Damo Journal of Sports Sciences

This research aims to diagnose the reality of the supervisory role of technical supervisors in primary schools affiliated with the Al-Mahmoudiya Center, Karkh 2 Directorate of Education. It also seeks to identify the opinions of physical education teachers regarding the effectiveness of technical supervision in developing their performance, to uncover the most prominent challenges facing technical supervisors in fulfilling their role, and to propose practical mechanisms for improving the supervisory role in a way that contributes to raising the level of the educational process in physical education . The spatial domain was: primary schools affiliated with the (Mahmoudiya) Center, affiliated with the Karkh Education Directorate/2. The research population was determined by the researcher to be all primary schools located in the (Mahmoudiya) Center, affiliated with the Karkh Education Directorate/2. The researcher counted the numbers through the Planning Department in the Mahmoudiya Education Department, and the number of primary schools spread in the Mahmoudiya Center was (92) schools distributed over four administrative areas (Mahmoudiya, Latifiya, Yusufiya, Rashid). The number of physical education teachers distributed over those administrative areas was (161) physical education teachers. It was recommended to activate the technical role of supervisors by intensifying practical and specialized guidance that helps physical education teachers to improve their performance and develop their teaching methods. Strengthening the educational aspect of supervision through training programs that focus on instilling positive educational values and attitudes in students through sports activities. Establishing clear administrative mechanisms that enable supervisors to monitor the implementation of sports plans and activities, while providing the necessary support to overcome obstacles faced by teachers.

The development occurring in various aspects of life has necessitated taking the necessary steps to keep pace with this progress. One of the most important areas for genuine investment in human capital is the sports field, given its educational, training, and administrative processes that transform the latent human potential of individuals into productive energy. Therefore, attention must be paid to athletes and they must be provided with what they need to perform at their best. The most significant factor influencing achievement is the provision of administrative requirements through the individuals responsible for the athletes, namely the employees of the clubs' administrative bodies. It is well-known that understanding job satisfaction and evaluating its level or quality within a sports institution is not easy. Some researchers define job satisfaction as an effective tool for the success of sports institutions, thus ensuring achievement in various competitions. Others, however, see it as merely a feeling that is not essential for administrative success in the institution. Accordingly, this study aimed to identify the reality of job satisfaction in handball Premier League clubs from the perspective of the administrative bodies of those clubs. The study involved developing a scale consisting of a set of (42) statements designed to measure what it was intended to measure. The scale was applied to a sample representing the members of the administrative bodies of the clubs participating in the Iraqi Handball Premier League for the 2023-2024 season. The research sample was defined as the members of the administrative bodies participating in the Handball Premier League for the 2023-2024 season, totaling (12) clubs. The total sample size was (116) individuals, which represented the research population. The sample was randomly divided into a survey sample of (20) individuals (17.24%) and a construct sample of (100) individuals. With a percentage of (82.75%), the application sample (the combined sample of the survey and the construction sample) was (100%). The researcher concluded that job satisfaction is essential for the administrative bodies of sports clubs. They recommended conducting periodic assessments, preferably every four seasons, of the performance levels of the administrative bodies in clubs participating in the Iraqi Premier Handball League, given its importance in raising administrative standards.

Interest in basketball is growing in both developed and developing countries worldwide due to its widespread popularity. The sport has been the subject of numerous research studies, which have played a crucial role in developing the game and its players. Countries are making significant efforts to provide the necessary material and moral support to elevate the sport for all age groups.
The research problem arose from the researcher's practical experience as a basketball coach with diverse age groups. He observed that some coaches do not utilize tactical patterns that simulate real-world competitive conditions. This leads to a gap between training and competitive performance, negatively impacting the achievement of desired results. The researcher defined the research objectives and hypotheses. The human element of the study consisted of the players of the Al-Nasiriya Sports Club's senior basketball team during the 2023–2024 sports season. Pre-tests were administered, followed by the application of tactical phrases in training sessions. After the program concluded, post-tests were conducted. The researcher then presented, analyzed, and discussed the results in light of the impact of using tactical phrases. In conclusion, the researcher presented the most prominent findings, including:
Employing tactical phrases in training, along with the accompanying simulation of actual competition conditions, effectively contributes to developing several complex offensive skills in basketball, including:
- Jump shooting after dribbling from the free-throw line
- Tracking and scoring

This research investigates the impact of using virtual reality (VR) technologies on developing motor perception and decision-making among junior football players. The study adopted the experimental method using two equal groups (experimental and control), each consisting of 12 players. The experimental group underwent an 8-week training program based on VR technologies, while the control group followed traditional training methods. Pre- and post-tests were conducted to measure motor perception and decision-making, and the data were analyzed using the SPSS program.
The results revealed statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group in the post-tests, indicating the effectiveness of VR in enhancing perceptual and cognitive skills. The findings confirm that integrating VR into training programs contributes to improving players’ performance by developing their ability to perceive game situations and make faster and more accurate decisions. The study recommends adopting VR-based training in sports academies and clubs, qualifying trainers to employ these technologies, and expanding future research to other age groups and sports.

This study aimed to identify the differences in oxygen consumption (VO₂) between the performance of the forehand and backhand strokes. It also aimed to determine the differences in heart rate (HR) resulting from each stroke, determine the differences in perceived exertion (RPE) between the two strokes, and interpret the physiological differences based on the muscle movement pattern required for each stroke among advanced tennis players. The researcher used a single-group experimental approach (before and after) to achieve the study objectives. A simultaneous training program was implemented on the experimental group for 6 weeks, with 3 training sessions per week. The results showed statistically significant differences in favor of the post-tests in all studied variables after implementation, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed training program in the presence of statistically significant physiological differences between the performance of the forehand and backhand strokes in tennis, according to the Resulting Perception of Exertion (RPE). The forehand stroke consumes more oxygen and induces a greater cardiac response compared to the backhand stroke, indicating a higher physiological load in tennis players. The researcher recommends incorporating VO₂, HR, and RPE tests into the periodic evaluation of players to measure their development and tolerance to various skills.

Through his field experience as a coach and supervisor of the Babylon Academy for Badminton affiliated with the Iraqi Central Badminton Federation the researcher observed that most players under the age of 11 struggle with developing coordination and mastering long and short serving skills which are essential for scoring points This challenge motivated the researcher to design an educational curriculum aligned with the players' preferences To address this issue the researcher adopted the experimental method using a design that includes two equivalent groups subjected to pre and post-tests The study aimed to investigate the impact of the educational program accompanied by smart devices on improving coordination and long and short serving skills in badminton among players under the age of 11 in pre and post-test evaluations and to determine the superiority of the program's impact when smart devices are integrated into the training process The research sample included all players in the training center aged 11 to 13 years totaling 12 players The researcher applied a comprehensive sampling approach dividing the participants into two experimental groups The findings revealed that the educational program with smart devices significantly improved coordination and the long and short serving skills of badminton players The experimental group showed a clear advantage in learning these skills compared to the control group

This research aimed to design and implement an integrated sports psychology program based on the principles of cognitive behavioral therapy and mindfulness, and to measure its impact on enhancing psychological capital (PsyCap), reducing negative psychological manifestations (competitive anxiety, fear of failure), and improving athletic performance. The research used a quasi-experimental design with a purposive sample of (60) athletes divided into three groups. The following measurement tools were administered: the PCQ-12 Psychological Capital Scale, the CSAI-2 Competitive Anxiety Scale, and objective performance scales, both before and after the study. The results revealed a statistically significant improvement (p < 0.001) in all variables within the experimental group. Total psychological capital increased by 31.1%, cognitive anxiety decreased by 31.7%, and self-confidence increased by 50%. The results also showed a strong positive correlation between psychological capital and athletic performance (r = +0.76 to +0.81), and a strong negative correlation with anxiety (r = -0.89). The research concluded that the integrated psychological program is remarkably effective in simultaneously enhancing psychological resilience and improving athletic performance, highlighting the importance of adopting this integrated approach within the Arab sports environment.

This study investigates the genetic characteristics of blood types and their relationship to white blood cell concentration in football players. It also explores the importance of white blood cell levels in preventing and protecting against diseases and infections. Furthermore, it helps in identifying indicators and manifestations of fatigue and infection, guiding biological processes during training, and regulating training loads and intensity. Disruptions in the number and concentration of white blood cells are among the most important immune factors that contribute to localized fatigue and exhaustion in the body, which are associated with training and competition. The research problem stems from the observation that many athletes experience varying degrees of infection, whether seasonal or sudden, affecting their physical and functional capabilities. This contributes to the disruption of athletic performance at both the achievement and preventative levels. The researcher attempts to study this problem based on genetic factors and indicators related to blood type. Differences in blood type can lead to variations in the number and concentration of immune white blood cells, resulting in fatigue, exhaustion, and immune system disorders in individuals with these blood types. Chapter Three details the research methodology and field procedures. The researcher employed a descriptive approach, deemed most suitable for the nature of the research. The research population, consisting of 15 athletes, was selected purposively. Appropriate statistical methods were used to achieve the research objectives and test the hypotheses. Chapter Four presents, analyzes, and discusses the results obtained through the data and tables. The researchers concluded that there was no statistically significant relationship between the concentration levels of immune white blood cells and the blood types of the research sample.

Psychological preparation is a key component of sports training, as it optimizes the players' physical, technical, and tactical abilities. This research aimed to develop competitive training exercises and identify their impact on psychological resilience and passing and shooting skills in futsal. The researcher employed an experimental design with two equivalent groups. The sample consisted of 14 players from the Diyala Education Directorate's futsal team. The most significant finding was that competitive training had a substantial and effective impact on developing psychological resilience and passing and shooting skills in futsal, as demonstrated by the significant differences between the pre-test and post-test scores. The main recommendation was to incorporate competitive training due to its positive impact. The research variables focus on utilizing these exercises to address some of the psychological challenges players face when performing skills.

This study examines the correlation between physical education lessons and the sports injuries students may experience during practical sessions, as well as the importance of students' awareness of potential injuries and how to manage them.

The research problem lies in students' failure to adhere to proper warm-up routines, their misuse of sports equipment and devices, and their limited knowledge and understanding of sports injuries. The aim of this research is to identify the most common sports injuries and the most vulnerable areas of the body during physical education lessons. The research was conducted on a sample of 138 fourth-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Thi-Qar. Fifty-three of these students, who had experienced injuries, were selected purposively between January 12, 2025, and March 12, 2025. The researcher used a descriptive methodology and addressed the most common types of injuries resulting from physical education classes.

The researcher concluded that unsuitable playing surfaces and students' lack of awareness about sports injuries led to the majority of injuries. The knee was identified as the most frequently injured area. The researcher recommended that students understand sports injuries to avoid them, and that they receive supervision and guidance from instructors. Students should also wear appropriate clothing and use sports equipment correctly.

This research aims to identify the effect of using compound exercises according to the three-peer teaching method on learning some basic football skills. The researcher used an experimental design with two groups (experimental and control) on a sample of (46) first-year students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Al-Mustansiriya University. These students were from two sections out of a total of eight sections that constituted the original population. The researcher excluded students who had previously played the game and those who had failed. The pilot study sample consisted of (10) students from outside the research sample and from the original population. The research sample was divided into two groups of (23) students each. The researcher ensured homogeneity and equivalence to minimize differences between the two groups. The researcher implemented the educational method over eight weeks, with two units. Two lessons per week, each lesson lasting 90 minutes. The researcher collected and statistically analyzed the data using the SPSS statistical analysis method.

This research aimed to develop two scales, one for consumer awareness skills and the other for spiritual elevation, and to determine their level among advanced athletes in some track and field events. It also aimed to identify the contribution of consumer awareness skills to the spiritual elevation of these advanced athletes. The descriptive approach, using correlational methods, was employed on a sample of advanced track and field athletes from Baghdad clubs participating in the 2024-2025 sports season. All participants were selected purposively using a census method and then divided into three samples according to the research requirements. After completing the development and survey procedures, the scores were processed using SPSS. The conclusions indicate that the consumer awareness skills scale is suitable for the purposes for which it was developed. Yes, it can be used and adopted to measure this phenomenon in advanced track and field athletes. The spiritual elevation scale is suitable for its intended purpose and can be used to measure this phenomenon in advanced track and field athletes. Advanced track and field athletes possess an acceptable level of consumer awareness skills and an acceptable level of spiritual elevation. An increase in consumer awareness skills contributes to an increase in spiritual elevation among advanced track and field athletes, with a direct correlation where the increase in consumer awareness skills has a positive impact on them.

This research aimed to develop stimulus reduction exercises for anticipatory motion and to identify their effect on the response speed of handball goalkeepers. It hypothesized that these exercises have a positive effect on improving response and anticipation of the ball's trajectory towards the goal.

The researchers used an experimental design with a single group of two goalkeepers from the specialized handball school in Al-Diwaniyah Governorate. Five successful attempts were given for each angle of the goal, and the goalkeeping task was to save the ball. The researchers used appropriate tools and equipment, including a high-speed camera, a foot force measurement device, and both theoretical and practical forms of the kinesthetic prediction test. The most important biomechanical variables were studied, including the rate of motor response speed, ball speed, relative speed of prediction, and the prediction index. Post-tests were conducted on the sample eight weeks later under the same pre-test conditions.

The results were presented in tables and graphs illustrating the effect of the exercises used in reducing stimuli on kinesthetic prediction, as well as the studied variables for handball goalkeepers. This format serves as a suitable illustrative tool for the research and is based on the data obtained. Based on the research findings and statistical analysis of the data, the researchers reached the following key conclusions: Stimulus reduction exercises focused on motor anticipation were highly successful in improving the temporal aspects of goalkeepers' performance, including reaction speed and motor efficiency. The temporal results demonstrated that goalkeepers became more efficient, thus meeting the demands of their save skills.

This research aimed to identify the effectiveness of school sports policies implemented in secondary and preparatory schools under the Babylon Directorate of Education, and to determine the level of professional attributes possessed by physical education teachers in these schools. It also aimed to identify the role that effective school sports policies can play in enhancing the professional attributes of physical education teachers in secondary and preparatory schools. The researcher employed a descriptive methodology using survey and correlational methods. The research population consisted of physical education teachers in secondary and preparatory schools under the Babylon Directorate of Education, totaling 1,095 teachers from 450 secondary and preparatory schools. The researcher selected 285 teachers from this population to form the main research sample, with a total of 162 teachers selected for statistical analysis. The study involved a sample of 102 teachers, with a final application sample of 102 teachers. To collect the required data, the researcher developed two measurement instruments. The first, consisting of 14 items, measured the effectiveness of school sports policies. The second, consisting of 15 items, measured the professional attributes of physical education teachers. The researcher reached the following conclusions:
- Secondary and preparatory schools under the Babil Education Directorate exhibit a low level of effectiveness in terms of school sports policies, according to the physical education teachers.
- Physical education teachers in secondary and preparatory schools under the Babil Education Directorate possess, from their own perspective, an average level of professional attributes.

This study aimed to identify the extent to which academic leadership in colleges of physical education and sports sciences fulfills its role in supporting decisive administrative decision-making. It also sought to determine the degree to which college deans contribute to directing and coordinating human and material resources to facilitate the decision-making process. Furthermore, it analyzed faculty members' perspectives on the effectiveness of academic leadership in handling critical decisions that directly impact college development. The research scope consisted of the human element: faculty members working in colleges of physical education and sports sciences in Baghdad, and the time frame: from 7/3/2025 to 18/6/2025. The geographical scope of the study was the Colleges of Physical Education and Sports Sciences (Baghdad, Al-Mustansiriya, and Al-Waziriya). The study population consisted of all faculty members in Baghdad, totaling 596 instructors. The study sample was a stratified random sample representing the study population, comprising 329 instructors (55%). The researcher recommends continuing to establish strategic communication channels with other universities and expanding the scope of academic cooperation. The researcher also recommends encouraging faculty members and students to actively participate in local and international events. Furthermore, it is advisable to establish clear and rapid mechanisms for addressing students' academic and administrative problems. The researcher also recommends continuing to develop students' sports and cultural activities and linking them to educational and developmental goals.

This research aims to study the effect of a field training program supported by monitoring and tracking systems on developing some specific physical abilities (speed, agility, explosive power) and the accuracy of shooting skills in young football players. The researcher used the experimental method with a two-group equivalent design (experimental and control) with pre- and post-test measurements. The research sample included (30) players aged between (17–19) years, who were divided equally into two equivalent groups.
An eight-week training program was developed, consisting of three training sessions per week. The program employed a combined training approach that integrated speed, agility, explosive power, and shooting accuracy. Monitoring and tracking systems were utilized, including GPS devices for tracking load and distance, video analysis software for monitoring skill performance, and heart rate monitors for tracking physiological responses. Data collection tools included four standardized tests: the 20-meter sprint to measure speed, the agility t-test, the vertical jump test (CMJ) to measure explosive power, and the shooting test (LSST) to measure shooting accuracy.
The results showed statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-test measurements, favoring the experimental group in all physical and skill variables.

This study aimed to identify the level of the variables of sportsmanship and psychological adjustment among foil fencers in Kirkuk clubs, as well as to identify the correlational relationship between sportsmanship and psychological adjustment among these fencers. The researchers adopted a descriptive survey methodology with correlational relationships, as it was suitable for the nature of the research problem. The research population consisted of (38) foil fencers from (7) clubs affiliated with the Kirkuk Governorate Fencing Federation. (4) fencers were selected from outside the main research sample, thus the main research sample consisted of (34) fencers, representing (89.5%) of the original population. The researchers used the Sportsmanship and Psychological Adjustment Scales to measure the levels of these qualities among Kirkuk club foil fencers. The results were then statistically analyzed using the SPSS statistical package. The researchers concluded that Kirkuk club foil fencers exhibited a high level of sportsmanship and good psychological adjustment. They also found a significant correlation between sportsmanship and psychological adjustment among Kirkuk club foil fencers. The researchers recommended that coaches focus on developing sportsmanship and psychological adjustment in their players, given its significant role in improving and developing their performance. They also recommended the inclusion of a sports psychologist within the team's technical staff to guide and enhance sportsmanship among less experienced players, emphasizing the importance of this factor and its impact on their psychological adjustment.

The cooperative training method in basketball is one of the most effective strategies for developing skill performance, as it encourages learning through group interaction and practical experience. This approach contributes to improving basic skills such as passing, dribbling, and shooting, in addition to enhancing motor awareness and reaction speed during play. It also helps build self-confidence and fosters a spirit of cooperation among players, creating a stimulating training environment that reduces stress and fear of failure. Furthermore, it increases player motivation, driving them to continuously improve their level and making training more enjoyable and effective, which positively impacts the team's overall performance.

This study aimed to identify the effect of dry and sliding cupping on the shoulder joint physical efficiency of individual sports athletes with myofascial pain syndrome. The researcher adopted a single-group experimental design, where variables were measured before and after the intervention to assess the changes resulting from the treatment.
The sample consisted of 24 athletes carefully selected according to specific criteria to ensure homogeneity in age, injury severity, and type. Shoulder range of motion was measured using a gynometer, muscle strength using a dynamometer, and pain intensity was assessed using the VAS scale. The results showed significant improvement after cupping therapy, with an increased range of motion in all directions of shoulder movement, a noticeable decrease in pain intensity, and improved arm muscle strength. This improvement is attributed to cupping's effect on stimulating blood circulation, relaxing muscles, and reducing muscle congestion. The study concluded that dry and sliding cupping are effective methods for treating myofascial pain syndrome and improving motor performance, helping athletes return to their normal athletic activities quickly. Through data presentation, analysis, and discussion, the researcher reached the following conclusions:
• Improved range of motion of the shoulder joint in all directions.
• Rapid pain relief; a return to normal function is typically achieved within two weeks.
• Pain is the primary cause of restricted shoulder joint movement.

This research aimed to develop a proposed training program based on MDH enzyme activity as an indicator of aerobic adaptation in artistic gymnastics, as well as to demonstrate the significance of the proposed training methodology.
The research problem stemmed from the fact that, despite the crucial importance of aerobic adaptation in gymnastics, most training programs focus on traditional skill and physical aspects without directly linking them to biochemical indicators that reflect muscle efficiency in aerobic metabolism (MDH), which aim to improve the enzyme activity of gymnasts. This prompted the researcher to study this issue by designing training units based on MDH enzyme activity as an indicator of aerobic adaptation. The sample consisted of (14) players, all members of the Iraqi national youth team. An experimental design with pre- and post-tests was used for a single experimental group. The researcher conducted the experiment, and the results showed an increase in MDH enzyme activity, indicating improved aerobic metabolism in the muscles and, consequently, increased energy production during exercise. The researcher recommended the use of biomarkers such as MDH activity as a means of monitoring athletes' physical adaptation and guiding training intensity.

The research aimed to develop and administer two questionnaires (organizational climate and morale level) and to identify the responses of the sample to these questionnaires in some departments of the Iraqi Ministry of Youth and Sports from the employees' perspective. It also aimed to find the correlation between organizational climate and morale level. The researcher defined her research population from among some departments of the Iraqi Ministry of Youth and Sports, namely: the Department of Regional and Provincial Affairs, the Department of Sports Medicine, and the Department of Physical Education. The total number of employees in these departments was 366. The researcher then selected a percentage of the total population, which was 80%, or 293 employees, representing the research sample. The researcher distributed the three samples using simple random sampling. The study recommended maintaining a sound leadership approach based on trust and administrative empowerment, and working to generalize it across all administrative levels. It also recommended establishing digital platforms to facilitate the exchange of experiences and knowledge among employees from different departments. Furthermore, it recommended documenting best practices in collaborative work to ensure their sustainability. This approach must be followed extensively, and efforts should be made to diversify formal and informal recognition methods, and to create innovative incentive programs that recognize excellence in performance. Clear and transparent mechanisms for performance evaluation and decision-making should be developed, ensuring employee participation in decision-making. Finally, career planning programs should be significantly improved and linked to training and development plans to guarantee continuous professional growth.

This study aimed to identify the most important obstacles facing first division football referees in Babylon Governorate during the 2023/2024 season and to analyze the impact of these obstacles on the level of refereeing performance. The research adopted a descriptive approach using a survey method. The study was conducted on a population of (45) first-degree judges in the governorate, employing a comprehensive enumeration method. The sample size was (40) judges, with a response rate of (88.8%). Data were collected using a questionnaire specifically designed for this study, after confirming its validity and reliability, with Cronbach's alpha coefficient of (0.91). The questionnaire consisted of (30) items distributed across four main axes. The results revealed that administrative and organizational obstacles were the most influential (mean 3.70), followed by material and financial obstacles (mean 3.53), then training and technical obstacles (mean 3.28), and finally social and psychological obstacles (mean 3.15). Furthermore, chi-square (χ²) analysis showed statistical significance at the (α ≤ 0.05) level for the sample's responses to most questionnaire items, confirming that these obstacles are real and tangible from the referees' perspective. The study concluded that the refereeing environment in Babylon Governorate suffers from structural weaknesses in both administrative and financial aspects, which negatively impacts the efficiency and motivation of referees. It also demonstrated a strong correlation between high levels of psychological and media pressures and weak administrative support, on the one hand, and an increased rate of refereeing errors, on the other.

The research aimed to develop exercises using incline surfaces and to create speed-development exercises. It also aimed to identify the effect of incline training on developing thigh muscles.
The researchers used the experimental method as it is suitable for the nature of the research problem and chose a single-group (experimental) design with pre- and post-tests.
The research population was defined as second division referees aged (20-22) years who were officially accredited by the Iraqi Football Association as federation referees for the (23-24) season. The total number of referees was (20), and (10) referees were randomly selected to represent the research sample in Basra Governorate. The researchers concluded:
1. Incline training helped strengthen the thigh muscles.
2. Developing thigh muscle strength helps with the speed repetition test for referees.

This study aims to develop an artificial intelligence model for nutritional analysis and recommendations, identify performance-related vital indicators, and evaluate the model's effectiveness through a comparative study. It also aims to establish an applied framework for coaches and specialists, employing a quasi-experimental approach suitable for studying the impact of an independent variable (an AI-based nutrition program) on dependent variables (physical and physiological performance indicators). In a realistic setting, the study population consists of karate practitioners in clubs and advanced training centers. From this population, a purposive sample of 40 elite or advanced young karate players, aged 18 to 25, will be selected to ensure homogeneity in terms of performance level and training commitment. The sample will be randomly divided into two equal groups: an experimental group (n=20) following a customized nutrition program generated by an artificial intelligence model, and a control group (n=20) following a standardized, traditional sports nutrition program. To collect the necessary data, a comprehensive set of tools will be used, including anthropometric devices such as body composition analyzers to measure muscle mass and fat percentage, and wearable physiological sensors. The conclusions were that the AI-based nutrition model (K.A.I.N.) has a superior ability to improve the physical performance (explosive power and endurance) and physiological performance (recovery indicators) of karate athletes, statistically significantly exceeding the traditional approach to nutrition. It was concluded that integrating dynamic physiological data (such as heart rate variability (HRV) and sleep quality) with daily training load data is the cornerstone of providing effective nutritional recommendations. This approach allows for a shift from "static" nutrition to "adaptive" nutrition that responds to the body's changing needs in real time.

Choosing the appropriate training program is one of the most important factors in athlete development, as is selecting suitable exercises to develop the physical abilities specific to the sport.
The research problem arose from the researcher's observation of athletics, particularly the high jump. Through observation, a decline in the performance level of athletes in this event was noted. The researcher attributes this to a decrease in certain physical abilities, especially explosive power, and a lack of focus on these abilities within the training program. This negatively impacts performance levels. The research aims to develop a training program for high jumpers and to identify the program's effect on performance and explosive power.
An experimental approach using a single-group design was employed. The study was conducted with athletes from the Army Club. Pre- and post-tests were administered to the research variables. The training sessions ran from December 3, 2024, to January 24, 2025. The results showed that the developed training program proved its importance and role in improving athletic performance and also led to improvements in some of the Army Club athletes' physical abilities
The researcher recommends using different training programs with other groups and incorporating training aids to develop the specific abilities required for this event.

This study aimed to identify the impact of physical education lesson plans on emotional intelligence and conflict management skills among intermediate school students. The research population was defined as students of Al-Ta'ayush Girls' Secondary School. The researcher selected the research sample by lottery, choosing 35 second-year intermediate students from a total of 133 students for the 2024-2025 academic year. The sample size represented 26.3% of the original population. The researcher used the experimental method as it was suitable for the nature of the research and achieved its objectives. The research results also showed that the structured physical education lesson plan plays an effective role in raising the level of emotional intelligence and conflict management skills among middle school students. The researcher attributes this to several reasons, including the fact that physical education is an interactive subject that focuses on both classroom and extracurricular activities, such as teamwork among students. It also fosters a spirit of competition, engages students, and channels their energies positively through participation in sports competitions, scouting groups, school volunteer work, sports festivals, and other activities. These activities primarily aim to develop students with strong personalities, social skills, and physical and mental well-being. Furthermore, they help uncover talents, bridge cultural divides within the community, and promote the slogan "Sports Unites Us," regardless of race or religion. All of this, in turn, reduces conflicts among students and contributes to creating a healthy school environment that, ultimately, raises students' academic performance.

The research problem focuses on the fact that one of the important requirements in the educational process is to pay attention to learners and ensure they play an active role in the learning process by developing creative minds capable of problem-solving and making them more independent in decision-making. This is all achieved through the application of modern teaching strategies, as those responsible for the educational process constantly strive to develop teaching methods and increase positive interaction between teachers and learners. Volleyball is a skill-based sport due to its unique characteristics. Each skill requires a different learning path and movement, and the requirements for learning a skill present a challenge for the learner in how to best utilize their mind and thinking to acquire a new skill. This research aimed to: develop exercises based on the inquiry-based learning strategy for learning some basic volleyball skills; and identify the impact of this inquiry-based learning strategy on the learning of some basic volleyball skills among female students. Regarding the research methodology and field procedures, the researchers used the experimental method to address the research problem. They also opted for a two-group equivalent design (experimental and control) with pre- and post-tests. The research population consisted of third-year female students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Mosul, for the academic year 2024-2025. Twenty (20) students were selected using simple random sampling and randomly divided into two groups: a control group and an experimental group, with (10) students in each group. The most important conclusions are: The use of the inquiry-based learning strategy demonstrated a positive impact on the students' learning of some basic volleyball skills. Furthermore, the strategy motivated the students and increased their drive to learn, as evidenced by the positive response and engagement of the experimental group in using the inquiry-based learning strategy distributed to them.

The use of new learning strategies depends on one's own speed, and this can only be achieved by discovering the learners' potential and their intellectual, cognitive, psychological, and other abilities, based on which they are classified and then the appropriate strategy is chosen for them to achieve the desired goal. Because performing the skills of leg kicking and blocking in volleyball is more complex for beginners, it gives the learner the uniqueness in performing learning, each according to his way of thinking, until he masters the skills according to some objective tests and gradually moves to performing other skills until the educational chain is completed in all skills. The research sample on which the experiment was applied included students from two sections who were deliberately selected at a rate of 20% of the original research community, where the number of the two samples amounted to (40) students distributed into two groups (20) representing the control group and (20) representing the experimental group, after excluding the students who failed, postponed, and practiced the game and were not committed to the number of units. The results showed a clear improvement in the skill performance of the research variables in the basic skills of volleyball (smashing and blocking wall) for the experimental and control groups in the pre- and post-tests and post-tests in favor of the post-test. The experimental group outperformed the control group in the post-test in skill performance.

The researchers decided to conduct the current study to identify anthropometric measurements and their relationship to both speed-strength and shooting skills in handball. Developing players at the junior level requires balanced and comprehensive preparation in all aspects. This is achieved through the use of the best training methods to predict optimal positions. This study aimed to identify the relationship between anthropometric measurements, speed-strength, and the accuracy of certain shooting skills in handball. The researchers hypothesized a relationship between specific anthropometric measurements, speed-strength, and the performance level of certain handball shooting skills. The researchers employed a descriptive methodology, deemed suitable for the study's subject matter. The research population consisted of 26 junior handball players from the Ministry of Youth and Sports' handball academy in Al-Diwaniyah Governorate for the 2024-2025 season, after excluding two goalkeepers, resulting in a final sample of 24 players. The researchers selected their sample purposively, using a single group. The study revealed a relationship between anthropometric measurements and shooting styles, as well as a relationship between leg speed-strength and shooting styles. However, speed-strength was found to be unaffected by overall body height. The researchers recommended incorporating anthropometric measurements into the testing and assessment programs used to select junior handball players.

The research included an introduction, which emphasized that the development of the sports field reflects all recreational and individual sports. Among these sports that have witnessed development is volleyball, which constitutes the cornerstone of all sports. Its importance stems from its role in building the body and preparing it properly for practicing all sports. The skill of hitting a volleyball, like other skills, requires a great deal of physical fitness, i.e., physical and motor abilities, due to the difficulty of its movements and the speed and accuracy of its performance.
The research problem is the presence of weaknesses in some motor abilities when performing the hitting skill, which vary depending on the level of motor abilities of the players. Therefore, the researcher decided to study this case in order to determine the truth and solve the problem.
The research objective is to identify the relationship between motor abilities and the performance of the hitting skill.
Research hypotheses: There is a relationship between motor abilities and the hitting skill.
The research areas: The human area, which is the youth players of Al-Hashemiyeh Club, and the spatial area, which is the private volleyball court at Al-Hashemiyeh Club.
The research included the research methodology and field procedures. The researcher used the descriptive approach to suit the nature of the research. Research sample. The research community was selected from the youth players of the Hashemite Club volleyball. The researcher used data collection methods, including sources and references, the Internet, questionnaires, tests, and personal interviews.
The exploratory experiment was designed to identify potential difficulties during the implementation of the main experiment in order to develop solutions.
The scientific foundations of the tests included validity, reliability, and objectivity.
The statistical methods included mean, standard deviation, skewness coefficient, and simple correlation coefficient (Pearson). The researcher concluded that there is a significant correlation between the smash hit and certain motor abilities (agility, flexibility, coordination, explosive power of the arms, explosive power of the legs, and reaction speed), and that motor abilities (agility, flexibility, coordination, explosive power of the arms, explosive power of the legs, and reaction speed) are important for the integration of smash hit performance.

This research addresses the issue of school dropout in Iraq, a phenomenon considered a fundamental challenge hindering the achievement of sustainable education and social development. The research indicates that the school dropout rate reaches approximately 20%, reflecting the presence of multiple factors affecting education, including economic, social, and psychological factors. The main causes include poverty, unemployment, armed conflicts, and discrimination, in addition to the poor quality of education and limited resources available to students. The research aims to understand the dimensions of this problem and present innovative strategies to reduce it by identifying the causes and challenges and assessing the effects of dropout on individuals and society. The descriptive-analytical method was used, with data collected through questionnaires and interviews with students, teachers, and parents, which helped in identifying the factors influencing dropout. The research concluded that improving the quality of education and providing psychosocial support play a crucial role in reducing dropout rates. It also highlighted the importance of activating community participation in supporting education. Based on these findings, the research recommended increasing the education budget, improving teaching methods, maintaining school infrastructure, and developing psychosocial support programs for students. It further emphasized the need to strengthen the role of the local community in supporting education through effective partnerships with schools. The research underscores the importance of sustainable education and its impact on social and economic development, contributing to raising community awareness about this vital issue. By implementing the proposed innovative solutions, tangible improvements in education rates and student retention can be achieved, thus supporting sustainable development in Iraq.

This research aims to study the relationship between self-talk and skill self-esteem among volleyball players. Self-talk is considered one of the important mental processes that directly affects a player's performance and self-confidence during training and competition. Skill self-esteem is also a fundamental factor in developing a positive athletic personality and achieving optimal performance. The researcher used the descriptive approach with a survey and case study method, as it is suitable for the nature of the problem. The research population included 122 volleyball players from training centers in the Middle Euphrates governorates. Two psychological scales were developed to measure both self-talk and skill self-esteem, and the data were analyzed using the SPSS statistical software. The results showed a statistically significant positive correlation between positive self-talk and skill self-esteem, and a negative correlation between negative self-talk and skill self-esteem. The researcher concluded that promoting positive self-talk contributes to raising the skill self-esteem of volleyball players and improving their technical and tactical performance. She recommended including psychological preparation in training programs and training players in the use of positive self-talk strategies.

Attacking skills in volleyball are the foundation upon which the effectiveness of a team's offensive performance is built, as they represent the strikes capable of directly winning points. The serve and the spike are among the most important skills that allow a player to achieve offensive superiority and raise their performance level. Furthermore, evaluation functions are an important tool for measuring and analyzing performance and identifying players' strengths and weaknesses.
The importance of this research lies in creating readily available standardized tables for coaches to use when selecting new players. It also presents the level of each student category in an objective and reliable manner, giving coaches a clear vision for developing appropriate training programs. This contributes to identifying weaknesses in offensive skills. The research aims to: analyze the offensive performance of the serve and spike skills and compare the performance to standard levels according to the normal distribution curve. It also works to determine the levels of the four student categories. The researcher concluded:
1- The students possess an average to good level in the serve skill.
2- The spike shows variation but is similar to standard levels.

The junior stage in basketball is a crucial foundational stage for developing the physical and technical abilities that pave the way for advanced performance later on. The nature of the game requires high speed and reaction time, along with accuracy in executing the jump shot. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of jump shot training with two levels of relative load (4–6%) and (8–10%) in developing specific physical abilities and jump shot performance in junior basketball players. The results showed statistically significant differences in favor of the group that used the higher relative load (8–10%) in all the variables under investigation. The most prominent improvements were in explosive power, agility, and shooting from two-point and three-point range. It is concluded that increasing the relative load within safe limits induces deeper neuromuscular adaptations, leading to more effective performance in complex skills. Coaches are recommended to use jumping drills with a relative load of 8–10% of body weight when training junior basketball players, as this level has a comprehensive positive impact on developing explosive power, agility, and shooting accuracy. It is essential to apply the principle of gradual progression and consider individual differences to avoid muscle strain and injuries.

This study aimed to identify the impact of knee joint injury mechanics on skill performance (ball-striking skill) in football players. Methodology: The descriptive survey method was used. Sample: The study sample consisted of (4) football players who had previously suffered knee joint injuries. Data Collection Tools: Content analysis and personal interviews with the players were used to determine the mechanics and nature of the injury, in addition to evaluating skill performance before and after the rehabilitation program. Results: The results showed a clear negative impact of knee joint injury on the mechanical components of skill performance, such as joint range of motion, performance duration, stability of movement, and timing of the ball-striking skill. The results also showed a statistically significant improvement in all skill and motor performance variables after the rehabilitation program, with improvement rates ranging from 19% to 31% in favor of the post-test.

This study aims to develop an educational program for sports activities outside of the classroom to reduce aggressive behavior among first and second-year intermediate school students and to explore the impact of this program on reducing aggressive behavior among these students. The researcher hypothesized that there would be statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test, favoring the post-test in reducing aggressive behavior. The researcher used the experimental method due to its suitability to the nature of the research problem. The researcher selected the research sample from the main research population purposively after identifying students exhibiting aggressive behavior in the school, with the assistance of the school principal and the educational counselor. The study included 40 students, of whom 30 formed the main research sample, representing the first and second intermediate grades. An additional 10 students were selected for a pilot study. The researcher used the Aggressive Behavior Scale developed by Salem Nouri (1997), a standardized scale for intermediate school students containing 60 items. The researcher designed an educational program consisting of 18 units, delivered in two units per week. This program included extracurricular activities, team sports involving direct contact, and a variety of recreational games designed to add fun and enjoyment for the students. The researcher concluded that there were statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test scores, favoring the latter.

This research includes an introduction and highlights its importance in utilizing differentiated learning methods to develop football skills, specifically types of motor balance and heading accuracy from jumping positions. The research explores the application of this educational approach to address the problem of developing the skills under study. The objectives included developing a differentiated learning strategy and assessing its impact on improving motor balance and heading accuracy from jumping positions. The hypothesis is that there are statistically significant differences in the skills studied by the experimental group. The conclusion is that differentiated learning was effective in developing the skills of the participants. The research recommends that this approach can be applied to other skills and other groups, based on the data from different learning methodologies. Differentiation for other samples and categories.

This research aimed to identify the values of some biomechanical variables and performance using different relative weights (Fischer's resistances) placed on the arms and legs in the 50m freestyle for men. It also compared the values of some biomechanical variables and performance between freestyle swimming without resistances and with resistances of 500g, 1000g, and 1500g. The causal experimental method using the analytical survey approach was used, as it was suitable for the research problem. The research population consisted of five swimmers from the Iraqi youth national freestyle swimming team. Scientific methods, measurement, and photography were used as data collection tools. The research variables included measuring the time of the 50-meter freestyle swim without weights; the time of the 50-meter freestyle swim with relative weights in the arms; the time of the 50-meter swim with relative weights in the legs; the time of the 50-meter swim with relative weights in both the arms and legs; and the variables of arm rotation (length, time, speed, and frequency). All tests were conducted inside the swimming pool without using a starting platform to eliminate differences in the jumping ability between swimmers. The weight for each part was 5% of the weight of each part (arms and legs). After a 10-15 minute rest period between each test, the 50-meter time was recorded, and the number of arm rotations was tallied for each test performed on the participants. All attempts were filmed using a handheld camera that accompanied the swimmer for a distance of 50 meters.

One of the primary requirements of tennis is developing physical attributes related to strength, including explosive and speed-strength types, strength endurance, speed of movement, flexibility, and agility, in order to integrate these attributes in the tennis player. This research aims to investigate the relationship between the explosive power of the arms and the accuracy of the forehand groundstroke in tennis, and to investigate the relationship between the speed-strength of the arms and the accuracy of the forehand groundstroke in tennis. The sample was selected using purposive sampling. The study involved four female players aged 19-22 from the Girls' Club at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. Their average age ranged from 20-55. The researchers found a significant correlation between arm explosive power in the 2 kg medicine ball throw test and arm speed-strength in the 10-second front support test. A significant correlation was also found between these two tests and the forehand groundstroke in tennis. The researchers recommend emphasizing the development of arm explosive power to contribute to the overall development of the physical abilities of junior tennis players. This should be done to varying degrees, using diverse exercises with different repetitions and intensities, and employing exercises that enhance forehand groundstrokes to improve tennis performance.

This research aims to investigate the role of digital information technology in enhancing institutional work within the Iraqi National Olympic Committee by analyzing the level of digital systems usage and its impact on the quality of administrative performance. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach and used a questionnaire administered to employees to collect data related to the reality of digital transformation and institutional tasks.
The results showed that the Committee witnessed tangible progress in adopting digital technology. Electronic systems contributed to accelerating transaction processing, reducing errors, and improving the accuracy of archiving, reflecting a clear shift towards modern management. It was also found that digital information systems played an important role in supporting the decision-making process by providing accurate and up-to-date data that contributes to the development of more realistic and effective plans and strategies. The study also showed that digital transformation helped enhance internal and external institutional communication through official email, interactive platforms, and virtual meetings, leading to improved coordination between departments
The results also indicated that digital technology helped develop a monitoring and evaluation system based on precise performance indicators, thus raising the level of institutional efficiency. The study confirmed a positive correlation between the level of employees' digital skills and the effectiveness of their use of technological systems. Despite the progress achieved, challenges remain related to infrastructure, technical updates, and ongoing employee training.

The present study aimed to examine the relationship between watching Netflix series and moral values among a sample from Saudi society, based on the Cultivation Theory. An electronic questionnaire was administered to a sample of 415 individuals (male and female), varying in terms of age, education, and occupation.
The results showed that 61.2% of participants watch Netflix at a moderate level, compared to 22.4% at a high level and 16.4% at a low level. The mean viewing score was 2.0602, with a relative weight of 68.66%. In terms of language preference, 78.8% preferred watching in English, followed closely by Arabic (78.6%). Adventure series were the most preferred genre (73.3%), followed by crime (65.8%) and comedy .(61.4%)
Regarding participants’ perception of Netflix’s impact on values, 61.9% reported a “high” level of awareness, with a mean score of 2.6 and a high relative weight of 86.6%. Statistically significant gender differences were found (Chi-square = 7.411, p = 0.025) in favor of males. Moreover, 77.8% of the sample acknowledged that Netflix contains scenes conflicting with moral values, and 81.49% agreed on the presence of indirect messages that touch on religious or social concepts.
In terms of adherence to values, 56.6% of respondents reported a high level of commitment to moral values, 43.1% a moderate level, and only 0.2% a low level of commitment, with a mean score of 2.5639 and a relative weight of 85.45%. Statistically significant differences were also found according to the level of education (Chi-square = 12.948, p = 0.044) in favor of bachelor’s degree holders.
These findings confirm that watching Netflix can serve as an effective source in shaping viewers’ values and social perceptions. They also support the theoretical assumptions of Cultivation Theory, which posits that repeated media exposure can gradually lead to value shifts—especially in the absence of critical awareness or strong cognitive immunity

This study addresses the abuse of power and its impact on administrative decisions. This defect affects the objective of administrative decisions, which the legislator has not defined, thus allowing legal scholars ample room for interpretation.
The abuse of power by the administration is considered a subtle and hidden defect that is difficult for the administrative judge to prove against the public administration. This is especially true given that the administration possesses discretionary power in carrying out administrative work within the framework of achieving the public interest and realizing its designated objective. If the administration deviates from this, the administrative judge can rely on means directly or indirectly related to the administrative work as evidence to establish the abuse of power.
This defect occurs when a decision-maker uses their authority to achieve a purpose contrary to the principle of allocating objectives. This defect is both subjective and objective in nature and is subject to legality review. The defect of abuse of power is distinguished from other defects in administrative decisions by certain characteristics, including its precautionary and intentional nature, its lack of connection to public order, and its relation to the objective itself. Abuse of power takes several forms, including deviating from the public interest, which is considered the most serious form of abuse of power, and violating the principle of allocating objectives, which takes the form of an employee's error in defining the objectives assigned to them.