Wasit Journal Of Sports Sciences

The aim of the research was to identify the correlation between consistency of interest and academic advancement, and to predict academic advancement through consistency of interest among graduate students in physical education and sports sciences at Iraqi universities . The researchers adopted the descriptive approach using the survey method and correlational and predictive relationships. The research sample consisted of postgraduate students in the departments and colleges of physical education and sports sciences at Iraqi universities, numbering (232) male and female students. The sample of the survey experiment amounted to (20) male and female students, and the sample of the main experiment amounted to (212) male and female students. The Consistency of Interest Scale was applied with its (24) paragraphs, and the Academic Advancement Scale was applied with its (39) paragraphs, each paragraph having five answer alternatives (always applicable, often applicable, sometimes applicable, rarely applicable, never applicable). The research came out with a set of conclusions, the most important of which are: The high degree of consistency of interest is matched by the high degree of academic advancement among graduate students in physical education and sports sciences, and that the consistency of interest of students in physical education and sports sciences can be a strong indicator of their academic advancement. The researchers recommend a set of recommendations, including the interest of educational institutions in holding awareness seminars to develop consistency of interest and academic advancement for graduate students, and enhancing the role of faculty members in encouraging continuous interest, so that interest is part of the learning culture within the university.

The research goal is to:
To identify the reality of positive personality among physical education teachers in Wasit Governorate's central schools. To identify the reality of mental health among physical education teachers in Wasit Governorate's central schools. To identify the nature and strength of the correlation between positive personality and mental health among physical education teachers in Wasit Governorate's central schools.
The researcher used the descriptive approach with its survey style and correlational relationships as a research method.
The researcher identified the research community using the intentional method, which is the male and female physical education teachers of the schools of Wasit Governorate Center for the academic year (2024-2025 AD), numbering (200) male and female teachers, with (125) male teachers and (75) female teachers.
The research problem was identified and formulated in the form of the following questions: What is the reality of the positive personality and mental health enjoyed by the research sample.? Is there a correlation between the research variables? What is its significance and strength.?
To achieve the objectives, the researcher used the scales (Shenishil, Farouk Jabbar, 2023), (for positive personality and mental health), which were constructed by him on a sample of physical education teachers in Maysan Governorate for the academic year (2022-2023). The first scale consists of (40) paragraphs distributed over (five areas) and five-point answer options, and the second scale consists of (56) paragraphs distributed over (eight areas) and five-point answer options. The most important conclusions reached by the researcher were: The existence of a significant correlation between the studied research variables (positive personality and mental health). As for the direction and strength of the correlation, the results showed that it was positive and strong. The most important recommendations are: Conducting further research on the variables of the current study with other variables such as the relationship of positive personality to the formation of attitudes towards implementing the physical education lesson, as well as the relationship of self-esteem to mental health among male and female physical education teachers. The results of the current study will be used by the relevant supervisors as a database of the positive personality and mental health of male and female physical education teachers in the schools of Wasit Governorate

The present study highlights the importance of employing lateral strength training, which primarily targets under-trained muscles through specific exercises designed to activate and simulate these muscle groups. This approach aims to enhance selected physical abilities and improve volleyball skills that require significant contribution from these muscles. Such training engages the deep muscles extending along the longitudinal axis of the lateral muscles, which are crucial for balance, rapid rotational movements, and instantaneous explosive actions, given the fast-paced nature of volleyball. The purpose of this research was to design lateral strength training programs to develop certain forms of power and blocking performance, and to investigate their effects on power, blocking skill, and the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the lower limbs in under-18 volleyball players. The researcher adopted the experimental method with one equivalent group, which was deemed suitable for addressing the research problem. The sample was selected randomly by lottery and consisted of ten (10) players from Al-Kut Sports Club. The findings of the field experiment revealed that lateral strength training contributed significantly to the development of specific forms of power, positively influencing the execution of the blocking skill among the participants. Moreover, these exercises strengthened the supportive muscles of the prime movers, which enhanced both strength and performance speed. In conclusion, the study recommends emphasizing the integration of lateral strength training into volleyball training programs, as it plays a vital role in developing the physical and technical aspects of young players.

The importance of the research lies in the serious attempt of the researcher to raise the level of performance of the compound skill (foot suppression - rolling between the poles - scoring) for young football players, by improving their physical abilities, especially the strength of the core muscles, by organizing functional strength training aimed at developing this compound skill, due to its essential and important role in matches. The aim of the research is to identify the effect of functional strength training on the compound skill (foot suppression - rolling between the poles - scoring) for young football players. The researcher adopted the experimental method and chose the design of a single experimental group with two pre- and post-tests. The research sample was represented by (14) players from the youth of Al-Numaniyah Club. The researcher concluded that functional strength training led to the development of the compound skill (foot suppression - rolling between the poles - scoring) for young football players.

Football is a widely played team sport, encompassing a variety of basic skills, including defensive and offensive skills. Shooting is among the most important of these, as it represents the direct means of scoring goals and giving the team an advantage over its opponents. The research problem lies in the lack of interest some coaches have shown in using assistive devices in training their players, which has negatively impacted their ability to shoot accurately and efficiently. Based on this, the researcher developed a set of assistive devices that contribute to developing this skill and enhancing its performance among players.The research aims to: Identify the impact of using certain assistive devices in developing the shooting skill among Damok Youth Sports Club football players. The researcher used the experimental approach using the "equivalent group" method. The research community was defined as the youth players at Damok Sports Club, numbering (20) players. A simple random sample of (16) players was selected, representing (80%) of the research community. The researcher conducted a pre-test for the two groups (experimental and control). The assistive devices were then introduced to the experimental group, which worked for two months, with a rate of three training sessions per week. The post-test was then conducted for both groups. The researcher used statistical methods (median, interquartile range, Wilcoxon, and Mann-Whitney) to process the data. Conclusions Assistive aids have a clear and effective impact on developing the accuracy of young soccer players' shooting skills.

The research problem is that the issues of education, teaching, and intellectual security are important issues that have been addressed by many researchers in order to identify the difficulties and negatives facing the physical education lesson in general and the physical education teacher in particular.
The research also aims to: Prepare a scale of intellectual security for physical education teachers in Wasit Governorate. Identify the reality of (intellectual security) for physical education teachers in Wasit Governorate. To achieve the objectives, the researchers chose the descriptive approach with the survey method. They also identified the research community represented by physical education teachers in middle schools, numbering (132) teachers representing (76) middle schools in Wasit Governorate. The researcher chose all members of the community as a sample for the research at a rate of (100%). Then he divided the sample into a survey and prepared the scale and an application sample. Then the researchers prepared the intellectual security study scale. After completing the preparation process, the scale was applied to the application sample and the results were extracted.
The researchers reached several conclusions and recommendations, including that physical education teachers have a good level of "intellectual security." There is a weakness in the media dimension of intellectual security, encouraging teachers to overcome the difficulties that hinder technical aspects. Similar studies should be conducted on different samples

The current study aimed to prepare special exercises (distance - time) targeting the improvement of special speed aspects and the achievement of running 800 m for young people, in addition to identifying the effect of these exercises. The researcher assumed that there are statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-measurements and tests in the special speed aspects and the achievement of running 800 m for young people. The researcher followed the experimental method using the single-group method with pre-test and post-test. The research sample was determined by (6) runners from the runners of the clubs of Wasit Governorate in Iraq for the sports season 2024-2025 AD. The researcher conducted the special tests on the research sample, which were represented by the test (70 m, 250 m, and 350 m) and completing a distance of 400 m, in addition to completing the 400 m event.
The researcher followed the application of their exercises for a period of 8 weeks distributed over 3 units per week. After completing the application of the exercises and conducting the post-tests, the results were extracted using appropriate statistical means. The results showed a development in the aspects of speed and achievement of the research sample, and the researcher concluded that training on the targeted (distance and time) and with targeted standard times contributes to developing the requirements for the event (such as transitional speed, speed endurance and achievement).

Institutional administration is considered one of the fundamental pillars for the success of educational and sports institutions, as it contributes to improving planning, organization, implementation, and evaluation, which positively reflects on overall performance quality and the achievement of objectives. The researcher observed a disparity in the level of administrative performance between university sports departments and school sports activities departments in terms of human and material resources, as well as planning and organizational approaches. Hence, the research problem emerged in the question: What is the level of institutional administrative performance in these two institutions, and what are the similarities and differences between them? The study aimed to construct a scale for institutional administrative performance, determine its level in both institutions, and conduct an analytical comparison to identify strengths and weaknesses. The descriptive comparative method was adopted as the most appropriate for studying administrative phenomena. The research population consisted of employees in sports activities at Iraqi universities and sports supervisors in the directorates of education. The sample included (224) participants, distributed across pilot, construction, and main application samples. The findings revealed a significant advantage for university sports departments in setting goals and directions, reflecting clearer strategic vision compared to school sports activities. The study recommended enhancing investment in material resources and sports infrastructure to reduce the gap with schools.

Youth forums are governmental institutions affiliated with the Directorates of Youth and Sports, concerned with supporting the youth and sports sectors and developing their skills and capabilities. This is achieved through the implementation of various activities, including sports activities—both individual and team sports—such as martial arts, football, volleyball, basketball, racket sports, etc.; artistic activities such as theatrical performances, poetry, painting, short story writing, and other forms of art; and cultural activities such as social, legal, administrative, and awareness-raising lectures. Outstanding performance in a forum is considered an integrated system that encompasses all administrative activities and techniques aimed at raising the level of performance and achievement in the forum to high levels that surpass other forums. A forum that excels does not reach this level by chance, but through the efforts of its staff at all levels. These employees possess behavioral, intellectual, and cognitive skills that enable them to achieve results that exceed standard benchmarks and outperform their peers in other forums. The McKinsey Model is regarded as one of the most important modern approaches for enhancing institutional performance, improving efficiency, and increasing effectiveness. Therefore, it plays a prominent role in improving and developing performance to achieve excellence within the forums. This model analyzes the internal environment of institutions to identify deficiencies and weaknesses. It also addresses all aspects of institutional performance through its components, which include: Structure, Strategy, Systems, Skills, Style, Staff, and Shared Values.
The significance of this study lies in constructing a scale for outstanding performance based on the McKinsey Model for the administrations of youth and sports forums in Iraq.ResearchProblem:
Through my follow-up—as I was previously an employee in the Maysan Directorate of Youth and Sports, working in the Monitoring and Coordination Division, whose role involves overseeing the implementation of planned activities and initiatives in the forums—I observed noticeable differences in performance among various forums. After consultations with the supervisor and field visits to some forums, we agreed to study this phenomenon. Research Objective: To construct a scale for outstanding performance based on the McKinsey Model for the administrations of youth and sports forums in Iraq

This study aims to measure the effectiveness of an educational program based on the gradual educational support method in improving skill performance and deepening knowledge among second-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Anbar University, in some basic handball skills, specifically the skill of receiving and delivering and the skill of shooting from the high jump, in addition to deepening knowledge related to aspects of the game.
The researcher adopted the experimental approach with a single-group design with pre- and post-tests (pre- and post-tests) on a sample of (50) students. A gradual educational program consisting of 16 educational units was implemented over 8 weeks, at a rate of two units per week. The program gradually provided support to students through three stages: full support, partial support, and then independence.
Standardized tools and tests were used to measure the skills under study, in addition to a questionnaire to measure cognitive depth, and appropriate statistical methods (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and t-test for related samples) were employed to analyze the results.
The results showed statistically significant differences in favor of the dimensional measurements across all variables, indicating:
significant improvement in the performance of the receiving and passing skill, increased accuracy and speed in the high jump shooting skill, and a clear development in the depth of handball-related cognitive development.
The study concluded that the gradual educational support approach is an effective approach to developing learners' cognitive and skill performance, providing a structured learning environment that takes individual differences into account and enhances students' independence and self-confidence. The researcher recommended adopting this approach to teaching motor and mental skills in group games, and generalizing the program and applying it to other skills and games.

The great competition in football and the similarity of technical, tactical and planning performance make it difficult to predict the results of teams. This requires coaches to conduct evaluation tests to determine the players’ ability before and during training programs and periodically These tests must include all performance requirements in football, such as (physical attributes, basic skills, etc.), in order to determine whether the training objectives have been achieved, leading to the primary goal of outperforming competing teams in sports tournaments. The aim of the research was to conduct an evaluative study of some physical characteristics and their contribution to some basic skills in football. The research areas included the human field, which is young football players, and the time frame was set for the period from 2/5/2025 to 3/27/2025. The researcher used the descriptive approach using the correlation method .The research sample consisted of (22) players from Diyala Governorate youth football clubs. The researcher applied the research tests and (SPSS) was used to obtain the research results. The researcher concluded that physical qualities contributed a high percentage to the development of players in performing some basic skills in football. The most important conclusions reached by the researcher were the necessity for coaches to pay attention to physical qualities as they are one of the basic requirements that affect the performance of basic skills in football, as well as adopting contribution ratios as an indicator of the training status of players in physical qualities to perform some basic skills in football.

This research aims to identify the relationship between attention concentration and the performance of skill in basketball among female students, given the crucial role that shooting plays in achieving victory as the primary means of scoring points. The researcher employed the descriptive method using the correlational approach, as it is suitable for the nature of the study. The research sample was intentionally selected. The Bourdon Test was applied to measure attention concentration, while the basketball test was used to assess the level of skill performance, with special record sheets adopted for data collection. After conducting the pilot and main experiments and collecting the data, the results were processed using appropriate statistical tools such as the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and Pearson correlation coefficient. The findings revealed a statistically significant positive correlation between attention concentration and shooting performance, indicating that students with higher levels of concentration achieved better results in shooting. The results also showed that the variation in performance levels was due to differences in physical abilities, mental capacities, and prior experience. In light of these results, the researcher concluded that attention concentration is a key factor in enhancing the accuracy of skill performance in basketball. Accordingly, it was recommended to integrate attention training into curricula and training programs, as well as to conduct further studies on the relationship between other mental abilities and sports skills.

The significance of this study lies in employing Artificial Intelligence (AI)-guided strength training as an advanced methodological approach for developing specific forms of muscular strength in female gym participants. AI-based systems offer precise programming of training loads, individualized prescription aligned with personal physiological profiles, and safe, effective enhancement of neuromuscular performance. The research problem is defined by the need to design scientifically rigorous AI-driven strength training programs to improve key muscular strength parameters among female participants, given the widespread reliance on conventional training approaches that lack individualization and precise load calibration. The study aimed to design an AI-guided strength training program for women aged 30–35 years, and to investigate its effects on distinct forms of muscular strength, namely maximal muscular strength, muscular endurance, and explosive power. The experimental methodology was chosen due to its suitability for testing causal relationships under controlled conditions. The study sample consisted of 10 female participants, with data collection conducted over the period from 1/2/2025 to 31/5/2025. Pre-training assessments were conducted to establish baseline values, followed by implementation of the AI-personalized strength training program, and concluding with post-training assessments. Data were analyzed statistically using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, Version 24). Results revealed statistically significant improvements in post-test measures, indicating the efficacy of AI-guided strength training in enhancing the targeted muscular strength characteristics. The researcher recommends integrating such advanced, individualized training strategies into gym-based strength training programs to optimize physical performance and functional capacity in a scientifically grounded and safe manner.

The importance of the current study lies in examining and comparing the motor skills of normal children and children with special needs in the sample studied.
The research problem focused on a comparative study between healthy individuals and those with special needs in some basic motor skills, with the aim of arriving at scientific findings that researchers can present to those responsible for educating and training people with special needs, so that they can benefit from them in their preparation and rehabilitation.
The current research aims to:
- Identify some of the basic motor skills possessed by special education and healthy children.
- Identify the differences in some basic motor skills and functional variables between special education and healthy children.
The researchers used the descriptive approach using a comparative approach, as it is appropriate for the nature of the current research.
The current research sample included (150) children, (75) healthy children and (75) children with special needs, who were randomly selected from schools in Mosul (Saeed bin Jubair, Al-Arqam, and Hassan Al-Basri).
The researchers concluded the following:
- Normal children outperformed special needs children in variables such as balance, running, jumping, hopping, and agility.

The goal of the research. Identifying the leadership personality among students of the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the Islamic University, and identifying self-confidence among students of the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the Islamic University. Research community: The researcher used the descriptive approach in order to suit the nature of the study. Research community. The research community was identified (1150)A student from the four stages of the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the Islamic University. As for the research sample, (100) students were selected for the study sample by a simple random method. The researcher concluded that the students of the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the Islamic University are distinguished by a good to very good level in the leadership personality scale that was applied, and the students of the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences of the Islamic University are characterized by a good to very good level in the self-confidence scale that was applied, and correlations appeared. Among the leadership personality research variables, there is a significant correlation between these variables. The researcher reached the adoption of the two measures of leadership personality and self-confidence as a measurement tool for coaches of national teams, clubs, and sports teams. The possibility of using the measures of leadership personality and self-confidence as a research tool in their research and studies related to the research sample, developing and strengthening the leadership personality and self-confidence among all athletes through development courses.

The problem can be summarized in two questions:
Does the relationship between psychological variables (self-assessment, self-confidence) and performance (serving, smashing) contribute to the design of psychological programs alongside skill-based ones?
Does the research support a comprehensive vision for development in physical education by enhancing psychological variables, thereby enhancing performance in tournaments and competitions? The research also aims to: Identify the skills of serving and smashing among junior players. Identify the relationship between the research criteria and the skills of serving and smashing among junior players. To achieve the objectives, the researcher chose the descriptive approach using the survey method. It also selected a sample of (80) players from the Iraqi Junior League for the season (2024-2025) and divided it into a survey, preparation and main sample. Then it prepared a self-assessment scale for volleyball juniors and used a self-confidence scale and two tests for the skills of smash and serve. Then the researcher identified the variables and extracted the results and correlation, and she reached several conclusions and recommendations, including that there is a clear weakness in self-assessment and self-confidence among junior volleyball players. There is an acceptable level of skill performance, but the psychological aspect is weak. It is necessary to pay attention to psychological aspects, such as self-evaluation and self-confidence. It is necessary to activate psychological guidance units and include them in training sessions. It is necessary to adopt a training program for the smash and serve skills, as they are offensive skills that score points and win for the team.

The two researchers touched on the importance of exercises with body weight resistance using suspension ropes (TRX), due to the importance of this type of exercise that works to activate a large group of working and joint muscles at once during training. In this chapter, we touched on the vital motor capabilities that are closely related to the work of football. And develop their level of scoring skill. Football is one of the games that requires integrated physical effort by developing their vital motor capabilities. Therefore, it was important to search for exercises and means that help develop vital motor capabilities, and one of these means is training in TRX exercises, in order to advance the capabilities of young football players. And performing the scoring skill in a more developed way. The study aimed to prepare exercises in the suspended training method (TRX) for young soccer players and to identify the effect of the exercises on some vital motor abilities and the scoring skill of young soccer players in order to identify the preference of the exercises between the experimental group and the control group in some abilities. Motor vitality and scoring skill in youth football. The researchers used the (experimental approach) by designing two equal groups (the control and the experimental). The researchers selected a sample by a simple random method. The research sample represented the Al-Aziziya Sports Club, as the number of players in this club reached (22) players who were divided into Two experimental and control groups using a simple random method after excluding the two goalkeepers, so that the total sample was (20) players, while the total sample for the experimental group was (10) players and the control group was also (10) players. The researcher chose (8) players to represent the sample of the exploratory experiment..

The study aimed to identify the ratios and effectiveness of the shooting of the player (corner) and their role in achieving the victory of the match, as well as revealing the most used and effective teams to shoot from the center (corner) in the matches of the Men's World Championship (2025) in handball, and the researcher used the descriptive method in the survey method for its suitability and the nature of the research, and the sample was selected by the random method, which included the teams that qualified for the quarterfinals, in addition to the semi-finals and the final match within the tournament. The sample was selected by the random method, which included the teams that qualified for the eighth round in addition to the semifinals and the final match within the tournament, and relied on the International Handball Federation website to obtain video recordings of the matches of the analyzed teams under study, and the data were recorded through a prepared analysis form, where they are later classified and processed statistically, and the results were reached, the most important of which were:
-The number of shooting attempts for the teams from the center of the center in the eighth round was more intense than in the semi-finals and the final match.
-The effectiveness of successful shooting from the center of the field had a clear impact on the outcome of the matches in all rounds.

Each sporting activity is characterized by special requirements that distinguish it from other sporting activities, and these requirements are often reflected in the specifications that must be available to the player, as their availability gives a greater concept of skill performance. Through the field experience of the researchers, as they are academically and training-wise interested in tennis, they did not see interest in the psychological aspect in the players’ daily sessions, which inevitably affects the level of development of physical abilities when performing some tennis skills. The researchers decided to identify the importance of these psychological skills in accompanying the players’ performance. The aim of the research is to bring performance to the highest levels by identifying the relationship between skills (mental visualization - self-confidence - focus of attention) and the accuracy of performing the tennis serve skill for female students. The researchers used the descriptive approach using the correlation method. The research community is represented by third-year female students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Baghdad (2024/2025), numbering (276) students. The sample was chosen intentionally, numbering (16), due to their availability in the aforementioned number and ability.

The research aimed to build and design a scale to evaluate the efficiency of physical education teachers, and to identify the basic dimensions that constitute the distinguished teaching performance in the field of physical education, which constitutes the scale of efficiency of physical education teachers, in addition to identifying the level of efficiency of physical education teachers in government schools according to the dimensions of teaching excellence from the point of view of their principals. The researcher used the descriptive, analytical and correlational approach. The researcher defined the research community as the principals of government schools affiliated with the education directorates in Baghdad Governorate during the academic year (2024-2025), numbering (1485) principals representing government schools in Baghdad Governorate. The researcher chose (306) principals to form the main sample of the study. This sample was divided into three sub-samples: the initial exploratory application sample with a number of (10) principals, the preparation sample with a number of (178) principals, and the final application sample with a number of (118) principals. The researcher developed a scale to measure the level of efficiency of physical education teachers according to the dimensions of distinguished teaching performance, using scientific procedures. The number of paragraphs of the scale reached (30) paragraphs distributed across six dimensions (planning and vision, skill in presenting and delivering material, student engagement and motivation, measuring and evaluating student learning, professional and ethical behavior, and impacting student learning and development), with (5) paragraphs for each dimension. After arriving at the final form of the scale and applying it, the researcher extracted and statistically processed the results. Based on these results, the researcher reached a set of conclusions:
- The final form of the scale for the competence of physical education teachers was reached according to the dimensions of outstanding teaching performance after following precise scientific procedures approved in scientific research.
- The basic dimensions that constitute outstanding teaching performance in the field of physical education were identified. The scientific procedures followed in constructing the scale for the competence of physical education teachers resulted in the extraction of a set of key dimensions that represent the essence of teaching competence among physical education teachers.
- The level of competence of physical education teachers in government schools affiliated with the Baghdad Education Directorates (Karkh and Rusafa) according to the dimensions of outstanding teaching performance from the perspective of principals was generally average.

This study aimed to compare the effects of different spin directions (topspin, backspin, sidespin, minimal spin) on the mechanical characteristics of a football. Accurate scientific knowledge of the targeted subject provides answers to questions about how mechanical changes occur in the ball when its direction of rotation changes, and how these changes affect actual performance on the field by identifying the mechanical properties of the ball’s rotational states. The descriptive approach was used with comparative design. And dependent variables included: pre-impact speed, post-rebound speed, impact angle, rebound angle, coefficient of restitution (COR), and post-rebound distance by conducting an analysis of ball kicking performed by an advanced-level player from the goalkeeper’s area. over a distance of 50 meters across a series of attempts involving the four types of rotation, considering them as independent variables. The results showed significant differences between spin directions. Backspin recorded the highest values across all post-rebound variables, while topspin recorded the lowest and the side spin has moderate values compared to the other types of rotation, while the zero spin (without rotation) is the most stable, with consistently moderate results and relatively fixed values. MANOVA results confirmed that spin direction significantly affects ball behavior. The study concluded that the direction of the ball’s spin has a clear impact on the values of its mechanical properties, and that external forces interact significantly to influence the ball’s behavior and trajectory.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of Small-Sided Games (SSGs) training on the development of endurance and agility among students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences – Mustansiriyah University. The experimental method was employed using a pre-test and post-test design for two groups (experimental and control). The sample consisted of 20 students, divided equally into two groups (10 each). The experimental group underwent an SSG-based training program for 8 weeks with 3 sessions per week, while the control group continued with the traditional training program. The Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 was used to assess endurance, and the Illinois Agility Test was employed to measure agility, in addition to basic physical measurements (height and weight). The results revealed statistically significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in favor of the experimental group in both endurance and agility between pre- and post-tests, whereas the control group showed no significant improvements. Furthermore, post-test comparisons confirmed the superiority of the experimental group in both variables. The study concludes that SSG-based training is an effective method to enhance aerobic endurance and agility in university students. It is recommended to integrate such training approaches into training programs and practical curricula to improve students’ physical and skill performance.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of integrating electronic handball on developing selected cognitive and skill-related abilities among university students. A quasi-experimental design with two equivalent groups (control and experimental) was applied to a sample of 20 fourth-year students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences – Mustansiriyah University during the academic year 2024–2025. The experimental group underwent a six-week integrated training program with three weekly sessions, including the use of Handball Manager 2023 in addition to traditional training, while the control group followed traditional training only. Tests were applied to assess cognitive abilities (reaction time, visual attention, decision-making) and skill-related abilities (passing, shooting, defensive positioning). The results showed statistically significant improvements in all variables for the experimental group compared to the control group, indicating the effectiveness of combining electronic and traditional training in enhancing both cognitive and motor performance. The study concluded that electronic sports games can serve as an effective supplementary tool in university training curricula, and recommended extending program duration and integrating such tools into teaching and training plans.

The research problem crystallizes in the presence of moderate-severity forearm muscle atrophy after injury. The researchers reviewed previous studies and interviewed sports experts. After consulting with the supervisor, it became clear through the experts' diagnosis that players are exposed to muscle atrophy, especially the forearm muscles, due to several internal and external factors. The research aimed to prepare special exercises using rubber ropes to rehabilitate forearm muscle atrophy for advanced handball players and to identify the effect of these special exercises using rubber ropes and an aquatic medium in rehabilitating forearm muscle atrophy for advanced handball players. The most important conclusions reached by the researcher are that the use of rubber ropes and an aquatic medium in rehabilitating forearm muscle atrophy for advanced handball players is an effective option. The exercises contributed to increasing muscle strength and range of motion, which indicates that they enhance the performance of handball players.

This study aims to identify the effect of complex skill-based exercises on the development of motor abilities (agility, balance, coordination) and the ball possession percentage among intermediate school students in football. The importance of the study stems from the need to integrate basic skills with motor abilities in training programs that simulate real match conditions, rather than training them in isolation.
The researcher adopted the experimental method due to its suitability for the research nature. The sample consisted of 30 students from Al-Khabeer Intermediate School for Boys (Directorate of Education, Al-Karkh First), randomly divided into two groups: experimental and control. The experimental group underwent a training program that included complex skill exercises over one academic term, while the control group continued with traditional training. Standardized tests were used to measure agility, balance, coordination, and ball possession. Statistical analyses were conducted using paired and independent samples t-tests, in addition to Eta squared to determine effect size.
The results revealed statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group across all studied variables, indicating the effectiveness of complex skill exercises in enhancing both physical and skill performance. The study recommends incorporating such exercises into school training curricula and football educational programs, due to their significant role in developing players in a holistic manner.

One of the priorities of scientific studies and research is to determine the goals to be achieved from them, and therefore the current study aimed to prepare special exercises for the speed of reaction and to identify their impact on some defensive skills and the right straight punch for young boxers, and in order to achieve the goals must choose the appropriate method or approach The researcher has chosen the experimental approach by designing the experimental and control groups for its suitability The research problem and The sample, and the research sample was from the players of the Muqdadiya Boxing Club - youth category, numbering (12), and after the draw was selected (5) for the experimental group, and (5) players for the control group, and two players were excluded statistically for non-commitment and absence from the training units, and after conducting the exploratory experiment on (2) players outside the research sample for the two groups, and completing all field research procedures and processing the results, the researcher concluded: The effectiveness of exercises or exercises for the speed of reaction and positively in developing some defensive skills and right straight punch for young boxers, and the most important recommendations: The researcher recommends the need to use special exercises or exercises in the speed of reaction by the trained brothers, especially in the development of boxing skills.

Modern sports clubs in Baghdad are in urgent need of adopting advanced technologies to enhance the efficiency of their operational and administrative processes. Among the most prominent of these technologies is cloud computing, which offers flexible and cost-effective solutions for data storage and application management. However, sports clubs in Baghdad face significant challenges in adopting this technology, manifested in technical and administrative obstacles that limit the full utilization of cloud computing capabilities. The research problem lies in identifying and analyzing these obstacles, with the aim of providing a comprehensive understanding of the challenges faced by sports clubs in Baghdad. Sports clubs deal with a huge amount of data related to players, schedules, financial resources, and facility management, which requires a robust infrastructure and effective management. Therefore, finding solutions to these obstacles will contribute to the development of the clubs' administrative and technical performance.
Key Objectives:
* Identify the most prominent technical obstacles facing sports clubs in Baghdad when adopting cloud computing.
* Identify the most prominent administrative obstacles facing sports clubs in Baghdad when adopting cloud computing.
* Analyze the impact of these obstacles on the process of adopting cloud computing in sports clubs in Baghdad

Cognitive styles based on the task concept aim to address the variability in individual abilities among learners. A precise understanding and identification of these styles can effectively contribute to creating diverse learning environments that are appropriate to students' needs. The cognitive style (holistic versus analytical) is one of these important styles, as it contributes to enhancing the process of acquiring motor skills by taking into account individual differences among students. People who tend toward an analytical style often have the ability to focus on fine details and analyze small parts of a task or educational situation, while individuals with a holistic style tend to understand the situation as a whole and comprehensively without paying sufficient attention to the detailed aspects. These cognitive differences help support learning and expand creative thinking, in line with learners' cognitive abilities. Accordingly, directing the educational process toward the use of individual teaching styles that suit the characteristics of each student may have a positive impact on some learners, while it may not be as effective for others. Hence, the importance of thisThe study aims to identify individual differences among learners based on their different cognitive and stylistic styles, which necessitates adopting teaching methods that are compatible with these styles. Therefore, the researcher decided to conduct a targeted study to determine the impact of the training and reciprocal learning styles on students belonging to the analytical or holistic cognitive domain in learning basic football skills. This study aims to enrich and develop the educational process and provide effective teaching tools to achieve the desired goals.
The research objectives were : To identify the effect of the training learning style for those with an analytical versus a holistic cognitive domain in teaching students some basic soccer skills. To identify the effect of the reciprocal learning style for those with an analytical versus a holistic cognitive domain in teaching students some basic soccer skills.
The most important conclusions were : The two experimental groups, to which the curriculum was applied using the training learning style according to the cognitive style (analytical and holistic), showed a noticeable superiority over the two groups trained using the reciprocal style according to the same style in learning basic soccer skills. It was found that there was a superior arithmetic mean in favor of students with an analytical style compared to students with a holistic style in both the training and reciprocal learning styles when learning some basic soccer skill.

This research aims to uncover the relationship between ethical climate and decision-making among football referees from the perspective of coaches. The research problem stemmed from the researchers’ observations during their work in coaching and managing teams, where it became evident that referees play a pivotal role in achieving the goals of sports federations. The researchers also observed that the prevailing ethical climate between the administrative body and referees on one hand, and between referees and coaches on the other, is a crucial factor in fostering mutual trust, sustaining success, and achieving objectives. The researchers adopted the descriptive methodology using the correlational approach, as it is appropriate for the nature of the problem. The research population consisted of 160 participants affiliated with the Iraqi Football Federation. The sample was divided into two groups: the first included 70 coaches for the purpose of adapting the ethical climate scale, and the second comprised 90 coaches for developing the decision-making scale. The research tools—namely, the ethical climate scale for the administrative body and the referees’ decision-making scale—were constructed and refined. After applying the tools and analyzing the results, it was found that the sample participants exhibited an above-average level in both variables. The results also revealed a positive correlation between ethical climate and decision-making; in other words, an improvement in the ethical climate is associated with an enhanced level of decision-making among referees

This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of a competitive play-based training program in enhancing blocking skill accuracy among junior volleyball players. An experimental design with two groups (experimental and control) and pre- and post-tests was employed. The sample consisted of 20 junior players from the Youth and Sports Clubs of ‘Ezzedine Salim’ and ‘Al-Qurna’, divided into two equivalent groups. The experimental group participated in an 8-week training program, comprising three sessions per week, while the control group followed their regular routine. A standardized skill test was administered to assess blocking accuracy. Statistical analysis revealed a significant improvement in the post-test performance of the experimental group compared to the control group, demonstrating the efficacy of the competitive play-based training approach. These findings suggest that this method can be effectively utilized to develop defensive skills in volleyball.

This study aims to examine the effect of a cognitive-guidance program on developing emotional intelligence and psychological adjustment among volleyball players. The program was applied to a sample of volleyball players, and the two psychological variables were measured pre- and post-intervention using validated scales. The results indicated a statistically significant positive effect of the program on enhancing both emotional intelligence and psychological adjustment, reflecting the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral psychological interventions in improving athletes' psychological aspects. The study recommends integrating such programs into the training plans of sports clubs and training coaches on their implementation.

The aim of the research was to use slow-motion video recording and to observe it immediately after the boxer performed the straight punch, in order to determine the effect of immediate observation using video recording on improving the performance of the straight punch among the junior boxers of Maysan Sports Club. In light of the objectives, the researcher hypothesized that immediate observation using slow-motion video recording would have a positive effect on developing the performance of the straight punch among the junior boxers of Maysan Sports Club. As for the research methodology and field procedures, the researcher used the experimental method with a design of two equivalent groups — an experimental group and a control group — as it was suitable for the nature of the research. The research population was determined by a comprehensive survey method. After obtaining the results, the researcher processed the data statistically using the SPSS statistical package to obtain the final results, which were then presented in tables, analyzed, and discussed. Based on the final results, the researcher reached the following main conclusions: Immediate observation using slow-motion video recording contributed to the improvement of straight punch performance among junior boxers. In light of these conclusions, the researcher made the following main recommendations: Coaches should focus on immediate observation using slow-motion video recording during training sessions

The importance of this research lies in highlighting the impact of TRX exercises on developing basic physical and skill elements in foil fencing players (aged 17-20), given that this age group represents an advanced stage in specialized preparation and is a crucial period for consolidating the players' physical and technical foundations. The research problem was summarized in determining the extent to which TRX exercises affect the development of certain physical abilities (transitional speed and flexibility) and skill performance (direct simple attack) in foil fencing players (aged 17-20). The research objectives were (TRX exercises counter to develop transitional speed, flexibility and direct simple attack for fencing players aged 17-20 years and to identify the effect of TRX exercises in developing transitional speed, flexibility and direct simple attack for fencing players aged 17-20 years). The researcher used the experimental method with two experimental and control groups to suit the research problem. The research community was the players of the Al-Ittihad Club in fencing, foil activity, numbering (11). The sample was chosen by lottery and the sample amounted to (10) players divided into two experimental and control groups, with (5) players for each group. A player was excluded for the exploratory experiment. The statistical package (spss.26) was used to process the results and the researcher reached conclusions including (that there is a development for the experimental group that exceeded the development of the control group in the variables under study. TRX exercises have a positive effect in developing the variables under study for the experimental group of fencing players aged 17-20 years). The recommendations include (introducing TRX training is part of the training programs for all other players, as well as other training categories. It is essential for coaches to adopt the quality of these exercises because they are training methods that play an important role.

The importance of this research lies in developing compound exercises that contribute to developing certain coordination abilities and teaching basic basketball skills, enhancing students' ability to control and master movement. These exercises are also important as they serve as a tool for physical education teachers to enhance performance and improve team results, in addition to their positive contribution to developing motor tasks and enhancing the quality of skill performance. The research problem is summarized in the lack of compound exercises that target balance in an integrated manner with the shooting skill. Hence, the need to develop compound balance exercises that contribute to developing motor control and achieving more accurate and consistent performance of the ladder shooting skill among students. The research objectives were (preparing complex exercises targeting the development of the ability to balance in an integrated manner with learning the skill of peaceful shooting in basketball for first-year students at Al-Mustansiriya University / Department of Physical Education, and identifying the effect of complex balance exercises on learning the skill of peaceful shooting for first-year students at Al-Mustansiriya University / Department of Physical Education). The researcher used the experimental method with two experimental and control groups to suit the research problem. The research community was a group of first-year students in Hall (1) with a number of (33) students. The research sample amounted to (20) students and they were divided into two groups (control) and (experimental) by lottery with (10) students for each group. (13) students were excluded for various reasons. The statistical package (spss.26) was used to process the results and the researcher reached conclusions including (the proposed method, which includes the complex harmonic exercises, has proven a positive effect on the research variables, including the ability to balance and peaceful shooting in basketball for students. The results of the post-tests also showed a noticeable development in the ability to balance and skill (Ladder shooting compared to pre-tests) The recommendations were numerous, including (paying attention to developing the coordination abilities of basketball players by incorporating complex balance exercises into training programs, and applying complex exercises regularly within educational units to enhance motor control and accuracy in the ladder shooting skill).

The research aims to: identify the relationship between the psychological aspects of modernity and psychological adjustment among fourth-year female students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Maysan for the academic year 2024-2025. The research hypothesis: There is a statistically significant relationship between the psychological aspects of modernity and psychological adjustment among fourth-year female students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Maysan. The researcher used the descriptive approach, a research sample, and field procedures. The results were presented, analyzed, and discussed. After completing the research procedures, the researcher processed the results statistically and discussed the results. The most important conclusions: The research community enjoys a high degree of psychological aspects of modernity, especially in the fourth year. The results showed a positive and statistically significant correlation between the psychological aspects of modernity and psychological adjustment among fourth-year female students. Recommendations: Apply the psychological scales under study (the Psychological Adjustment Scale and the Psychological Aspects of Modernity Scale) to larger samples across various sports activities. The university should work to support the psychological aspects of modernity by updating sports curricula to keep pace with developments in the sports community, and strengthening relations between the sports university and various sports community institutions through field visits, seminars, research, and student participation.

The current study aims at investigating the impact of Buxton model on learning hike skill in scout among female students. The research design followed in this study id the experimental design which includes the experimental and control groups. The population of the study is represented by (81) first stage female students at the college of physical education and sport sciences, University of Diyala, for the academic year (2023-2024). On the other hand, the sample is represented by 30 female students chosen randomly from the population(15 for the experimental and 15 for the control group). Ten students have been assigned for the pilot study. A variety of skills tests and observations have been used to assess students' performance in learning hike skills. After collecting and analyzing data, results have shown that the model has an impact on learning hike skills in scout. Accordingly some recommendations are presented , most importantly, is the significance of applying the model to learn the variant skills of scout.

The current study aimed to identify the effect of functional exercises in the rehabilitation of hamstring muscle tears in sprinters. This type of injury is common and causes the loss of players' and coaches' efforts due to the disruption of the player's training process. The researcher used the experimental method with a single-group design with pre- and post-tests. The research population was represented by (7) players from short-distance clubs in southern Iraq participating in the Premier and First Division Leagues for the 2023-2024 and 2024-2025 sports seasons. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed that they had a second-degree hamstring tear. The rehabilitation exercises took (6) weeks to complete, with three rehabilitation sessions per week. The researcher concluded that the rehabilitation method used in the study had a positive effect on the speed of recovery of hamstring muscles injured by second-degree muscle tears, with a significant decrease in pain levels after applying the pain level scale. Significant improvement in muscle strength in injured hamstring muscles. The researcher recommends the use of muscle stretching exercises when implementing rehabilitation approaches for muscle injuries, and the need to educate injured athletes about the nature of their injury, how to deal with it, and what to do and avoid during the injury and rehabilitation period.