University of Anbar Sport and Physical Education Science Journal

This study aimed to identify the effect of the Challenge-Based Learning (CBL) strategy, implemented according to the Hybrid Model, and to compare it with the traditional "Lecture after Presenting Key Points" strategy on the cognitive achievement of handball rules among fourth-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The study employed the experimental method using an unequal control group and experimental group design, which were selected randomly (by lot).
The study focused on Handball Rules (Rules 1–18) as the main curricular variables for the cognitive domain. A cognitive achievement test was developed based on the first three primary behavioral objectives (Knowledge, Comprehension, and Application) deemed appropriate for the student sample. The researcher developed a specific guide for applying the proposed strategy, structured around five challenges: "Handball Court Readiness Challenge," "Team Management and Equipment Challenge," "Game Situations Challenge," "Contact and Penalties Challenge," and "Crucial Throw Situations Challenge."
The main experiment was conducted over seven weeks, leading to several conclusions, the most significant of which was that the Challenge-Based Learning (CBL) strategy achieved a deeper and more stable cognitive acquisition among the individuals of the experimental research sample, as evidenced by the study results.

The study aimed to identify the effectiveness of a realistic simulation model and a command-style learning model on the motor learning outcomes of some basic basketball skills for students. The researchers adopted an experimental approach with an equal-numbered, equivalent-group design to suit the nature of the research. The sample, consisting of (32) first-year students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Science at the University of Baghdad, was selected by random lottery.
The researchers prepared (9) instructional units focusing on motor learning, which were implemented at a rate of one unit per week. Pre-tests were conducted on the motor variable to ensure the equivalence of the two groups and to establish a common starting point. The experiment was carried out from 10/12/2024 until 11/2/2025, after which post-tests were administered.
Among the key conclusions was that the realistic simulation model contributed to improving the precise and mechanical performance of two-handed passing more effectively than the traditional teaching style. Based on these findings, the study recommended adopting the realistic simulation model, based on social learning theory, as a modern teaching model in physical education classes due to its ability to enhance cognitive and motor performance. It also recommended conducting further research on the impact of realistic simulation on students in other educational stages (e.g., secondary or middle school) to expand the model's application.

The research aimed to construct and apply a scale of participatory leadership for secondary school principals from the perspective of physical education teachers. It also aimed to identify the possession of secondary school principals in the General Directorate of Education in Baghdad/Karkh I of the components of participatory leadership from the perspective of physical education teachers. The researchers used a descriptive approach using a survey method to suit the objectives and nature of the research. The research community consisted of physical education teachers in the )General Directorate of Education in Baghdad, numbering187teachers. The research( )sample, which numbered 178), represented (95.2% of the research community. The( )sample was distributed among the exploratory sample of 10teachers outside the( research sample, the construction sample consisted of 68physical education teachers, )and the application sample consisted of 100teachers. In light of the research results,( the researchers reached several conclusions, the most important of which was the construction of a scale of participatory leadership for secondary school principals in the Baghdad/Karkh I Education Directorate after verifying that they possessed the scientific characteristics. There is great interest in participatory leadership for school principals. From the perspective of physical education teachers, this positively impacted their performance. The level of participatory leadership was high among the research sample. The researchers recommended applying the participatory leadership scale to secondary school principals in Iraqi education directorates to identify the barriers to optimally performing their duties. The researchers recommended that the Ministry of Education and educational institutions organize training courses and workshops, which would contribute to the transfer of knowledge among physical education teachers across Iraq. They also recommended conducting similar studies on other samples using this scale.

The importance of the research lies in preparing a rehabilitation program accompanied by a (short wave) device to rehabilitate shoulder muscle injuries and restore the range of motion for injured athletes. The research aims to identify the effect of the rehabilitation program accompanied by a (short wave) device. The researcher used the experimental method with a single-group design with follow-up tests (pre-treatment sessions (short wave) with rehabilitation exercises - intermediate test - rehabilitation exercises - post-test) The research sample consisted of (6) athletes with a partial medial tear, and the curriculum The program lasted eight weeks and was divided into (3) sections, lasted for (3) weeks and included the use of physical Natural treatment using a (short wave) device at a rate of two sessions per week, followed by the use of rehabilitation exercises. After that, the average test for the sample was carried out with the aim of identifying the extent of the sample’s progress and ensuring the disappearance of pain ,Then the second phase begins, lasting (3) weeks, and includes the use of rehabilitation exercises at a rate of (3) units per week. Then comes the third phase, lasting (2) weeks, and includes the use of rehabilitation exercises at a rate of (3) units per week. After that, the post-tests were conducted, and the research results were extracted using the statistical system (spss) version 2015.

The study aimed to identify the effect of the (V) shape strategy by scheduling a varied practice according to the change in classification in the intensity of attention to the skill of serving in tennis. The researcher adopted the experimental method to suit the nature of the research and relied on the experimental design of two equivalent groups with pre- and post-tests. The original community was represented by third-year students in the. Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences / College of Knowledge University, numbering (61) students for the academic year 2023/2024 The research sample amounted to (30) students, who were divided into two groups by lottery, with (15) students for the experimental group and (15) students for the control group, at a rate of (49.18)%. The researcher relied on employing the skill of serving in tennis according to the strategy of the shape (V), and the time of the educational unit was (90) and the skill of serving was taught in (3) educational units and the strategy of the shape (V) was applied by scheduling the varied practice according to the change in classification, The researcher concluded that the V-shape strategy has a positive and effective impact on attention and learning the skill of serving in tennis, The researcher recommended the necessity of preparing a guide for the teacher explaining how to use the V-shape strategy and employing it practically for the rest of the academic subjects and paying attention to conducting similar studies on samples of students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences and in other sports.

The importance of the research lies in the use of a sports guidance program as an alternative to increasingly focusing on the skill of concentration and its close relationship with shooting for the second-team player of the Karkh handball team. The problem of the research lies in the lack of understanding of the importance of the psychological aspect as well as the lack of interest in the player's psychological preparation, and at the same time, it does not show interest or want for that. There are many scientific studies on the importance of psychological preparation and its complement to simple and skill preparation. The research aimed to develop a sports guidance program to determine the effect of this preference on the skill of concentration and its relationship to shooting accuracy for the second-team player of the Karkh team. The users tried an experiment to suit the types of research and the design of the experimental and control groups with a creative pre-test. The research community consisted of Baghdad teams (Karkh/Rusafa) numbering (40) players, while the number of sample members was (16) players. The beginners started the sports guidance product, which contributed effectively to developing the skill of not paying attention and reflected on handball shooting It was recommended to adopt the guidance curricula prepared to develop the skill of attention in the process of preparing players, which contributes to developing the players’ level and improving their performance.

This study aims to enhance the learning experience of dribbling and shooting skills in handball using electronic applications as educational tools. The research focuses on the importance of integrating technology into educational curricula, which enhances student engagement with educational content and increases learning motivation.
The research population was selected purposively and consisted of (90) male and female students from the second year of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Al-Maaref University, representing sections A and B. This population comprised (90) male and female students for the academic year (2023-2024(.
The research sample consisted of pilot study samples, a test construction sample, and a main experimental sample from students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Al-Maaref University. Section (A) was selected as the control group, chosen by lottery. This section had 40 students (male and female). Eighteen female students were excluded because the study included only male students. Four male students were excluded for non-attendance, and three were excluded due to injuries. Fifteen male students were selected as the control group from the second year of the morning program. Section (B), with 60 students (male and female), was selected as the experimental group. Thirteen female students were excluded because the study included only male students, and two male students were excluded for non-attendance. Fifteen male students were selected as the experimental group. The remaining students in Section (B) were selected for the pilot study and test construction. All students in this section will participate in the main experimental study, but their results will not be considered valid. Only the results of the 15 students selected as the experimental group will be used.
In conclusion, the results indicate the presence of A noticeable improvement in student performance in the required skills was observed, demonstrating the effectiveness of using electronic applications in sports education. The researcher reached important conclusions regarding the significance of integrating technology into physical education and its role in enhancing motivation and the enjoyment of learning, which can contribute to developing a distinguished generation of athletes. The research emphasizes the importance of using mobile applications to enhance the learning experience, providing a flexible and interactive learning environment.

The study aimed to develop a proposed training curriculum to develop some elements of physical fitness for Iraqi Special Forces fighters and to identify the impact of the proposed curriculum. The researcher assumed the existence of statistically significant differences between the results of the pre- and post-tests of the control and experimental groups, as well as statistically significant differences between the post-tests of the control and experimental groups. The researcher adopted the experimental approach and designed two equivalent groups of equal numbers to suit the nature of his research. He deliberately selected his research sample, comprising (100) Iraqi Special Forces fighters. The researcher prepared (35) exercises specifically for developing functional efficiency and physical fitness, placing them in (48) training units, at a rate of (6) training units per week for a period of two months. He implemented these exercises in the main part of the training units. The researcher used two tests that were consistent with the requirements and objectives of the research. These tests were selected from a battery of tests used in the Iraqi army, while the remaining tests were selected from scientific sources to obtain the results of his experiment. Pretests were conducted on the functional and physical variables of the research to determine the equivalence of the two groups and to start from a single starting point.
The researcher implemented the proposed curriculum exercises on the experimental group. The experiment lasted from October 27, 2024, to January 5, 2025, with six training units per week. The posttests were conducted under the same conditions as the pretests.
The research results were presented and discussed scientifically based on relevant sources. The researcher concluded that the training curriculum had a positive impact on developing some elements of physical fitness for the experimental group. The researcher recommended implementing this curriculum due to the noticeable improvement in physical variables, with periodic evaluations to update it in line with scientific developments and the needs of fighters. He also recommended adding exercises or training programs aimed at improving all elements of physical fitness through various training methods.

Handball is a team sport that requires players to possess an integrated set of physical abilities and technical skills. These qualifications enable them to perform their duties on the field with high efficiency and deal with various game variables quickly and accurately, to meet the game's requirements. Handball depends on physical abilities and the player's level of proficiency in performing the basic skills of the game. A player's possession of a variety of skills is highly beneficial, as it is the best investment of their effort, as the player's diverse motor skills are reflected in the development of physical characteristics, thus facilitating the mastery of motor skills. The study aims to identify the relationship between biomotor abilities and functional indicators in the performance of the handling and shooting skills among the research sample. It also aims to identify the percentage of contribution of some biomotor abilities and functional indicators to the level of performance of the handling and shooting skills among the research sample. The researcher used the descriptive approach using the correlation method to suit the research application. The research community and sample consisted of (16) female players from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Salahaddin, Erbil, where the sample was chosen intentionally. The study concluded that there is a varying contribution of biomotor abilities and functional indicators to the level of performance of the handling and shooting skills among female handball players. A significant correlation appeared between the explosive ability of the arms and the level of shooting skill performance among female handball players. The researcher recommended the need for handball coaches to pay attention to biomotor abilities, especially during the players' preparation period. The need to pay attention to the functional aspect to raise the functional level of female handball players.

The study aimed to identify the effect of using the numbered heads strategy in teaching my skills (sending, receiving) to the members of the research sample
The researcher adopted the experimental approach and the design of the two equivalent groups equal number to suit the nature of his research, and chose his research sample in a random way, and they are students of the second stage in the morning of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Al-Maaref University, with a number of (150) students, and the researcher prepared (6) educational units in the style of the numbered heads strategy, as it was used to improve the skills of sending and receiving the experimental group .
The researcher implemented the educational units on the members of the experimental group, and the implementation of the educational curriculum continued from (23/9/2024) to (28/10/2024) by one unit per week, and the post-tests were conducted under the same conditions in which the pre-tests were conducted.
The results of the research were presented and discussed scientifically based on the sources of the subject of the research and the researcher concluded that the strategy of numbered heads had a significant impact on the development of the skills under research and recommended the researcher to adopt the strategy of numbered heads in teaching mathematical skills, due to the effectiveness it has proven in improving the skills under research among students.

This study aimed to develop a deductive reasoning scale for third-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Karbala, and to identify the impact of Woods' model on students' handball deductive reasoning. This was achieved through the design of 23 educational units based on Woods' model, which were administered to the research sample between October 12, 2023, and April 29, 2024. The researchers employed an experimental design with two equivalent groups—a control group and an experimental group—using pre-tests and post-tests. The study population consisted of 88 male third-year students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Karbala during the 2023-2024 academic year. These students were divided into four sections (A, B, C, and D). Two sections (C and B) were randomly selected to represent the main study sample. Section B served as the control group, and Section C as the experimental group. Thirty-two students were selected for the main study sample: 16 for the experimental group and 16 for the control group. Ten students were selected for the pilot sample using the simple random method. The main sample represented 36.36% of the original population. Appropriate tests were conducted, and the results were statistically analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The study concluded that the Woods model had a positive impact on improving students' inferential reasoning skills in handball. The researchers recommended the necessity of actively implementing this model. Modern models are integrated into educational units. One example is Woods' model of deductive reasoning, which plays a positive and effective role.

The study aimed to prepare a training curriculum to develop the level of physical fitness of football referees, and the researcher assumed that there are statistically significant differences between the results of the pre- and post-tests of the control and experimental research groups.
The researcher adopted the experimental approach and the design of the two equal groups equal number to suit the nature of his research, and chose his research sample in the manner of a comprehensive inventory of football referees first class in Anbar number (12) referee, and prepared the researcher (16) exercise for the development of physical fitness and placed in (24) training units by three training units per week and for a period of two months implementing these exercises in the main part of the training units The researcher used four tests commensurate with the requirements of the research and its objectives and chose them through scientific sources To get the results of his experiment.
Pre-tests were conducted in the research variables to develop the level of physical fitness to determine the equivalence of the two groups and start from one line of initiation.
The researcher carried out the exercises prepared on the members of the experimental group, and the experiment continued to be implemented from (8/12/2024) until (30/1/2025) by three units per week, and the post-tests were conducted under the same conditions in which the pre-tests were conducted.
The results of the research were presented and discussed scientifically based on the sources of the subject of the research and the researcher concluded that the exercises prepared by the researcher have a positive impact on the development of physical fitness in the experimental research sample and recommended the researcher to enhance the exercises for endurance strength and speed because they play a pivotal role in improving performance .

The current study investigates the role of motor games in learning ball rolling skills in rhythmic gymnastics for the primary stage. The study aimed to identify the effect of motor games in learning some rolling skills in rhythmic gymnastics, as the experimental approach was used for the research problem, and the research community was represented by female primary school students for the class The fifth primary school in Al-Durar Private School, which numbered (88) female students, while the research sample amounted to (22) female students
The two researchers designed a group of movement games to teach some ball-rolling skills to solve the research problem through the (16) educational units. After applying the movement games through the educational curriculum, which consisted of (16) units, the curriculum proved its success through the significance of the differences between the two tests. Pre and post for the research sample and the positivity of movement games in teaching ball rolling skills in the game of rhythmic gymnastics

The study aimed to identify the reality of the prevalence of burnout among workers in the field of sports activities in public universities in Baghdad, including management, supervision, and training of college and university teams, and to identify the causes and sources of its spread and methods of treatment. The study population consisted of (347) workers in sports activities, representing (100)% of the original population, and they were deliberately selected. The researcher used the descriptive survey method due to its suitability to the research problem. The research procedures included reviewing Arab and foreign sources and conducting interviews with experts and specialists to determine the research axes and preparing a questionnaire consisting of three axes: the first for personal information, the second for the burnout scale, and the last for the sources of burnout. The coefficients of validity, reliability, and objectivity were extracted, followed by the exploratory and main experiment, and data transcribing and processing using the SPSS program to obtain the results, present them, and discuss them using appropriate statistical methods to achieve the research objectives.
The most important results of the study: Sample members suffer from an average level of burnout in the axes (emotional stress and inhumanity) and a low level in the axis (personal achievement). The study concluded that there is an inverse relationship between work powers and lack of

The research sample consisted of players from the Nineveh youth national team in five-a-side baseball, totaling 20 players, representing 70% of the research population. The sample was divided into two groups, experimental and control, using the lottery method, with 7 players in each group. Players who did not complete the tests or could not commit to the experiment were excluded, totaling 6 players. Homogeneity was achieved in variables such as age, height, weight, and training age, and equivalence between the two groups was ensured in the physical variables identified by the specialists, Therefore, the experimental design used was the equivalent random groups design with pre- and post-tests. The research procedures included the application of interval training to the experimental group, in addition to conducting several pilot trials to determine the exercises used, the appropriate intensities, repetitions, and rest periods for these exercises. Afterward, pre-physical tests were conducted, followed by the implementation of interval training exercises for the experimental group. The experiment lasted for 8 weeks, across two mesocycles, each consisting of 4 microcycles (weekly), with a total of 8 microcycles. There were 3 training sessions per week. (3:1 ratio) , After completing the training period, the researcher conducted post-physical tests following the same procedures and steps as the pre-tests. The data was statistically processed using the SPSS program to obtain the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, correlation coefficient, percentage, t-test for paired samples, t-test for independent samples, effect size, Levene's test, and Shapiro-Wilk test.

This research aims to investigate the impact of CrossFit training on developing some physical and skill abilities in junior taekwondo players. The importance of this research lies in its attempt to enhance the performance of taekwondo players by adopting modern and effective training methods like CrossFit, which combines elements of strength, endurance, flexibility, and speed.The study population included junior combat (Kyorugi) players from Baghdad province. A purposive sample of 10 junior male players, aged 12-14 years, from Al-Shorta Sports Club was selected. The training program lasted 8 weeks, with 3 training units per week, and each unit's actual working time was 50 minutes.The research focused on measuring the development of physical abilities such as muscular strength (especially leg and arm strength), anaerobic power, agility, and balance, in addition to fundamental taekwondo skills like kicks and punches.The results indicated a significant and positive development in these abilities when CrossFit training was integrated into the training program for junior taekwondo players. This development is attributed to the comprehensive nature of CrossFit training, which activates multiple muscle groups and develops various energy systems in the body, ultimately benefiting the overall performance of taekwondo players.The researcher recommends utilizing CrossFit training as a complementary part of traditional taekwondo training programs, while taking into account the progressive increase in training loads and adapting them to suit the age group and skill level of the players.

This study aims to examine the effect of compound exercises using a pivotally movable volleyball net, designed by the researcher, on improving ball recovery from the net and court defense skills in volleyball players. The significance of the research lies in enhancing players’ defensive performance, particularly in dealing with balls rebounding off the net, which often lead to point losses during matches. The researcher adopted the experimental method with a one-group pre-test and post-test design. The study sample consisted of 12 players from the University of Anbar team, aged between 19 and 27 years. Compound exercises—both isolated and integrated—were applied using the movable net, simulating real-game conditions and increasing performance challenges to elevate skill execution. The study utilized precise tools and equipment, including the custom-designed movable net, a video camera, and standardized skill tests. The results showed a clear improvement in the players’ ability to recover balls from the net and in performing court defense skills such as deep defense, diving, and side rolling. The study recommends adopting these exercises and implementing the movable net in volleyball skill training programs.

The research aims to: design and implement rehabilitation exercises to treat cervical vertebrae injuries, identify the effect of rehabilitation exercises on some physical variables and the degree of pain for players with cervical vertebrae slippage, and measure the degree of pain for players with cervical vertebrae slippage. The researchers assumed the existence of statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests of the research group in the variables of muscle strength, flexibility, range of motion, and degree of pain for the research sample. The researchers adopted the experimental method by designing a single group with two pre- and post-tests to suit the nature of the problem. The researchers selected the research sample from athletes with cervical vertebrae slippage in Baghdad after a field survey of them, amounting to (20) injured players aged (21-27). The sample was chosen intentionally after excluding a number of the original community, including (4) injured participants in the exploratory experiment and (6) injured who did not comply with the tests and exercises prepared by the researcher. Some physical variables and the degree of pain were selected for players with cervical vertebrae slippage only due to the multiple injuries to these vertebrae. The researcher conducted a field survey of athletes with cervical disc herniation. Clinical examinations were conducted by specialized doctors to diagnose cervical disc injury and pain severity. The researchers determined a neck muscle strength test and a visual pain scale. The researcher then conducted the first pilot study with the support team on 1/5/2025 on a sample of (10) injured individuals. The researchers conducted a pre-test on the research sample on 1/12/2025. The rehabilitation program began on 1/15/2025 and continued until 4/15/2025. The researcher prepared a rehabilitation curriculum for some physical variables and pain severity for players with cervical disc herniation. The rehabilitation program aims to restore efficiency to the cervical region of injured players through a set of prepared exercises. The duration of the rehabilitation program was (12) weeks, with three rehabilitation units per week, and the duration of each rehabilitation unit was (45) minutes. After applying the rehabilitation program for some physical variables and pain level for players with cervical disc herniation on the research sample, the researcher and the assistant work team conducted the post-tests on (4/20/2025), under the same time and place conditions as the pre-test, and according to the same order of tests. After that, the results of the tests under study were presented for both the pre-test and post-test, and they were placed in tables to facilitate observing the differences between them. Then, the results were discussed to reach the research objectives.

This study aimed to identify the role of emotional intelligence in the accuracy of goal-scoring performance in football among students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, as well as to examine the relationship between the study variables. The study hypothesized a statistically significant correlation between emotional intelligence and goal-scoring accuracy, The researcher employed the descriptive approach using the survey method. The study population consisted of first-year morning-class students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, totaling 190 students. A systematically randomized sample of 30 students was selected. The research tools included an emotional intelligence scale and a test to assess the accuracy of goal-scoring in football, Data were analyzed using the SPSS statistical package. The findings revealed a strong and statistically significant correlation between emotional intelligence and the accuracy of goal-scoring performance. This indicates that emotional intelligence is a contributing factor to the enhancement of skill performance among students. Based on these results, the study recommends incorporating emotional intelligence development into educational and training programs in colleges of physical education, due to its effective role in improving technical skill performance, particularly in specialized skills such as goal-scoring in football

The study aims to identify the effect of some small games using a group competition style in reducing violent behavior among intermediate school students. The experimental approach was used by designing a control and an experimental group with pre- and post-tests, and using an aggressive behavior scale from a similar study. The researcher extracted the scientific foundations of the scale to suit the study sample. Before starting the main experiment, two introductory units were conducted for the research sample to learn how to practice the proposed small competitive games. These competitive games were then implemented within eight educational units. After completing the main experiment procedures, post-tests were conducted to determine the extent of development in reducing aggressive behavior among members of the experimental group. The study concluded that using small games with group competition methods in the educational curriculum has a significant positive role in limiting or reducing aggressive behavior among the experimental group in the post-test in the physical education lesson. The study recommended adopting small games in the physical education lesson to increase the factor of competition and fun among students.
The study recommended adopting small games in physical education lessons to enhance competition and fun among students.

"The study aims to identify a rehabilitation program designed to restore and improve the efficiency of adductor muscles affected by partial tears, using rehabilitation exercises combined with stretching and Shiatsu massage.
The researchers employed an experimental approach with a one-group pre-test and post-test design, due to its suitability for the nature of the research. The sample consisted of four (4) football players from Sulaymaniyah governorate clubs suffering from partial adductor muscle tears, representing 36.36% of the original population. The rehabilitation exercises were implemented over a period of eight (8) weeks, with three sessions per week.
The most significant results showed statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test measurements regarding pain sensation levels, muscular strength, and balance among the study subjects. This indicates the effectiveness of the rehabilitation exercises combined with stretching and Shiatsu massage in restoring the functional and physical condition of the injured area and enhancing its efficiency.
The key recommendations included accelerating the rehabilitation process following a specialist doctor's diagnosis to ensure a rapid return to specialized sports, and utilizing the proposed rehabilitation program for adductor muscle tear recovery in rehabilitation centers and sports medicine units."

This study aimed to identify the perspective of physical education teaching staff regarding the role of school administration in promoting sports activity. A descriptive approach was used for the study’s population, which was purposively selected and consisted of (125) physical education teaching staff members from primary, intermediate, preparatory, and secondary schools within the Telkif District Education Directorate during the (2023-2024) academic year. The questionnaire, originally developed by Imad Salih Abd al-Haq, was the primary tool for data collection. Its validity was verified through face validity by presenting the instrument to a group of specialists, while its reliability was established using the test-retest method. The collected data were processed using the mean and standard deviation, in addition to statistical tests including the one-sample T-test, the independent two-sample T-test, and one-way ANOVA. The results showed that school principals play a positive role in promoting students' participation in sports activities, from the perspective of the physical education teaching staff. No significant differences were found among the views of physical education teachers regarding the role of school principals in promoting student participation in sports activities based on gender, age, or school type. The researchers recommended the necessity of coordination between school principals and physical education teaching staff to diversify sports activities for students within the school.

This study aimed to identify the effect of skill-based exercises combined with psychological counseling on improving psychological flow in the performance of headstands and handstands on the floor exercise for men with disabilities. The study employed an experimental methodology with a single-group pre-test/post-test design. The research population included six athletes. The researchers applied the skill-based exercises accompanied by psychological counseling within two training units per week, each lasting (60) minutes, with counseling sessions lasting (20) minutes. Upon completion of the experimental procedures, tests were conducted. The results demonstrated that the counseling program had a positive impact on the psychological flow of the research sample. Furthermore, the skill training combined with the counseling program showed a positive effect on floor exercise movements in gymnastics, indicating its effectiveness. In light of these conclusions, the researchers put forth key recommendations, including: adopting the psychological counseling program, endorsing the psychological flow scale used (as it proved effective in measuring its intended construct), emphasizing the importance of the psychological aspect by coaches, enrolling coaches in psychological counseling courses, adopting the modified skill-based exercises developed by the researchers to enhance floor exercise movements in gymnastics (headstand – handstand), and conducting further scientific research on individuals with motor disabilities across all variables and in other sports and physical activities

The study aimed to identify the effect of using the proposed qualitative training on some skill performances of handball juniors at the Rakhma Youth Club in Dhamar Governorate. The researcher used the experimental method using the design The experimental method was conducted using the pre-post measurement method for one experimental group, due to its suitability to the nature of the research. The research sample included (10) players from the youth of the Rakhma Youth Club in Dhamar Governorate under 17 years of age in the 2023/2024 sports season. The proposed training program was applied to the selected sample members, which are: Representing the entire study community, the following statistical treatments were used: (arithmetic mean - standard deviation - skewness coefficient - significance of differences between averages - correlation coefficient). The results of the study showed that there are statistically significant differences between the pre-measurement and post-measurement in the research variables in favor of the post-measurement.

This study aimed to identify the impact of the Zahorek model's training program on certain floor exercises in artistic gymnastics for female students. The researcher hypothesized that there would be statistically significant differences between the post-test results of the control and experimental groups for some floor exercises. The study adopted an experimental approach with two equivalent groups of equal size, as this method was suitable for the nature of the research. The sample was selected using simple random sampling, and consisted of (30) female students who were equally divided by lottery into two groups, experimental and control, with (15) students in each group. The researcher prepared (9) training units, each lasting (90) minutes, delivered at a rate of one training unit per week for (9) weeks. Pre-tests were administered to the research variables to ensure the equivalence of the two groups and to establish a common starting point. After conducting the main experiment and post-tests, the study concluded that the training program based on the Zahorek model helped the students understand the motor requirements and dynamic balance of the movement more accurately, leading to a significant improvement in performance compared to the traditional method. The researcher recommended adopting the Zahorek model.

The study aimed to identify the level of sports fanaticism and aggressive behavior among students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, and to explore the relationship between fanaticism toward some European football clubs and the aggressive behavior of their student supporters. The descriptive method with a correlational approach was used in order to achieve the study’s objectives.. The research population consisted of third-year students (both morning and evening classes) from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Al-Ma’arif University in Al-Anbar Province, totaling (155) students in the morning classes who regularly attend practical football lessons and belong to sections (A, B, C), and (95) students in the evening classes from sections (A, B) for the academic year (2024–2025. The research sample included (120) students who displayed verbal or physical aggressive behavior during practical football lessons. They were divided into three groups: a pilot sample (20 students), a construction sample (60 students), and an application sample (40 students). To achieve the research objectives, the study utilized scales for measuring sports fanaticism and aggressive behavior, based on previous scientific sources and studies. These scales were adapted and modified, following the scientific principles of scale construction and application, and statistical methods were employed. The research concluded that there is a high level of sports fanaticism and aggressive behavior in football among the study sample (students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences – Al-Ma’arif University Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between sports fanaticism and aggressive behavior among the students. The research recommended the use of the sports fanaticism and aggressive behavior scales in football with students of physical education colleges, as well as raising awareness among students about the phenomenon of sports fanaticism and aggressive behavior. It also recommended conducting further studies to explore the reasons behind the fanaticism for certain European clubs among students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences.

The objective of this research was to prepare educational units based on the steps of the LEAD strategy and to identify its effect on learning some fundamental skills in artistic gymnastics for students. The researcher employed the experimental methodology due to its suitability for the nature of the research. The research population comprised first-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Samarra and Gilgamesh University. The number of first-year students at the University of Samarra was (93), while the number of first-year students at Gilgamesh University was (110), bringing the total research population to (203) students for the academic year (2024-2025). The study sample, drawn from the University of Samarra, consisted of (24) students divided into two groups using simple random sampling by lottery. The experimental group consisted of (12) students (Section A), to whom the (LEAD strategy) was applied. The control group also consisted of (12) students (Section B), who were taught using the conventional method employed by the instructor. The researcher reached the following conclusions: Integrated and effective educational units were designed and prepared based on the principles of the (LEAD) strategy. These units contributed to achieving the educational objectives related to the development of motor skill acquisition in gymnastics. The recommendations are as follows: To adopt and widely apply the (LEAD) strategy in teaching artistic gymnastics and other sports that require precise motor skills, due to its proven impact on enhancing and improving skill performance.

The study aimed to design the (A-Y) device to assist students in performing the kip skill on the horizontal bar, and to develop specific exercises based on the angles of the shoulder and hip joints using the device to facilitate learning the kip skill.
The researcher adopted the experimental method due to its suitability to the nature of the study, using two equivalent groups with pre- and post-tests. The research population consisted of third-year students, totaling 46 male and female students. The research sample included 16 male students, with 8 students from section (A) and 8 students from section (B).
Key procedures: The researcher developed specific exercises using the device to teach the kip skill on the horizontal bar. The program included 8 instructional units over a period of four weeks, with two sessions per week. The main part of each session lasted 60 minutes, and appropriate instructional tools were used.
The researcher concluded that the manufactured device had a positive effect on improving the performance angles during the learning stages of the kip skill on the horizontal bar. The coordination between the shoulder and hip joint angles, in accordance with mechanical principles, contributed to accelerating the learning process.

The study aimed to identify certain electromyographic (EMG) variables and the differences in muscle activation during the execution of the lunge technique across the three fencing weapons: foil, sabre, and épée. The researchers employed the descriptive approach as it suits the nature of the study. The sample consisted of nine fencers (three for each weapon), intentionally selected from the clubs of Al-Jaish, Al-Bareed, Al-Ittisalat, and Al-Difa' Al-Jawi.
The procedures included using an EMG (Electromyography) device to analyze the activity of the most involved muscles during the lunge. These muscles included those of the arms (deltoid, triceps brachii, and extensor digitorum) and legs (gastrocnemius and rectus femoris). The EMG variables examined were: area under the curve, wave amplitude, and peak value.
The results revealed significant differences in favor of foil fencers in most upper and lower limb muscles, particularly in the middle deltoid and lateral head of the triceps brachii. This indicates foil’s reliance on precise arm control and a stable motor posture. Meanwhile, sabre fencers showed higher activation in the extensor digitorum, reflecting the need for grip flexibility and diverse motion patterns. The findings also indicated that foil fencers maintain a more stable base of support, sabre fencers utilize a narrower foot stance to allow greater movement freedom, while épée fencers balance between stability and dynamic mobility

The study aimed to develop skill-based exercises according to the IDEAL model to enhance self-motivation and facilitate the learning of the dribbling skill in football among students. It also sought to identify the differences between the pre- and post-tests of both the experimental and control groups regarding self-motivation and learning the dribbling skill. Furthermore, the study aimed to identify differences in the post-test results between the two groups in the same variables.
The researchers hypothesized that there would be statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests of both groups in favor of the post-tests, and that the experimental group would show statistically significant superiority over the control group in the post-tests regarding self-motivation and dribbling skill learning.
The experimental method was employed due to its suitability for the study’s nature. The main sample consisted of 48 first-year students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Samarra for the academic year 2024–2025. The sample was divided equally into two groups: an experimental group and a control group, with 24 students in each. The research tools included a self-motivation scale and a football dribbling skill test. Each group underwent 12 instructional sessions.
The study concluded that the skill-based exercises developed and applied to the experimental group according to the IDEAL model were effective and positively impacted the dependent variables—self-motivation and football dribbling skill—among first-year students. While the method followed by the control group also had a positive effect, the IDEAL model-based exercises provided to the experimental group proved to be superior, as indicated by the significant differences observed in the post-test results for self-motivation and dribbling skill acquisition.

The study aimed to identify the degree of both goal conflict and academic achievement among a sample of female students in some colleges of physical education and sports sciences. It also sought to determine the relationship between goal conflict and academic achievement in these students. The researchers used a descriptive approach (survey method) due to its suitability for the nature of the research problem .The research sample was divided into a construction and application sample of (230) female students, representing (93.87%) of the total research population, and a pilot study sample of (12) female students, representing (4.89%). Following the application of the scales and statistical analyses, several conclusions emerged. The most important findings were that the research sample had a low degree of goal conflict and a high and medium degree of academic achievement in artistic gymnastics. Additionally, there was a negative relationship between goal conflict and academic achievement among the female students.The researchers recommended the need to support students' self-confidence and to adopt the used scales to conduct periodic assessments of female students in colleges of physical education and sports sciences. They also recommended the inclusion of guidance and awareness programs in the university environment to reduce the level of goal conflict.

The study aimed to develop a scale of psychological reasoning among students of some faculties of physical education and sports sciences, to identify the degree of psychological reasoning and psychological flexibility among students of some faculties of physical education and sports sciences, and to identify the relationship between psychological reasoning and psychological flexibility among students of some faculties of physical education and sports sciences. The researcher used the descriptive approach using the survey method and correlational relationships. The research community was represented by fourth-year students for morning studies for the academic year 2024/2025, numbering (312) male and female students distributed among three colleges in three universities (Tikrit, Anbar, Kirkuk). After that, they were divided according to the scientific research procedures and its requirements into a building sample that was chosen intentionally from students of some colleges of physical education and sports sciences, where their number reached (209) male and female students, representing (70%) of the research community. Then, the exploratory experiment sample was chosen, numbering (9) male and female students, representing (3%) of the research community. In order to apply the research tools and obtain the results in light of the specified objectives, the researcher chose the final application sample of the measures intentionally, as their number reached (90) male and female students, representing (30%). The researcher concluded that students of colleges of physical education and sports sciences enjoy a high degree of psychological rationality, and that the higher the level of psychological rationality, the higher the psychological flexibility of students of colleges of physical education and sports sciences. The researcher recommends emphasizing The role of university professors in enhancing the psychological skills of university students. Emphasis is placed on the need to develop the teaching competence of university professors, given its impact on raising students' academic levels. Further studies addressing study variables, including psychological reasoning and psychological flexibility, should be conducted on other samples.

The importance of this study lies in the fact that wrestling is a highly competitive sport that requires not only direct contact and a degree of fierce competition, but also high technical skills. Psychological stress has become one of the most important psychological problems facing athletes in various sports, including wrestling, especially when it accompanies performance in sports competitions. Psychological stress is one of the psychological factors that negatively impact athletes' performance. Young people are characterized by emotional fluctuations and impulsiveness, making them more susceptible to the psychological stress associated with performance. Therefore, the researcher decided to develop a guidance program to reduce the psychological stress of wrestlers resulting from athletic performance. The aim of this study was to develop a guidance program to reduce psychological stress among junior wrestlers and to determine the degree of stress associated with athletic performance. Research Methodology and Sample: The researcher used the experimental method because it aligns with the nature of the problem to be solved. The research sample included Diyala Club junior wrestlers, totaling 10 athletes for the 2024 season. Based on the study results, the researcher's most important conclusion is that the psychological counseling program applied to the experimental research sample had a significant impact on the players' perception of psychological stress and their coping skills.

he management of sports competitions has become an important and professional discipline with clear foundations in many countries around the world. Hosting tournaments has considerable economic, social, and tourism impacts, which underscores the importance of this study. Given the scarcity of research examining the management of sports tournaments within the Central Iraqi Handball Federation, the researcher developed a scale to assess the available human and material resources for hosting local and international championships, as well as to identify the main organizational challenges and propose possible solutions.
The study employed a descriptive survey method. The research sample included members of the Federation’s Board of Directors, sub-federations, committee members, supervisors, and referees, with a total of 144 participants. The findings indicated a moderate level of available human and material resources. Based on these results, the researcher recommended strengthening and developing the human dimension in managing such resources, activating governmental support, enhancing marketing and sports media, and improving infrastructure, including sports halls, hotels, and transportation facilities.

Football is one of the most popular sports in the world, requiring players to have a high level of physical fitness and technical skills. Young people play an important role in this sport, as their specific physical abilities and skill performance can affect their performance on the field. This research aims to identify some of the specific physical abilities and skill performance of young football players. It also aims to identify some functional variables of football players, and to determine the relationship between some specific physical abilities and skill performance with some functional variables of players of the Martyr Arkan Sports Club, youth football category. Studying the relationship between variables is one of the most important topics in sports science. The descriptive approach using the correlation method is the approach used in this research because the approach is appropriate to solve the research problem. The research community was determined as the players of the Martyr Arkan Club, youth category, for the 2024/2025 sports season, numbering (18) players. To extract the results and interpret them scientifically, the researchers used the following statistical methods (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, percentage, simple correlation coefficient), where a number of conclusions were reached, the most important of which is the existence of correlations between some special physical abilities and basic skills and some functional variables under study.

Physical abilities are one of the most important pillars of technical performance in football, as the players' performance is based on them. Muscular strength is considered the most important physical requirement that the player needs to raise the skill level, especially the kicking skill Therefore, the research aims to identify the effect of plyometric training in the vertical and horizontal directions to develop some aspects of muscle strength and kick the ball with the foot in an attempt by researchers to reduce the problem of poor skill performance in general and kicking skill in particular, whether in matches or training There is a noticeable slowness in the speed of passing and scoring of various types, in addition to its lack of accuracy, which affects the level of the team as a whole and exposes it to losing the ball, thus greatly affecting the results of matches with competing teams. To apply the research procedures, the researchers deliberately selected and appointed the research community from the reserve players of Al-Ramadi Football Club in Anbar Governorate, Republic of Iraq, numbering (22) players during the sports season (2024-2025) (4) players were excluded for their irregularity in the experiment for various reasons, including exposure to injury, thus bringing the number of sample members to (18) players, representing (81.81)% of the original research community, and the survey was also conducted on (5) players outside the basic research sample (from the same club). The researchers reached conclusions, the most important of which were: that plyometric exercises in the vertical and horizontal directions had a positive effect on the development of muscular strength (under investigation) for football players (sample members-experimental group), in addition to their role in the development of kicking the ball with the foot (under investigation) for players, and that the development in muscular strength for the legs had a positive effect on the development of kicking the ball with the foot.

The study aimed to assess the levels of organizational justice and organizational citizenship behavior among members of the sub-sports federations in Kirkuk Governorate. Additionally, it sought to explore the relationship between organizational justice and citizenship behavior.
A comprehensive survey method was employed to select a sample of 60 members from the sub-sports federations in the region. The researcher utilized a descriptive approach, utilizing the survey to gather insights.
The findings revealed a positive level of organizational justice as well as a favorable level of organizational citizenship behavior among the participants. Moreover, there was a statistically significant relationship identified between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behavior within these federations.
Based on these results, the researcher recommends that administrative leaders receive training in organizational justice and that efforts to support and enhance organizational justice—encompassing its dimensions of distributive, procedural, and interactive justice—continue. Furthermore, the researcher suggests encouraging federation members to engage in organizational citizenship behaviors through initiatives, cooperation, and volunteer work.

The importance of the research is evident in the use of complex exercises to develop some physical abilities and special skills of handball goalkeepers, as it has a fundamental role in the training process and competitions, through which the goalkeeper can achieve good results and implement technical and tactical duties during the match as a result of raising the level to a high level. Research problem: The researcher wanted to delve into it through study and research to develop scientific solutions to solve it by preparing complex exercises related to the goalkeeper’s skill performance in order to improve his abilities and for this goalkeeper to be effective and influential in the blocking movements and starting the attack for the opposing team. Research objectives: Physical and special skills of handball goalkeepers aged (15-17 years). Preparing complex exercises to develop the physical abilities and special skills of handball goalkeepers aged (15-17 years). Identifying the effect of complex exercises in developing some physical abilities and special skills of handball goalkeepers aged (15-17 years). Research Methodology: The researcher used the experimental method with a single-group design with pre- and post-tests. The implementation of detailed plans for reality took (2) weekly units. The set of assigned elements (20) units, body exercises are given in the main part of the training, taking into account the unit except for the allocation of the main part (48-50 minutes), Research Sample: The researcher chose the research sample intentionally from the goalkeepers of the National Center for the Care of Sports Talent in Handball\Baghdad, numbering (5).

The prevalence of bedwetting among females aged 6-7 years who suffer from a functional problem represented by the lack of bladder elasticity, which makes the child unable to control the bladder muscles, causing him to urinate at night. This prompted researchers to study this problem. The study aims to design specific physical exercises that suit the abilities of female children and to study the effect of these exercises on the number of times girls urinate in bed and on the amount of urine excreted in a sample of girls aged 6-7 years. The researchers assumed that there are statistical differences between the pre- and post-tests in the number of times they urinate in bed and the amount of urine excreted in females. After applying the proposed exercises, the researchers concluded that there are positive effects on the phenomenon of bedwetting in terms of the amount of urine and the number of times girls urinate between the ages of 6-7 years. The researchers recommended using the proposed exercises to reduce the phenomenon of bedwetting, and they can be tried to be applied to other categories of children of different ages who suffer from the same problem.

This study aims to identify the effectiveness of a rehabilitation program that relies on Electrical Muscle Stimulation (EMS) in accelerating the recovery of injured muscles among athletes. The researchers employed the experimental method on a sample of (5) athletes suffering from moderate muscle injuries in the upper and lower limbs. A rehabilitation program was applied for eight weeks, with three sessions per week, incorporating therapeutic exercises supported by electrical stimulation, in addition to weekly assessments to monitor progress.
A set of tests was used to measure muscle strength and pain levels before and after the program, including the handgrip dynamometer test for arm muscles, the sit-to-stand test for leg muscles, and the pressure pain threshold test using an algometer. The results showed statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests in favor of the post-test across all variables, indicating clear improvement in muscle strength and reduction in pain after the application of the rehabilitation program.
These improvements are attributed to the effect of electrical stimulation in increasing motor unit recruitment, enhancing blood circulation, and reducing pain-induced muscle inhibition, in addition to the effectiveness of integrating therapeutic exercises with EMS. Accordingly, the study recommends adopting electrical stimulation as an effective supportive tool within rehabilitation programs for injured athletes, while emphasizing the importance of monitoring individual responses to adjust stimulation intensity appropriately.