilities, as this integration positively influences the skill performance of young football goalkeepers, especially in advanced training stages.

This study aims to examine the relationship between body composition, explosive power, and success in weightlifting among elite Iraqi lifters. The study was conducted using a cross-sectional, descriptive–correlational design. The sample consisted of (50) elite male Iraqi weightlifters (mean age 25 ± 3 years; mean training experience 6 ± 2 years), selected intentionally. Body composition was assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis (InBody 770), while explosive power was evaluated through the vertical jump test, standing long jump test, and the Wingate test. Success was determined by the total weight lifted in the snatch and clean & jerk during official competitions of the International Weightlifting Federation (IWF, 2024). The results showed that fat-free muscle mass was strongly and positively associated with success (r = 0.78, p < 0.01), whereas body fat percentage demonstrated a significant negative relationship (r = –0.54, p < 0.05). Explosive power variables were also positively correlated with success (vertical jump: r = 0.65; standing long jump: r = 0.62; power output: r = 0.60; p < 0.01). Multiple regression analysis revealed that fat-free muscle mass and vertical jump performance explained 45% and 30% of the variance in success, respectively. Path analysis confirmed the essential mediating role of the strength-to-weight ratio. These findings highlight the importance of optimizing body composition through protein-rich nutritional strategies and enhancing explosive power via plyometric and resistance training. Future research is recommended to investigate training and nutritional interventions, as well as psychological and structural factors influencing weightlifters’ performance. Distributional, comparative, temporal, and box plots were also presented to provide deeper analytical insight.

The research involved designing special exercises and investigating their impact on knee joint rehabilitation and certain kinematic variables during movement among a sample of young 100m sprinters from Baghdad clubs and the National Center for Care of Sporting Talent. The study focused on preparing knee rehabilitation exercises based on specific kinematic variables during movement execution for young 100m sprint athletes.
These rehabilitation exercises were specifically designed for injured members of the sample in accordance with the runner's kinematic movement variables and the consistency of their performance following knee rehabilitation. The researcher prepared these exercises to reduce the load on the knee joint to facilitate its rehabilitation, prevent the risk of further injury, and restore the normal functional movement of the joint. This was done to improve movement-related kinematic variables for the sprinters, such as the angle of movement, body tilt, left and right trunk inclination, distance between the feet (stride width), stride length, 30m sprint acceleration speed, right and left foot contact times, left and right foot angles, and stride speed. Consequently, this led to improved movement execution and reduced pain.
The research concluded that the prepared exercises had a significant impact on the movement stride of the sample members, while also improving functional motor efficiency and strengthening ligaments to assist the injured athlete in performing movements correctly. Finally, the study recommended conducting broader periodic medical examinations alongside Doppler ultrasound analyses to achieve better and more comprehensive results.

The current era is witnessing rapid advancements across various fields, intensifying the drive to achieve high-quality outcomes. Consequently, this study aims to uncover the challenges and barriers encountered by physical education student trainees during their practicum at the University of Misan, exploring the viewpoints of both the trainees and their academic supervisors. The research posits that gender significantly influences the types of difficulties faced during this field training. Utilizing a descriptive methodology, the researcher analyzed a sample of fourth-year students. The findings indicate that the most prominent hurdles include inadequate infrastructure and a shortage of schools equipped to accommodate students according to standard criteria. The study recommends ensuring the provision of diverse sports equipment tailored to the specific requirements of various athletic activities

The research problem lies in school sports, which are a fundamental pillar for learning and performing various skills in individual and team sports. Volleyball is one of the sports that students are drawn to. The researcher, a physical education teacher in the Ministry of Education, drew upon his experience and meetings with other teachers and specialists in the sport. The importance of this research lies in its emphasis on the modern approach to education, which prioritizes the learner's autonomy in acquiring experience. This approach shifts the focus from the teacher to the learner, empowering the latter to take an active and positive role in achieving educational objectives. The research aims to develop educational units using the learning cycle strategy and a training method for teaching specific volleyball skills. To achieve the objectives, the researcher conducted field research by randomly selecting a sample of second-year students at Bilal Al-Habashi Intermediate School in Baghdad Governorate. The sample consisted of 61 students, divided into three groups: two experimental groups and one control group. The curriculum comprised six weeks of instruction, divided into four units, with two units per week (learning cycle and training method). Each unit lasted 45 minutes. Post-tests were administered to the experimental groups. Finally, the researcher used the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) to analyze the results. The researcher then presented, analyzed, and discussed the findings, concluding that the learning cycle group demonstrated the highest level of performance.

The importance of this study lies in identifying which training methodology—Variable Space training or Longitudinal training—is more effective in enhancing the physical attributes of youth soccer players. The research problem stems from the insufficient focus on physical preparation and the lack of implementation of modern training techniques in local clubs.
The study population consisted of youth soccer players from five clubs in the Al-Diwaniyah Governorate. A sample of (32) players from the Al-Diwaniyah Youth Club was selected using simple random sampling. The sample was divided into two experimental groups, with (6) players excluded for the pilot study.
The study examined "Compound Training," which integrates various physical, technical, and tactical capabilities. Specifically, it compared the "Longitudinal Style," characterized by specialized methodology for developing physical fitness and tactical schemes, against the "Variable Space Method" (inspired by Guardiola’s training philosophy, which involves dividing the pitch into 20 zones).
The results concluded that the Variable Space training method is superior to the Longitudinal style in developing the physical attributes of youth players. Consequently, the researcher recommends integrating the Variable Space exercises developed in this study into training programs for youth soccer clubs to optimize physical performance.