Euphrates Journal of Agricultural Science

A field experiment was conducted in 2016 and 2017 in Al-Hamzawi region, which is located north of Babylon Governorate and within the latitude (44) and longitude line (32) , to study the response of three potato varieties (Rivera, Elmundo and Burren) with fertilization treatments : control, 100% of fertilizer recommendation (200 kg DAP) without foliar fertilizer (12-12-36 of NPK with microelements ) or with foliar fertilizer every 20 days, 75% or 50% of potato fertilizer recommendation with foliar fertilizer every 10 or 20 days , on yield of potatoes. The experiment was carried out according to split plot arrangement at randomized complete block design with three replications. The results were summarized as follows: Rivera variety was superior in average tuber weight (104 and 105 gm ) significantly compared to other varieties, while elmundo variety was superior in marketable total yield , which were 18.87 and 25.93 t.ha-1 in both seasons respectively , and in starch percentage significantly compared to other varieties. Burren variety was superior significantly in marketable yield compared to rivera variety in both seasons. All fertilizer treatments were superior significantly in marketable yield compared to control treatment. The interaction between the treatments caused a significant effect and elmundo variety with all soil and foliar fertilizer were superior compared to all other interactions in both seasons except the interaction of burren variety with with 100% or 75% + foliar fertilizer in autumn season .
Key words: potato varieties, soil fertilizer, foliar fertilizer,

A field experiment was conducted in the Scientific experimental station ,College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad on 2015-2016 winter season . the experiment: study the effect of four levels of Foliar application of Salicylic acid(0,25,50,75mg. L-1) and Three levels of phosphorus fertilization as super phosphate 46%(0,30,45 kg .ha-1) on Plant growth and quality of Essential oil of Coriander(Coriandrum sativum L.).Treatments were arranged factorial Randomized Complete Block Design as a factorial experiment with three replicate.
The results obtained can be summarized as fallow: The of Foliar application of Salicylic acid caused significant effects to all traits studied , Level (75 mg . L-1) give highest means of : Plant height(35.97 cm) ,number of branches(8 branches . plant-1), number of leaves(63.12 leaves .plant-1) , dry weight(39.03 gm .plant-1), number of flower/ florescence (59.66 flower), weight of 1000 seeds(18.83g) ,yield ofoil (8.27L.H-1),alpha-pinene(137.9Mg.ml-1),Linalool(463Mg.ml-1)
,Aneth0l(180.4Mg.ml-1),Camphor (140.3Mg.ml-1), The Phosphorus Fertilizer caused significant effects all traits studied , Level (45kg P.h-1) gave highest means for Plant height(35.29cm), number of branches(8.09 branches.plant-1), number of leaves(61.83 leaves.plant-1), number of florescence each plant (54.77), seeds yield (362.2 kg.h-1), yield of oil/H (7.34L.H-1), alpha- pinene (135.3 Mg.ml-1), Camphor (143.1Mg.ml-1), Interaction between the two factors caused significant effects to all traits studied, as the treatment of S3P2 gave highest means for plant height(37.83cm) , number of branches(8 .4branches.plant-1), number of leaves(64.75leaves.plant-1), dry weight (39.96gm.plant-1),number of Flower each florescence (63.65 flower), weight of 1000 seeds(19.28g), Linalool (463Mg.ml-1), Camphor (229.8Mg/ .ml-1).

The experiment was carried out in the vegetable fields of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University, to study the effect of it is not found in the material application organic fertilization on the growth and yield of two varieties of broccoli for the agricultural season of 2016 - 2017. The experiment was carried out according to the (RCBD) in a spilt- -plot layout and three replicates where varieties were placed in the main plots, and the organic fertilization and foliar application in sub- -plots. Two varieties of broccoli were used (JennyF1 and MaxF1), and two organic fertilizers (, palm leaves residues and rice residues) were added at 20 tons.ha-1. In addition to the control treatment, which included NP addition at 300 Kg.ha-1. Means were compared using Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at 5 % probability level. There was no significant difference between Max and Jenny varieties in all studied vegetative and yield parameters.The results showed that organic fertilizer was superior upon the control treatment in most of the studied parameters. Fertilizers of rice residues gave the highest values of plant height (64.60 cm), leaf area (145.0 cm2.plant-1), total dry weight of the vegetative growth (367.8 g, plant-1), main flowery head weight (676.0 g), main flowery head diameter (21.00 cm), total yield (26.52 ton.ha-1), The interaction between Max variety and the rice residues was significantly superior in plant height (67.73 cm), dry weight of the vegetative growth (420.6 g), percentage yield of 50 % of the main flowery heads (99.11 %), flowery head diameter (21.40 cm), while the interaction between Jenny and the rice residues significantly surpassed other treatments in the main flowery head weight (682.9 g) and total yield (27.53 ton.ha-1).

An experiment was conducted in the plastic house in the research of the College of Agriculture/University of Kirkuk during growing season of 2015- 2016 to study the effect of potassium fertilizer and sowing dates on growth and yield of cucumber plant grown in plastic house .The experiment included 12 treatments which were the interactions between three sowing dates ( 1/9 , 15/9, and 1/10/2015) and four levels of potassium fertilizer (0 ,100 , 200 , and 300 kg fertilizer /ha) this experiment was adopted in a split-plot layout within Randomized Complete Block Design (R C B D) With three replications . Means were compared based on Duncan's at Miltiple Range test 5% .Results showed that the second sowing date (16 Sept ) gave the highest significantly results over the other two sowing dates ( 1 Sept and 1 Oct ) in parameter of ( plant height , number of leaves , vegetative total dry weight , number of fruits per plant , weight of fruit , yield per plant, and total yield of plastic hou se ) and attain (138.80 cm , 26.62 leaf. plant-1 , 85.54 g. plant-1 , 15.81 fruit. plant-1 ,86.38 g. fruit-1 ,1.37 kg. plant-1, and 1.40 Ton. plastic house-1 ) Respectively .
Results also showed that potassium fertilizer had a significant effect on the studied parameters with ( 200 Kg K2SO4/ha) as gave the highest values of ( plant height , number of leaves , vegetative total dry weight , number of fruits per plant , weight of fruit , yield per plant, and total yield of plastic house ) to 135.20 cm ,22.75 leaf plant-1 , 87.14 g plant-1 ,14.54 fruit plant-1, 81.89 g fruit-1 , 1.19 kg plant-1, and 1.22 Ton plastic house-1 Respectively) .
key words : potassium - cucumber - plastic house

This study was carried out in private nursery in Horticulture and Landscape gardening Department , Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kufa Iraq, ,two fig cultivars(White adriatic and Aswed diala) were selected from Al-Najaf horticulture station ,in growing season 2016 to study the effect of Spraying Marine Alga Extract (Algazone) with three concentration(4, 6 and 8 ml /L) and Humic Acid with three concentration(2, 4 and 6 ml /L) in addition to control treatment(spraying water only) on Some Vegetative Growth traits of two fig cultivars . Treatments were replicated two times whith three replications in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) . All data were subjected to analysis , variance and means were tested by Duncan's Multiple Range Test at the 5% level.The results showed that the humic acid treatment were significantly high on all experiment treatments for most of the studded traits especially 6 ml/L, except Algazone treatment 8ml/L was the nearest to humic acid treatments.

This experiment was conducted in college of agriculture/Diyala University throw 2016 season to study the effect of several cultural substrates combinations on growth characteristics of tomato transplants in ring culture till bloom stage, the tested combinations (peat, pearlite, peat based on wheat extract, wood straw and Corn Cob compost, the combinations of peat + Pearlite (1:1), (2:1), (3:1), wood straw+peat + Corn Cob compost (1:1:1), peat based on wheat extract + Peat + Corn Cob compost (1:1:1) peat based on wheat extract + wood straw + Corn Cob compost (1:1:1), and Corn Cob compost+ peat based on wheat extract (1:1) (2:1), (1:2). showed the best performance of tomato transplants on leafs contains of N,P,K and Ca % , Transplants length, stem diameter, Chlorophyll contains, Root length and Dray weight.
Keyword: soilless culture, peat, Pearlite, peat based on wheat extract, Corn Cob compost, wood straw.

This experiment was conducted in college of agriculture/Diyala University throw 2016 season to study the effect of several cultural substrates combinations on growth characteristics of tomato transplants in ring culture till bloom stage, the tested combinations (peat, pearlite, peat based on wheat extract, wood straw and Corn Cob compost, the combinations of peat + Pearlite (1:1), (2:1), (3:1), wood straw+peat + Corn Cob compost (1:1:1), peat based on wheat extract + Peat + Corn Cob compost (1:1:1) peat based on wheat extract + wood straw + Corn Cob compost (1:1:1), and Corn Cob compost+ peat based on wheat extract (1:1) (2:1), (1:2). showed the best performance of tomato transplants on leafs contains of N,P,K and Ca % , Transplants length, stem diameter, Chlorophyll contains, Root length and Dray weight.
Keyword: soilless culture, peat, Pearlite, peat based on wheat extract, Corn Cob compost, wood straw.

The experiment was conducted in the lath house of Agriculture College /AL- Qasim Green University, from the period of 15/2/2016 until 1/9/2016 to study the effect of IBA with three concentration (0, 500 ,1000 mg. L-1) , Foliar application of nutrient fertilizer Bream with three concentration (0 , 1 , 2 cm3L-1) and its interaction onrooting and growth of fig cutting cultivar(ASWAD DIYALA) .The results indicated that the IBA(1000 mg.L-1 ) treatments increased percentage of the cuttings rooting (92.77%) as compared with control (22.68% ( and improved the roots and vegetative growth characteristics (length , diameter of shoot , Total chlorophyll in leaves and number of leaves .Signfacty combination of (IBA1000 mg. L-1 + Bream 2cm3.L-1 ) increased the roots and vegetative growth characteristics,

Key words: Fig , cuttings , IBA, Bream

An experiment was conducted in nursery of facultiy of Agriculture\ University of Kufa during growing seasons 2016 – 2017 to study the effect of spraying nutrient solution "Tecamin" and vitamin B3 on growth and flowering parameters of Gladiouls plant. Experiment designed in Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D) with three replicated in two factors, First three concentrations of nutrient solution "Tecamin" i.e. (0, 2 and 4) m.L-1, Second three concentrations of vitamin B3 i.e.(0, 50 and 100)mg.L-1. Means were compared with Least Significant Difference (L.S.D.) test at 0.05probability.
Resulted showed that spraying nutrient solution "Tecamin at a concentration of 4m.L-1 and vitamin B3 at a concentration 50mg.L-1 increased significantly number of the leaves, shoot dry weight, leaf contact of chlorophyll and total soluble carbohydrates, length of inflorescence stem, number of florets per inflorescence and flower content of beta-carotene and alpha- carotene i.e. ( 7.67leaf.plant-1, 5.50g, 8.51mg.L-1dry weight, 63.93cm, 9.00 florets. Inflorescence-1, 11.05mg.100g-1 and 15.47-1), compared to control treatment which gave the lowest values i.e. (3.66leaf.plant-1, 2.24g, 5.05mg.L-1dry weight, 50.70cm, 5.33 florets. Inflorescence-1, 4.93mg.100g-1 and 10.28mg.100g-1 ) respectively.

This present study was conducted in the glass house of Horticulture and Design Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University during the autumn season of 2016-2017 to study the effect of electric shock and sodium azide on the occurrence of genetic mutations and to improve the growth and flowering of the gladiolus. the bulbs were subject to different currents (5, 10, and 15 Amperes) for four minutes, as well as the control treatment (without shock) . As for the treatment of sodium azide, the gladiolus bulbs were soaked in three concentrations of sodium azide (500, 1000, and 1500 ppm) for 10 hours in addition to the control treatment (soaked with distilled water only), Randomized Complete Blocks Design (RCBD) was performed as a factorial experiment (4 x 4) with three replicates. The results of the RAPD showed that there were genetic differences among plants treated with electric shocks and sodium azide and the plants of the control treatment. A15 gave the highest percentage of genetic heterogeneity in plants, (0.54 %) compared to control treatment.while for sodium azide treatment SA1500 The highest yield was 0.44 % compared with control treatment, as for the interaction treatments between the electric shocks and sodium azide, SA1000xA5 and SA500xA15 treatments were characterized by giving the highest genetic distance compared to the control treatment which was(0.52 %), while the lowest genetic distance (0.45 %) was recorded in the planr=ts treated with SA1500xA5 treatment compared to plants of the control treatment

The current study aimed to test the vital impact of Calotropis Procera essence against southern bean insect Callosobruchus maculatus which is considered one of the important stored legumes pests.
The study results showed that the essence had affected the annihilation percentage for adults as it reached 77.7% for the concentration 10 mg/ml after 72 hours of processing compared to controlling which reached 11.1% after the same period of time.
Also, the essence had a good effect on lowering the average number of eggs laid by female insects as the concentration 10 mg/ml resulted in the lowest number of eggs amounting to 18.33 compared to controlling which resulted in 75.33, and the same results showed when calculating the effect of the essence on the number of the adults emerged from females fed on treated bean seeds as they reached 11 adults for the concentration 10 mg/ml compared to controlling which amounted to 35.3 adults. As for the essence impact on the weight loss percentage of treated bean seeds after 42 days, it reached 8.66 for the concentration 10 mg/ml compared to controlling which reached 28.66 given that the essence did not affect the vitality of seeds after treating them with the concentration 10 mg/ml as there was no significant difference from controlling. As for the repellent and attracting effect for the insect, the results showed that the used essence had a repellent effect against southern bean insect.

Keyword: Callosobruchus maculates , Calotropis Procera , Plant extract, seed of cowper

The results of isolating from the infected plant parts showed the obtaining of 9 isolates of the Rhizoctonia solani, which is dignosis based on its taxonomic characteristics. The fungal diagnosis was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique to diagnose. The results of the pathogenicity of the isolates R. solani differed in their ability to disease of radish and the melon seeds. The study showed that B. subtilis had a high degree of resistance of inhibiting the growth of pathogen R. solani, where the rate of inhibition was between (72.96 - 85.92%). T. harzianum was highly resistant to R. solani isolates, with the percentage of inhibition ranged from
78.99 to 93.66%. The results of the wooden canopy showed that all treatments reduced the percentage and severity of melon root rot disease and significantly improved plant growth. the treatment of T. harzianum, B.subtilis and Salicylic acid, decreased the disease incidence and severity into 11.1% and 2.22% respectively. All treatments caused significant increase in plant growth parameters compared to the treatment of pathogenic fungi alone.
Key words :- Melon, root rot, Rhizoctonia solani, Trichoderma harzianum, Bacillus subtilis, Salicylic acid.

The current study was carried out in Azmar Mountain, Sulaimani Governorate during the season 2014, on some oak trees infected with oak leafcutter Euproctis melania Staud (Lymantriidae:Lepidoptera). The leaf cutters were observed on the oak trees from mid-March to the end of June. The results showed that the larvae began to infect the leaves in mid-March, with low numbers at average temperature of 13.76 °C and relative humidity of 72.82%. Then the number of infected leaves began to increase until the average number was reached to 2.563 insect/leaf, there was 51.250% infection in the first and second weeks of May with average temperatures 20.76 and 23.50 C° and relative humidities 50.82 and 41.37%, respectively which did not show significant differences between them. The statistical analysis indicated that there were significant differences between the dates of weekly sampling and the numerical density of the insect for the average number of leaves and infection rates. The average length of non-infected branches was significantly higher during June. Generally, the insect preferred the eastern direction to a general averages of 2.780 and 55.625%, respectively. The correlation between the average length of infected branches with temperatures was significantly positive (+0.840) and it was significantly negative (-0.870) with relative humidity. In this field of study, it was also observed that the fourth and fifth ages were more active.
Key words: oak leafcutter, ecological, population density, Euproctis melania

The study was conducted for 1/11/2016 and so 15/5/2017 the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: pyralide) was reared in the lab to determine the effect of ultraviolet radiation at different exposure times, different distances, and insects growth regulators Match and Neporax, and their synergetic effects on eggs mortality percentages . TheResults showed that one-day eggs treated with ultraviolet radiation from a distance of 5 or 10 cm or when treated with growth regulators were more mortality than that of six days eggs , positive proportion was found between The eggs mortality percentages and duration of exposure to radiation or concentration of growth regulators, growth regulator Neporax at 2 ml / L was more affected to the eggs mortality percentages than the growth regulator Match at the concentration of 2 g / L which cause mortality percentages (77 and 48)% Respectively , the synergetic effect between the ultraviolet radiation of 10 cm and the time of 5 minutes with growth regulators Match and Neporex at concentration of 0.5 ml or g / l or vice versa, one day eggs have mortality percentages more than six days eggs , highest eggs mortality percentage 88% were recorded at synergetic between UV and the growth regulator Neporex. The results of this study indicate the possibility of using alternative methods instead of chemical pesticides for control the greater wax moth.
Keyword: ULTRA-VIOLET RAY , INSECT GROWTH REGULATORS , GREATER WAX MOTH

The experiment was conducted in the laboratories of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kufa from, 10/2/2017 until 25/4/2017, to study the effect of different concentrations of the hot and cold aqueous extract of: three plant species including , Anethum graveolens, and Catharanthus roseus L., and Tamarix ramosissima, to determine the percentage mortality of corn aphid Rhopalosiphum maidis Fitch.
The results showed that the cold water extract of C. roseus L. gave the highest rate of adults mortality which was 35.12 % at concentration 25 % . It was significantly higher than the other concentrations . In comparing between hot and cold aqueous extracts, the concentration of 25% was significantly higher than other concentrations , where the mortality rate was 38.52 % was compared to 22.24, 34.08 and 35.24 % for concentrations 0, 12.5 and 50, respectively. A 72-hour observation period after treatment gave a better mortality rate 38.44 % , compared to other observation period which gave a 26.76 and 31.31 % , respectively . The interaction between extract type, extraction method, extract concentration and period of time was significantly different , which gave a 64 % at Higher at the cold aqueous of C. roseus L. concentration of 25% after 72 hours and there were significant differences between most treatments .The study concluded that there is a possibility to use plant extracts as a bio- control agents in integrated pest managements programs of aphid.
key words: Plant extracts . Aphid insect .

This study included a survey of the black scurf disease on potato caused by the fungus R. solani in some potato cultivation fields, border stations in province of Wasit during 2016 – 2017 growing season. local potatoes and imported (Iranian) infected with the disease for each site , the percentage of infection and severity were calculated. Local potatoes showed higher infection percentage.
The seclusion resulted in 50 isolates of R. solani, 25 isolates from each site (local and Iranian infected tubers). a Series numbers from 1- 25,for each one local isolates were given the symbol RhA while the Iranian isolates were presented by RhB.
Pathogenicity tests of these fungal isolates on radish seed germination and seedlings death showed that all isolates were pathogenic at various level of pathogenic ability. Local isolates were found to be more virulent than Iranian isolates. .
The molecular study showed that the 13 selected isolates of R. solani by using polymerase chain reaction technology (PCR) and to determine the nucleotide sequence of double nucleic acid. All the tested isolates were belong to the R. solani. shows that seven of these fungal isolates RhA2, RhA9, RhA12, RhB1, RhB8, RhB17, and RhB23 are new isolates in the world and recorded at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).
The biological resistance trail was studied by using 6 concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30, 50 and 75 g / L) of plant extract for two of the isolated R. solani (RhA6 and RhB8).
The clover extract was the most effective at concentrations of (30, 50 , 75 g/ L,) and cinnamon at (75 g/ L)to completely in hibited the growth of R. solani isolates.

Key words: Potato; Black Scurf Disease; R. solani; Biological Control

This study was conducted in order to survey of wilt disease of cowpea in some fields of Babil governorate in 2015-2016 and evaluating the efficiency of bacteria in the control and integration between them under laboratory and lath house conditions. The results of isolation and diagnosis showed the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. tracheiphilum was the most visible one as it appeared. The first test results of the pathogenicity of F. oxysporum studied using radish seeds showed that all tested isolates of pathogenic fungi above caused a significant reduction in the percentage of seeds germination Compared to control in which the percentage of germination was 100%.The results showed the effect of pathogenic isolates in germination ratio cowpea’s seeds, Where the rate of germination ranging from 0.00-33.33% and severity of injury of seedling about 83.33-100% compared to the treatment of comparison, which was germination rate of 100% .The antagonism test of these bacteria showed that both bacteria Azotobacter chroococcum and Azospirillum brasilense it had high antagonism against pathogenic fungi F. oxysporum,. In lath house experiment the results showed that all treatments with biological control agents bacteria Azotobacter chroococcum وAzospirillum brasilense alone or in combination causing a increasing plant growth compared with the treatment of pathogenic fungi alone, the positive influences was associated with increased fresh and dry weight of the vegetative and root groups and plant length and root diameter.
key words: Fusarium oxysporum, Azotobacter chroococcum, Azospirillum brasilense , Vigna unguiculata.

The experiment was conducted in 2016-2017 in four dwellings in the province of Babil, it include a number of honey bee colonies in the project off Al- Mussaib dwelling in the district of Mahaweel , in AL- Nile and a dwelling in the Mashroa Al- Mussaib traps were used for the red wasp insect, five types of attractive the viscera Fish, chicken, lamb meat, sheep meat and spleen meat, three replicates for each taste were used . The results showed that viscera fish were more susceptible to red wasp insects. The total number of insects was 193 insects for AL- Nile for all months of experiment. Among other treatment, the results showed superiority signifacts of the Nile on all apiaries in attracting the red Wasp insect to the taste of the bowels of fish 146, 137, 106 insects for all months experience in Apiaries of Nile, Mahaweel and Mussaib project respectively. Also outperformed all other transactions and all apiaries With 139, 124, 128, 120 insects for the Nile and for the meat, sheep, spleen, and chicken, respectively, and 121, 99, 108, 79 insect for the meadows, meatballs, sheep's lungs, ranking and 114,96, 88,72 insect signifacts Al-Mussaib district and scions All meat, sheep lung, spleen sheep and chicken entrails respectively, and 97.79, 80.53 insect of the apiary project Mussaib and scions meat, sheep lung, spleen sheep and chicken entrails respectively..

An experiment has been conducted during the two winter seasons 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 in Hilla city of Babylon province at a Latitude N and Longitude East , in order to study the sowing dates' effects and quantities of seeds upon fodder yield and dry matter and its nutritive value of mixed stand. The experiment was conducted according to RCBD design by arranging split-plots as three replicates.
The first factor is sowing dates invaded the prime plots and treatments as follow: First date of 1st of September , second date is 10th of September , third date is 20th of September . Second factor was treatment of the seeds quantity invaded the sub-plots as follows :
Sole Oat of seeds quantity 140 Kg.ha-1, 120 Kg.ha-1 Oat + 30 Kg.ha-1 millet , 100 Kg.ha-1 Oat + 24 Kg.ha-1 millet + 24 Kg.ha-1 berseem ,
80 kg.ha-1 Oat + 20 kg.ha-1 millet + 20 kg.ha-1 berseem
24 Kg.ha-1 berseem +24 Kg.ha-1 millet , 100 Kg.ha-1 Oat +24 Kg.ha-1 berseem , Sole berseem of seeds quantity 32 Kg.ha-1
The results showed :- Superiority of the 3rd date of green fodder yield (95.82 and 91.77 ton. ha-1) , the dry matter ( 17.718 and 16.746 ton. ha-1) , percentage of crude protein ( 15.67 and 14.97 %) , crude protein yield ( 2.830 and 2.564 ton. ha-1) for the two season the first and the second respectively, while the 1st date has superiority in the percentage of crude fiber (24.56 and 22.96 %) for the two seasons 1st and 2nd respectively .
The sole berseem 32 Kg.ha-1 give the highest yield of green fodder(131.83&127.61 ton. ha-1) and dry matter total(22.705&21.720 ton. ha-1) and percentage for the crude protein(17.99&17.34 ton. ha-1) and total yield of crude protein(4.084&3.766 ton. ha-1) for the two season the first and the second respectively. The superiority the mixture Oat 120Kg + 30 Kg.ha-1 millet in the percentage of crude fibers(26.34&24.77%) for the two season the first and the second respectively, the mixture Oat 100 Kg + 24 Kg.ha-1 berseem the highest yield of crude fibers in the first season at the 3rd sowing date and in the second season the superiority of mixture Oat 100 Kg +24 Kg millet + 24 Kg.ha-1 berseem at the 1st date(5.231&4.647 ton. ha-1) for the two season the first and the second respectively .
Keywords: Mixed stand, Oat, Berseem, Millet.

A field experiment was conducted during 2016 spring season at The field Of college of Agriculture ,University of Baghdad, to study the effect of spraying vitamins C and E on Mung bean plants water stress tolerance by using split – split plots arrangement and designed by using Randomized Completely Blocks Design (RCBD) with three replicates. The main plot represented irrigation intervals treatments which were each of 5 , 8 and 11 days and the sub-plots represented vitamins C concentrations which were 0 , 75, and 150 mg.L-1 , while the sub- sub-plots represented vitamin E concentrations which were 0 , 50 and 100 mg.L-1 . The results showed superiority of 150 mg.L-1 vitamin C concentration in the weight of thousand seeds , pods number , single plant yield, and the total yield parameters which were 51.05 gm , 21.69 pod plant-1 , 10.29 gm, and 1.372 ton ha-1 respectively . The interaction between 150 mg. L-1 vitamin C and 100 mg.L-1 vitamin E gave the highest single plant yield and total yield values which were 10.50 gm, and 1.400 ton ha-1 respectively. The interaction between irrigation intervals and vitamin C concentrations gave superiority in irrigation every 5 days and 150 mg.L-1 vitamins C concentration treatment in thousand seed weight , pods number , single plant yield and the total yield parameters which their values were 57.76 gm ,24.89 pod plant-1 , 11.61 gm, and 1.548 ton ha-1 respectively .The interaction between the three factors (vitamins C , E and irrigation intervals )gave superiority in (75 mg.L-1 vitamin C + 100 mg.L-1 vitamin E + irrigation every 5 days ) treatment and it gave 11.80 gm for single plant yield and 1.573 ton ha-1 for the total yield
Keyword:Irrigation intervals ,vitaminC,vitaminE,Mung Bean.

Afield experiment was conducted in experimental field ,Department of field Crop-College of Agriculture /University of Baghdad during summer seasons 2014.In order to study the flowering and fruiting behaviour of five varieties of cotton as effected by plant spacings . The study included two factors, the first one was the varieties (Coker 310 , Marsum 1, Lashata , Ashur and Abu Ghraibe 5 ) as whole plots , The second factor was spacing (20 , 25 and 30 ) cm as sub plots. Using complete randomized block design under split plots with four replications. The results of the study showed significant different between the varieties in most characteristic studied, Coker 310 gave highest average for seed cotton yield 1457.00 due to gave highest average in number of total bolls and number of open bolls (22.27 and 8.93) boll plant-1 respectively, And gave least shedding percentage 33.30% , Earliness percentage 59.54% , Days to opening of first boll 117.7 Ashur var. gave lowest average for seed cotton yield 1120.32 kg ha-1, Earliness percentage 51.37 % ,Days to opening of first boll 115.27 ,. The Abu –Ghraibs var. gave best average after Coker 310 var. for all characterize comparison with the other varieties. It was superior of seed cotton yield 1308.44 kg ha-1 Earliness 57.85%, Days to opening of first boll 117.4.The Varieties plants on 20 cm distance between hill plant was significantly superior in the average boll weight 3.63 gm ,seed cotton yield 1364.85 kg ha-1.While The varieties plants on 30 cm distance was significantly superior in, Sympodial number15.21 branch plant-1, Days to first square, first flower and days to opening of first boll 44.04 , 67.75, 120.49respectively, bolls total number and open boll number 25.08 ,8.99 boll plant-1, and shedding percentage35.15 %.
Key words: Cotton , Sympodial number , days to open first flower , shedding percent
*Part of M.SC. thesis of the second author.

Afield experiment was conducted in experimental field ,Department of field Crop-College of Agriculture /University of Baghdad during summer seasons 2014.In order to study the flowering and fruiting behaviour of five varieties of cotton as effected by plant spacings . The study included two factors, the first one was the varieties (Coker 310 , Marsum 1, Lashata , Ashur and Abu Ghraibe 5 ) as whole plots , The second factor was spacing (20 , 25 and 30 ) cm as sub plots. Using complete randomized block design under split plots with four replications. The results of the study showed significant different between the varieties in most characteristic studied, Coker 310 gave highest average for seed cotton yield 1457.00 due to gave highest average in number of total bolls and number of open bolls (22.27 and 8.93) boll plant-1 respectively, And gave least shedding percentage 33.30% , Earliness percentage 59.54% , Days to opening of first boll 117.7 Ashur var. gave lowest average for seed cotton yield 1120.32 kg ha-1, Earliness percentage 51.37 % ,Days to opening of first boll 115.27 ,. The Abu –Ghraibs var. gave best average after Coker 310 var. for all characterize comparison with the other varieties. It was superior of seed cotton yield 1308.44 kg ha-1 Earliness 57.85%, Days to opening of first boll 117.4.The Varieties plants on 20 cm distance between hill plant was significantly superior in the average boll weight 3.63 gm ,seed cotton yield 1364.85 kg ha-1.While The varieties plants on 30 cm distance was significantly superior in, Sympodial number15.21 branch plant-1, Days to first square, first flower and days to opening of first boll 44.04 , 67.75, 120.49respectively, bolls total number and open boll number 25.08 ,8.99 boll plant-1, and shedding percentage35.15 %.
Key words: Cotton , Sympodial number , days to open first flower , shedding percent
*Part of M.SC. thesis of the second author.

A field experiment was conducted at the experimental farm, College of Agriculture – University of Baghdad - Al-Jadryia during the growing season of 2017 to determine the effects of planting dates on some characters growth of two sorghum cultivars. The layout of the experiments was split plot design according to RCBD with three replicates, planting date (10/3, 20/3, 1/4 and 11/4) occupies the main plots while two cultivars (Buhooth 70 and Alkhair) occupied the sub-plots. The results showed that 3rd date (1/4) gave lowest days from planting to 75% flowering (71.00 days) and highest days from to 75% flowering to physiological maturity (33.67 days), while the 4th date (11/4) gave the highest values of plant height (144.58 cm), number of leaves per plant (9.18 leaf.plant-1), and the 2nd date gave highest means of leaves area (5491.67cm2) and leaves content of chlorophyll (28.78 mg.100 L-1), while the 1st date gave highest mean of stem diameter (2.34 cm). Also, the results showed that there are significant difference between sorghum cultivars in most of growth characters studied.
*Part of MSc. thesis of the first author.
Keywords: Sorghum, sowing date, genotypes, vegetative growth.

To determine the effect of seed soaking with plant growth regulators Benzyl Adenine (BA), Indole butyric acid (IBA) and cobalt (CO) individually or combined on some field traits and seed yield of two varieties of sesame (Wadaa and Sumer). A field experiment was carried out at the research farm of the College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad, Al-Jadiriyah at latitude 33.27º N and longitude44.38º E during the summer season of 2016. The experiment was applied according to the arrangement of split-plots design in (RCBD) with three replicates. Varieties (Wadaa and Sumer) were assigned as main plots, While seed soaking treatments: Control (soaking in distilled water), BA solution (50 mg L-1), IBA (100 mg L-1), and Co (2 mgL-1) and their combination, assigned as Sub-plots. The results showed that:
1. Soaking with IBA significantly increase number of plant leaves, leaf area, dry matter at flowering stage and crop growth rate (57.43 leaf, 6739 cm2 plant-1, 23.36 gm plant-1 and 2.76 gm m-2 day-1 respectively) and reduces height of first capsule from soil surface (13.25cm) comparing with control.
2. Seeds soaking with BA and Co separately gave improve most of growth characters.Yield however increased by 68.55 and 56.12% respectively comparing with control.
3. Combination of (BA+IBA+CO) improve all studied growth characters and yield, reaches 1178.50 kg h-1 comparing with control.
4. Sumer variety with combination (BA+IBA) and (BA+IBA+CO) was the highest among the others reaching 1440.30 and 1324.70 kgh-1. It can be concluded that sesame seed soaking with growth regulators and cobalt has improved vegetative growth, which was reflected on seed yield abundance of.
words Key: Sesame, Seed soaking , BA , IBA ,Co, Field traits , Seed yield

Afield experiment was carried out during autum of 2016 and spring of 2017 seasons in the field of one of the farmers of al-Watifiya (40 km north-west of Babil governorate) to study the effect of several levels of organic fertilizer in the growth and yield for some varieties of sun flower seeds. The experiment was applied with the Randomized complete block design arrangement of the split-plots and three replicates. The main panels included three varieties (Coban, Flami and Eurofluor) , and the secondary plotes included fertilization levels (300 urea kg, 1, 200 P2O5 kg, and, 50 K2O kg), (5 ton/h-1 Organic Poultry), (10 ton/h-1 Organic Vegetarian),( 2.5 ton/h-1, Organic Poultry and 5 ton/h-1 Organic Vegetarian) , (5 ton/h-1 organic poultry and ¼ NPK),(10 ton/h-1 Organic Vegetarian and ¼ NPK) and (5 ton/h-1 organic poultry , 10 ton/h-1 organic vegetarian and ¼ NPK ). The growth ,yield ,quantitiesa and qualities traits results of the study were estimated of 5% probalitiy levels of (LSD), summarized as follows:
1- The varieties of the cultivars differed significantly in most of the studied traits. The plants of the cultivar Flami significantly exceeded the weight of 500 seeds reached 31.78 g for the spring season. The seeds in the disk reached 1299.94 and 1218.18 seeds for both season respectively. The Eurofluor plants were superior to the rest in the leaves area, 500 seed weight, diameter of the disc, total seed yield was (0.80 m2 , 64.52 g , 20.91 cm, 7.84 tons. h -1) sequentially for the autumn season, the number of days to 50% flowering reached (24.60 Spad) for the spring season.
2- The organic-mineral fertilization resulted in an increase in all indicators of growth, yield, components and qualitative traits of both seasons. The treatment (5 ton/h-1 organic poultry + 10 ton/h-1 organic vegetarian + ¼ NPK) exceeded all treatment and gave the highest means in the leaves area was 0.76 and 0.82 m2 in both season respectively, the number of days of planting up to 50% flowering amounted to 65.87 days for the spring season,. The diameter of the disc was 22.65 and 19.60 cm respectively. The number of seeds per disc was 1,359.55 seeds for the spring season, 500 seed weight reahed 64.33 and 37.94 g respectively. The total seed yield was 8.91 and 6.47 ton/h-1. For the two seasons respectively.
3 - Interaction between organic and mineral fertilization treatments resulted in significant differences in most studied traits.the flami with the treatment(5 ton/h-1 organic poultry + 10 ton/h-1 organic vegetarian + ¼ NPK)gave the highest average leaf aerea 0.83m2 for autum season, The total number of seeds in the disk reached 1432 seeds for the autumn season, the weight 500 seed of 34.13 g for the spring season, while the plants of the Euroflor 5 ton/h-1 organic poultry + 10 ton/h-1 organic vegetarian + NPK the highest average leaves area 0.83 m2 for the season spring, the number of days until 50% flowering were 50 days for the autumn season, disk diameter was 21.56 cm for the spring season and total yield seeds reached 10.34 ton/h-1 for the autumn season.

It can be concluded that Flammi and Eerofluor gave the highest response to the Coban organic-mineral fertilization of most studied traits and the fertilization treatment (5 ton/h-1 organic poultry + 10 ton/h-1 organic vegetarian + ¼ NPK) on all other types of treatments And the levels used in the experiment for most of the studied traits.
Key Words:- Sun Flower - Organic – Mineral Fertilization

The objective of this study was to control the cholesterol, triglycerides , lipoproteins and liver enzymes levels for infected albino mice with high fat level. Biomass in three levels added to the diet and the filtrate ( Secondary metabolites ) of fungal also added to the drinking water in three levels were used in this study. The addition of fungal biomass to the diet and fungal filtrate to the drinking water reduced the levels of glucose and the final weight gain of the experimental mice compared to the infected untreated ( positive control). The addition of fungal biomass to the diet and fungal filtrate to the drinking water reduced the levels of glucose ,liver enzymes, GOT and GPT compared to their levels in the ( positive control). Both treatments also reduced the levels of triglycerides, LDL, VLDL and cholesterol, but at the same time resulted in higher HDL values. Moreover, these two treatments maintained the total numbers of white blood cells, hemoglobin and the volume of packed cells (PCV) within normal limits.
Keyword: Pleurotus ostreatus ,BIOMASS, FILTRATE,DIABETIC

This study was conducted in the poultry farm of the Animal Produc tion Dept., College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University, during the period from 31, Oct. till 12, Dec. 2016 to examine the effect of adding different levels of cyperus rotunds crushed and garlic powder and their combinations to the diet in the productive performance of broiler chickens. By using 450 one-day-old broiler chickens of Ross-308 breed were randomly distributed on 30 cages. Each cage was 1.5 x 1 m2 with 10 experimental treatments 45 birds per treatment. Each treatment included 3 replicates, 15 birds per replication. The treatment were T1 (Control), T2 (0.2% cyperus), T3 (0.4% cyperus), T4 (0.6% cyperus), T5 (0.2% garlic), T6 (0.4% garlic), T7 (0.6% garlic), T8 (0.2% cyperus + 0.2% garlic), T9 (0.4% cyperus + 0.4% garlic), T10 (0.6% cyperus + 0.6% garlic).The results revealed (T3, T6, and T9) treatments significantly superiority (P< 0.01) in the mean weight of the living bird on treatments (T1,T2,T4,T5,T7 and T10), while (T6 and T9) treatments achieved significantly superiority (P< 0.01) weight gain on (T1, T2, T4, and T5) treatments, and (T9 and T10) treatments gave significantly superiority (P< 0.01) feed consumption ratio compared to (T2, T4, and T5) treatments, while the feed conversion efficiency of (T9) birds was significantly superiority (P <0.01) on (T1, T5, T7, and T10) birds. The control birds (T1) significantly superiority (P< 0.01) in the percentage of total mortality on all birds of other treatments. Key Word: Cyperus Rotunds , Garlic Powder , Productive Performance , Broiler Chickens

This study was conducted at Poultry Farm of Animal Resources Dept., College of Agriculture, of AL-Qasim Green University . from 3/11/2014 to 14/12/2014, and then followed by laboratory work. The research aims to determine the effect of adding some carbohydrates sources (glucose, sucrose, starch) in diets on some of the qualities of development and parts of the gastrointestinal tract of broiler.
450 chick broiler was used in this expermints from commercial shrain Ross 308.the chicks was Raised on a maltress floor. the expermintal treatments were given to the chicks from one day old to the 42 day of age and distributed randomly to 10 treatments with three replicates per treatment and included 15 chicks for each replicate. The study included the following Treatment

The first treatment basic diet without adding.
Second treatment basic diet have added sugar glucose by 1%.
Third treatment basic diet have added sugar glucose by 2%.
. Fourth treatment basic diet have added sugar glucose by 3%
Fifth treatment basic diet added her sugar sucrose 1%.
. Sixth bush basic treatment have added sugar sucrose 2%
Seventh treatment basic diet have added sugar sucrose 3%.
Eighth bush basic treatment have added starch 1%.
Ninth treatment basic diet have added starch by 2%.
The tenth treatment basic diet have added starch by 3%.

.gat a significant increase (P <0.01) in the weight of marri, gall and liver for ( T10) 3% starch compared to the ather treatment , while (T2) 2% glucose in the weight of gizzard from the rest of birds in other treatments. bird in ( T3) and (T6) recorded significant increase (p <0.01 ) in weight of glandular stomach, Treatments of ( T6) and( T9) showed significant increase in the intestine and The large intestine weight.

.birds of the seventh Treatment 3% sugar showed significant increase marri length form the rest Treatments birds while for the length of crop and small intestine outperforming by (T6) and control treatment, and for the length of gizzard, stomach glandular and liver has outperformed by T3 , T5 and T10, respectively significant treatments.

The current study included the evaluation of pollution standards of heavy metals in the soil of the electricity station Musayyab thermal, which belongs to the province of Babylon .The soil content of the lead, copper, lron and zinc in the soil samples of the soil affected by the plant wastes ranged from 13.6 to 23.1 g , 47.8-5.9.8 g and iron 59.9-72.8 and -110.6.1-132.1 mg -1 kg respectively. The lead propagation Enrichment factor between 0.88-1.65 and the copper between 0.88-1.20 while Zn, Ni and Mo between 0.84-1.01, 0.70-1.21 and 0.82-1.11 respectively in the surface samples of the soil affected by the plant waste when compared with the Sco1 soil. At the time of the adoption of the Sco2 soil, the pb excretion factor Enrichment between 0.94-1.76 and cu, Zn, Ni and Mo between-1.49-2.03, 0.98-1.18, 0.91-1.32and1.07-1.44 respectively. The heavy metals factor Contamination in the soil samples of the surface samples affected by the waste of the plant compared to the surface sample of Sco1: Pb, 0.94-1.60; Cu, 0.92-1.17, zinc, nickel and Mo between 0.90-1.12, 0.89-1.18 and 0.88-1.08 respectively. When compared with the surface sample of Sco2, pb was 0.97-1.65 and cu 1.53-1.91, Zn, Ni and Mo between 1.01-1.26, 0.94-1.24 and 1.10-1.36 respectively. The heavy metal Pollution index ramged from 0.90 to 1.19 in the surface samples affected by the waste of the plant were compared with the soil of the sample Sco1,and ramged between 1.43-1.09. When compared with,Sco2. The Geoaccumulation index of pb ranged between 0.19-0.32 and cu 0.19-0.24 and Zn, nickel and Mo between 0.27-0.34,0.18-0.24and0.18-0.22respectively. Heavy metals have exceeded the permissible limits, and a small difference between the soils affected by the station and the soil comparison.

This experiment was conducted in the field of Al-Mussaib district, for studying the effect of tillage depths and tractor speeds on technical indicators for rotary plow in clay loam soil at 2017, by using (New Holland tt75) tractor with rotary plow in the various tillage depths as well as effect of tractor speeds in clay loam soil. The experiment was studied two factors: - included tillage depths (5, 10, 15 cm). Three ground speeds of tractor included 2.65, 4.89 and 6.34 km/hr., The properties which were studied including pulling force, power delivery efficiency, soil volume disturbed and practical productivity. The research was performed by applying the factorial experiments according to the completely randomized design with four replications and data were analyzed statistically. Mean values of each treatment were compared using LSD at the 0.05 level of confidence to test significance. The results showed the following: tillage depth 5 cm indicated significant superiority up on tillage depths 10 and 15 cm in achieving lower pulling force 1.173 Kn, power delivery efficiency 0.741, soil volume disturbed 264.28 m3/hr. and achieving higher practical productivity 0.562 ha/hr., Increasing ground speeds of tractor from 2.65 to 4.89 and 6.34 km/hr. caused an increasing in pulling force , power delivery efficiency, soil volume disturbed and practical productivity, ground speed of tractor 2.65 km/hr. achieved lower including pulling force 1.446 Kn, power delivery efficiency 0.718, soil volume disturbed 307.443 m3/hr. and practical productivity 0.449 ha/hr., while ground speed of tractor 6.34 km/hr. indicated significant superiority up on 2.65 and 4.89 km/hr. in achieving higher practical productivity 0.618 ha/hr. in tillage depth 5 cm.

The research aims at achieving a set of objectives which in turn constitute an agricultural policy related to the growth of the total productivity, the technical efficiency measurement and the technological gap gap for the Iraqi agricultural sector. The results of the research showed that the total productivity of the elements and using the Malmquist index of productivity, The results of the technical efficiency assessment according to the production function indicated that the technical efficiency in Iraq averaged 91%, while the results of technical efficiency assessment in the method of random boundary analysis (SFA) and using the function Logarithm superior reached an average about 95%, but with respect to the results of the technology gap analysis, the results reached an average total for 46%,The decrease in the total productivity of the factors (TFP) during the study period is due to the decrease in the efficiency of the use of agricultural resources , as the growth in agricultural output was due to the multiplication of production elements. Not because of the improvement in the efficiency of their use, which was reflected in the value of the total productivity of the elements, resulting in a technological gap in Iraq and wasted "in agricultural resources and growth in total productivity of factors and technical efficiency took a deterioration especially after 2003 for many reasons, including water scarcity, Chemical Fertilizer and Pesticides) The prices of imported agricultural machinery and machinery that were previously sold "at subsidized prices and other reasons. Therefore, the study recommends the necessity of conducting specialized studies to choose the optimal combination of production elements and to develop plans to rationalize their use in order to achieve economic efficiency in general and technical efficiency in particular.

Key Words: Technical Efficiency, TotalFactor productivity, Technical Gap.

The research aims to achieve a set of goals Which Contitute,in aggregate , an agricultural Policy related to measuring total productivity of the elements(TFP) , tichnical efficiency (TE), tichnological gap(TG) for the agricultural Sector In Syria , Turkey and Iran .The results Showed that the change in the total productivity of the elements was average for the total Period (0.62% , 0.60%, 0.71%) respectively in In all the Countries of the Sample. The results of the technical efficiency assessment according to the production function indicated that the technical efficiency in (Syria, Turkey, Iran) was average (93%, 95%, 96%), While the results of the technology gap analysis as an average of the total period (38%, 42% and 43%) respectively in Syria, Turkey and Iran. The results of the study reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which is the convergence of the total productivity of the factors (0.62% and0. 60%) for Syria and Turkey, respectively, and the superiority of the State of Iran in the total productivity of the factors as it reached 0.71% Through the accumulated experience and the appropriate environment, the study recommends working on Improve the performance of the institutions supporting the process of increasing agricultural productivity such as research and development stations and agricultural extension agencies that are working on the diffusion of new technical methods and building agricultural policy that depends not only on the quantity of the production resource but also on its qualitative characteristics and the possibility of managing it and directing it to achieve its lowest utilization .
Key words: Efficiency,Total Factor productivity, Technical Gap,Tichnical Change.

This study conducted to analyze the current situation in 60th street and some neighborhoods districts which are (AL-Akrameen- AL-Asatitha- AL-Muhandiseen- AL-Muharbeen) according to the afforestation standards and Criteria in side citis because of its environmental, asthetic and civilization importancy. The result of this study showed that the execution of standards and criteria of offorestation in 60th street was 14% and it is the highest percentage on the other hand , AL-Asatitha district showed 2%,and regarding and regarding AL-Akrameen, AL-Muhandiseen and AL-muharbeen districts showed 0%.The above results showed that the afforestatiton in these areas is poor or nil, a huge operation of afforestation is required need a huge afforest an operation according to the international standards and put extension of programe to educate people about the importance of this subject.
Keywords: Evaluation, Street Planting, 60th Street of Hilla City

The study was conducted to determine the relationship between the degree of Hydrophobicity of the peptides found in the separated parts of fermented camel milk using the Reversed Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC). Milk was fermented by using mixed of lactic acid bacteria Streptococcus thermophilus ، Lactobacillus delbrueckii sp. bulgaricus The fractions were separated and their ability to inhibit the pathogenic bacteria was determined and then determined the relation between the inhibition effect and Hydrophobicity .
The results showed that most of the peptides found in the separated parts have the ability to inhibit bacteria Escherichia coli BL21 and Shigella dysenteriae ATCC Had a degree of Hydrophobicity of (30-60), while peptides showed a slight ability to inhibit bacteria Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 13048.
Keywords: Hydrophobicity, peptides, inhibition

This study was conducted to determine the effect of fat replacement of milk that is prepared for soft cheese production with whey protein concentrates on chemical composition,microstructure, color, and organoleptic evaluation of low-fat fresh soft cheese in which whey protein concentrates(WPC) were added to skimmed milk in different ratios as follows: 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 % which were referred to as the treatments T3, T4, T5, T6 respectively, In addition to positive control treatment T1+ which made from whole milk and negative control treatment T2ـــ which made from skimmed milk without WPC. The chemical tests that involved the percentage of moisture, protein, fat, lactose, and the physical tests involved the total acidity percentage, pH, cheese color beside microstructure test and the sensory evaluation. The results indicated that the soft cheese produced using WPC had a high moisture content than T1+ and T2ـــ which it was 58.00 and 63.80 % for T1+ and T2ـــ respectively while it ranged from 65.41 to 65.83 % for WPC treatments. WPC treatments had a higher protein percentage than the T1+ treatment. Fat content was decreased significantly in cheese treatments produced from skimmed milk with WPC added to it, but the lactose percentage was converged in all cheese treatments. Total acidity percentage was the highest in WPC treatments compared with T1+ and T2ـــ treatments. WPC addition affected the cheese microstructure, which became more dense and pressed. Also, addition of WPC improved cheese color compared to negative control treatment (T2ـــ) and sensory properties of low-fat soft cheese.
Keyword: Whey protein concentrates,Microstructure,Color properties ,Soft cheese.

Studying wheat crop losses in the threshing unit for (John Deere) combine harvester under the effect of different speeds of the reel (25 and 35) rpm and threshing cylinder (600 and 700)rpm as well as the effect of changing the number of cylinder raspbars from 10 to 12 bars. The study was conducted in one of agricultural fields of Abu- Graib region in Baghdad,2015. The study showed the effect of these different parameters upon some losses characters such as percentage of clean seeds, percentage of broken seeds, percentage of slim seeds, and the percentage of unthreshed seeds. The experiment was accomplished at moisture condition of 19% for the crop and ground
speed of the harvester was 3.6 km/h. The results showed the direct effect of reel speed upon losses percentage of the seeds in threshing unit through the effect of this unit upon percentage of clean seeds which decreases specially at increasing reel speed from (25) to (35) rpm.
The results showed that for increasing cylinder speed there was an important effect upon losses percentage of the seeds as indicated in increasing of broken seeds. Also found that, at increasing of cylinder speed with increasing number of raspbars causes increasing of unthreshed seedspercentage, but increasing reel speed caused decrease the percentage of unthreshed seeds. It seems that increasing number of raspbars caused increasing in broken and slim seeds percentage together with increasing reel speed and cylinder speed.
Key words: Seed losses , Combine harvester ,Threshing cylinder , Harvester reel .

The study was conducted during 2014-2015 at Bakrajo Agricultural Research Station, Bakrajo, Sulaimani, Iraq to investigate the effect of different organic manures (cow 10 and 20 t.ha-1, sheep10 and 20 t.ha-1 and chicken 4 and 8 t.ha-1) on the yield and quality of two Brussels sprouts hybrid “Topline F1” and “Attwood F1”. The results showed that “Topline F1” increased plant height, leaf weight, leaf area, bud size, yield. plant-1, yield.ha-1 and Ascorbic acid . “Attwood F1” took shorter time to harvest days. The highest yield.plant-1, yield.ha-1and bud number obtained from cow manure 20 t.ha-1, highest plant height and bud fresh weight obtained from sheep manure 20 t.ha-1 , while the highest leaf number, leaf weight , leaf area and bud size recorded for chicken manure 8 t.ha-1.. NPK gave highest protein and nitrate content values. The highest ascorbic acid obtained from the control treatment. Shorter period to harvest was recorded for cow and sheep manure 20t.ha-1 .
Key words: Brussels sprouts, hybrids, organic manure, growth, yield, protein, nitrate, ascorbic acid.

In order to estimate the components of genetic variation, phenotypic (PCV) ,genotypic(GCV) coefficient of variation, genetic gain and its percentage, an experiment was conducted at the field of Field Crop Dept.College of Agric.-Univ.of Baghdad four crosses (FI01301×Rustico) , (AntignaoHi39× Nostred ) , (Lo1391 ×Rustico) and ( Rusticocangini× Rustico) produced from crossing of genetically different six inbred lines of maize (Zae mays L.). Genetic parameters were estimated according to the Joint scaling test using the randomized complete block design with four replications. The components genetic variance, Additive and dominance of the maize grain and other trait , were estimated. The results showed that the values of chi square was significant for all traits of all crosses, thus the simple additive – dominance model in four crosses exhibited lack of good fit for all traits, indicates the role of non-allelic interaction. Dominance gene action was higher than additive for most traits. Therefore the hybridization would be more effective than population selection to improve these traits for these crosses. Key word :Zae mays L., Chi-square, additive,gene action,yield.

This study was carried out from (March to October 2014) at two different locations )Bakrajo and Kanipanka( in Sulaimani governorate to compare some chemical and physical properties and genetic diversity of eight tomato cultivars "Sangaw", "Early Person", "Dimond Star" ,"Guja Faranji", "Aljinan" ,"Egemen" " Heinz 2274" and "Sun" using RCBD design with four replications and the results shows that "Sangaw" had higher value of fruit equatorial diameter and lower value of polar diameter which gave it a broad shape, with lowest firmness .
Whereas "Sun" had gave a long cylindrical shape and the highest value of firmness obtained from "Sun". Fruits of "Sangaw" cultivar was superior in their Lycopene, Total acidity% and pH contents . "Early Person" had higher amount of Ascorbic acid, whereas "Dimond Star" gave maximum values of total sugar% "Guja Faranji" was superior in total soluble solid (Brix %), total soluble solid/ total acidity and dry matter% . Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was carried out on (8) tomato cultivars by (4) primers (OPB-18, OPC-08, OPC-09 and OPV-19). The genetic similarity among evaluated cultivars ranged from (0.4) to (1.00). The lowest genetic distance was (0.4) between "Sangaw" and "Egemen" cultivars which means that the presence of similarity is high, while the highest genetic distance was (1.0) existed among "Sun" , "Sangaw" , "Dimoned Star", "Guja Faranji", "Aljinan" and "Egemen" which means that presence of similarity is low.
Key words: tomato, cultivars, physical and chemical properties, genetic diversity.
Part of M.Sc. thesis of the 2nd author

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of irrigation methods and physical treatments on growth and yield of maize in the karma area, Kut district, Wasit Governorate. The field experiment was conducted by using split plot arrangements in randomized complete block design with three replication was used. The experiment comprised of three irrigation methods, surface (S), furrow (F) and drip (D), while three physical treatments in addition to the control treatment, M0: no mulch, M1: mulch with wheat stubble (15 t. ha-1), M2: Polymer granules buried with soil and M3: Mulch with wheat stubble + Polymer granules buried with soil. The results of this study showed that no significant effect on plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, leaf area index, number of rows per ear, No. of grains per row, No. of grains per ear, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index between irrigation methods, but grains weight, had significant influence, whereas the highest grains weight was found in furrow irrigation (193.5 gm).
While physical treatments significantly affected on plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, leaf area index, number of rows per ear, No. of grains per ear, grain yield and biological yield, the highest plant height (164.8 cm), leaf area (670.9 cm2), leaf area index (5.57), number of row per ear (16.58), No. of grains per ear (760.6), grain yield (13.99 t. ha-1) and biological yield (37.15 t. ha-1) were obtained from M1. As regards the highest stem diameter was (33.32 mm) in M3, but the No. of grains per row and harvest index were not significantly affected by physical treatments. The interactions were non-significant for all plant parameters.
Key words: Irrigation methods, physical treatments, growth and yield of maize.
Part of thesis M.Sc. for second researcher.

The pure lines of maize ZP-707, UN44502, OT-140, ZP-607, ZP-325 and IK8 (distributed through cluster analysis in two main groups, one of them with two sub groups) and their not reciprocal diallel hybrids were used in this study, which planted through second half of July 2012 using randomized complete block design with three replication. Data recorded for characters: date of tasseling and silking, plant and main ear height, length and diameter of ear, number of rows per ear, area of leaf surrounded the main ear, number of grains per ear, 100 grain weight and grain yield per plant. The results of analysis of variance for general and specific combining abilities showed their mean square was highly significant for all characters indicating the importance of additive and non additive effects in its inheritance. The two lines ZP-607 and OT-140 has desirable significant effects for general combining ability and the two hybrids (ZP-707 x ZP-325) and (UN44502 x ZP-607) desirable significant effects for specific combining ability for larger number of characters with high performance means. It was shown from the analysis of data by Jinks-Hyman method that the dominance variance H1 and H2 was higher in its value than additive one D for all characters indicating its higher importance in the inheritance of these characters. The average degree of dominance [H1/D]1/2 exceeded one for date of tasseling and silking, leaf area, number of rows per ear and number of grains per ear indicating the presence of over dominance, while it was less than one for other characters indicating the partial dominance. The narrow sense heritability was low for date of tasseling and silking, ear height, leaf area and 100 grain weight and equal 9.97, 17.61, 26.60, 18.67= and 20.06% respectively, and moderate for other characters and ranged from 34.29% for ear length and 48.26% for grain yield per plant. The comparison of genetic distance values between lines for each hybrid with hybrid mean, its heterosis (based on mid parents, better parent and commercial variety Bohoth 106) and its specific combining ability for grain yield per plant showed no obvious relationship with each of performance means and heterosis based on better parent and commercial variety, while its more obvious relationship was with heterosis based on mid parents and specific combining ability, as its correlation with them was positive, but not significant.

The efficiency of three aquatic leaf extracts Eucalyptus camldulenis L., Thymus serpyllum and Melia azedarach were tested on Insects stages of bean weevil Acanthoscelidis obtectus (S.) (Coleoptera:Bruchidae) in laboratory college of Education for pure Science department of Biology in April of academic year.Results showed death of adults by 31% after 48hrs from aquatic extracts of Melia azedarach leaves extract , which significantly over shadow aquatic extracts of Eucalyptus camldulenis L. and Thymus serpyllum.the aquatic extracts of E.camldulenis caused 29.4% death of adults , lower the weight of the adults by 33.7% ,prevent 71% from hatching and lower and food consumption by 33.4% followed by the Thymus serpyllum which caused 22.4% death in adults prevent 58% from hatching lowering the weight of adults by 30% and lower food consumption by 22.5% ,there were no significant different between those aquatic extract which gave low effects .
Keyword :Bean beetle ,botanical extracts

A field experiment was conducted in the Scientific experimental station, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad on 2015-2016 winter season . the experiment: study the effect of four levels of Humic acid (0,2,4,6 kg.ha-1) and Three levels of and of Zinc (0,200,400 ppm) on Plant growth and quality of Essential oil of Coriander(Coriandrum sativum L.). Treatments were arranged factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) as a factorial experiment with three replicate.
The results obtained can be summarized as fallow: The treatment of Humic acid caused significant effects to all traits under study , Level (6 kg.ha-1) gave highest means for: plant height(36.77cm) ,number of branches(8.19 branches.plant-1), number of leaves(72.14 leaves.plant-1) , dry weight(38.67 gm.plant-1), number of florescence each plant (68.11), number of flower each florescence (70.22 flower), seeds yield (374.6 kg.ha-1), weight of 1000 seeds(18.79g), yield of oil/H (7.39L.ha-1), Camphor (112.5Mg.ml-1), Linalool (447.1Mg.ml-1), alpha- pinene (127.2 Mg.ml-1).
- The of Foliar application of Zinc caused significant effects to all traits studied , Level (400 ppm) gave highest means for : plant height(35.58 cm) ,number of branches(8.02branches.plant-1), number of leaves(68.25 leaves.plant-1) , dry weight(37.11 gm.plant-1), number of florescence each plant (65.4), Number of flower/ florescence (66.96flower), yield of oil (6.62L.ha-1), Camphor (100.4Mg.ml-1),Limonene (193.2Mg.ml-1), Linalool (415.6Mg.ml-1), alpha- pinene (122.4 Mg.ml-1), Interaction between the two factors caused significant effects to all traits studied, as the treatment of H3Zn2 gave highest means for : plant height(37.82cm) , number of branches(8 .33branches.plant-1), number of leaves(73.42 leaves.plant-1) , number of florescence each plant (69.5), seeds yield (392 kg.ha-1), weight of 1000 seeds(19.31g), yield of oil (7.43L.ha-1), alpha- pinene (132.8 Mg.ml-1).

Field experiment was conducted at fields of soil sciences and water resources- College of Agriculture- Diyala University in season of 2015-2016, wheat grains soaked in treatments (ascorbic acid, salicylic acid and proline) for 24 h with two concentration for each treatment (25 and 50 mg l-1) in addition to control treatment (distilled water), then seeds were planted in salinity soil (15.3 dS m-1). Result showed that all treatments were superior on control treatment of in improving properties of growth and yield of wheat, all the used treatments were significantly exceeded the control treatment in increasing leaf flag area and number of trilling/ plant. However the second level of ascorbic acid and both levels of salicylic acid significantly exceeded the control treatment in increasing the plant hight, likewise the same treatments in addition to the second level of proline significantly exceeded the control treatment in increasing the number of leafs/ plant, on the other hand, all treatment significantly exceeded the control treatment in increasing the yield properties except the first level of proline with number of spikes/ plant and the first level of ascorbic acid with number of grains/spike and both treatments were non-significant comparison with control treatment. The highest increase in plant height was (76.7 cm), and the number of leaves/plant was (8.8) with the second level of salicylic acid (SA2). The highest increase in the number of leaves/plant was (47.2), the number of branches/plant was (11.1), weight of 100 grains was (5.5 g) with the second level of ascorbic acid (AsA2), while the highest increase in the flag leaf area was (27.6 cm2), the number of seeds/spike was (46.7), and the weight of spike was (2.6 g) with the second level of proline (Pro2).

Extracted solution of nutmeg Myristica fragrans with three concentrations (300, 400 and 500 mg/l) were used to stupefaction small common carp Cyprinus carpio (8.05 cm length and 8.01 gm weight). Results shown that extracted solution of nutmeg have partial and overall stupefaction on small common carp with inverse relationship between the concentrations and the time needed for reached partial and overall stupefaction, and also direct relationship between concentrations and time needed for fish recovery. The best results obtained from concentration of 500 mg/l, where time for partial stupefaction was (9.16±0.75) min., time for overall stupefaction was (13.83±0.40) min. and time needed for overall recovery (31.3±1.21) min. Fish behavior observations revealed differentiation ranging from slow swimming with increasing in breathing rate to vertical swimming near the surface, then laying down at the bottom and decrease in breathing rate too much. Results appeared that there aren’t significant differences (p>0.05) between glucose concentration in blood plasma of fish after recovery and controlled fish, so it was concluded that these fishes don’t stressed during stupefaction using nutmeg extracted solution.

Fifteen single crosses, 60 three-way crosses and 45 double crosses were produced from six inbred
lines of sunflower (EMB, EUR, L3, L6, L10 and PERE12). All these genotypes planted through 10th of
July 2013 at a field in Al-Hawija, west of Kirkuk Governorate using randomized complete block
design with three replications. The single and three-way crosses values were used to test five methods
of double cross hybrids performance prediction for characters head area, number of seeds per head,
100 seeds weight, seeds yield per plant and oil percent, as compared with actual observed values of
these double crosses characters. The results showed highly significant differences among double
crosses means (expressed as mean of observed and predicted values from the five methods of
prediction) and among the different predicting methods for all studied characters. In general, it was
shown through comparison between the means of observed values of double crosses and the predicted
one from the five prediction methods used in this study, that the first mehods of prediction which
depend on single crosses was found to be the most consistent method for for predicting all characters,
followed in importance by the methods that depends on three-way crosses, the second for number of
seeds per head and oil percent, the third for 100 seeds weight and both secnd and third for head area.
These results were supported through simple correlation coefficients among observed and all predicted
values, as well as through stepwise regression test.

A laboratory experiment was carried out in the laboratories of the Faculty of Agriculture, Sumer University department of soil sciences and water resources of designed by two factors using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and three replicates to determine the response of gramineae seeds (barley, wheat, sorghum, and yellow corn ) to soaking in salicylic acid for 24 hours. The first factor was carried under different saline stress conditions (i.e. 25 and 50 mg.L-1) and control condition (distilled water), while the second factor was conducted under different concentrations of NaCl (1, 2, 3, and 4 g.L-1) and control treatment (distilled water). In addition, appearance characteristics (i.e. germination percentage, germination speed, germination average, germination time, root length, and plumule length) were also studied. The results showed that gramineae seeds soaking at 25 mg.L-1 resulted in a significant increase in all the studied parameters , in which barley gave the highest averages compared to wheat, sorghum , and yellow corn, meanwhile , soaking with 50 mg.L-1 led to significant decrease in all previously mentioned parameters . It was also observed that salinity of irrigation water (2, 3,and 4 g.L-1) resulted in a significant decrease in all studied parameters compared to control treatment (distilled water) and saline stress of 1 g.L-1, which they gave the highest averages. In the case of interaction between soaking in salicylic acid and treatment with saline irrigation water, combinations of SA25S0, SA25S1, SA0S0, and SA0S1 have given the highest averages of studied parameters compared to the combination of SA50S4 which gave the lowest averages. It was concluded that seeds soaking with certain percentages of salicylic acid before planting leads to an increase in germination rate and growth of seedling, and its development for the role of salicylic acid in the improvement of the effects associated with the tolerance of plants for salinity, so the increase or spray of acid gives a clear effect on the plant.

KEYWORDS: salicylic acid, saline stress, barley, wheat, sorghum, yellow corn

The field experiment was carried out at the field research station, Department of Field Crop Sciences, College of Agriculture –AL-Jadiriya University of Baghdad, during 2016 spring season. The objective was to investigate the effect of gibberellin (GA3), kinetin (Kin) and the extracts of Hibiscus subdariffa (Hs), Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Gg) and their splitting on yield of sorghum. The design of experiment was Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) as a factorial experiment with three replicates. Results showed that Hs gave the highest values of seed weight, seed number, grain yield and harvest index (5.40 gm, 1516 seed head-1, 7.45 tons ha-1 23.6%), respectively and protein ratio (11.4%). Splitting one third of concentration and foliar spraying at three stages (flowering, 7 and 14 days after flowering) gave the highest values of grain yield (7.00 tons ha-1). However, splitting half of the concentration at two stages (flowering and 7 days after) gave the highest values of percentage of the weight of 200 grains (5.30 gm) and the index (23.2%). whole concentration was sprayed at one stage (when flowering) was siguficaully high in the number of grain per head (1450 seed head-1).
Key words: plant extracts, growth regulators, grain yield, Sorghum.

Determination of gene effects and combining abilities is a critical stage in maize hybrid
breeding, and for this purpose inbred lines of maize G17, Inbreed12, ZM51, Th97Allah-K122,
G105 and G54 were used as male parents in this study and crossed with the testers ZM47R, CA21R
and ZM49R as female parents. Parents and the resulting hybrids were evaluated in a randomized
complete block design with three replications at three locations (Sharqat, Hawija and Mosul)
through autumn season of 2013. During the growing and maturity periods, data were collected for
dates of tasseling and silking, plant height, ear length and diameter, number of rows and grains per
ear, 100 grain weight, grain yield per plant, oil percent and protein percent. The results (as average
of the three locations) showed that mean square of lines and testers were highly significant on all
the characters except oil percent for lines indicating the importance of additive gene effect in
controlling its inheritance. The two inbred lines Th97Allah.K122 and G105 were identified as good general combiners for grain yield per plant because they showed significant desired general
combining ability effects for this character. Th97Allah.K122 was superior compared with G105
because of significant positive GCA for most other characters, then two lines have potential
additive gene effects to be utilized in the breeding programs. CA21R tester showed favorable
additive gene effects for grain yield per plant, some of its components, early maturity and oil
percent. The highest grain yield per plant (195.22 gm) with significant desirable specific combining
ability effect belonged to ZM47R × Th97Alla-K122 combination, in addition to its significant
desirable specific combining ability effects for dates of tasseling and silking, ear diameter, number
of rows and grains per ear and 100 grain weight, followed by crosses (CA21R x Inbreed12),
(CA21R x G54), (ZM49R x G17) and (ZM49R x G105). Additive genetic variance was
substantially higher than dominance genetic variance for all characters except ear diameter and oil
percent, indicating that additive gene effects were more prominent than dominance effects in
controlling its inheritance, therefore, narrow sense heritability estimates closely resembled the
broad sense heritability values especially for dates of tasseling silking and plant height. Narrow
sense heritability values ranged between 0.1229 for oil percent and 0.6827 for 100 grain weight, and
was high for plant height, number of grains per ear and 100 grain yield, medium for dates of
tasseling silking, ear length, number of rows per ear and grain yield per plant and low for other
characters, and medium to high narrow sense heritability estimates enable to select for favorable
additive gene effects among the studied lines.
Keywords: General combining, Inbred line, Maize, Tester, single crosses

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the combination of vitamin E and
selenium Se injection in the physical characteristics of karadi rams cold semen. 15 karadi
rams with a mean weight 63 kg aged 3-4 years. This study was carried out in Animal farm –
Animal resources Department – college of Agriculture and Forestry - University of Mosul ,
during the period from January 2014 to March 2014. The animals were randomly divided
into three equal groups (5 rams / group) and treated as fellow : The first group (T1) as control
group was injected with 1 mL/ram of physiologic salt solution as intramuscular , second
group (T2) injected (2 ml/ram) of vitamin E and selenium mixture ( 2.5 mg + 50 μg of
vitamin E and selenium / kg / live weight / week), the third group (T3) injected with 4
ml/ram of the same mixture with (5 mg + 100 μg of vitamin E and selenium / kg live weight )
twice in week (2ml /72 h.) and this injection was continuous during three months . Rams
semen were collected with Artificial vagina and diluted by Tris- Yolk diluents and cooled in
the refrigerator at 5 ̊c for 168 hours (7 days) to study the physical characteristics of cold
semen . The results showed the superiority (p≤ 0.05) of the two treated groups than control group in (individual motility , live sperm and reduction in dead , abnormal sperms )
percentage of cold semen of karadi rams during the three months of study. Also result
showed a significant (p≤ 0.05) effect of storage periods (0---7) days in cold semen
characteristics and the superiority of treated groups (T2) and (T3) for maintaining sperm
vitality well for longer time during storage periods compared to control group.
Keywords :Rams, Vitamin E ,Selenium, Semen Characteristics.

The research dealt with the importance of efficiency and economic evaluation in the rehabilitation of chicken meat production fields because of the importance of poultry meat in the diet of citizens, as one kilogram of broiler contains 190 g of animal protein 1490 calories, in addition to the sharp decline in the production of chicken meat in recent years Because of the high production costs, especially feed, which constitute 65-75% of the total costs, and the inability of local production to compete with its imported counterpart, the aim of the research is to estimate the long-term total cost function of chicken meat production fields for the research sample used in Nineveh Governorate for the 2013 production season. As well as finding the optimal size of civil production of costs through the cost function in the long run. The results of the study showed that the optimum capacity for civil production costs amounted to 850,858 that can be exploited by the breeders of chicken meat production fields to obtain the optimal volume of production, which amounted to about 1853.722 tons, which is the volume that lowers the average long-term cost of 1205. The long-term cost is low, and the optimum capacity is: 561.5 tons. It was found by estimating the cost function that the actual level of productivity in the fields of the first capacity amounted to 2.20 tons, while the actual productivity in the fields of the second capacity was 2.20 tons, with a total average of 2.20. The civil costs amount to 850,858 that can be exploited by breeders of chicken meat production fields to obtain the optimal volume of production, which amounted to about 1853.722 tons.
Opening words: cost function - optimum volume - chicken meat

The study dealt with the importance of efficiency and economic evaluation in rehabilitating the production fields of chicken meat because of the importance of poultry meat in the diet of citizens, as one kilogram of broiler contains 190 g of animal protein 1490 calories, in addition to the sharp decline in the production of meat for chickens in recent years Because of the high costs of production, especially feed, which constitutes 65-75% of the total costs, and the inability of local production to compete with its imported counterpart, as well as the loss of important links of production processes such as the asset cycle, which is the first link in raising poultry and ancestors, which constitutes the second link in the process Productivity, and investors’ reluctance to operate their fields. The study aimed to measure the technical, allocative and economic competencies of the broiler production fields, determine the amount of resources that achieve the economic efficiency of the specialized broiler production fields, and then estimate the surplus and deficit in each of the numbers of chicks, the amount of feed, the numbers of dead, the value of veterinary medicines and the numbers of labor force The human population per season and the number of production cycles per season. The results of the estimation indicated that the optimum productivity of the . unit The capacity is 2.29 tons / field for breeders of broiler production fields. As for the second topic, the estimation of the economic efficiency EE and its components included both technical efficiency TE and allocative AE, and the results of estimating the technical efficiency according to the production function indicated that the technical efficiency of the study sample fields amounted to an average of 92.4%, According to the cost function, it was found that the average economic, technical and allocative efficiency amounted to 62.2%, 92.4%, and 67.4%, respectively, and the second topic included determining the amount of resources that achieved efficiency for the field breeders of the study sample, as the surplus percentage amounted to 4.90%, 22.50%, 9.43%, 8.11% , 61.05%, 61.0, 21,646%, 93.61% in the economic resources reached for each of the numbers of chicks, the quantity of feed, the numbers of dead, the value of veterinary medicines, the value of working capital, human labor, and the preparation of production cycles, respectively.
Key words: technical competence - poultry fields - economic resources

The experiment was carried out in Al-Mahaweel district (located 25 km north of Babylon province) during the agricultural season 2016,to study the effect of salicylic acid and seaweed extract on the growth and yield of many varieties of Roselle plant. Factorial Experimental was applied according to complete randomized blocks design (R.C.B.D). The first factor was included three varieties(red, white and lined) and the second factor was salicylic acid in three levels (0, 25, and 50) mg.lit-1 while the third factor was seaweed extract three levels(0, 7.5, and15) ml. lit -1. Results showed that white variety significantly superior compare to other varieties in the growth and yield parameters (plant height, the number of branches. plant-1, leaf area (cm2), total vegetative dry weight(gm.plant-1), number of nuts, total yield of calyx leaves(kg.h-1) and number of seeds per nut). The spray treatment with salicylic acid at concentration of 50 mg. lit-1 and the treatment of the seaweed extract at a concentration of 15 ml. lit-1 was significant in all studied parameters, The interaction treatment of the between the concentration of salicylic acid 50 mg. lit-1 with a concentration of 15 ml. lit-1 of Seaweed Extract showed significant superiority in all growth and yield parameters.
Keyword: Roselle, Varieties, Salicylic Acid ,Seaweed Extract

A factorial experiment (2 factors) was conducted in field during 2016-2017 season to study influences of inoculant Pseudomonas fluorescence and Bacillus subtilis and Immobilized inoculant technique for to study their effects in single and dual applications on growth and yield of maize plants (Zea mays L.) in rhizosphere. Randomized Completely Bloke Design (RCBD) was use. The experiment consist of (36) experimental units resulted from interaction between {(4) levels of biofertilizers, coded (F), (3) levels of application technique, coded (C) and the treatments were replicated (3) times. The inoculant dual treatment (F3) was the most effective in enhancing plant growth and gave considerable increases in (high plant, weight of 500 seeds, number of row in corncob , dry matter of vegetable, grain yield) of maize. A values was obtained with (196.25 cm, 139.11gm, 15.25, 7.07 mega gram hacter-1,) respectively, Compared with non-inoculated plants. Immobilized inoculant encapsulation of treatment (C1) gave a significant increases in the growth, Yield and its components high plant, weight of 500 seeds, number of row in corncob , dry matter of vegetable, grain yield, a of maize. The interactions between dual inoculant and type of carrier technique treatment (F3+ C1) gave better results than the other treatments, by increasing the high plant, 500 seeds, number of row in corncob, dry matter of vegetable, weight of and grain yield, of maize.

The rice husk ash called activated rice husk ( ARH) which developed by chemical modification of carbonized rice husk ( CRH ) have been tested at adsorption of some heavy metals( Copper , Cadmium , Zink , Nickel and Lead) from its aqueous solution . the adsorption data have been submitted to two equilibrium iso therm models , Frenudlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) .Adsorption data fitted well with two models by (R2) significant . Heavy metals were different in their favority to adsorption surfaces . As the Cu+2 and Ni+2 ions surpassed in adsorption at activated rice husk ( ARH) Surfaces , While the pb+2 and Zn+2 ions was favorated the carbonated rice husk (CRH) Surfaces . while the Cd+2 ions was equal in their favority to two types of adsorption substances . Heavy metals were to take the following order in increases of adsorption quantity in ( CRH) : Cd+2 > Zn+2 > pb+2 > Cu+2 > Ni+2 , while in ( ARH) : Cd+2 > Zn+2 > Cu+2 > pb+2 > Ni+2 .
Key words : CARBONIZED RICE HUSK, ACTIVATED RICE HUSK ,ADSORPTION,HEAVY METALS

An experiment was conducted in the Plant Tissue Culture Lab at the Coll. of Agric. Univ. of Baghdad. Stimulated invitro genetic variation in three cultivars of wheat Triticum aestivum L.cv:Iba99, Bhuth10 and sawa. The variables were the extract of Citrullus colocynths L. fruits at concentration 0,100,200and300ml L-1 and gamma rays doses 100,200 and300 Gy .Measurements has took fresh and dry callus weight affter using extract colocynths and gamma rays and PCR-RAPD test was done. Results reveled significant different in means fresh and dry callus weight 100ml L-1 concentration gave callus weight of 260.50 and14.93mg and dose 100Gy gave callus weight of 171.07 and 14.93mg .PCR-RAPD test showed differences in banding and molecular weights in extract colocynths and gamma rays compered to control treatment. In light of results, it can be concluded that the extract colocynths and gamma rays may be have the ability to make genetic variation and can be used in tolerance salt and drought stress ,and recommended to isolate substance in the extract colocynths which caused these variation and diagnosis.
Key word: Plant tissue culture, Gamma rays, Extract of colocynths fruits , PCR-RAPD.