Sport culture

The study aimed toDevelop a scale of public relations strategies for several formations within the Iraqi Ministry of Youth and Sports .Identify the level of public relations strategies within several formations within the Ministry of Youth and Sports from the perspective of their employees.
The researchers used the descriptive approach with two methods (survey and correlation) to suit the nature of the research problem. The research community consisted of (357) in several formations of the Iraqi Ministry of Youth and Sports, as the building sample included (250) workers. They were chosen intentionally at a rate of (70%) of the total research community, and the survey application sample, numbering (20) members, was also excluded, representing (60.5%) of the research community. Thus, the construction sample became composed of (230) workers, representing (42.64%) of the research community, so the final number of the application sample became (107) workers, representing (30%) of the total research community. The researchers used statistical data using (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, percentage, t-test for two independent samples, Pearson\\'s simple correlation coefficient, and Cronbach\\'s alpha coefficient). The researchers reached several conclusions, the most important of which are:
1. There is a discrepancy in the level of awareness and understanding among the Ministry of Youth and Sports\\' formations of the importance and role of public relations as a communication function of an ongoing advisory and executive nature.
2. A number of these organizations adhere to traditional communication methods in managing public relations within their external and internal environments.
In light of the findings, the researchers made several recommendations, the most important of which are:
1. Adopting awareness and educational programs to consolidate and promote the effective communication role of advisory and executive public relations management.
2. Activating an active and effective communication system that contributes to developing their skills and functional capabilities instead of traditional methods of managing public relations within the formations of the Ministry of Youth and Sports.

The objective of the study was to identify the effect of corrective exercises on certain kinematic variables and the snatch performance of the experimental group. The researchers adopted the experimental method using two groups: an experimental group and a control group. The study sample consisted of twelve weightlifters from the National Center for the Care of Sports Talent, representing 63.15% of the research population. Based on the findings, the researchers concluded that the effectiveness of the training program corrective exercises supported by motion image analysis contributed to improving specific bio kinematic variables and enhancing snatch performance. Considering the results and conclusions, the researchers recommended adopting visual and video-based motion analysis to identify weaknesses in kinematic variables and address them accordingly. Furthermore, they emphasized the importance of designing and applying corrective exercises based on the outcomes of motion analysis, whether the deficiencies are related to the athlete or the skill being performed.

The study aimed to identify the effect of anaerobic exercises in terms of anaerobic performance endurance test in the results of the pre- and post-tests of the control and experimental research groups in the concentration of phosphofructokinase enzyme for futsal players, and the effect of anaerobic exercises in terms of anaerobic performance endurance test in the results of the post-test of the control and experimental research groups in the concentration of phosphofructokinases enzyme for futsal players The researchers used the experimental approach by designing the two equivalent groups (control and experimental) with tight control, for its suitability to the nature of the research problem, and the research community was determined by the players of Al-Alam Futsal Club applying for the sports season (2024-2025), who numbered (16) players, while the research sample was chosen in a deliberate way and consisted of (12) players representing (75%) of the research community, and the researchers conducted their training curriculum on the sample for a period of (8) weeks, after which he processed the data obtained from the pre-tests. Through a number of statistical methods by the statistical program (SPSS), the researchers reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which is that biochemical measurements recorded an increase in the effectiveness of the enzyme P.F.K after the application of the training program, which indicates an increase in the efficiency of anaerobic energy representation (glycolysis).

The aim of the research was to design special exercises using TRX ropes for futsal players and to identify the effect of these exercises on the explosive power of the legs and the shooting skill of futsal players. The experimental method was adopted using a design that included both experimental and control groups. The sample was intentionally selected from the players of the Al-Mowareed Futsal Club, who were among 16 clubs participating in the Baghdad Professional Clubs League and who were continuing their training for the 2024/2025 sports season. The total number of players was 12, representing 4.255% of the original population, The researchers divided the main research sample into two equal groups. After determining the tests and preparing the special exercises using TRX ropes, the program was applied over a period of 10 weeks. The research results were analyzed using the SPSS software, The most important conclusions and recommendations were: designing and applying special exercises using TRX ropes is suitable for futsal players in the Baghdad Professional Clubs League; applying these exercises contributes to developing the explosive power of the legs and improving the shooting skill in futsal players who train with them, showing superiority over players who train without them. It is essential to seek the expertise of academics when training futsal club players in the Baghdad Professional Clubs League, in alignment with the latest developments in TRX-based special training. Randomness and improvisation in training limitations should be avoided, It is also crucial to emphasize the principle of variety and take into account individual differences and specific characteristics of futsal players in the league, while avoiding exaggeration in the duration and training load of TRX exercises.

The study aimed to:
- Identify the differences between the pre- and post-tests of physical variables for the control and experimental groups of young soccer players.
- Identify the differences between the post-tests of variables for the control and experimental groups of young soccer players.
The research community was determined from the youth football players of the clubs of Salah al-Din Governorate for the sports season (2024-2025), which numbered 8 clubs. The research community was intentionally determined from the players of the Al-Dour Youth Sports Club in Salah al-Din Governorate for the football season (2024-2025), which numbered (25) players. The research sample consisted of (20) players representing (13.22%) of the total research community. (3) goalkeepers were excluded, in addition to (2) players for not committing to the team. This sample was divided into two equal groups, a control and an experimental group, by following the random selection method using a lottery, with (10) players for each group. The statistical methods were extracted by relying on the statistical package (SPSS) using a computer, based on the following:
(arithmetic mean, standard deviation, percentage, simple correlation coefficient (Pearson), skewness coefficient, paired-samples t-test, independent-samples t-test).
The researcher reached a number of conclusions and recommendations, including:
• The results showed a significant and statistically significant improvement in the maximum transition speed, speed-specific strength, and short-sprint endurance of the experimental group. This confirms that transition exercises enhance players\' ability to accelerate and change direction effectively, a vital trait in real-world playing situations.

The research aims to identify the statistical differences between the pre- and post-tests in some biokinetic abilities and passing and shooting skills for female handball players. The researcher applied the experiment design.
the study population and sample consist of female handball players of College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Salahaddin University numbered (12) participants that intentionally selected for this study. the sample distributed on (6) stations
the design applied in the following order:
- First day: the biokinetic tests were applied then functional measures afterwords then skill tests.
- Second day: rest
- Third day: Friendly match of two halves.
- Fourth day: rest
- Fifth day: biokinetic ability, functional and skill tests.
The statistical (SPSS) was used for data analysis. And the results show that the physical effort had negative effect on female players in biokinetic abilities and passing and shooting skill tests.

The problem of the research lies in the evaluation of the professional competencies of physical education teachers, which necessitates the search for new solutions and methods that can be evaluated in the light of them, and the research problem lies in answering the following two questions, which are what professional competencies must be available in the performance of physical education teachers in Salah al-Din governorate? What is the degree of availability of the professional competencies index for physical education teachers in Salah al-Din governorate?, the research aims to prepare a scale of professional competencies for physical education teachers in Salah Al-Din Governorate, and to identify the level of professional competencies for them from their point of view, and to identify the training needs of physical education teachers for professional competencies from their point of view, and the researcher used the descriptive method in the survey method, and identified the research population with (800) physical education teachers and teachers The researcher prepared a scale of professional competencies in order to collect information, and then he processed the data by a number of statistical means through the statistical bag (SPSS), and the researcher reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which are: The results showed that there is a disparity in the order of the phrases within each axis, which indicates a disparity in the level of performance between the various aspects of competencies, as some phrases stood out to a higher degree than others, and this calls for focusing on the less developed aspects.

This research aims to construct and standardize a scale for the personality traits of goalkeepers in Iraq. The researcher followed a descriptive approach with its survey and correlational methods. The research population included goalkeepers in Iraqi clubs in the Iraqi Stars and Premier League divisions (257 individuals). The sample was divided into a construction sample (196 individuals) and a final application sample (120 goalkeepers). The research procedures relied on constructing a new scale consisting of four main axes (mental, physical, psychological, and social). Its items were formulated according to scientific standards and precise statistical analysis to ensure validity and reliability. In light of the analysis and discussion of the study results, the researcher was able to draw a set of conclusions, namely that goalkeepers in the Iraqi Stars League enjoy a high level of personal traits, as reflected by the high values on the personality trait scale compared to the hypothetical average, which indicates the presence of a good psychological and social balance and mental and emotional abilities that help them adapt to competitive variables, and the presence of statistically significant differences between the personality traits and the hypothetical average of traits, which indicates that positive psychological traits contribute to forming a positive self-image. Based on the results reached by the study, the researcher recommends the necessity of adopting integrated psychological training programs within the training units for goalkeepers, which are concerned with enhancing positive personal traits such as psychological resilience, self-confidence, and the ability to control emotions, and including tests of personality traits and self-concept within the tools for selecting goalkeepers in teams and clubs, in addition to physical and technical tests, given the role of these indicators in predicting performance.

This study aims to develop and standardize the \"Distinguished Integrity Scale\" in Iraqi sports federations and to diagnose the level of this scale among different categories (federation members, referees, coaches). The importance of the study stems from the fact that physical fitness represents an independent administrative value for the first time in improving local performance, especially in light of the complexities and crises facing Brazilian sports federations, which have negatively impacted their work and ability to perform.
The model follows the interactive boundaries and interrelationship model. The research population consists of federation presidents and members, referees, and coaches (257 individuals). The sample was divided into two groups: a group for developing the new scale (196 individuals), and a group for final application (61 individuals). The research procedures for developing a new construct scale consisted of five main axes (organizational optimism, organizational trust and empathy, integrity, and arrogance). Its items were formulated according to the standards of scientific statistical analysis. Validity and reliability were calculated. The final form of the scale consisted of (39) items with a range of (39- 195) and a total hypothetical mean of (117). The mean score for the entire study was calculated at (151.705), which is higher than expected to meet the hypotheses, reflecting a clear level of complete integrity. The results also revealed clear differences in numerical appearances between the three groups, with coaches in teams following referees and then members. However, these differences were not statistically significant according to one-way analysis of variance (F = 1.684, Sig. = 0.085). This result explains the presence of a unified organizational and ethical culture in these federations, given the varying significance and differences between the different groups. This culture contributed to supporting sports ethics plans, developing partnership and transparency policies, and diversifying their contributions and values related to integrity. Future studies should be expanded to include other sports federations or the relationships between these groups. This may be due to variables such as creative organization, but also to functional factors.

The purpose of the research is to:
- Identifying the values of harmonic abilities and the level of achievement of football players in the academies of Kirkuk province at the age of (15) years.
- Identifying the percentages of the contribution of consensual abilities to the level of skill achievement of football players in the academies of Kirkuk Governorate at the ages of (15) years.
- Reaching a predictive equation for the level of skill achievement in terms of the special harmonic abilities of football players in the academies of Kirkuk province at the age of (15) years.
The researchers used the descriptive method in two methods (survey and relational relationships) according to the nature and objectives of the study, and the research population consisted of the players of Kirkuk football academies with the ages of (15 years) for the football season (2024-2025), which are (5) academies, and the number of players distributed to these academies was (120) players, in order to obtain the results that serve the study, and the researchers used a number of data collection methods, which are: In order to reach the statistical processing of the data, the two systems (Excel and spss) were used to reach the results based on the following statistical means: (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, percentage, simple correlation coefficient Pearson, pattern, torsion coefficient, standard score 6 schema, multiple regression by all regression method).
The researchers reached the following conclusions:
- Special harmonic abilities contributed to the level of achievement of football players in Kirkuk academies at the age of (15 years), and this percentage of contribution was represented by the following equation:
Achievement Level = 313.588 +(Ability to exert maximum effort × 5,732) + (Ability to respond quickly × 23,333)

The research aims to identify the effect of educational units in learning the series of ground movements in Gymnastics for fourth grade primary school boys, where the researcher used the experimental method to achieve Research objectives The research sample was chosen intentionally, and they are fourth-grade primary school students in Dijlah School for Boys in Al-Qadisiyah Governorate for the academic year 2024-2025, with a total of (32) students They were divided into two groups, a control and an experimental group, and homogeneity and equivalence were achieved in physical variables And the skill and the specificity of the motor chain, and the researcher concluded that the use of educational units for teaching The series of floor movements in gymnastics achieved better educational results than the traditional curriculum and recommended By adopting educational units as a main method for teaching gymnastics in schools and encouraging researchers to Conduct similar studies at different age groups

The study aims to:
- Designing specific exercises based on the motor path to develop motor fluency in soccer for juniors .
- Detecting the differences between the experimental group and the control group in the results of the post-test .
The researcher used the experimental method. The research community consisted of Salah Al-Din Sports Club junior players aged (14-16) years, totaling (40) players. The research sample consisted of (30) players representing (75%) of the original community. They were randomly divided by lottery into two experimental groups, with (15) players in each group. The researcher used the experimental design called the randomly selected equivalent groups design with tightly controlled pre- and post-tests. The data obtained were processed using the statistical package (SPSS).
The researcher, in cooperation with the trainer and the assistant work team, began implementing the educational units on Saturday, February 1, 2025, until Wednesday, April 23, 2025. The educational units were applied to the research sample, where specific exercises were used according to the motor path on the experimental group. Then, the post-tests were conducted for the experimental and control groups after completing the implementation of the educational units, under the same conditions in which the pre-tests were conducted in terms of place, devices, tools, and implementation method.

The research aims to:
1. Building a Supportive Leadership Scale for Secondary School Principals from the Perspective of Physical Education Teachers in Kirkuk Governorate
2. Identify the level of supportive leadership for secondary school principals from the perspective of physical education teachers in Kirkuk Governorate.
3. Identify the dimensions and factors of leadership supporting physical education teachers in Kirkuk Governorate.
The researchers used the descriptive method in the survey method for its suitability and the nature of the research problem and its objectives, and the current research population consisted of (379) physical education teachers in secondary schools in Kirkuk Governorate for the academic year (2024-2025), and the research samples were identified by statistical analysis sample (196) teachers representing (51,715%), and the sample of the survey application The number of them was (30) teachers representing (7,915%), the sample of the application was identified as (153) physical education teachers whose percentage reached (40,369%), after which the researchers built the supportive leadership scale and after obtaining the data and processed it by the statistical program (SPSS).

The study aimed to:
- Identify the differences between the pre- and post-tests of physical variables for the control and experimental groups of young soccer players.
- Identify the differences between the post-tests of variables for the control and experimental groups of young soccer players.
The research community was determined from the youth football players of the clubs of Salah al-Din Governorate for the sports season (2024-2025), which numbered eight clubs. The research community was intentionally determined from the players of the Al-Dour Youth Sports Club in Salah al-Din Governorate for the football season (2024-2025), which numbered (25) players. The research sample consisted of (20) players representing (13.22%) of the total research community. (3) goalkeepers were excluded, in addition to (2) players for not committing to the team. This sample was divided into two equal groups, a control and an experimental group, by following the random selection method using a lottery, with (10) players for each group. The statistical methods were extracted by relying on the statistical package (SPSS) using a computer, based on the following:
(arithmetic mean, standard deviation, percentage, simple correlation coefficient (Pearson), skewness coefficient, paired-samples t-test, independent-samples t-test).
The researcher reached several conclusions and recommendations, including:
• The results showed a significant and statistically significant improvement in the maximum transition speed, speed-specific strength, and short-sprint endurance of the experimental group. This confirms that transition exercises enhance players\' ability to accelerate and change direction effectively, a vital trait in real-world playing situations.
Based on the above conclusion, the following recommendations can be made to coaches, researchers, and those involved in football development:

The present study aimed to identify the level of creative thinking among the female basketball players of Akkad Club under 22 years , and to investigate the relationship between creative thinking and shooting skill performance among the players. The researchers employed the descriptive methodology using the correlational approach, given its appropriateness for the nature of the study and its objectives . The process of selecting the research population is a fundamental requirement in scientific research, as selection is always tied to the extent of its true representation of the original population. Accordingly, the researchers purposefully selected the study sample from the female players of Akkad Basketball Club under 22 years for the (2024–2025) season. The total population consisted of (10) players, with (2) players excluded for the pilot study, leaving (8) players in the final sample, representing (83.33%) of the population. After verifying the validity, reliability, and objectivity of the research tools, the researchers administered the Creative Thinking Questionnaire and conducted shooting skill tests (stationary shooting – lay-up – jump shot from beyond the arc) on January 11, 2025, for the (2024–2025) season. The results indicated several findings, most notably that there is a clear relationship between creative thinking and shooting skills in basketball. Specifically, the higher a player’s creative thinking ability, the greater her technical proficiency in basketball in general and in shooting in particular, which in turn positively impacts the overall performance of the team in league competitions. Moreover, the study revealed that the level of creative thinking among Akkad Club female players was high during their participation in the Iraqi Women’s Basketball League (2024–2025).

The research aims to: prepare instructional plans according to the Dunn & Dunn model in improving the technical performance of the javelin throw for students, identify the effect of the Dunn & Dunn model in improving the technical performance of the javelin throw for students, compare the post-test results between the two research groups in improving the technical performance of the javelin throw for students, The researchers used the experimental method with a two-group design, experimental and control. The research population was determined from the first-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences / Tikrit University for the academic year (2023/2024), whose number reached (304) students distributed into six sections (B, C, D, Z, E, W), After conducting the lottery, section (E) was chosen to represent the experimental group that studied according to the Dunn & Dunn model, and section (W) to represent the control group that studied by the traditional method, and each group was assigned (20) students. Instructional plans were designed to reach results that serve the objectives of the research. The educational program began on Sunday (10/3/2024) and continued until Wednesday (24/4/2024), with two lessons per week for each group, and all lessons were implemented in the sports field of Tikrit University, Then the researchers conducted the pre- and post-tests of technical performance on the two groups, to measure the effect of the Dunn & Dunn model compared to the traditional method, and processed the data using the statistical program (SPSS), The researchers reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which are: the experimental group that studied according to the Dunn & Dunn model outperformed the control group that studied by the traditional method in the post-test results of the technical performance of the javelin throw; there was a positive effect of the instructional plans implemented by the experimental group in improving the technical performance of the javelin throw for students.

This study aimed to develop instructional units based on multimedia applications for teaching selected offensive basketball skills to university students. The objectives were to examine the impact of multimedia-based instructional units on learning offensive skills across three experimental groups and to identify the most effective instructional medium among them.

The research sample consisted of (30) second-year students from the Department of Physical Education, College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Sulaymaniyah. The sample was deliberately selected and divided into three experimental groups. Data collection tools included theoretical sources, personal interviews, questionnaires, tests, and measurements. The instructional program comprised (12) teaching units delivered over six weeks, with two units per week, each lasting (60) minutes. The program was implemented from (October 5, 2024) to (November 27, 2024).

هدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف على فاعلية تدريبات حبال القدرة على حجم البطين الأيسر، وبعض المتغيرات البدنية، وكذلك التعرف على بعض المتغيرات المهارية لناشئ كرة القدم بإقليم كوردستان – العراق،
The study aimed to identify the effectiveness of ropes training the ability to the size of the left ventricle, and some physical variables, as well as to identify some skill variables for junior football in the Kurdistan Region - Iraq,
The use of experimental design with pre-dimensional measurement for two groups, one experimental and the other control, and the research community was selected from the junior football at the Erbil Sports Club Academy in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, and the sample was determined in a deliberate way on all the academy players and included (28) junior under 15 years, and after excluding (8) players for the exploratory experiment, the research sample was divided equally in a random way into the two groups and by (10) players for each group, and the researchers used the tests (left ventricular diameter in Diastole (LVDD), ventricular septal thickness (IVS), left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LPW), left ventricular mass (volume) (LVM) as well as a training program was prepared with power ropes and after conducting the implementation of the experiment and obtaining data from pre- and post-tests, the researchers processed the data by a number of statistical means and by The researchers reached a number of conclusions, namely that the proposed program using power ropes leads to the development of the volume of the left ventricle, as well as to the improvement of some physical variables, and also contributed to improving the level of skill performance.

The importance of this research lies in analyzing the motion paths of body segments, identifying the values of related variables, and determining the extent of their relationship to performance achievement.
The study aimed to:
• Identify the velocity values of selected motion paths in men’s discus throw.
• Identify the relationship between the velocity values of selected motion paths and the performance achievement of male discus throwers.
The study hypothesized that:
• There is a statistically significant relationship between the velocity of certain motion-path variables and discus throw performance in men.
The descriptive method was adopted using a case-study and correlational approach. The research sample consisted of seven (7) athletes who used the rotational technique, indicating that the sample was selected intentionally.
The study variables included the velocity variables of the motion paths across the four technical stages—preparation, rotation, power position, and release—and focused on the variables of the right side of the body segments.

The research aims to prepare exercises using different weights for (50)-meter freestyle swimmers from the youth category and to identify the effect of exercises using different weights on some biochemical indicators and the completion time of (50)-meter freestyle swimming for youth. The current research community was represented by the youth swimmers of the Sayed Sadiq Sports Club for the sports season (2024-2025), totaling (12) swimmers. (8) swimmers were selected from them for the research sample representing the single experimental group in this research. They represent (66.666%) of the original community, and the researcher concluded that training with exercises using different weights increases the accumulation of lactic acid in the blood after the effort, increases the concentration of the enzyme creatine kinase in the blood after the effort, and increases the concentration of troponin in the blood after the effort within the healthy limits of these biochemical indicators that give an indication of the suitability of the physical effort for these exercises with high-intensity interval training for young swimmers. Training with exercises using different weights helps in improving the time of completing the (50) meter freestyle swimming for young swimmers.

The research aims to identify:
- Identifying the impact of karbulus model on teaching some basic handball skills to students.
The researchers assumed the following:
There are statistically significant differences in the pre and post tests of the experimental group in the skill variables in handball.
The research aims to identify the following

- To develop a scale measuring the role of sports media and examine its relationship with psychological adjustment among Premier League football players in the Kurdistan Region for the 2024–2025 season.

The researcher used the descriptive method through survey and correlational approaches on a sample of 147 players, divided into construction, pilot, and final application groups. The results showed the effectiveness of scientifically constructed scales and that players possessed a high awareness of the role and importance of media in their sports careers. Additionally, a high level of psychological adjustment and emotional regulation was observed.

The study revealed a significant positive correlation: the more positive the role of the media, the greater the players' psychological stability and their ability to adapt to competitive pressure. The research concluded that media serves as an educational tool that contributes to shaping the athlete's personality and directing their competitive behavior. This was confirmed by establishing a predictive regression equation demonstrating the impact of media on psychological adjustment. the study recommended the need to develop objective media strategies, involve psychological specialists in sports programs, and train players to interact professionally with media outlets in order to support their athletic future.

The current research aims to identify the importance of the effect of hypoxic exercises in sports, as it has a vital role in developing physical abilities and physiological indicators and achieving accomplishments in sports, including track and field events. Given the relative length of the 400m freestyle, which cannot be performed at maximum speed, developing this event requires special physical abilities and physiological requirements that are compatible with its performance, and the working energy system in it is the aerobic-lactic energy system, because its performance time falls within the time of this system. This requires adopting scientific foundations based on accurate evaluation and reliance on tests, which are the correct way to reach the highest sports levels, as they achieve for us in determining the abilities of disabled players according to the type of game and the great development in track and field events, including the (400m) freestyle event for the visually impaired (B2 category), and what distinguishes this event in terms of specifications related to physical fitness elements. The research problem lies in the fact that these studies have addressed a specific aspect of the event.
1-Hypoxic: means “reduced oxygen delivery to working muscles to make them work under difficult conditions of insufficient oxygen available for energy production, which leads to the accumulation of lactic acid during high-intensity effort.” (SKott K. Powers Edward T. Howley U.S.A. 2001 P. 53)
2. Category B2: These are athletes who can compete and whose handicap according to the international classification is that their range of vision is (1 meter).

This study examined the effects of omega-3 supplementation on muscle inflammation and recovery in professional wrestlers. Ten male wrestlers were randomly assigned to an experimental group, receiving omega-3 supplementation, or a control group, receiving a placebo, for four weeks. Inflammatory markers including creatine kinase (CK), C-reactive protein (CRP), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were measured before and after the intervention. Recovery was assessed subjectively using a Likert scale and objectively via exercise heart rate recovery. Results showed significant reductions in CK, CRP, and IL-1β, along with improvements in both perceived and objective recovery in the omega-3 group, while the control group showed minimal changes. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between groups (p < 0.05) with large effect sizes for all markers. These findings suggest that omega-3 supplementation effectively reduces muscle inflammation and enhances recovery, supporting its use as a recovery aid in high-intensity sports.

This study aims to examine how self-concept influences psychological adjustment and players’ performance. Self-concept refers to the image an individual holds about themselves, encompassing a range of thoughts, emotions, and internal evaluations. Psychological adjustment, on the other hand, denotes a state of mental stability and self-satisfaction, enabling the individual to effectively cope with life’s demands and pressures.
The study sample consisted of 18 football players from Salah Al-Din Club, in addition to 5 players who were selected as an experimental group. Two main surveys were utilized for data collection: a Self-Concept Survey and a Psychological Adjustment Survey. The findings revealed that players with a high level of self-concept demonstrated greater psychological adjustment compared to those with a lower self-concept.
The results suggest that enhancing self-concept can contribute to improving psychological adjustment among football players. These findings can be utilized to develop programs aimed at strengthening self-concept, which in turn supports better performance and success in the sports field.
The study recommends that sports clubs and teams place greater emphasis on developing players’ psychological and social skills through specialized training sessions and workshops. These activities can assist players in building a strong self-concept and developing effective strategies to manage psychological pressures, thereby leading to noticeable improvements in performance.
In conclusion, a high level of psychological adjustment is considered a fundamental component of athletic success. It not only impacts performance outcomes but also extends to the players’ lives off the field. Therefore, investing in psychological well-being is essential for teams aspiring to achieve outstanding and sustainable results.

The current research aims to identify the impact of using certain training methods on developing certain physical variables and their impact on the performance of people with disabilities in the (200)m race, especially those with hearing disabilities. A training process based on scientific principles, in terms of the components of the training load, leads to the development of physical qualities and abilities associated with athletic activity, such as strength, speed, agility, and others. The absence of any of these physical qualities from the training process can create confusion in the skill performance of the game, thus negatively impacting the numerical level (achievem) Ent Sports are the ideal and best means for a disabled player to quickly return to his community, reconnect with it, and succeed as a productive, integrated, and interactive member of this community. For this reason, the researcher took a serious interest in this topic, developing some scientific solutions to address this problem by designing strength training based on plyometric and weight training, which ensures that our players\' strength levels reach the highest levels, enabling them to achieve the greatest accomplishments in this field, especially for deaf players with disabilities. Hence, the research problem became clear: identifying the use of certain training methods in developing specific strength and their impact on the (200)m achievement.

- To identify the current state of sports tourism development in Iraq from an academic perspective. This overarching goal branches into the following sub-objectives:
1- What is the administrative level of sports tourism development in Iraq from an academic perspective.
2- What is the economic level of sports tourism development in Iraq from an academic perspective.
3-What is the social level of sports tourism development in Iraq from an academic perspective.
4-What is the environmental level of sports tourism development in Iraq from an academic perspective.
The researcher employed the descriptive survey method, as it aligns with the nature of the study. The research population and sample consisted of faculty members from the Colleges of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at public universities (Baghdad and Samarra), totaling 245 participants.
A variety of statistical tools was utilized to derive results that serve the research objectives.

The aim of this research was to identify the effect of using interactive e-learning on improving the technical performance of the free throw skill in handball among second-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The researcher used the experimental method by designing two groups (experimental and control) with pre- and post-measurement. The research sample amounted to (20) students, who were randomly divided into two equal groups (10 students per group). The experimental group implemented an interactive e-learning program that included slow-motion instructional videos, digital skill simulations, and short tests with immediate feedback, while the control group used traditional teaching methods. The study concluded that interactive e-learning is an effective means of enhancing motor learning and improving the physical and technical performance of sports skills, while increasing students\' motivation to learn and practice continuously. The researcher recommended adopting this method as part of the teaching methods of team sports in colleges of education, along with the design of diverse interactive educational programs for different sports skills

This study aims to identify the main reasons behind patients’ reluctance to seek rehabilitation and physiotherapy services at governmental centers compared to private ones in Salah al-Din Governorate. The research adopts a comparative analytical approach to examine differences in service quality, accessibility, patient satisfaction, and administrative efficiency between the two sectors. Data were collected through questionnaires and interviews with patients and healthcare staff. The findings are expected to contribute to improving the quality of public rehabilitation services and increasing patients’ trust and attendance rates at governmental centers.

The study aimed to identify the effect of S.A.Q exercises with varying phosphagen and lactic loads on certain biochemical indicators, as well as to examine the differences in the post-test results of the research variables between the experimental and control groups of young football players. The researchers employed the experimental method due to its suitability for the nature of the research problem.
The research population consisted of youth football players from Diyala province clubs for the 2024–2025 sports season, totaling 13 clubs. The sample was deliberately selected by the researchers and included the players of Al-Miqdadiya Sports Club, whose number was (24) players, representing 7.47% of the total research population (321) players participating in the league. The sample was divided into two groups: (12) players for the experimental group and (12) players for the control group. The division was made based on test results, ranked in ascending order, and distributed according to odd and even numbers. Players who did not adhere to the training units were excluded, with (2) players removed from the experimental group and (2) from the control group.

The current study aimed to develop a guidance program based on mindfulness skills. The program was designed based on identified needs of parkour and gymnastics athletes in Mosul. The study aimed to determine the level of mindfulness among the research sample. The experimental method was used in the study, and the research population consisted of the 46 gymnastics and parkour athletes in Mosul, 15 were divided into two groups: an experimental group and a control group. The control group consisted of 10 athletes, and the pilot group for the program included 6 athletes. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Statistical methods (standard deviation, arithmetic mean, simple correlation coefficient, t-test, percentage) were used, and the results showed a low level of mindfulness among the research sample. Furthermore, the experimental group outperformed the control group in the post-test of mindfulness. The researcher recommended using the program in sports rehabilitation clinics to address fear of movement after injuries.

Adhering to the principles and foundations of sports training is the only proper approach that sports coaches must follow in order to achieve the desired performance level and avoid randomness. Accordingly, the researchers designed a scientifically based training program using one of the modern training methods. The program required the use of the kettlebell as the core training tool due to its multiple advantages, which attracted the researchers’ attention. It served as the main component of both the physical and skill-based training parts.
This program was also intended to address the weakness observed by the researchers in some Iraqi volleyball club players during field observations. This weakness represents the main problem when comparing the performance levels of Iraqi teams with Arab and international teams.

The research is divided into five chapters. The first chapter provides an introduction to the study and includes the research background, its significance, the research problem, and the research objectives, which are as follows:
1. To design and implement specific skill-based units employing active learning in selected fundamental football skills.
2. To examine the effect of these active learning units, using targeted skill-based exercises, on the acquisition of certain fundamental football skills.
The research hypotheses were formulated as follows:
There are statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test results of both the experimental and control groups in certain fundamental football skills, in favor of the post-tests.
There are statistically significant differences between the post-test results of the experimental and control groups in certain fundamental football skills, in favor of the experimental group.

This study aimed to identify the level of administrative leadership among the directors of youth and sports forums in Salah al-Din Governorate from the employees\' perspective, and the level of organizational prosperity in these forums from the employees\' perspective. It also aimed to identify the role of administrative leadership in enhancing organizational prosperity within these forums. The researcher used the descriptive-analytical method. The current research population consists of (242) workers in youth and sports forums in Salah al-Din Governorate. The construction sample consists of (170) workers, and they were selected by simple random method (lottery) and at a rate of (70.24%) of the total research population. They were divided into (15) workers who represent the exploratory application sample and represent at a rate of (6.19%) of the research population.

The importance of this research lies in the use of diverse mental exercises that rely on the coordination between auditory and visual stimuli and the player\'s movements to develop the offensive tactical behavior of advanced football players.
The study aimed to develop specific mental exercises that enhance the coordination between auditory and visual stimuli and the player\'s movements, and to compare the differences between the pre-test and post-test results in offensive tactical behavior for the control and experimental groups, as well as the differences between the post-test results in offensive tactical behavior for the experimental and control groups.

This research aimed to develop bodyweight exercises to enhance leg speed strength among referees in the Iraqi Stars League for the 2024-2025 season. It also aimed to identify the effect of these bodyweight exercises on developing leg speed strength among referees in the Iraqi Stars League. The researcher hypothesized that there would be statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test results for the experimental group, favoring the post-test. The research sample consisted of referees working according to the Central Football Association regulations, numbering (20) referees from Baghdad Governorate. The post-test results showed that bodyweight exercises contributed to developing the level of leg speed strength (characterized by speed and explosive power) among the referees. The researcher recommended the necessity of developing leg speed strength among referees working in the Iraqi Stars League for the 2024-2025 season, as it is considered a cornerstone of the league. The basic principles upon which the development of the technical phases of most movements depends.

The aim of the study was to analyze the relationship between the total body energy and the resultant ball exit velocity during the slice serve technique in tennis. Procedures: A 3D motion analysis was conducted using three GoPro Hero 6 cameras to record the skill. Twelve slice serve attempts were recorded from the top junior tennis player (with a height of 183 cm, weight of 76 kg, 10 years of training experience, and chronological age of 16 years). The best six attempts were selected for 3D biomechanical evaluation. The SkillSpector 3D biomechanical analysis software was used to analyze the key moments of the skill, which included the final moments of the preparatory, main, and final phases of thae slice serve in tennis. Results: The findings revealed a strong correlation between the resultant potential energy, the total resultant energy during the preparatory, main, and final phases, and the ball\'s exit velocity from the racket during the slice serve in tennis.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of a training program based on high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on performance effectiveness in junior handball players. A scientifically designed program that combines high intensity with structured repetitions was implemented, and its impact on physical and technical abilities was compared with that of conventional programs. A pre-test/post-test experimental design with two equivalent groups (experimental and control), each consisting of six juniors, was used. The experimental group followed the HIIT program for eight weeks (four training sessions per week), whereas the control group continued their traditional training. Pre- and post-tests were conducted for shooting accuracy, explosive strength, speed, agility, balance, flexibility, and muscular endurance using specialized physical and skill-specific tests. The results showed that the experimental group outperformed the control group in most physical and technical variables: shooting accuracy improved markedly, explosive strength, maximal speed, and endurance increased significantly, and notable gains were observed in agility and balance. These findings indicate that high-intensity interval training is effective for enhancing both motor and technical performance in junior handball players.

The aim of the study was to design a psychological–recreational counseling program to reduce stress and psychological contamination among the research sample, as well as to identify the impact of this program on lowering both stress and psychological contamination. The researcher adopted the experimental method due to its suitability for the nature of the research problem. The research population consisted of women enrolled in a sports hall who had never practiced sports before, aged between 35 and 45 years, totaling 25 participants. The researcher administered stress and psychological contamination scales as a preliminary procedure to identify participants experiencing high levels of these conditions. After data processing, the results showed that 15 participants suffered from high levels of stress and psychological contamination, while 10 participants exhibited low to moderate levels. Therefore, the participants with high levels formed the research sample (15 participants).

The research aims to identify:
-Identifying the impact of Karplus model on teaching some basic handball skills to students.
The researchers assumed the following:
There are statistically significant differences in the pre and posttests of the experimental group in the skill variables in handball.
The researchers used the experimental method for its suitability to the nature of the research. The researchers conducted their research on students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Samarra University for the academic year 2024/2025. They were selected randomly, numbering (68) students, distributed into three sections. Section (A) was selected by lottery to represent the experimental group

This study aimed to examine the effect of specially designed physical and skill exercises using auxiliary training tools on developing selected basic skills among female basketball players under 18 years old. The experimental method was employed, with a sample of twelve (12) players from the Sulaymaniyah Basketball Club, deliberately selected and randomly divided into two groups: control (n=6) and experimental (n=6). The control group followed the coach’s regular training program, while the experimental group performed the researchers’ proposed exercises for eight weeks, with three sessions per week. The findings are expected to demonstrate significant improvements in the experimental group’s physical and skill performance compared with the control group, confirming the effectiveness of the specialized training program

The study aimed to demonstrate the effect of speed training and breathing control techniques on the physical variables affecting athletic performance and to evaluate the impact of speed training and breathing control techniques on improving completion time. The experimental approach was adopted using a single-group design with pre- and post-tests. The research was used to test the effectiveness of training in improving performance and achievement in test, The research community includes young swimmers. The total number was 12 swimmers. Four of them were selected for the pilot study, so they were not included in the main sample, limiting the final sample size to eight swimmers. The results showed that physical variables play a key role in improving athletic performance and productivity, including muscle strength, response speed, cardiovascular fitness, and flexibility. Speed and breathing training have been shown to significantly impact physical performance time. Breath control training also contributed to improved athletic achievement time, with the 100-meter freestyle time reduced, and underwater breath holding ability improved with reduced breath-holding times during the race.

This study aimed to develop a scale for assessing the preventive culture of sports injuries among students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences and to evaluate their preventive awareness levels. A descriptive survey and correlational design were used with 302 students at the University of Samarra (2024–2025). Data were analyzed using SPSS.
Results indicated that the scale is valid and reliable, with male students exhibiting higher preventive culture levels than female students. The scale can effectively assess students’ preventive culture, and it is recommended for broader use and for guiding educational programs on sports injury prevention.

This study aims to determine the effect of a multimodal rehabilitation program on restoring muscular strength in the injured leg of athletes following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgery. The researcher employed an experimental method using a pretest–posttest design on a sample of five athletes who had undergone the surgery and were rehabilitated according to a program lasting sixteen weeks. The program progressed through four phases that included electrical stimulation, aquatic training, closed kinetic chain exercises, and functional strength training. Muscular strength was measured using a dynamometer. The results revealed a substantial and statistically significant improvement between the measurements, confirming the effectiveness of the multimodal program in enhancing muscular strength beyond what is achieved through natural recovery or traditional rehabilitation programs. The study concludes that progressive, multimodal rehabilitation represents an effective option for restoring functional capacity after ACL surgery and recommends its adoption in sports rehabilitation centers.