Al-Muthanna Journal of Sport education Sciences

The current research aims to develop an educational program based on the assignment analysis strategy and apply it to students at Al-Tahrir High School for the Gifted. It also aims to determine its impact on agility and the students' ability to learn the skill of overhead volleyball. To achieve this goal, the researcher used the experimental method with a two-group equivalent design, as it suited the nature of the research problem. The research community consisted of (26) students at Al-Tahrir High School for the Gifted for the academic year (2024-2025). The research sample was determined by lottery, reaching (20) students, who were randomly divided into two groups: an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group comprised (10) students, while the control group comprised (10) students. The researcher then identified the variables of his research, which were (agility and overhead pass). The researcher then conducted pre-tests on the two groups. Afterwards, the researcher assessed homogeneity and equivalence between the two groups. He then implemented the prepared educational program on the experimental group, which coincided with the teacher's lessons for a period of six weeks, with two educational units per week. After completing the program, the researcher conducted post-tests. After obtaining the results, the researcher used the statistical program (SPSS) to analyze the data and obtain the results. Based on this, the researcher concluded that the educational program had a positive impact on some agility and learning of the overhead pass skill. The results also demonstrated that the experimental group outperformed the control group in all research variables.

The current research aims to develop an educational curriculum (based on the information processing strategy for cognitive achievement) and apply it to first-year middle school boys' students, and to determine its impact on cognitive achievement in learning basketball shooting skills. To achieve this goal, the researcher used the experimental method with a two-group equivalent design. The research population consisted of (28) first-year middle school students from Al-Tahrir High School for the Gifted for Boys for the academic year (2024-2025). They were randomly divided into two groups: a control group and an experimental group. (10) students represented the experimental group sample, (10) students represented the control group sample, and (8) students represented the exploratory study sample. The researcher then proceeded to prepare a cognitive achievement scale, using the scale prepared by the researcher (Raed Hamid Abdul), consisting of (35) items with four alternatives and correction keys (4, 3, 2, 1), respectively. The researcher then administered pre-tests to the two groups. He then tested homogeneity and equivalence between the two groups. He then applied the curriculum (educational based on the information processing strategy for cognitive achievement) to the experimental group, coinciding with the school teacher's lectures, with two instructional units per week for a period of six weeks. After completing the program, the researcher administered post-tests. After obtaining the results, he used the SPSS statistical program to analyze the data and obtain the results. Based on this, the researcher concluded that the program (educational based on the information processing strategy for cognitive achievement) had a positive impact on students' learning and performance of some basketball shooting skills. The results also demonstrated that the experimental group outperformed the control group in all research variables.

The current research aims to develop a direct-method (counseling-psychological) program and implement it on players at the Specialized School for Talent Care. It also aims to determine its impact on enhancing psychological stability and learning the skill of the overhand serve in volleyball.To achieve this goal, the researcher employed the experimental method, using a two-group design to suit the nature of the research problem. The research population consisted of (30) players from the Specialized School for Talent Care in Al-Rumaitha for the 2024-2025 sports season. They were randomly divided into two groups: a control group and an experimental group. The experimental group consisted of (12) players, and the control group consisted of (12) players. The researcher then identified the variables of his research, which were (psychological stability, transmission from above). He then proceeded to prepare a psychological stability scale, using the scale prepared by the researcher (Fadel Kurdi Shalaka), which consisted of (38) items, with five alternatives (always applies to me, often applies to me, to a moderate degree, slightly applies to me, does not apply to me), and with correction keys (5, 4, 3, 2, 1), respectively. The researcher then began designing a psychological counseling program, which included a series of counseling sessions to enhance psychological stability among the players. The researcher then conducted pre-tests on the two groups, and then conducted homogeneity and equivalence between the two groups. He then began implementing the (counseling-psychological) program on the experimental group. After completing the application of the prepared program, the researcher proceeded to apply the post-tests and after obtaining the results, the researcher used the statistical program (SPSS) for the purpose of analyzing the data and obtaining the results. Accordingly, the researcher concluded that the (counseling - psychological) program had a positive effect in enhancing psychological stability and learning to serve from above in volleyball for the specialized school for talent care. The results also showed the superiority of the experimental group over the control group in all research variables.

The main objective of the current research is to determine the effect of hemoglobin and MDA-based complex exercises on the accuracy of skill performance in youth football. To achieve this, the researcher had to prepare complex exercises and apply them to young players from Al-Muthanna Club, aged 17 to 19 years. The effectiveness of these exercises and their resulting impact on youth football were determined The most important objectives of the research were to identify the effect of compound exercises on hemoglobin, MDA, and the accuracy of skill performance among young soccer players. To achieve this goal, the researcher used the experimental method and a two-group design. The research community consisted of (24) Al-Muthanna Club soccer players for the 2024-2025 sports season. As for the research sample, which is part of the original community, the researcher identified (23) players from this community and divided them randomly into two groups, a control group and an experimental group, with (10) players in each group. The researcher then began conducting pre-tests on the two research groups, and after obtaining the results, the researcher confirmed the homogeneity and equivalence between the two research groups. After that, the researcher began conducting the pre-tests on the two research groups, and after obtaining the results, the researcher confirmed the homogeneity and equivalence between the two research groups. Then the researcher began applying the complex exercises on the experimental group sample for a period of (8) weeks, at a rate of (3) units per week. Thus, the total number of training units reached (24) training units. After completing the application of the experiment and applying the post-tests to the players of the experimental and control groups, and after obtaining the results, the researcher used the statistical program (SPSS) to analyze the data and obtain the results. Accordingly, she concluded that the complex exercises prepared by the researcher had an effect on the superiority of the experimental group over the control group in the levels of hemoglobin and MDA and the accuracy of skill performance.

Abstract
The research aims to identify the preparation of an educational bag and its application to the Scout stage in Muthanna Governorate, and to determine its impact on developing the wedge knot skill. To achieve this goal, the researcher used the experimental method by designing two equivalent groups with pre- and post-tests. The research community was represented by first-grade intermediate scouts from the schools of Muthanna Governorate, Samawah District, numbering (312) scouts distributed across (13) schools for the academic year (2023-2024). The research sample, which is part of the original community, contains some elements selected from it for the purpose of studying the characteristics of the original community. By drawing lots, Al-Tahrir High School for the Distinguished, numbering (24) scouts, was selected as the main research sample. The sample members were divided into two groups: a control group and an experimental group, with (12) scouts for each group. The researcher then began implementing the pre-test, followed by implementing the educational bag for two weeks. After completion, he began implementing the post-tests. After obtaining the results, he used the statistical package (SPSS). For the purpose of analyzing the results, the researcher concluded that the educational bag prepared by him had an important role and positive impact in developing the wedge ligament skill, as the experimental group outperformed the control group in the post-test.

design rehabilitative exercises accompanied by the dietary supplement Joint Support and to determine their effects on rehabilitating partial tears of the deltoid muscle. To achieve this objective, the researcher employed the experimental method using a two-experimental-group design with pre- and post-tests, as it is suitable for the nature of the research problem. One group performed only rehabilitative exercises, while the second group performed the same exercises accompanied by the Joint Support supplement.The research population consisted of athletes with partial deltoid muscle tears in the shoulder joint from clubs in Al-Muthanna Governorate, totaling 8 players. These injured athletes were identified by distributing questionnaires to local sports clubs, public and private physiotherapy centers, and specialized clinics. The participants were then divided into two experimental groups, with 4 players in each group: one group performed rehabilitative exercises only, and the other performed the same exercises while taking the Joint Support supplement. After that, the researcher measured the concentration of the enzyme glutamine, as well as the maximum strength of the deltoid muscle. These measurements were taken at different times for the injured athletes due to the fact that they were not all recruited at the same time.The researcher implemented the rehabilitative exercise program for 8 weeks, with 3 training sessions per week, totaling 24 sessions. The exercises included a variety of flexibility, strengthening, and functional shoulder mobility drills, tailored to the type of tear. The second group followed the same rehabilitative program but also took the Joint Support supplement, which contains components that support joint and muscle health. Each player took two tablets daily—one in the morning and one in the evening—throughout the 8-week period. After completing the rehabilitative exercise program, the researcher conducted post-tests. The results showed that the rehabilitative exercises accompanied by the Joint Support supplement were more effective than the exercises alone in rehabilitating deltoid muscle injuries. This was reflected in improvements in glutamine enzyme concentration as a biochemical marker, as well as in the maximum strength of the deltoid muscle among the injured athletes.

The current research aims to prepare a rehabilitation program inside the aquatic environment and natural surfaces and apply them to athletes with a deltoid muscle tear and to know their effect on restoring strength and range of motion of the shoulder joint and also to identify the preference in rehabilitation of a deltoid muscle tear injury between rehabilitation with a rehabilitation program inside the aquatic environment and rehabilitation with a program on natural surfaces. To achieve this goal, the researcher used the experimental method by designing two equivalent groups. The research community was represented by athletes with a deltoid muscle tear in sports clubs in Wasit Governorate, numbering (10). The community was randomly divided into two experimental groups with (5) players for each group. Then the researcher determined the research variables: maximum strength and the six movements of the shoulder range of motion. Then the researcher applied the pre-tests to the research sample and after obtaining the results, he began to implement the rehabilitation program. The duration of each program was (8) weeks. Accordingly, the number of rehabilitation units was (24) rehabilitation units at a rate of 3 units per week. The rehabilitation exercises were applied on the days (Saturday, Monday, Wednesday) of each week, and after completing the application of each rehabilitation program, the researcher began to apply the post-tests on the athletes who suffered from a tear in the deltoid muscle. After obtaining the results, the researcher used the statistical program (SPSS) to analyze the data. Accordingly, the researcher concluded that the rehabilitation program prepared within the aquatic environment has a positive effect on the range of motion and physical abilities more than the rehabilitation program applied on natural surfaces.

of implementing the rehabilitation program for the injury. To achieve this goal, the researcher used the experimental method with a repeated-measures design with three tests: pre-test, intermediate-test, and post-test, as it is more appropriate to the nature of the research problem. The research population was represented by (5) players who suffered from pectoral muscle tears among the athletes of sports clubs in Wasit Governorate. These players were obtained by distributing questionnaire forms to the governorate's clubs, government and private physiotherapy centers, and specialized clinics. The researcher then worked to determine the research variables, which were strength and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). The researcher then diagnosed the injury using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). He then began applying the pre-tests to the research sample, which were conducted at different times. The researcher applied the post-tests after completing the application of the rehabilitation exercises. After obtaining the results, the researcher used the statistical program (SPSS) to analyze the results. Accordingly, the researcher concluded that the rehabilitation exercises prepared by the researcher have a positive role in rehabilitating the pectoral muscle injury, and this is what the results of strength and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) for the injured athletes showed.

This research aims to identify the impact of bureaucracy on administrative creativity among heads of departments in faculties of physical education and sports science at Iraqi universities. The study\'s significance lies in its highlighting of a factor influencing the administrative process: the bureaucratic system. This system can either limit administrative creativity or contribute to work organization if used effectively. The descriptive-analytical method was employed due to its suitability for the nature of the research. Data was collected using a questionnaire administered to a sample of department heads at several Iraqi universities. The results showed an inverse relationship between high levels of bureaucracy and low levels of administrative creativity, indicating the need to reconsider certain adopted administrative procedures to foster an environment conducive to creativity.

The aim of the research was to adapt a scale of entrepreneurial traits and apply it to the heads and members of the sub-federations of racket games in the central and southern regions, to know their reality. The scale was applied during the period (20/8/2024) until (25/8/2025), and after extracting the psychometric properties of the questionnaire (validity and reliability), The results were then classified into levels, as the level of entrepreneurial traits was at the average level, and the same applies to the axis of self-confidence and the axis of motivation to achieve, while the axis of general entrepreneurial readiness and the axis of independence were at the low level, as the researcher concluded that these traits were weak. It did not appear at the required level, which explains the significant absence of racket sports activity in the sports arena. It recommended the necessity of improving the reality of these features, as they would reflect a significant improvement in the reality of racket sports

The aim of the research is to build and apply a scale of the reality of administrative competencies in the Iraqi National Olympic Committee from the point of view of members of the administrative bodies of sports federations, to analyze the reality of administrative competencies in the Iraqi National Olympic Committee from the point of view of members of the administrative bodies of sports federations, and to identify the reality of administrative competencies in the Iraqi National Olympic Committee from the point of view of members of the administrative bodies of sports federations. The researcher adopted the descriptive approach with the survey method because it is appropriate to the nature of the problem. The research sample was selected from the members of the administrative bodies in the recognized Iraqi Olympic and non-Olympic sports federations, numbering (26) recognized Olympic federations and (11) recognized non-Olympic federations. The number of members of these bodies reached (299) members. The researcher built the scale from the point of view of the members of the administrative bodies in the recognized Iraqi Olympic and non-Olympic sports federations through the formulation of phrases. A number of phrases were formulated for the administrative competencies scale, numbering (31) phrases, to obtain the results in a manner that is compatible with the nature of the work of the research community. After the procedures mentioned, the researcher conducted the exploratory experiment on a sample of (20) members. After that, the researcher used construct validity to verify the scale: This type of validity is achieved by conducting statistical analysis of the phrases. The researcher verified it by using discriminatory ability and internal consistency. After that, the researcher used reliability to ensure the stability of the scale by using the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. The researcher applied the final scale image to the research sample, which numbered (125) members. After that, the results were discussed and supported by scientific sources.

The first chapter contained that Taekwondo is a combat sport that requires high levels of physical fitness and technical skills, and among the modern methods used in physical training is the use of rubber ropes, while the research issue included the lack of sufficient studies dealing with the effect of using rubber ropes on the development of physical abilities and skill performance in Taekwondo players from the youth category, despite the widespread use of this method in many other sports, while the second chapter contained the research methodology is experimental single group with two tests, the researcher selected the players of the mirror

Organizational culture occupies importance for organizations and scout teams due to its tangible effects, whether direct or indirect, and on the various manifestations and leadership behaviors and the weakness suffered by the scout teams in management, and this generates giving way to the people of experience and competence in rebalancing the Iraqi scout teams by raising awareness of the organizational culture and highlights the problem of research through the development of the question What is the reality of the organizational culture of the leaders of the central scout teams in the directorates general For education in Iraq The researcher worked on building a questionnaire for organizational culture and conducted scientific transactions and conducted the experiment on a sample of (76) leaders of the central scout teams in the General Directorates of Education in Iraq and concluded that the leaders of the central scout teams in the directorates general of education in Iraq have an average level of organizational culture and recommended raising the level.

The objectives of the study are:
1. To measure the level of nutritional knowledge among bodybuilders in Erbil.
2. To evaluate the efficiency of kidney and liver function within the study sample.
The researcher employed a descriptive and comparative survey method. A total of 98 randomly selected bodybuilders from across Erbil Governorate, who participated in the 2024 Erbil Bodybuilding Championship, were included in the sample.
Data was collected using a validated questionnaire developed by Muhammadi Ayman and wider bin Ibrahim Al-Eid (2023), comprising two sections: the first on nutritional knowledge (8 questions), and the second on supplement use (9 questions). The questionnaire was reviewed by 17 experts in training and sports rehabilitation. An exploratory study was conducted to ensure the reliability and validity of the tool, using Cronbach’s Alpha and split-half reliability techniques.
The results revealed a generally high level of nutritional awareness among participants. There was a statistically significant relationship between nutritional knowledge and bodybuilding practices. Most athletes preferred to take nutritional supplements—especially protein—after exercise and in small doses. The study also found that proper nutrition contributes positively to kidney and liver function. All tests for kidney and liver functions across the sample indicated mostly normal levels, varying appropriately by age, body mass index (BMI), and years of training.
The study concludes that improving nutritional knowledge among bodybuilders can help promote safer supplementation practices and better protect athlete health.

Cooperative learning is a modern method of teaching and is a free content method of social interaction Inside or outside the classroom, so that the educational process is achieved in the best possible way, and cooperative learning takes the form of a circular session For groups of students so that they learn a set of objectives and dialogue together without relying on the teacher or on Individuals.
To achieve the required scientific skills, the research aims to identify the effectiveness of using cooperative learning in Teaching the skill of jumping open on the vaulting horse in gymnastics for female students. The researcher used the method The experimental research sample included (30) female students from the third year, divided into two groups: the first group The control group learned using the traditional method, while the experimental group learned using the cooperative learning method. The experiment took A period of (4) weeks and the skill was evaluated by the Gymnastics Committee. The researcher concluded that the cooperative learning method was Better at learning than the traditional method

The researcher used the experimental method with pre- and post-testing for the control and experimental groups to suit the field research procedures. The research population consisted of runners from the Zakho Sports Club under 20 years old. The sample was chosen intentionally and distributed into the control and experimental groups by random selection using a lottery based on 5 runners for each group. Homogeneity was carried out for the research sample in the age variables (training age, height, mass). Equivalence was also carried out between the two research groups in the Biokinematic variables, which were determined by the specialists.
The research procedures included designing physical training for biokinetic variables using the interval training method for the experimental group, while the control group implemented the curriculum prepared by the team coach. The training program took a period of (8) weeks, with three training units per week. The researcher used the statistical package (SPSS) to process the data and obtain the numbers and final results. Accordingly, the researcher reached the most important conclusions, which is that physical training had a positive impact on the development of biokinetic variables and the completion of the 400-meter sprint.

This study aims to identify the impact of competition scheduling in hot and humid environments on football players injuries, from the perspective football coaches in the coastal region of Hadhramaut, The researcher used the descriptive analytical method due to its suitability for the nature of the study, The sample consisted of (26) football coaches, selected purposefully, Data were collected using a questionnaire developed by the researcher, The findings revealed a weakness in the temporal planning of competitions, especially during periods of extreme weather conditions, which was identified as a major factor contributing to the increase in player injuries, The results also showed a good level of training awareness among coaches, key preventive strategies included the use of cooling techniques, assessment of field conditions, and avoiding random scheduling, The researcher recommended that organizing bodies reconsider the timing of competitions to better align with local environmental conditions, and to provide appropriate infrastructure to reduce injury rates and ensure athlete safety.

This research aims to design a ballistic training programme to develop the skill of catching the far side (Abbasiya), where the researcher used the experimental method using the experimental design due to the nature of its suitability and the research issue, where the sample was selected by the random method from junior wrestlers aged (16-18) years at the Zakho Sports Club and their number was (28) players, while the main study sample was (16) players divided into two equal groups, the first experimental (8) and the second control (8) players. The main study sample (16) players were divided into two equal groups, the first experimental (8) players and the second control (8) players, where the experimental group used the ballistic training method, while the control group used the traditional training method, and (12) players from the research community were used outside the study sample to conduct the exploratory study. The results of the research found that the proposed training programme using the ballistic training method positively affected the members of the experimental group with an improvement in the development of special muscular strength and the level of performance of the skill of catching the far side (Abbasiya) for the wrestlers under study. The programme slightly affected the members of the control group in the development of special muscular strength, and there were differences in the percentage of improvement between the experimental group that followed the proposed training programme using the ballistic training method and the control group that followed the traditional programme, in favour of the experimental group, which indicates that it gives a higher percentage of improvement than the training programme followed.

Pre-start state is of great importance and plays a role in refining the competitive process among players and preparing them appropriately to overcome the negative psychological state that will accompany the player from the start of the match. The importance of this research lies in identifying the pre-start state of the various lines of play in football, determining which lines are at their best, working to develop the positive aspects and address the negative aspects, and providing accurate scientific information, which in turn affects the individual athlete. Therefore, the player enters the competition with the highest possible level of physical and psychological competence, enabling him to withstand the pressures and events of the field.
The problem of the research lies in identifying the pre-start state, neglecting it, and not being familiar with it during match conditions. This negatively impacts their skill, physical, and physiological performance, generating a feeling of psychological instability, which negatively impacts their skill performance. The objectives of the research were to standardize the pre-start state scale for football players and to identify the pre-start state of the players of the University of Thi Qar football team according to the different lines of play. The results were: - The presence of a percentage of pre-start state among the players of the University of Thi Qar football team. The pre-start situation was distributed: the defensive line at the highest level and first in order, the midfield line in second order, and the attack line in third order.

يهدف البحث إعداد استبیان إستراتیجیات التسویق في قاعات اللیاقة البدنیة والرشاقة في محافظة أربیل والتعرف علی مستوی إستراتیجیات التسویق في قاعات اللیاقة البدنیة والرشاقة في محافظة أربیل من وجهە نظر للإداریین والمدربین فیها ،المنهج البحث هي الوصفي بالأسلوب المسحي لملائمته لطبيعة البحث ،ومجتمع وعينة البحث (269) مدربي واداري قاعات اللياقة البدنية والرشاقة في محافظة اربيل ،وتم استخدام الحاسوب الآلي بنظام SPSS في احتساب المعاملات الإحصائية ،ومن أهم الاستنتاجات تسهم قاعات اللیاقة البدنیة والرشاقة في النمو الاقتصادي والإجتماعي ،لا توجد وحدة اداریة متکاملة لرسم استراتیجیة التسویق الریاضي ،لا تعتمد قاعات اللیاقة البدنیة والرشاقة افضل الاسالیب في دعم القرارات في تطویر استراتیجیة التسویق الریاضي ،ومن اهم التوصيات ،تهتم قاعات اللیاقة البدنیة والرشاقة باستراتیجیة التسویق الریاضي کجزء من اولیات عملها ،يجب تعتمد قاعات اللیاقة البدنیة والرشاقة سیاسة المزیج التسویقي للتاثیر علی سلوکیات المستفیدین للترویج لمنتجاتها ،تهتم قاعات اللیاقة البدنیة والرشاقة ثقافة استراتیجیة التسویق الریاضي علی کافة منتسبیها کونها من اولیات عملها ،وجود تسهیلات تکنلوجیا متطورة للوصول الی المعومات بسرعة و کفاءة.

The current research aims to understand the reality of both (irrational thoughts and psychological security) among youth players in clubs in the Middle Euphrates region, as well as to understand the effects of the aforementioned variables. To achieve this aims, the researcher employed a descriptive approach using a survey method and correlational relationships. The research community comprised (146) youth futsal players in the Middle Euphrates region, distributed across (10) Premier League clubs for the 2024-2025 season. The applied sample was determined using a stratified random sampling method using an equal approach, selecting (120) players to represent the main experiment.
The researcher then reviewed numerous previous studies and adopted the Irrational Thoughts Scale, prepared by Nour Karim Muhammad, consisting of (52) items. The alternative answers to the scale were (yes, no). A value of 2 was assigned to an answer indicating the examinee's acceptance of the idea, and a value of 1 to an answer indicating the examinee's rejection of the idea. Thus, the scale's score is (52-104). The Psychological Security Scale, prepared by Muhammad Omar Mirza Dara, was also adopted. The scale consists of (40) items. The answer options for the scale are (yes, not sure, no). The answer weights for these options range from (3, 2, 1), so the scale's score is (42-120).
After standardizing the three scales and testing, the researcher began applying the scales and testing to futsal players. After obtaining the results, the researcher utilized the statistical program (SPSS). Based on this, the researcher arrived at scales that could measure what they were designed for, in addition to the fact that the variables influence each other.

The research aimed to develop two scales: organizational silence and job performance for male and female physical education teachers in the education directorates of Al-Diwaniyah Governorate. One of the objectives of the current study is also to identify the relationship between organizational silence and job performance of the research sample, as well as the possibility of predicting the job performance of physical education teachers in terms of organizational silence. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher used the descriptive method with the survey and correlational methods as they are suitable for the nature of the research. The research population included (955) male and female teachers in the education directorates of Al-Diwaniyah, and a pilot sample of (25) male and female teachers was taken. The statistical analysis sample according to Nalney’s opinion was (152) male and female teachers, while the final application sample according to Morgan’s opinion was (274) male and female physical education teachers. In order to achieve the research objectives, the researcher prepared a scale for (organizational silence) by following all the steps related to preparing educational and psychological scales and processing all its data using the statistical package (SPSS). The research came out with a number of conclusions, including that male and female teachers in the education directorates of Al-Diwaniyah Governorate enjoy a high degree of organizational silence, and that job performance can be predicted in terms of organizational silence. Based on that, the researcher recommended the necessity of paying attention to the physical education lesson and the need for school administrations and specialized supervision to be open to male and female physical education teachers in order to address organizational silence.

The study aimed to identify some elements of physical fitness, represented by (strength and translational speed) among the research sample, as well as to identify sports injuries among volleyball club players and the relationship between some elements of physical fitness, represented by (strength, speed) and sports injuries among club players. Volleyball, and the research population was determined to be (12) volleyball players. The most important findings of the results are that the more individuals enjoy high physical fitness, the less susceptible they are to sports injuries. The elements of physical fitness are inversely proportional to sports injuries among volleyball players, and there is a certain percentage of Sports injuries among volleyball players.

The current study aimed to identify the teaching problems facing physical education teachers and ways to address them. The research sample consisted of (360) instructors distributed across seven colleges. A descriptive survey approach was used to suit the current study. The study concluded that the lack of necessary facilities for faculty members to prepare scientific research is a major obstacle. The study recommends providing appropriate technologies and means for academic and administrative staff to facilitate work at the college. It also recommends developing the academic staff's capabilities in scientific research and involving them in international conferences and missions.

This research aims to determine the extent to which variation in external training load measurements affects the development of some complex offensive skills among advanced soccer players. The research methodology used the experimental method and the design of (equivalent groups) two experimental groups. The research community represented the players of the third division clubs in Al-Muthanna Governorate in football for the sports season (2024-2025) AD, amounting to (88) players from four clubs (Uruk, Al-Muthanna, Al-Salman, and Thawrat Al-Ishrin). As for the research sample, Al-Muthanna Club and Uruk Club were chosen as two experimental groups, and the percentage of the original community reached 50%, with (22) players for each group after excluding goalkeepers. After that, he determined the research variables, which were (reception (extinguishing) and passing in two different directions, rolling skill and scoring accuracy). Then he began applying the pre-tests, and after that, he applied the prepared exercises for a period of eight weeks. After completion, he began applying the post-tests. When obtaining the results, he used the statistical program (SPSS) to analyze the results. Accordingly, the researcher concluded that the variance in measuring the external training load has a clear effect on the development of some skills. Compound attack in advanced soccer players.

The current research aims to identify the effect of 3D training exercises on the development of some types of strength and the skills of mini shimmy shoot and v. cut for basketball players aged (16-18) years. To achieve this goal, the researcher used the experimental method (two equivalent groups), as it is the most appropriate method to solve the research problem. The research population consisted of (14) young players from the Samawah Sports Club. The population was divided into two groups: one experimental and the other a control group, each consisting of (7) players. The researcher then identified the research variables, which included a strength endurance test and a skill test (v. cut, rotation, ball reception, and layup). He then proceeded to implement the main experiment, followed by stomach exercises for eight weeks, after which he began implementing post-tests. After completion, the researcher used the SPSS statistical program to analyze the data and obtain results. Therefore, the researcher concluded that D training exercises in this study improved the offensive skills of mini shimmy shoot and v. cut. Cut) and types of power.

This study aims to develop a questionnaire to measure marketing methods, assess their levels, and analyze the differences based on the type of pool visitors (male, female, or mixed). The research was conducted on a sample of 106 employees working in private swimming pools between March 17, 2025, and April 14, 2025, using a quantitative methodology. A questionnaire was designed and statistically validated using SPSS software. The results indicated that the overall level of marketing methods in private swimming pools was very high (mean = 4.139, relative weight = 82.8%). The domain of “Marketing Constraints in Sports” ranked highest (mean = 4.267, relative weight = 85.35%), followed by “Marketing Methods through Promotion of Championships” (mean = 4.210, relative weight = 84.20%), and finally “Marketing Methods through Advertising and Sponsorship Rights” (mean = 3.924, relative weight = 78.85%). The study also highlighted major challenges, including lack of funding, weak planning, and the absence of qualified personnel. However, the statistical analyses revealed no significant differences in marketing methods based on the type of pool visitors (P > 0.05), indicating a similarity in conditions and experiences across different pools. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed using Pearson correlation coefficients, the discrimination between the two extreme groups, and Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient (0.883), confirming its effectiveness as a measurement tool. This study contributes scientifically to understanding the dynamics of sports marketing within the local context, with a focus on the economic and administrative challenges facing the private sector.

This study aims to investigate the impact of educational programs on the development of selected floor gymnastics skills in artistic gymnastics. The researchers adopted an experimental methodology, utilizing a controlled design that included both experimental and control groups. The sample consisted of 24 third-year students from the Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at Soran University during the 2024/2025 academic year. To identify the most essential floor gymnastics skills for the study, a panel of 21 experts and specialists in the field was consulted. Based on their input, three fundamental skills were selected: the Imamiyah Roll, the Backward Roll, and the Human Wheel. The experimental group underwent a specialized instructional program designed to enhance these skills, with training sessions lasting 60 minutes each, conducted over a six-week period. Meanwhile, the control group received traditional instruction without the intervention of the educational program. Both groups were assessed using pre- and post-tests. The results revealed significant improvements in the performance of the experimental group across all three selected skills, indicating the effectiveness of the educational program. In contrast, the control group showed minimal or no improvement. Statistical analysis confirmed the presence of meaningful differences in skill development between the two groups, supported by a substantial effect size in favor of the experimental intervention. The findings affirm the positive role of structured educational programs in enhancing technical performance in floor gymnastics skills.

The research aimed to build a scale of reciprocal thinking and to know the correlation between reciprocal thinking and the performance of some complex skills in football for students. The researcher adopted the descriptive approach with correlational relationships. The research community was represented by the first-year students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences / University of Wasit for the academic year 2024-2025, numbering (179) students. The construction sample consisted of (100) students, representing (56%), while the application sample consisted of (30) students who were randomly selected to represent (17%) of the research community. The study procedures were represented by building a scale of reciprocal thinking, and the scientific foundations of the scale were verified using statistical methods. The study concluded that the scale of reciprocal thinking is a valid tool for measurement to achieve the scientific conditions, in addition to the presence of a positive correlation between the research variables represented by reciprocal thinking and the performance of some complex skills in football for students, in a direct direction. The study recommended employing and activating reciprocal thinking among students due to its positive impact on the performance of complex skills, in addition to conducting similar studies of the concept of reciprocal thinking on other activities.

Psychological reassurance and its relationship to the performance of the overhand serve skill for advanced volleyball players from the Middle and Southern Euphrates regions in iraq
Research Submitted by:
Ms. Zahraa Abdul-Ridha Hashim
Prof. Dr. Oras Nima Hassan
Abstract
The current researcher aims to develop a psychological reassurance scale and apply it to advanced volleyball players from the Middle and Southern Euphrates regions to determine the correlational relationships, influence, and contribution rate of psychological reassurance to the skill of serving from the top in volleyball. To achieve this aims , the researcher used the descriptive approach and the survey and correlational methods. The research community represented advanced volleyball players in the Middle and Southern Euphrates regions, numbering (177) players, distributed among (10) clubs for the sports season (2024-2025) AD. The research sample was determined by the stratified random method using the equal method, as different samples were drawn according to the objective, so the exploratory experiment sample was (30) players, while the standardization sample was (50) players, to which the exploratory study sample was added, so the number became (80) players, while the application sample was (60) players, to which the standardization sample was added, so the number became (140) players, then the researcher reviewed many previous studies, and accordingly the researcher used the psychological reassurance scale prepared by (Khaled Naeem Abdul Kadhim) consisting of (50) paragraphs, while the alternatives to answer the scale were (always, sometimes, never). The weights of the alternatives were (3, 2, 1) respectively. Thus, the lowest score for the scale is (50) and the highest score is (150). Then, she presented the test and questionnaire to (15) experts to show the validity. After collecting the data, approval was obtained for the questionnaire and test. Then, the researcher worked to verify the validity of the scale from a statistical point of view to verify the validity of the scale in measuring what it was designed for. After that, the researcher began applying the main experiment on the players. She applied the experiment in a grouping manner in each governorate. After obtaining the results, the researcher used the SPSS statistical program to analyze the data. Accordingly, the researcher concluded that psychological reassurance has a significant correlation with the skill of sending from above in volleyball.

The research aims to investigate the effect of using a training program on certain functional and biokinetic variables, as well as the level of achievement in 50-meter freestyle swimming, and to identify any differences between the experimental and control groups in the post-test. The researcher used the experimental method. The research community was deliberately selected: first and third-year students practising swimming at the Faculty of Physical Education at Soran University, for the academic year (2024-2025), numbering 33 swimmers. 4 students were excluded because they were injured, 4 students were excluded because they did not follow the instructions, and (5) students who participated in the exploratory experiment were excluded. The study sample consisted of 20 swimmers from the Faculty of Physical Education at Soran University, who were randomly assigned to two groups (10 participants in each group). The statistical package (SPSS) was used to extract the results. The following statistical laws were relied upon (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, median, kurtosis, coefficient of skewness, percentage, t-test for related and unrelated samples, simple correlation coefficient (Pearson)) The results of the study showed that the training program had a clear positive effect in improving functional variables (such as decreased heart rate and improved vital capacity), and a relative improvement in biokinetic variables (such as performance in throwing and jumping tests). However, these improvements did not reach the required level of statistical significance. No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups in the dimensional measurements, despite the numerical superiority in favour of the experimental group. Some of the slight improvements in the control group were likely the result of daily activity or natural growth, rather than a training intervention.

It is important to distinguish between football and futsal, despite their shared basic technical, physical, and overall tactical skills. However, there is a significant difference in the high level required to master these skills, as well as the considerable differences in performance methods, difficulty levels, playing styles, and the application of the futsal rules. The success and spread of any game depends on its rules, and therefore, there must be a referee and rules to govern it. The rapid and remarkable spread of futsal worldwide is a direct result of the development of football in all aspects. Futsal has spread very quickly and is now even played in the streets. Rules and training have become crucial for referees and coaches in futsal, as the game has its own unique, fast-paced set of rules that govern its features, format, timing, and style of play.

The research aimed to develop a skills program for basic football skills by constructing standardized tests for passing and shooting skills. It also aimed to identify differences between the pre-test and post-test scores of the two research groups in learning these skills, and to determine the differences in post-test scores between the two groups. The researchers used an experimental design. The research population consisted of 150 players from the Soran Football Club Academy. The research sample was selected from 54 players aged 6-7 years. The researchers proposed randomly selecting 42 players from this group, ensuring equivalence and homogeneity. These 42 players were then randomly divided into two groups: one group of 21 new players (not previously affiliated with the academy and not regularly playing football), and another group of 12 players for pilot testing. Standardized tests were then constructed for passing and shooting skills, which were selected as the primary skills in the research program. The basics of the research sample were based on an average of 3 tests for each skill, and the experts agreed on two tests for each of the two skills. The pre-test for these two skills was conducted before the implementation of the learning program for the experimental group, which lasted (69 weeks at an average of 3 units per week). As for the control group, it was trained on the general program of the academy. After the completion of the educational program and the specified period, the post-test was conducted, and the researchers reached the conclusions, including that there are no statistically significant differences in the results of the pre-tests between the control and experimental groups in the test of the two skills of handling and aiming, while statistically significant differences appeared between the results of the pre-tests and post-tests for the experimental and control groups in the tests of the two skills of handling and aiming, in favor of the post-tests, and the experimental group outperformed the control group in the post-test

The study aimed to: Identify the organizational culture of physical education and sports science teachers& Identify the professional performance of physical education and sports science teachers& Identify the relationship between organizational culture and the professional performance of physical education and sports science teachers. The researcher used the descriptive approach using the correlation method. The research sample was chosen intentionally. The Baghdad Outskirts Education Department was chosen because the researcher is among the outskirts staff and the schools and teachers are close to it. The number of male and female teachers specializing in physical education and sports sciences was (130), (10) of them were excluded for the exploratory experiment and (100) for the exploratory experiment. (20) did not answer from them, so their questionnaires were considered a sample to answer the organizational culture scale. (90) male and female principals were chosen to answer the professional performance scale for physical education and sports science teachers. (5) exploratory experiments and (80) main experiments were chosen, and (5) were excluded for not answering the questionnaire. The researcher concluded Organizational culture is a phenomenon in the teaching work environment within schools&Professional performance among physical education and sports science teachers in schools appeared to be positive& A positive relationship emerged between the variables of organizational culture and professional performance, indicating that organizational culture is directly and necessarily affected by professional performance for the development of professional performance among physical education and sports science teachers. Recommendations The need to conduct similar research with other variables& Highlight successful teachers& Provide the necessary resources and capabilities for teachers to meet their needs and expectations& Encourage human relations within the school community, as this leads to cooperation among school staff, and then between them and the school administration.

The research aims to prepare and apply physical effort training within the special endurance stages to develop some physical capabilities and improve the completion of 3000 meters running for the youth category. The importance of research stems from the fact that physical effort training represents one of the main pillars in developing special endurance, which is a decisive factor in the effectiveness of athletics, especially in medium and long distance races. The researcher has adopted the experimental curriculum using the pre -design and after two experimental and controlled sets. The research community with the school players to care for the sports talent of the Ministry of Youth and Sports for the training season (2024), which numbered (12) runners, were distributed equally into two groups (6 runners for each group). The experimental group of physical effort training within the special endurance stages, for eight weeks, with three training units per week, while the control group continued its regular training program. The statistical bag (SPSS) was used to analyze data. The results showed that there are statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group in all studied physical variables, which reflects the effectiveness of the proposed training program in achieving a positive physical adaptation and improving the achievement of 3000 meters. The researcher concluded that the adoption of physical effort training according to the special endurance stages contributes effectively to developing physical abilities directly in the achievement of the rating of 3000 meters, and recommends that it be included in the training programs of this event.

This study aims to investigate the relationship between motor reaction speed and the accuracy of defensive skills of the libero player in volleyball. Due to the vital role of defensive abilities in ensuring team stability, the descriptive method was employed to suit the nature of the problem. The research community included 50 volleyball players from Al-Qadisiyah Governorate for the 2022–2023 season, while the sample consisted of 13 libero players: 3 for the pilot study and 10 for the main experiment.The findings revealed a significant correlation between motor reaction speed and both serve reception and court defense skills, with a stronger correlation observed in court defense. The study concluded that developing motor reaction speed is crucial for improving the libero’s defensive performance.
Recommendations emphasized the importance of specific exercises aimed at enhancing reaction speed, providing sufficient time for libero players to refine their defensive skills, benefiting from the recent rule modifications in volleyball, and conducting similar studies in other sports.

Purpose of the study: To evaluate whether different phases in training and in competition entails influencing on cortisol, testosterone, and creatine kinase (CK) in professional wrestlers. There were ten donations of data that were collected from professional athletes in Al-Kadhimiyah Club, with measurements of biomarkers at four different phases such as before training, after training, before competition ‏ ‏and after competition. Methods: They implemented a standardized training protocol that included resistance training and cardiovascular conditioning, emphasizing strength and hypertrophy development. HIIT and body weight strength exercises were implemented to help improve general fitness. Blood samples were also collected during every phase so we could use more advanced methods to assess the levels of cortisol, testosterone and CK. Result: Cortisol levels were seen to significantly rise following training (p = 0·004), indicating an increased level of physical stress. In addition, testosterone levels were significantly reduced post-exercise (p = 0.032), indicating a temporary catabolic state. Levels of CK increased markedly following both training and competition (P = 0.0001) suggestive of significant muscle damage. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of sufficient recovery periods following high-level training and competition in order to avoid overtraining and enhance physical performance. It also discussed, how the monitoring of biomarkers on a daily basis can help in modifying your training loads and advancing the recovery strategies.

From the very beginning of this research paper, the researcher has adopted a concept of modern linguistic which is the game of chess to present a specific area of the study of language. It is related to the acquisition of English vocabulary represented by the current study entitled “The game of chess and the acquisition of English vocabulary by non-native speakers: A case study”.
After the involvement of brief introduction about the topic of study, five sections have been dealt with to indicate the core design applied. Accordingly, the researcher has referred to the related studies in the field of study. Though they take another orientation, those studies have helped in clarifying the position of the game of chess in the process of learning English as a second language.
Basically, the researcher has begun by certain preliminaries which have been put forward to lead the research such as a research question and a hypothesis. Building on this, the experimental part has been designed to include two groups, namely the control group and the experimental one. Accordingly a number of results have been reached of. The research has concluded that the game of chess can help in achieving better acquisition of specific vocabularies of English. The conclusion also presents the game of chess as a valuable context for studying vocabulary acquisition of non-native speakers.

The importance of this research lies in identifying the diverse thinking styles of basketball coaches and their role in achieving optimal performance with high efficiency. Therefore, it is essential for coaches to understand their preferred thinking styles in light of their dominant brain patterns that guide their behavior, enabling them to interact with players in a way that maximizes learning. The current research problem highlights the urgent need to cultivate a generation of coaches with creative, positive, and influential thinking skills. Coaches deal with a diverse group of individuals with varying individual differences, attitudes, inclinations, and personalities, making their management and control a challenging task. Many difficulties and problems hinder basketball coaches from achieving their players' goals, which will positively impact their creativity and dedication in conducting training sessions, leading to higher levels of innovation and achievement. This research aims to develop a thinking styles scale based on the Nethling model for basketball coaches registered with the Iraqi Central Federation, and to identify the thinking styles of registered basketball coaches according to the Nethling model. In the Iraqi Central Union, the researcher used the descriptive approach with a survey method due to its suitability to the nature of the current study

This study aims to investigate the relationship between trait sport-confidence and state sport-confidence, and their association with skill performance among football players at Thi-Qar University. The descriptive correlational method was employed as it suits the nature of the research problem. The research population consisted of the football team players at Thi-Qar University for the academic from which a purposive sample was selected. Data were collected using Vealey’s (1986) Trait Sport-Confidence Inventory (TSCI) and State Sport-Confidence Inventory (SSCI), in addition to football skill performance tests (passing, receiving, dribbling, and shooting). Statistical analysis revealed the following results:A positive correlation exists between trait sport-confidence and skill performance .A positive correlation exists between state sport-confidence and skill performance. A significant correlation exists between trait and state sport-confidence .The study concludes that both trait and state sport-confidence are key psychological factors that contribute to enhancing skill performance among football players he researcher recommended several strategies, including :Designing psychological training programs aimed at enhancing state sport confidence before and during competitions, such as mental imagery training, anxiety regulation techniques, and self-motivation strategies .Integrating sport confidence assessments into the regular evaluation process of players at Thi-Qar University, alongside physical and technical tests .

This research aims to develop a blended learning curriculum and apply it to third-year students at the College of Physical Education, examining its impact on learning the reverse forward and backward movement skill in fencing.
The researchers employed an experimental approach and a two-group equivalent design. The research population consisted of 80 third-year students from the 2025-2026 academic year, divided into four sections (C, D, E, and F), with 20 students in each section. Section C was randomly assigned as the control group, and Section F as the experimental group. The researchers then used an evaluation form adapted from previous studies. Performances were recorded and presented to experts for evaluation according to the three sections (Preparatory 3, Main 4, and Final 3). A score of 1-10 was assigned.
They then began by implementing an introductory unit on the movements to familiarize the students with the skills, as the skill was new to them. Following this, pre-tests were administered, and the curriculum was implemented for six weeks, with one unit per week. After completing the curriculum, post-tests were administered. The researchers then used SPSS software to analyze the research data. The results showed that the blended learning approach played an effective role in teaching the reverse advance and retreat movement skill in fencing. The experimental group outperformed the control group in all research variables.

This study aimed to identify the effect of a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) program combined with yerba mate consumption on improving antioxidant response (via SOD enzyme), lactic acid tolerance, and shot tolerance in basketball players under 18 years of age. The researchers used a pre-test/post-test experimental design with two equivalent groups (experimental and control) as it was suitable for the nature of the research. Players from Al-Hilla Sports Club under 18 years of age were selected using a census sampling method. The research sample (16 players) was randomly divided into two equal groups: an experimental group (following the training program and consuming yerba mate) and a control group (following the training program prepared by the coach). The program lasted 8 weeks. The total number of training sessions was 24, with 3 training sessions per week. The training method used was high-intensity interval training (HIIT). The training intensity used was 85–100% of the player\\'s maximum performance level. The results showed statistically significant differences favoring the experimental group in all variables under study, indicating a positive effect of combining specific exercises with yerba mate in enhancing the physiological, physical, and skill adaptations of young basketball players. One of the most important conclusions reached by the researchers is that HIIT exercises combined with a single dose of yerba mate had a statistically significant positive effect on increasing the activity of the antioxidant enzyme SOD in basketball players. It also led to improvements in lactic tolerance and shooting accuracy under fatigued conditions compared to training alone in basketball players under 18 years of age

This research aimed to evaluate the physiological and skill-related impact of a specialized training program based on special weight exercises. It also sought to measure the program's effectiveness in developing physical and functional abilities and improving the performance of certain gymnastics skills among students at the College of Physical Education. The researchers adopted a pre-test/post-test experimental design with both experimental and control groups. The sample consisted of 39 students chosen purposefully. A pilot study was conducted on 4 students to verify the validity of the tools and the suitability of the designed weight exercises. The main experiment was applied to two equivalent groups: 6 students in the experimental group (who underwent the weight training program) and 6 students in the control group (who followed the traditional program). The experiment lasted for 8 weeks, with three training sessions per week. After the program concluded, comprehensive tests were conducted to assess physical abilities (strength, agility), functional indicators (blood pressure, pulse), and specific skill performances in gymnastics. The results, statistically analyzed using SPSS, showed that the special weight exercises had a statistically significant positive effect on improving muscular strength variables and physiological indicators. This, in turn, led to an enhanced level of skill performance in floor exercises and on apparatus for the experimental group compared to the control group.

The research included the introduction and the importance of the study, where it addressed the significance of mental balance in the performance of football referees. The research problem was to identify the level of mental balance and how it affects certain mental abilities. The objectives of the research were:
1- Psychological balance and its relationship with attention levels in the performance of football referees.
2- Psychological balance and its relationship with the visual field in the performance of football referees.
3- Developing and standardizing a measure of psychological balance for football referees in the Middle Euphrates region.
The research areas included the human scope: first-grade referees in the Middle Euphrates; the time frame: from 1/10/2025 to 1/2/2026; and the spatial scope: referees’ training fields in their governorates.
The research methodology and field procedures were also included, as the researcher used the descriptive method and addressed the research sample, which comprised referees of the Middle Euphrates in the Iraqi Premier League, and covered the tools used in the research, the applied scale, and the statistical methods.
The research results were then presented and discussed, with the results displayed in tables followed by discussion. The study also included conclusions and recommendations, the most important of which were
Conclusions:
1- The football referees in the sample have a good level of psychological balance, reflecting their ability to control emotions and handle the psychological pressures associated with managing matches.

2- The study results showed a statistically significant positive correlation between psychological balance and divided attention in both its auditory and visual forms, indicating that psychological stability contributes to improving referees' ability to distribute their attention among different stimuli during the match.
3- It was found that the relationship between psychological balance and visual divided attention was stronger compared to auditory divided attention, which confirms the importance of visual efficiency in the refereeing decision-making process.

4- The results revealed a statistically significant positive correlation between psychological balance and the variable of visual scanning for both the left and right eyes, indicating that psychological balance contributes to a limited but significant extent in improving efficiency Recommendations

1- It is necessary to integrate psychological preparation into the training and rehabilitation programs for football referees, due to its effective role in enhancing psychological balance and improving the efficiency of divided attention and visual scanning.
2- Focus on implementing specialized training programs to develop divided attention skills (auditory and visual) for football referees, which contributes to improving the ability to follow multiple refereeing situations during matches.
3- Adopt practical exercises aimed at developing visual scanning and rapid eye Movement, using modern tools such as eye-tracking technology or recorded refereeing scenarios

Neuromuscular coordination is vital for athletes. Its development allows them to perform skills of all difficulty without a decline in performance and for as long as possible. Conversely, its deficiency makes athletes more susceptible to fatigue and loss of focus. Therefore, athletes cannot continue performing without proper neuromuscular coordination and the ability to synchronize with the nervous system. Sports training has evolved in its broadest sense and received considerable attention, resulting in numerous training methods aimed at helping athletes reach the required level and achieve success – the ultimate goal of all athletes. Through my observations of fencing training programs and the training modules used in sports clubs, as well as watching the first-division competitions held each season in Wasit Governorate, I noticed that most players lose focus and become fatigued during matches, hindering their ability to perform and achieve better results. Upon reviewing the training programs, it was observed that the emphasis was placed on technical skills while neglecting the practical aspects. Consequently, players were not allowed to practice skills for extended periods, a fact clearly evident during matches. Therefore, the researcher introduced high-intensity interval training (HIIT) to develop the physical attributes of fencers. The research aimed to identify the effect of HIIT on the physical attributes of fencers. One of the main research hypotheses was that there was a statistically significant difference between the pre- and post-test measurements regarding the physical attributes of fencers using HIIT. The conclusion was that the HIIT program had an effect on the physical attributes of fencers, with the exception of leg speed-strength. The lack of a clear effect of the program followed (high-intensity interval training) on the speed-strength characteristics of the fencers.

Management is a crucial pillar in the progress of nations, achieved through the proper utilization of human and material resources. One of the priorities of any organization is to achieve its objectives with minimal time, cost, and effort. This is accomplished through harmony and cooperation between managers and employees. Excellence management is a modern administrative concept that focuses on developing work methods to achieve set goals. Organizational justice is a key component of the work environment; a greater sense of justice fosters trust among employees and a feeling that their rights are being upheld. The researcher employed a descriptive survey methodology, deemed most suitable for the research topic. The sample consisted of 32 department heads. The most significant finding was that department heads possess an administrative mindset that enables them to effectively manage their employees and enhance their performance. The most important recommendation was to encourage department heads to embrace new ideas.

This research aims to identify the most significant biomechanical characteristics contributing to the performance stages of the lunge skill in fencers, and to predict the performance level of the lunge skill based on these key contributing characteristics. Methodology: The researcher employed a descriptive approach based on three-dimensional (3D) biomechanical analysis to obtain the targeted variables, given its suitability to the nature of the study. The research sample was purposively selected, consisting of one (1) elite, internationally ranked fencer. The 22-year-old athlete is registered with the Egyptian Fencing Federation, secured first place in the 2021/2022 Senior World Fencing Championship, and is an active player at Smouha Sporting Club, a premier league fencing club. Procedures: The primary study involved videographing the lunge skill performance of the main subject. An analysis was conducted to determine the optimal performance by taking the anthropometric measurements of the 2021/2022 world champion fencer and identifying the number of successful attempts. The biomechanical variables, represented by parameters extracted from the video footage via 3D biomechanical analysis, were strictly defined. Statistical treatments, including the arithmetic mean and multiple regression, were utilized to identify the most significantly contributing biomechanical variables during the execution of the lunge skill under investigation. Conclusions: A primary conclusion involved drawing comparisons and identifying differences between the skill's performance stages and the variables affecting the temporal moments during the fencer's lunge. Furthermore, an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) between the lunge performance stages regarding the biomechanical variables of the weapon and the center of gravity revealed statistically significant differences in most F-values, where the calculated F-values were consistently higher than the tabulated F-values. Recommendations: The researcher recommends the necessity of utilizing the key biomechanical characteristics as guiding indicators to evaluate and refine the lunge skill performance level among junior fencers

Abstract
This research aims to develop aquatic rehabilitation exercises to improve the range of motion and body composition of the ankle joint in football players after sprains.
The researchers employed an experimental approach with a single-group pre-test/post-test design. The research population consisted of 10 football players from Al-Muthanna Governorate who had suffered ankle sprains. The research variables included: upward flexibility, downward flexibility, body mass, body fat percentage, fat mass, and muscle mass. The researchers administered pre-tests, which were not conducted simultaneously due to the difficulty of collecting the sample all at once. Following this, the rehabilitation program was implemented for six weeks, with three sessions per week. The results showed a significant improvement in the range of motion of the ankle joints in both flexion and extension movements for the experimental group that used aquatic rehabilitation exercises. This indicates that providing rehabilitation exercises in an open environment yields positive results. The rehabilitation exercises have a clear effect on reducing recovery time and the return to training. In sports, normal condition

This research aims to identify and analyze the obstacles to transitioning to e-management and implementing governance principles in futsal competitions from the perspective of employees of the Iraqi Football Association. To achieve this objective, the researcher adopted a descriptive survey methodology, deemed most suitable for the nature of the problem. The research population was selected purposively, and the primary sample consisted of (60) individuals representing (members of the Futsal and Beach Soccer Committee, representatives of Premier League Futsal clubs, members of the Competitions Committee, and supporting administrative staff). To collect data, the researcher developed a questionnaire consisting of (27) items distributed across four main axes: (technical obstacles, human obstacles, financial obstacles, and legislative and regulatory obstacles). After verifying the instrument\'s validity and reliability, with a Cronbach\'s alpha coefficient of (0.87), the data were statistically analyzed using SPSS software. The findings revealed significant and complex obstacles hindering administrative automation and the implementation of good governance. Financial obstacles ranked first (with a relative importance of 87.8%), primarily the insufficient funding allocated for digitizing the game. These were followed by technical obstacles (84.0%), including the lack of national cloud servers and frequent power outages. Legislative obstacles (83.9%) stemmed from the absence of laws mandating the use of electronic correspondence and signatures. Finally, human resource obstacles (83.4%) represented a shortage of training programs and resistance to digitalization. The research recommended the development of a national digital transformation strategy within the Iraqi Football Association, the allocation of a separate budget for developing the technological infrastructure of the Halls Committee, and the amendment of regulations to require clubs to implement e-management standards as a prerequisite for obtaining licenses