Surra Man Ra'a

This study seeks to reveal common features in the use of the technique of rejection and political anger in the most famous resistance poems of the modern era, which are linked to the memory of the Arab people and the collective consciousness of the boldness of criticizing and exposing the political reality to society, by using diverse poetic methods from bitter satire to employing heritage, and then symbolism and direct discourse to transform rejection and political anger in these poetic methods into a weapon to confront the hesitant governments and raise awareness in Arab society.

This research aims to explore the dynamic interaction between morphological structure and functional grammar in Arabic, considering language not as a rigid, formal system, but as a living, communicative entity that generates meaning through the interaction of form with context. The research employs an applied analytical approach, drawing on a range of recent studies that link morphology and pragmatic functions, and utilizing examples from the Holy Quran, modern Arabic poetry, and classical prose as case studies. The research arrives at several key findings: First, that Arabic morphological structure—despite its systematic and normative nature—is not semantically fixed, but rather capable of being activated according to the pragmatic context. Second, that morphological forms (such as the patterns of the active participle, the passive participle, the intensive form, and the adjectival adjectives) perform multiple grammatical functions: representational (to represent reality), interactive (to manage the relationship between speaker and listener), and textual (to organize discursive coherence). Third, functional grammar is not an approach alien to the spirit of Arabic, but rather an analytical tool capable of explaining linguistic phenomena that traditional grammar cannot, especially in texts with high semantic density such as the Quran and poetry. Applied analysis has shown that the Quranic verse "And indeed, you are of a great moral character" (88:4) does not merely describe a moral quality, but also establishes a supportive, interactive relationship within a context of denunciation and accusation. Furthermore, the analysis of the poem "The Tragedy of May 8, 1945" revealed that the use of the passive participle (such as "killed" or "humiliated") is not a description of a past state, but rather an existential representation of the victim as a powerless being. In addition, a study of al-Jahiz's letters demonstrated that morphological structure interacts with inflection to determine grammatical function and contextual meaning, as in the phrase "a humiliated man." In light of these findings, the research proposes integrating the functional dimension into Arabic grammar and morphology curricula, and encouraging applied studies that link morphological structure to pragmatic context, whether in religious, literary, media, or even colloquial discourse. In this way, understanding Arabic becomes understanding the worldview it shapes, rather than simply memorizing rules.

This study examines the demographic and tribal transformations of Arab society in Egypt during the governorship of Maslama ibn Mukhallad al-Ansari (47–62 AH), a pivotal period in Umayyad Egypt. It analyzes how political, administrative, and financial policies reshaped tribal organization, settlement patterns, and the relationship between Umayyad authority and the local population. Using a historical-analytical approach based on primary sources, the study highlights the social and tribal dimensions often overlooked in previous research. It concludes that Maslama ibn Mukhallad’s policies played a significant role in reconstructing Arab society in Egypt and in promoting political and social stability.

The study of population characteristics is the cornerstone of any geographical study. Currently, advanced technologies are being used to study population characteristics, most notably geographic information systems (GIS), by projecting population data onto maps to facilitate their reading and interpretation. This is the primary objective of our study.
The study revealed a decline in growth rates during the years (1997, 2007, 2017, and 2023). It also revealed variations in population from one district to another within the study area, with Al-Qa'im District ranking first in population, followed by Haditha District, followed by Hit, Ana, and Rawah Districts. The study also revealed variations in urban and rural populations between districts, with the highest urban population percentage in Hit District at 31.54%, followed by Al-Qa'im District at 29.36%, followed by Haditha District at 25.96%, and finally Ana and Rawah Districts at 7.05% and 6.09%, respectively. The study showed that the highest percentage of rural population was in Al-Qaim district at (43)%, followed by Hit district at (31.01)%, followed by Haditha district at (13.30)%, and the districts of Anah and Rawah had the lowest percentages at (4.96 and 2.73)% respectively. The general density of the region was (17.18) people/km2, and the density varied between the districts of the study area, and the districts of Al-Qaim, Hit, and Haditha were the most dense districts, while the districts of Anah and Rawah had the least density. The study showed that the population of the study area tends to be concentratedwithin the region. The concentration rate in 2007 reached 24.59%, while in 2023, it decreased to 24.56%. In addition to the variation in concentration rates among the districts of the study area, the highest population concentration rates were in Rawah, Ana, and Haditha districts, reaching 12.9%, 11.2%, and 9.3%, respectively. Al-Qaim and Heet districts followed with similar percentages of 7.5% and 7.3%, respectively.

This research aims to identify the relationship between social self-efficacy and academic flourishing among university students.The researcher adopted a descriptive correlational approach. The study was limited to students at the University of Anbar, totaling 22,303 students, during the 2025-2026 academic year. A sample of 150 students was selected using stratified random sampling. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher adopted the Social Self-Efficacy Scale developed by Smith and Betz (2000), which consists of 25 items on a five-point scale. The researcher also developed an Academic Flourishing Scale, also consisting of 25 items on a five-point scale, and verified the psychometric properties of both scales. After analyzing the data, the results showed the following -The sample possesses a high level of both social self-efficacy and academic flourishing -Social self-efficacy is statistically significantly and positively correlated with academic flourishing.
In light of the research findings, the researcher presented a set of conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions.

The current research aims to identify the ability to achieve and its relationship with holistic thinking among second-grade intermediate students in the Education Directorate of Diwaniya province. A descriptive correlational approach was used, and the sample consisted of 163 students selected using stratified random sampling. The researcher developed an achievement ability test containing 24 items and a holistic thinking scale with 31 items, after ensuring their psychometric properties (validity, reliability, and discriminative power). The study’s objectives include identifying the levels of achievement ability and holistic thinking, as well as exploring the relationship between them. Results, after data collection and statistical processing using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), revealed the following findings:
A good level of achievement ability exists among the sample of second-grade intermediate students.
Advanced holistic thinking skills are present among the sample.
A statistically significant positive correlation exists between achievement ability and holistic thinking among students.
Based on the results, the researcher recommended the need to enhance awareness of the importance of holistic thinking in the educational process and to update curricula to include teaching strategies aimed at improving achievement ability. Future studies on different educational categories were also suggested to explore these complex relationships.

This research aims to identify the impact of the (Gohg, s) model on the development of literary criticism skills among fourth-year preparatory students in Arabic language. To achieve this, the researcher randomly chose the central preparatory school and selected Section (B) as the experimental group consisting of 32 students and Section (C) as the control group, also consisting of 32 students. The researcher ensured equivalence between the two groups in several variables for the purpose of experimental control and adopted a partial design with pre- and post-testing.The researcher controlled the extraneous variables that could affect this type of experimental design. The educational material included four chapters from the prescribed Arabic language curriculum for fourth-year preparatory students for the school year (2024–2025). The researcher formulated specific behavioral objectives for the teaching plans of the topics and prepared model teaching plans for each of the selected topics for the experiment.To measure the literary criticism skills of the students in both research groups, the researcher opted for a tool designed by (Shar

The present study aims to identify the effect of the DUIT model on the development of dialectical thinking among fifth-grade literary female students in the subject of history. To achieve this objective, the researcher employed a quasi-experimental design with partial control, consisting of two groups: an experimental group and a control group. The research sample was selected randomly from Al-Hawraa Preparatory School for Girls, where the experiment was conducted. The total sample consisted of 64 students, distributed into 31 students in the experimental group and 32 students in the control group.
The instructional content was determined, and 120 behavioral objectives were formulated. The researcher also prepared 14 instructional lesson plans and developed a dialectical thinking test consisting of 30 items. The two groups were statistically equated in several variables, including chronological age, intelligence, parents’ educational attainment, and prior achievement in history. The validity and reliability of the test were verified, and appropriate statistical analyses were conducted.
The results, analyzed using the t-test, revealed the superiority of the experimental group taught according to the DUIT model over the control group taught using the traditional method in the dialectical thinking test. In light of the findings, the researcher presented a number of conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions

The current research aims to identify (the effectiveness of electronic modeling in the achievement of physics among fourth-grade science students), and to verify this, the researcher chose the following null hypothesis: There is no statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the average achievement scores of the female students of the experimental group who study physics according to electronic modeling, and the female students of the control group who study the same subject in the usual way. The researcher randomly assigned a middle school Al-Diwaniyah School for Girls in Al-Qadisiyah Governorate Center to be a sample for her research, as the number of female students reached (64), with (32) female students in both the experimental and control group. The researcher conducted parity between the female students of the two research groups in several variables. I prepared an achievement test to measure the level of students’ achievement after the end of the experiment based on a valid criterion, as the test consisted of the scientific content of physics for the fourth scientific grade.

The current research aims to identify (the effectiveness of the Stepans model in acquiring Islamic concepts among sixth –grade elementary school students and developing their logical thinking).
To achieve this, the researcher chose a quasi-experimental design with two research groups: an experimental group and a control group. The research population consisted of sixth-grade students in government schools in Kirkuk/Hawija Education Department for the 2024-2025 academic year. The research sample was purposively selected from Manahil Al-Ilm School and Al-Kurama School, with a total of 55 sixth-grade literary students divided into two sections. Section B, comprising 29 students, was chosen as the experimental group, and Section A, comprising 26 students, was chosen as the control group. Both groups were matched on certain variables that might influence the independent variable, including chronological age, intelligence, prior achievement in Islamic Education for the first semester, and a scale measuring attitude towards Islamic Education. The curriculum during the experiment was limited to Units 4 and 5 of the sixth-grade Islamic Education textbook. Seventy-eight behavioral objectives were formulated for the experiment according to Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. Lesson plans were also prepared for both groups. Regarding the research instruments, the researcher prepared... The first instrument was an achievement test consisting of 33 items, distributed as follows: 28 multiple-choice questions and items 29-33 essay questions. The second instrument was a scale measuring attitudes towards Islamic education. This scale, consisting of 30 items, was developed using a three-part Lipkert scale, which includes three response options: (agree, disagree, don't know). Its validity and reliability were confirmed. After statistically analyzing the data using several statistical methods, the results showed that the experimental group, who studied according to the Stephans model, outperformed the control group, who studied using the traditional method, on both the achievement test and the Islamic education attitude scale. Based on these findings, the researcher made several recommendations and suggested further studies to complete the research

This study aims to investigate the effect of the Novick model in teaching Social Studies to second-grade intermediate female students and its role in enhancing their smart thinking. A true experimental design with two independent groups was employed, in which the students were assigned to an experimental and a control group. The researcher randomly selected Al-Masarra Intermediate School for Girls as the setting of the study. Class (B), consisting of 35 students, was assigned as the experimental group, while Class (A), consisting of 37 students, served as the control group; after excluding non-eligible students, the final sample size reached 72 students.
Equivalence between the two groups was ensured in several variables, including the smart-thinking test, previous academic abilities, and an intelligence test. The content to be taught was specified, and 180 behavioral objectives were developed according to the six cognitive levels of Bloom’s taxonomy. The research instrument was a smart-thinking test composed of 56 items, which were examined for validity, discrimination power, difficulty level, and effectiveness. Reliability was established using the split-half method. Appropriate statistical procedures were applied to analyze the data, and the results indicated that the experimental group outperformed the control group.

The aim of this research is to develop a proposed strategy based on Osborn's theory and to determine the effectiveness of this strategy in developing divergent thinking skills among students in the College of Education for Humanities within the Measurement and Evaluation course. To achieve these two research objectives, A strategy was developed based on Osborn's theory, and the researcher used two methodologies: the descriptive method to develop the strategy, and the experimental method to identify differences between the two research groups (experimental and control) with pre- and post-tests. The University of Babylon – College of Education for Human Sciences – Department of Educational and Psychological Sciences – Fourth Stage was selected. To represent the research sample, two sections were chosen. Section (A) was represented by the experimental group, while section (B) was chosen to represent the control group. The researcher applied the experiment to the two research groups, and after completion, the test was applied, the data was collected and analyzed, and the results showed a difference between the two research groups in favor of the experimental group. In light of the results, the researcher presented a number of recommendations and suggestions

The current research aims to evaluat the history textbook for the literary sixth grade in the Federal Republic of Iraq concerning the skills of 21st century. To achieve this aim, a tool for skills of 21st century was developed according to the scientific steps for tool development, which consisted of defining the theoretical frameworks and key skills (learning, creativity, and innovation skills, digital, media, and cultural skills, and life and social skills) and the sub-skills specific to each skill. The tool was then presented in its initial form to 21 experts majoring in history teaching methods, supervisors, and teachers of history to verify the validity of the assessment. its stability was also verified, and after verifying its psychometric properties, the tool was ready for evaluation .
After evaluating the two history textbooks for the Federal Republic of Iraq (Baghdad-Kurdistan Region), the results showed that the history textbook for the Federal Republic of Iraq/ Baghdad achieved (306) repetitions (highlighting learning, creativity, and innovation skills, while neglecting two skills, namely digital, media, and cultural skills, and life and social skills), and the Kurdistan Region achieved (160) repetitions (highlighting two skills, namely learning, creativity, and innovation, and life and social skills, while neglecting digital, media, and cultural skills) Based on these results, a set of recommendations and suggestions were proposed

The current study aims to identify cyberbullying and its relationship with self-monitoring among university students. The research sample consisted of 500 male and female university students from both scientific and humanities disciplines. To achieve the objectives of the study, a Cyberbullying Scale was developed, which in its final form consisted of 28 items. A Self-Monitoring Scale was also constructed, consisting of 23 items in its final version. After administering the two scales, collecting the participants’ responses, and analyzing the data using a set of statistical methods and the SPSS statistical package, the results revealed that the study sample exhibited a high level of cyberbullying and low self-monitoring. Furthermore, no statistically significant differences were found according to gender or academic specialization. Based on the findings of the study, the researcher proposed a number of recommendations and suggestions.

Individuals face numerous difficulties and obstacles in life that threaten their stability and well-being. They then attempt to cope with these challenges using various methods to minimize the risk and restore balance to their lives. Individuals differ in their approaches based on their personality traits or the nature of the situation itself. Some individuals are able to deal with situations effectively, while others avoid and evade them. This all stems from the degree of confidence an individual possesses in their ability to confront such situations. Individuals must possess effective coping mechanisms and a degree of confidence in their ability to handle pressure. This confidence in their ability to perform a specific task in a given situation is what is known as self-efficacy. The concept of self-efficacy is a central tenet of positive psychology, which focuses on the factors that create meaning for individuals. It is based on our personal ideas about self-efficacy, which in turn influence our social interactions (Nabila, 2011). Furthermore, a key aspect of psychological adjustment is an individual's sense of control over their behavior, environment, thoughts, and feelings. When this is achieved, they become more capable of coping with stress and building positive relationships. Therefore, the problem addressed in this research was identifying the perceived self-efficacy of employees at the University of Qadisiyah's administration by achieving the following research objectives:

1-To identify the perceived self-efficacy of employees at the University of Qadisiyah's administration.
2-To determine the significance of differences in perceived self-efficacy according to the variables of gender (male, female), age, and educational qualification.
The researcher developed a perceived self-efficacy scale after reviewing previous literature and studies. The final version of the scale consisted of 30 items distributed across three domains. After verifying that the scale met the required psychometric criteria for psychological scales, including face validity, construct validity, and reliability using test-retest and Cronbach's alpha methods, the scale was administered to a sample of 229 employees of the University of Qadisiyah's administration, both male and female, selected from the research population. The data obtained from the research sample were subjected to statistical analysis using appropriate tools and equations in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The research concluded that the employees possess a high level of perceived self-efficacy.  

The current study aims to identify the level of deep reading and research awareness among students of the College of Basic Education. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher constructed two scales: one for deep reading and another for research awareness. To verify the validity of the two scales, they were presented to a panel of (10) experts specialized in psychological and educational sciences. After statistically processing the items using the Chi-square equation, all items were approved by the experts.
The two scales were then administered to a pilot sample to ensure their reliability. After collecting the responses, the data were analyzed using Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient, which yielded a reliability value of (0.90), a high and acceptable coefficient in psychological and educational research. The researcher adopted the descriptive–analytical correlational approach, as it is the most appropriate for the nature of the current study.
The study population consisted of students of the College of Basic Education at the University of Sumer, totaling (2230) male and female students. The research sample comprised (220) students selected randomly from the Departments of Science and Primary Grades Teacher. After administering the instruments to identify the availability of deep reading and research awareness among the students, the results revealed that students of the Science Department outperformed those of the Primary Grades Teacher Department in both deep reading and research awareness according to the specialization variable (scientific vs. humanities). In addition, female students outperformed male students in both deep reading and research awareness according to the gender variable.
Furthermore, the results indicated statistically significant differences in favor of females over males according to the variables of gender and specialization, as well as significant differences in favor of the scientific specialization over the humanities specialization. There were also significant differences in favor of Science Department students compared to Primary Grades Teacher Department students in both deep reading and research awareness.
Based on the findings, the researcher recommends emphasizing the inclusion of deep reading and research awareness in the curricula of Colleges of Basic Education, organizing workshops and seminars related to deep reading and research awareness, and benefiting from the current study in Directorates of Education and Colleges of Basic Education. The study also recommends guiding university students in Iraqi universities toward deep reading practices and enhancing research awareness. Finally, the researcher suggests conducting similar studies in other university colleges, carrying out comparative studies on deep reading and research awareness at the secondary school level, and designing a proposed program to enhance research awareness in Iraqi universities

This study aimed to investigate the differences in self-concept between high-achieving and non-high-achieving students at Al-Zahraa Primary School in Diwaniyah during the 2025 academic year. The study population consisted of 500 students, while the sample comprised 100 students from different grade levels within the school (50 high-achieving and 50 non-high-achieving). The researcher employed a descriptive correlational approach and appropriate measurement tools, including a self-concept scale. Various statistical methods were used, such as percentages, frequencies, and t-tests, to analyze the data. The results showed statistically significant differences in self-concept between the two groups in some dimensions, such as moral and familial self-concept, while no differences were found in other dimensions, such as physical, intellectual, emotional, and social self-concept.

This study targeted the family system and the necessity of its cohesion and the preservation of the ancient family structure that characterizes the Diwaniyah Governorate. It addressed the most prominent and important threat to this system, which is digital addiction and preoccupation with modern technology, which has distanced family members from each other, leaving a large gap and chasm between them that has grown and expanded recently to become a real threat to family cohesion and its negative repercussions and effects on the husband, wife and children.
The researchers used the social and comparative survey methodologies. The researchers also used questionnaires and interviews to collect data. The research reached a set of results, the most important of which is that the excessive use of digitization and its replacement of traditional means of communication has negative effects on the family through its impact on psychological comfort, the work of the spouses, the home, and the socialization of children, as well as its impact on the spirit of love and tolerance among its members. It also affects relationships within and outside the family and relationships between friends, which leads to the desire of family members not to communicate, whether inside the home or in any previously known means of social gathering. Consequently, this is reflected on the family and makes it unstable, which leads to the instability of the Diwaniyah community and threatens family disintegration.
The research comprised two parts: a theoretical aspect and a field aspect. The field aspect included the research procedures, the analysis of primary data, results, recommendations, and suggestions. The theoretical aspect addressed the nature of addiction in general and digital addiction in particular, outlining its negative effects and discussing its repercussions on families in the city of Diwaniyah.
Given that digital addiction is a relatively recent phenomenon among the study population and has not received sufficient attention commensurate with its increasing prevalence, especially among youth and even children, who are the most frequent internet users, this study aimed to understand the impact of this technology on the overall social relationships of the study population, whether within the family, among relatives, or even among friends.

The current research aims to identify creative confidence and its relationship to psychological resilience among university students, in light of the variables of gender, specialization, and academic year. The research sample consisted of (400) male and female students distributed across 18 colleges (12 scientific colleges and (6) humanities colleges at Al-Qadisiyah University. They were selected using stratified random sampling according to the proportional approach for the academic year (2025-2026). To achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher developed a creative confidence scale, which in its final form consisted of (40) items, after verifying its psychometric properties. The researcher also adopted the (Omran, 2023) scale for psychological resilience, which consists of (20) items, in its final form after verifying the psychometric properties of the scale. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used, the researcher concluded the following:
1- Students at Al-Qadisiyah University have a good level of creative confidence and psychological resilience.
2. There are no statistically significant differences in the creative confidence variable according to the gender variable (male - female) and the specialization variable (scientific - humanities).
3. There are statistically significant differences in the creative confidence variable according to the academic year variable (second - fourth year), for the benefit of the fourth year.
. 4. There are differences in the creative confidence variable in the two-way interaction between gender and specialization, and in the interaction between specialization and academic year.
5. There are no statistically significant differences in the psychological resilience variable according to the gender variable (male-female), the specialization variable (scientific-humanities), or the academic year variable (second-year-fourth year). There are also no differences in the two-way and three-way interactions.
6. There is a statistically significant positive correlation between the variables of creative confidence and psychological resilience among the sample of the current research (students at Al-Qadisiyah University).
Based on these findings, the researcher offered several recommendations and suggestions.

This study aims to identify information literacy and its relationship to digital physics literacy among physics teachers. The statistically significant differences in digital information awareness among physics teachers according to the two gender variables (male - female). In order to achieve the research objectives, the researcher prepared a questionnaire to measure information awareness and digital physics culture, and its validity and reliability were verified. The researcher verified the face validity of the scale by presenting it to a group of referees and specialists, and extracting its discriminatory power using the t-test for two independent samples. Thus, the scale in its final form consists of (30) items for the information awareness scale and (22) items for the digital physical culture scale. The reliability coefficient was calculated using Cronbach's alpha, yielding a value of (0.82). The researcher applied this scale to the research sample, consisting of (248) physics teachers for the academic year (2025-2026), who were randomly selected. The data were collected and processed using the t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Using the statistical program (SPSS), the study reached the following results: The sample of physics teachers is characterized by an average level of information awareness and digital physics literacy, and there are differences in the level of information awareness and digital physics literacy among the sample of physics teachers according to the gender variable (males - females) in favor of females. The correlation between information awareness and digital physical culture was also a direct relationship, and the research included a set of conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions

This study aimed to investigate the nature of feedback practices provided by geography teachers at the elementary level and their relationship with improving students' academic performance. The descriptive correlational approach was adopted to explore the relationship between teachers' feedback and students' achievement in geography. The study population included all geography teachers in public elementary schools in Babylon Governorate, Iraq, during the 2024–2025 academic year. A purposive sample was selected from Al-Najah Primary School for Boys, consisting of 20 teachers. Each teacher was linked to the results of five randomly selected students, totaling 100 students.
The research tools included a questionnaire consisting of 25 items distributed across three dimensions: timing and consistency, method and style, and impact and improvement. In addition, student scores in geography before and after receiving structured feedback were analyzed. The tool's validity and reliability were confirmed using internal consistency coefficients and Cronbach's Alpha, which showed high levels of validity and stability.
Data were analyzed using the SPSS program through arithmetic means, standard deviations, Pearson correlation coefficient, and the t-test. The results revealed a moderate to high level of feedback practice among teachers and a statistically significant positive relationship between the quality of feedback and students' academic improvement.

The current research aims to identify self-cohesion and its relationship to meaning in life among cancer patients. To achieve this goal, the researcher selected a sample of 100 inpatients at Al-Warith Hospital in Karbala Governorate. The researcher developed two scales: a self-cohesion scale based on Kohut's theory (1971) and a meaning in life scale based on Frankel's theory (1985). Both scales consisted of 16 items. The researcher then performed statistical analysis of the items and verified their psychometric properties (validity and reliability). The results of the current research indicate that cancer patients possess both self-cohesion and a sense of meaning in life, with females exhibiting higher levels

This research aims to:
Develop a proposed educational program based on the integrated Montessori theory.
Measure its effectiveness in improving achievement and effective thinking among students of education colleges.
To achieve the research objectives, the researcher adopted an experimental approach and prepared an educational program that includes educational objectives, content, teaching methods, strategies, activities, educational means, and assessment methods, along with a teacher’s guide and a student book. The program’s validity was confirmed by presenting it to a group of reviewers. The researcher employed a partially controlled experimental design to determine the effectiveness of the educational program in improving academic achievement and effective thinking ,Students were divided into two groups: one group was exposed to the educational program while the other followed traditional methods. A post-test was conducted to assess the program's effectiveness. The researcher intentionally selected Qadisiyah University for the experiment, using random selection to choose the Department of Educational and Psychological Sciences and two branches, with group (B) representing the experimental group undergoing the educational program, and group (A) representing the control group that studied through traditional methods. Each group consisted of 34 male and female students ,Equivalence between the two groups was verified in key statistical variables, including age, IQ test, and achievement in technology subjects. The researcher prepared research tools that included an academic achievement test in educational technology, comprising 40 items (36 multiple-choice items and 4 essay items). Additionally, a scale for effective thinking was constructed based on the literature, including six different dimensions such as: logic (analysis), lateral thinking (creativity), intuition/insight, basic skills (metacognition), emotional regulation, and positive and self-directed thinking. The validity and reliability of these tools were verified and applied to a sample of students ,Subsequently, the researcher taught both groups during the experiment period in the academic year 2024-2025. For statistical data analysis, the researcher used the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). After analyzing the data, the research found that the use of the proposed educational program led to improved academic achievement and effective thinking among students, confirming the program’s effectiveness in enhancing educational outcomes.Based on the results, the researcher recommends applying the proposed "Montessori" educational program as an alternative to traditional teaching methods, as the research concluded that the program aids in improving academic achievement and effective thinking among students. The researcher also recommends implementing training courses for educational technology instructors on using educational programs to enhance teaching skills and improve educational outcomes. The researcher suggested comparative studies of the proposed educational program with other programs, similar studies at different educational levels, and studies on the proposed educational program in relation to other variables. The aim is to enhance the understanding of the program's effectiveness and improve it to achieve broader educational goals.

The preparation and training of social studies teachers is a vital task for the Ministry of Education, in light of the rapid changes affecting contemporary educational systems due to scientific and technological developments. The educational process faces multiple challenges, the most important of which is the lack of practical training for social studies teachers, resulting in a deficiency in educational capabilities. The issue of poor performance among social studies teachers is a fundamental concern that negatively impacts the quality of the educational process, as teachers bear significant responsibility for developing students' personalities and enhancing their academic skills. Therefore, teachers need a set of educational skills that encompass cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains.
This study aimed to: Build a training program based on expectancy theory for social studies teachers.
Verify the effectiveness of the proposed training program in acquiring educational capabilities for social studies teachers, in light of their professional needs.
To achieve the research objectives, the following hypotheses were formulated:
There are no statistically significant differences at the significance level of (0.05) between the average scores of the research sample in the pre- and post-tests, in favor of the post-test.
There are no statistically significant differences at the significance level of (0.05) between the average performance of the research sample in the observation card between the pre- and post-application, in favor of the post-application.
The researcher selected a sample of social studies teachers in Al-Diwaniyah governorate, consisting of 30 teachers. They were subjected to the training program during a two-month course. To measure the effectiveness of the program, the researcher designed pre- and post-tests and used a set of statistical methods such as the t-test for correlated samples and Pearson correlation coefficient.The main findings of the research highlighted the effectiveness of the training program in enhancing the educational capabilities of social studies teachers. In light of the results, the researcher recommended:
Including educational skills in in-service training programs for teachers to ensure the development of their performance.
Preparing educational booklets on educational skills and distributing them to educational supervisors and social studies teachers.
The researcher suggested conducting follow-up studies to expand the horizons of this research in the field of teacher preparation, contributing to the enhancement of the educational process in Iraq.

The aim of this research was to design an interactive e-book that contributes to improving the perceptions of teaching self-efficacy among female students in the Science Department at the College of Education for Girls, University of Kufa. The researcher used a quasi-experimental (pre-post) experimental design for a single group. The sample consisted of 45 female students randomly selected from the fourth-year students of the Department of Life Sciences at the College of Education for Girls, University of Kufa. The interactive e-book was designed using Canva, then converted to a flip-book format using the Hyzine platform so that it could be displayed as interactive material on computers or smartphones. Two research tools were used: the teaching self-efficacy test and the teaching self-efficacy observation card. The results showed statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test in favor of the post-test. The results also showed a positive relationship between the results of the post-test teaching self-efficacy observation card and the results of the post-test teaching self-efficacy test, indicating the effectiveness of the interactive design of the book in improving students' perceptions of teaching self-efficacy. The research made several recommendations, including: The need to integrate interactive e-books into practical education courses and university student preparation programs because of the opportunities they provide for self- learning and teaching, depth of knowledge, and effectiveness in the teaching process.

This research aims to identify the effectiveness of a proposed strategy, based on paradigm shift theory, in acquiring educational measurement and evaluation concepts among female students at the College of Education for Women. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher formulated the following null hypotheses: There is no statistically significant difference at the 0.05 level between the mean scores of the experimental group students studying measurement and evaluation using a strategy proposed based on paradigm shift theory and the mean scores of the control group students studying the same subject using the traditional method in acquiring measurement and evaluation concepts. The current research was limited to fourth-year female students at the College of Education, University of Kufa (morning program), for the academic year 2023-2024. To achieve this, the researcher purposively selected the College of Education for Women at the University of Kufa and randomly selected the Arabic Language Department. From the two sections of the fourth year, an experimental group and a control group were selected using the same method. The two groups were matched in terms of the variables of age (calculated in months) and prior knowledge. A set of concepts included in the measurement and evaluation curriculum was identified, and behavioral objectives were formulated for them according to paradigm shift theory. Bloom's levels, and formulated test items for each of these objectives, amounting to (39) items. The researcher verified its validity and reliability. The researcher used the descriptive and experimental method for the research and adopted the experimental design with quasi-control and the control group with the post-test. He used a set of statistical methods to process his data and reached several results

This research aims to explore the relationship between ambitious competition and the level of renewed thinking among Education College students. The study focuses on the impact of ambitious competition in enhancing renewed thinking skills by analyzing the extent of student competition in the educational environment and its effect on their abilities and creative ideas. To achieve the research objectives, two tools were developed: the first to measure the level of ambitious competition, and the second to assess the level of renewed thinking. The ambitious competition scale consists of 35 items reflecting various aspects of competition, while the renewed thinking test includes 15 items measuring students' abilities in visualization, renewed thinking, and the production of creative ideas.
The two tools were applied to a sample of 110 Education College students (morning studies) for the academic year 2024-2025, selected randomly and stratified. After conducting statistical analyses, the results showed that students practice ambitious competition at a good level, positively reflecting on the development of their renewed thinking skills. The results also revealed a positive correlation between the use of ambitious competition and the level of renewed thinking, indicating that increased competition among students within classrooms enhances their creative thinking abilities. Based on these results, the research presents a set of recommendations and suggestions to utilize ambitious competition in a way that contributes to the enhancement of renewed thinking among students in higher education environments.

This research aims to study educational determination, the level of psychological stability, and learning motivation, as well as to analyze the relationship between these variables among fifth-grade scientific students. The researcher used a descriptive approach with survey and correlational study methods. The research population consisted of 82 students, representing all fifth-grade scientific students, who were fully selected as the sample for the study. The researcher applied measures of educational determination, psychological stability, and learning motivation to the research sample and used appropriate statistical treatments to extract and analyze the results. The findings showed a positive relationship between the research variables, indicating that academic determination increases with the age of the students and that increased psychological stability is associated with higher learning motivation. Based on the results, the researcher recommended the following:
Use measures of academic determination, psychological stability, and learning motivation as tools to assess these traits in students at other educational stages and different schools.
Guide students on the importance of paying attention to lessons and daily reading, and avoiding the accumulation of study materials until exam periods to reduce feelings of fear and anxiety associated with them.
Encourage students to participate in various activities, such as festivals, scientific exhibitions, and courses, to enhance their skills and educational experiences.
Measure other psychological traits of students, given their impact on their practical and theoretical performance.

The current research aimed to identify "the effect of thinking abilities on fourth-grade science students' cognitive curiosity in physics and their persuasive intelligence." To achieve this, an experiment was conducted that lasted approximately two months. The researcher selected Al-Mustafa Intermediate School for Boys to implement the experiment. The research sample was determined to be (60) students, with (30) students for the experimental group and (30) students for the control group. The two groups were rewarded for variables (mid-year exam scores, chronological age, the Cognitive Curiosity Scale in Physics, and the Negotiating Thinking Scale). The researcher adopted a partially controlled experimental design for two equivalent groups (experimental and control). The extraneous variables were also controlled. The experiment was implemented in the second semester of the academic year (2024-2025). The statistical program was used. SPSS and Microsoft Excel were used to extract the results. A statistically significant difference was found in favor of the experimental group, which was taught using the thinking abilities strategy, over the control group, in terms of cognitive curiosity in physics and negotiation thinking.

The current research aims to identify the effectiveness of the "ideas addition strategy" in improving the achievement of fifth-grade literary students in history. The research sample consisted of two groups: an experimental group of 22 students who studied using the idea addition strategy, and a control group of 22 students who studied using the traditional method. The researcher randomly selected Al-Karama Preparatory School for Boys, affiliated with the General Directorate of Education in Diwaniyah, from the research population. The researcher adopted an experimental research methodology, which includes an independent variable (the idea addition strategy) and a dependent variable (achievement). The researcher chose an experimental design to control the research variables. Before conducting the experiment, the researcher ensured the parity of the two research groups to obtain accurate results using the following variables: students' age (calculated in months), prior knowledge test scores, prior knowledge of history, and intelligence test scores. After completing the experiment, the researcher administered the research instrument to both groups. Statistical analysis of the results using an independent samples t-test revealed the superiority of the students in the experimental group. The experimental group was compared to the control group students according to the strategy of adding ideas to the achievement.

The current research aims to identify the effect of the Intermediate Teaching Strategy (MIT) on the summarization skills of students in colleges of education. To achieve the research objective, the researcher chose a quasi-experimental design with partial control and two equivalent groups. The research population included all students of the Colleges of Education in the Middle Euphrates region. A purposive sample was selected from the College of Education at Al-Qadisiyah University. Second-year students in the Chemistry Department were then randomly selected, and two sections were randomly chosen to represent the two research groups: Section (B) represented the experimental group, and Section (C) represented the control group. The sample consisted of (73) male and female students. The two research groups were matched on the following variables: (age in months, intelligence test, prior knowledge, overall average in the first year, and summarization skills test). The subject of Educational Administration and Secondary Education was chosen for the experiment. To achieve the research objectives, (137) behavioral objectives were formulated, and (12) lesson plans were prepared for both the experimental and control groups. A summarization skills test was also prepared as the instrument for the current research. The experiment was implemented in the second semester of the academic year (2024-2025). (2025) AD, and it lasted (12) weeks. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences and the (SSPS) program were used to statistically analyze the results. The results showed that the students of the experimental group, who studied according to the intermediate teaching strategy (MIT), were superior to the students of the control group, who studied according to the traditional method (lecture and questioning) in the summarization skills test. According to the research results, a number of proposals and recommendations were formulated.

This research aims to identify the extent of inclusion of social studies books for the primary stage in light of the requirements of service education. To achieve this goal, the research addresses the following question: To what extent do social studies books for the primary stage include service education requirements? The researcher adopted a descriptive approach, using content analysis as one of the methods of the descriptive approach, following these steps:
Preparing a preliminary list of service learning indicators including (19) indicators, based on a review of the literature and previous studies related to the topic, and consultations with some supervisors and social studies teachers to meet the conditions of validity and reliability. The researcher then analyzed the content of social studies books for the primary stage for the academic year (2024 - 2025). The explicit idea was used as a unit for recording, and the reliability of the analysis was calculated in agreement with external analysts and with the researcher himself over time. Results, using frequencies and percentages, showed the following: The content analysis results of the fourth-grade social studies book in light of the service learning indicators indicated that the participation indicator in national celebrations ranked first at a percentage of (20.5%), reflecting the book's focus on national aspects and community belonging. Indicators related to cleanliness campaigns, communication with archaeological museums, and family awareness appeared with similar percentages. In contrast, indicators concerning visiting patients in hospitals and communicating with economic institutions recorded the lowest verification percentages, indicating a weakness in including service activities with a direct practical nature. The overall percentage of service learning indicators achieved in the fourth-grade book was (71%), which indicates an average level of fulfillment.

The study aimed to build an educational program based on service learning and to determine its effectiveness in developing social skills among students of the History Department in the College of Education. To achieve the study objective, the researcher prepared the educational program according to the stages and steps of preparing educational programs. To identify the effectiveness of the program, the researcher adopted an experimental design of two groups, experimental and control, with pre and post measurements of social skills. The study sample included (69) male and female students from the department of History at the College of Education /Al- Qadisiyah University. Section (B) represented the experimental group with 35 students who studied using the educational program, and section (A) was the control group with 34 students who studied using the traditional method. The researcher established equivalence between the two study groups in variables: (age, general intelligence, gender, and pre-measurement of social skills). The researcher prepared the study tool, which was a social skills scale. After verifying its validity, reliability, and all its psychometric properties, the scale final version included 25 items with five alternatives. After the experiment ended, the researcher applied the post-measurement to both study groups at the same time. After processing statistical data, the results showed the superiority of the experimental group over the control group.

The process of qualifying individuals who seek to keep pace with development and progress in the world through the cognitive and technological openness that surrounds them to assume great responsibilities upon them and upon society in general and to face the challenges of mental and modern life in its various aspects, this study targeted the hybrid thinking skills of female students of the College of Education for Girls. The researcher adopted the descriptive analytical approach as it is appropriate to the research context. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher prepared a questionnaire after reviewing the literature and previous studies. It was presented to experts and arbitrators, and validity and reliability were calculated to ensure the questionnaire was ready for application. It consisted of (20) paragraphs that were suitable for female students of the College of Education for Girls and were suitable for application within the Iraqi university environment.
The scale was applied to a sample of female students at the College of Education for Girls, numbering (2198) from the humanities departments, and (3218) from the science departments, where the total research sample consisted of (100) female students who were chosen by simple random method from the science and humanities specializations, with (50) female students from each specialization from the morning study for the academic year (2024-2025) to achieve the study objectives.
The study concluded with a set of recommendations and proposals, including the need to organize scientific seminars to enhance awareness of the importance of thinking, and to conduct future studies on the factors influencing its development, in addition to proposing training programs to develop hybrid thinking skills among university students.

The current research aims to:
1. Determine the level of awareness among biology teachers of the dangers of soft warfare.
2. Explain how biology contributes to shaping students' thinking.
3. Propose mechanisms to enhance the awareness-raising role of teachers in light of digital culture.
The research community includes teachers at day schools located in the center of Baghdad Governorate and affiliated with the General Directorate of Education in Baghdad for the 2024-2025 academic year. Their number reached (150) schools in the center of Baghdad Governorate. (80) schools were selected from the research community of the General Directorate of Education of the Third Rusafa, using a random method. A questionnaire was prepared to measure the risks of soft war in light of the challenges of digital culture, consisting of (20) paragraphs, based on some previous studies, to verify the validity of the tool. It was arbitrated by distributing it to a group of experts and arbitrators specialized in educational and psychological sciences. Notes and suggestions were taken about the paragraphs of the scale, and in light of them, the tool was modified and developed. Then, Pearson's correlation coefficient was used, as the reliability of the scale of risks of soft war in light of the challenges of digital culture reached (0.76). The reliability coefficient was corrected using the Spearman-Brown equation, and the reliability coefficient was (0.83), which is a high and good reliability coefficient. In light of this, several recommendations were made, including:
1. Incorporating extracurricular activities (such as digital workshops) to enhance psychological resilience.
2. Strengthening the partnership between schools and families to monitor digital content.

This research aims to identify (higher digital skills and their relationship to functional competence among computer teachers) in the Babil Education Directorate. The research sample consisted of (300) male and female teachers distributed across the governorate's schools. To achieve the research objectives, a scale for higher-order digital skills was developed, consisting of (30) items in its final form after extracting its psychometric properties. A job efficiency scale was also developed, consisting of (28) items in its final form. After administering the two scales, collecting and analyzing the teachers' responses using a set of statistical methods with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS).
The results showed that computer teachers possess higher digital skills and functional competence, statistically significant. There are no statistically significant differences at the (0.05) level between teachers in either digital skills or functional competence according to the variables of gender and length of service. However, there is a statistically significant positive correlation between higher digital skills and functional competence. Based on the research findings, the researcher has put forward a set of recommendations and suggestions.

This research aims to identify the (moral self and will to meaning among university students )at Al-Qadisiyah University. The research sample consisted of( 400) male and female students distributed across the university's colleges. To achieve the research objectives, a moral self scale was developed, comprising (28) items in its final form, after determining its psychometric properties. A will to meaning scale was also developed, also consisting of (28) items. After administering both scales, collecting student responses, and analyzing them using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), the results showed that university students possess both a moral self and a will to meaning, with statistical significance. Statistically significant differences were found at the (0.05) level between university students in both moral self and will to meaning based on gender, favoring females. A statistically significant positive correlation was also found between moral self and will to meaning. Based on these findings, the researcher formulated a set of recommendations and suggestions.

Abstract: This study aims to uncover societal attitudes towards children with autism and to glean positive evidence from them. Children with autism need early diagnosis and the combined efforts of families and specialists. Autistic children require special care to modify their behavioral disorders and integrate them into society Autism is a type of disability that affects children, and its impact is not limited to the child alone, but also affects the families of these children, and society as a whole.
Key objectives: To identify the challenges faced by families of children with autism, their needs for support and training, and parents' perspectives on societal attitudes towards children with autism and their families. To propose strategies and plans to improve societal attitudes towards these families.
Key findings indicate that autistic children are characterized by impaired social communication and speech, and a lack of legislation and laws supporting this group and their families. Among the most prominent social challenges they face are isolation and difficulty communicating with others. There is a shortage of rehabilitation and treatment centers for autistic children, and a lack of public awareness regarding their needs, leading to their limited acceptance within society.
Key proposals include enacting legislation to support the rights of children with autism and their families, improving health and education services, conducting awareness campaigns by civil society organizations about autism spectrum disorder, expanding the establishment of service and support centers for this group, and introducing specialized educational programs and curricula for them in various educational institutions. Increased collaboration between parents, teachers, and professionals improves the quality of family life. Further scientific research is needed on the needs of children with autism and their families.

The current study aims to identify the level of time efficiency among preparatory school students and to examine the significance of differences in time efficiency according to gender (male, female) and academic specialization (scientific, humanities). To achieve these objectives, the researcher developed a Time Efficiency Scale based on Zimmerman’s theory of self-regulated learning (Zimmerman, 2000). After verifying its psychometric properties, including validity, reliability, discriminative power, and internal consistency, the final version of the scale consisted of 45 items distributed across three domains: forethought (planning), performance (execution), and self-reflection (self-evaluation).
The scale was administered to a sample of 300 preparatory school students in the central schools of Al-Diwaniyah Governorate, selected using stratified random sampling with proportional allocation. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The results indicated that preparatory school students possess a notable level of time efficiency. The study also found statistically significant differences in time efficiency according to gender, favoring females, as well as significant differences according to academic specialization, favoring the scientific track. Based on these findings, the researcher provided a set of recommendations and suggestions.

This study aimed to examine the relationship between emotional intelligence and academic problem-solving competence among university students within the digital learning environment in Iraq. The significance of the study stems from the increasing reliance on digital platforms in higher education, which presents new challenges that require students to possess advanced emotional and cognitive skills to effectively manage academic tasks. The descriptive correlational method was employed, and a structured questionnaire consisting of two scales—emotional intelligence and academic problem-solving competence—was administered to a randomly selected sample of 150–200 students from various Iraqi universities. The findings indicated that students demonstrated a relatively high level of emotional intelligence, as well as a medium to high level of problem-solving competence. The results also revealed a statistically significant correlation between emotional intelligence and problem-solving competence, suggesting that students with higher emotional intelligence are better able to analyze academic problems and develop effective solutions. Additionally, significant differences were found in emotional intelligence according to gender in favor of females, and differences in problem-solving competence were observed according to academic level in favor of advanced-level students. The study recommends enhancing students’ emotional intelligence skills through targeted training programs and integrating such skills into digital learning curricula to improve their adaptability to modern educational environments. It also suggests the development of instructional strategies that systematically support problem-solving skills within e-learning contexts.

The study aimed to analyze the role of graphic design adopted in some Iraqi websites, which is concerned with directing and defining environmental policies for the Iraqi recipient, and to determine the potential impacts of these designs on the general trend formed towards environmental policies, by adopting the descriptive analytical approach through a sample of graphic designs published by these websites during the period between 2020-2025 AD. The study concluded that these designs were characterized by quality and clarity and that they did not specify the target audience in advance. The studied designs employed all forms of lines, such as straight and curved, in conveying their message related to environmental policy to the recipient. Recommendations and proposals were formulated according to these results, including paying attention to defining the target audience in graphic designs related to environmental policies in a way that contributes to enhancing their access to the correct audience..

This study addresses the rituals and ceremonial practices of the Abbasid Caliphs, examining their realism and symbolism through Al-Jahiz’s work, "The Book of the Crown on the Morals of Kings." The aim of this study is to highlight the prevailing rituals and royal etiquette at the Abbasid court as described by Al-Jahiz. The study is divided into an introduction and three main sections. The first section discusses Al-Jahiz as a historian of the Abbasid court, while the second examines the aura of dignity and respect associated with the Abbasid Caliphs. The third section analyzes whether the rituals of the Caliphate were a necessary reality or an absolute symbolism. This is followed by a conclusion summarizing the findings of the study.

This paper examines the use of the problem-solving approach (PSA) for English teaching, and looks at its impact on learning and critical thinking tasks. The paper is divided into three major sections. The objectives of the study, identification of the problems to be solved, aims and significance of the study, limitations, and definition of basic terms are described in the first section. The second part of this paper provides a thorough introduction to the approach to problem-solving based upon several key elements including active engagement, inquiry-based learning, constructivism, and feedback. It explores cognitive theories, specifically constructivist problem solving as suggested by Piaget and Vygotsky, heuristic problem solving (Newell and Simon), and discusses teachers' and students' roles in problem solving. The last section outlines the study’s outcome by concluding and providing recommendations according to the study findings.

This study investigates the effectiveness of using local city signs and public symbols as authentic materials for teaching English in Iraq. Traditional classroom materials often lack real world relevance, leading to low student engagement. By integrating photographs and examples of street signs, shop labels, traffic symbols, and public notices into English lessons, the study aims to support vocabulary acquisition, contextual learning, and cultural awareness. A mixed-methods design was employed, involving classroom observations, student questionnaires, teacher interviews, and a vocabulary pre-test and post test. Participants included 60 intermediate-level students from three Iraqi secondary schools. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, while qualitative data were examined through thematic analysis. The findings demonstrated that authentic city signs significantly improved students’ retention of vocabulary and enhanced their motivation. Students reported increased confidence due to the connection between language learning and their everyday environment. Teachers also viewed the approach as practical, low-cost, and culturally relevant. The study concludes that integrating local signs and symbols enriches language instruction and bridges the gap between classroom learning and real life communication.

This study examines the application of eco-linguistics in teaching English to intermediate school pupils through environmental topics. The study is conducted in Zuha Hadid Intermediate School and has (360) pupils in three classes. The paper looks into how teachers incorporate environmental education such as pollution, climate change, recycling, and biodiversity in English lessons in order to improve language skills and ecological sensitivity of the students. We obtained data as part of the data acquisition in student surveys, interviews with teachers, classroom observations, and classroom observations led to an evaluation of the engagement, vocabulary acquisition, comprehension, and communication competence of the learners by analyzing the same with student interviews and student surveys. The investigation found that eco-linguistic strategies (discussions, projects, multimedia, role-plays, vocabulary games) were found to enhance linguistic competence and environmental awareness and improve the ecological consciousness. The study concludes that adding environmental content to the teaching of English will provide meaningful and interactive, motivating learning experiences for intermediate students.

Correspondence during the Umayyad era was characterized by brevity and conciseness, reflecting the nature of their purposes. This is particularly evident in the letters of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, which were either direct directives, firm positions, or rapid communications. Such letters necessitated dense expressions carrying multiple meanings, often omitting conventional introductions and addressing the main purpose immediately, as the nature of the message required directness. Moreover, there was a diversity in the significance of topics, a powerful and concentrated language, and carefully selected vocabulary.

The study aims to investigate the effectiveness of the L.T.S.A strategy on the achievement of fifth-grade students in the subject of Science and their smart thinking. The study sample included two groups: the experimental group, consisting of 30 students, and the control group, also consisting of 30 students. The researcher randomly selected (Bashaer Al-Khair Primary School) from the research population, which comprised primary schools affiliated with the Education Directorate of Babil Governorate. The researcher adopted the experimental method as the approach for conducting the study, which involves one independent variable (the L.T.S.A strategy) and two dependent variables (academic achievement and smart thinking(
The researcher chose the experimental design to control the study variables. Before starting the experiment, the researcher matched the two groups to obtain accurate results for the following variables: age in

This study examines and analyzes Western support—particularly from France and West Germany—for the development of water infrastructure and water projects in Syria between 1944 and 1971, within the broader political and economic transformations following World War II. The research focuses on the complex interaction between politics and technology, demonstrating that Western involvement in Syrian water projects was not merely neutral developmental assistance, but rather a strategic instrument for geopolitical influence in the context of the Cold War.

The book "Political and Commercial Relations of the Roman Empire with East Asia" by the French Orientalist Joseph Toussaint Reinaud, published in 1863, is considered one of the most prominent classic reference works in the field of ancient history and studies of cultural interactions between East and West. This work gains its status because it represented a real methodological shift in its time, after Renaud went beyond the limits of the traditional European historical school, which relied almost entirely on Latin and Greek narratives. He adopted a broad comparative approach, through which he included Arabic, Persian, Indian, and Chinese sources as parallel and complementary evidence to the accounts of classical historians. Renaud realized that the study of Rome's foreign policy and trade networks could not be complete without listening to the voices of the civilizations that interacted with it along the sea and land caravan routes. He therefore analyzed the texts of Arab geographers and historians such as Al-Mas'udi and Al-Biruni, as well as Persian and Indian inscriptions and literature related to the history of Bactria, Seraph, and the eastern trade routes. In addition, we relied on early translations of Chinese texts that documented relations with Ta Qin (the name the Chinese gave to the Roman or late Hellenistic Empire).The importance of this research is evident in the fact that the book is a pioneering model for the use of comparative history and the integration of multilingual sources, thus providing a valuable methodological tool for students and researchers in the Department of History. It traces the historical stages of the development of Roman trade and political relations with India and China from the reign of Augustus to Justinian, as well as demonstrating the importance of literary and oriental sources in studying the unknown period of the Roman Empire.

This study examines phonetic harmony and the distribution of phonemes in Surah Al-Qamar through an analytical phonetic approach, aiming to reveal the internal sound system of the surah and its relationship to the semantic structure of the Qur’anic text. The study is based on the assumption that the phonetic distribution in the surah follows a deliberate and systematic pattern that enhances expressive rhythm and reinforces warning and admonitory meanings.
The research analyzes consonant and vowel phonemes, traces patterns of phonetic repetition and harmony, and examines the rhythmic effects produced by the succession of syllables and Qur’anic verse endings. It also highlights the role of voiced, voiceless, and plosive sounds in shaping meaning and emphasizing the surah’s admonitory tone.
The findings demonstrate that phonetic harmony in Surah Al-Qamar constitutes an essential structural element rather than a purely aesthetic feature, and that phoneme distribution contributes to phonetic and semantic cohesion, thereby intensifying the text’s impact on the recipient and affirming the uniqueness of the Qur’anic phonetic structure

The current research aims to identify the attitudes of biology teachers toward instructional design based on learning styles. The research was limited to biology teachers at the intermediate level for the academic year (2023–2024). The researcher adopted the descriptive correlational approach. The research sample consisted of (50) male and female teachers from the Directorate of Education in Babylon .To carry out the research, the following procedures were implemented: Constructing an instructional design scale consisting of (30) items .Constructing a learning styles scale consisting of (45) items .The researcher verified the validity of the scales and their psychometric properties, including difficulty index, discrimination power, and reliability. The SPSS statistical package was used to analyze the data .The results of the study showed that biology teachers possess a good level of instructional design. However, their work is influenced by predominant learning styles characterized by intellectual rigidity, where concepts are transmitted from family and society as fixed truths that are not open to discussion or change. This highlights the need for teachers to take a more conscious role in correcting misconceptions.

The research aimed to identify the effect of the representative learning model and the SQ3R strategy on the achievement of reading and systemic thinking among fifth-grade literary students. To achieve this goal, the researcher prepared an achievement test consisting of 30 items and a systemic thinking test made up of 30 multiple-choice items. The sample of the study included 100 students from the fifth-grade literary class at Al-Jawahiri High School for Boys, affiliated with the General Directorate of Education in Al-Qadisiyyah Governorate, using the Arabic language book for the academic year 2025-2026. The (A) section was randomly selected to represent the first experimental group that studied according to the representative learning model, section (D) represented the second experimental group that studied using the SQ3R strategy, and section (C) represented the control group that studied in the traditional way, relying on a partially controlled experimental design. The three research groups were matched in terms of age, previous academic achievement, intelligence, and systemic thinking test scores. After analyzing the results, the researcher found that the students in the first experimental group who studied according to the representative learning model and the students in the second experimental group who studied according to the SQ3R strategy outperformed the students in the control group who studied using traditional methods in terms of achievement and systemic thinking among fifth-grade literary students. The researcher recommended the necessity of using modern strategies and models based on representation, such as the representative learning model, and comprehension-based strategies including the SQ3R strategy in teaching Arabic language subjects, due to their clear impact on students' achievement and the development of their thinking, especially systemic thinking. Furthermore, it is advisable to conduct training courses for Arabic language teachers to equip them with modern teaching strategies and models, including the representative learning model and the SQ3R strategy, by understanding their principles and how to implement teaching through them.

developing enlightened thinking skills among university students in light of the rapid cognitive and technological transformations of the modern era. The study adopted the descriptive–analytical approach by reviewing educational literature and previous studies that addressed the concepts of artificial intelligence, its applications in education, enlightened thinking skills, and the relationship between them.

The current research aimed to identify (the effectiveness of the Das model in acquiring the subject of teaching methods among students of the faculties of education and their innovative thinking). The researcher relied on the experimental method to achieve the research goal. As for the research community, the students of the Faculty of Education at the Iraqi University from the Department of Educational and Psychological Sciences. The research sample of (82) students amounted to (42) students for the experimental group and (40) students for the control group. The researcher rewarded the two groups in a number of variables (chronological age - intelligence - tribal test in innovative thinking - testing the previous information). Two tests were approved from Before the researcher prepared them to measure the variables of her research, the first is to acquire the concepts of the subject of teaching methods for the third stage, and the second is the test of innovative thinking consisting of five questions, and the researcher verified their honesty, stability and distinction, and after the statistical processing of the data, the results showed the superiority of the experimental group over the control group in testing the acquisition of the concepts of teaching methods and testing innovative thinking

This study addresses a fundamental question concerning the nature of legislative silence in Islamic law and whether it represents a gap in the legal structure or a deliberate mode of legal expression that establishes the political authority of the ruler. Islamic legal texts did not regulate every administrative and political detail. Instead, they established general principles while leaving broad areas without detailed regulation, thereby creating a structured space for disciplined political ijtihad (independent reasoning). Accordingly, this research aims to examine the foundational principles underlying legislative silence and analyze its role in establishing political jurisdiction within Islamic jurisprudence. It further explores how legislative silence contributes to the formation of the ruler’s regulatory and discretionary authority within the framework of definitive legal texts and higher objectives of Islamic law. The study adopts an analytical usuli methodology, based on examining Qur’anic and Prophetic texts, analyzing classical juristic discourse, and connecting these theoretical foundations with historical political practices in Islamic governance. The findings demonstrate that legislative silence does not indicate a deficiency in legislation. Rather, it represents a deliberate legal mechanism that enables the development of discretionary authority, allowing political leadership to regulate societal affairs in accordance with public interest while remaining bound by Islamic legal principles. The study concludes that legislative silence constitutes a core foundation in constructing political authority in Islamic jurisprudence, ensuring a balance between textual permanence and practical flexibility. This balance enables Islamic political systems to adapt to changing temporal and social conditions while preserving their normative legitimacy.

This study aims to investigate the effect of the Think-Aloud strategy on developing mathematical problem-solving skills among intermediate school students, as it is considered one of the cognitive strategies that reveals the mental processes accompanying thinking and enables students to follow solution steps consciously and systematically. The research problem arises from the observed weakness among students in analyzing mathematical problems, planning solution steps, and executing them, in addition to the limited use of teaching strategies that enhance conscious thinking during learning. Teaching often focuses on presenting solution procedures without allowing students to verbalize their cognitive processes. The study adopted a quasi-experimental design by selecting a sample of intermediate school students divided into two groups: an experimental group taught using the Think-Aloud strategy and a control group taught using the conventional method. The research instrument consisted of a test designed to measure mathematical problem-solving skills, including understanding the problem, planning the solution, executing the solution, and verifying its correctness. The experiment was conducted over a specified period, and the test was administered to both groups in pre- and post-test forms. The collected data were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods. The results revealed statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the experimental group and the control group in the post-test, in favor of the experimental group. This indicates the effectiveness of the Think-Aloud strategy in developing mathematical problem-solving skills. This effectiveness is attributed to the strategy’s role in enhancing awareness of thinking processes, organizing solution steps, and improving students’ ability to monitor and evaluate their own thinking. The study recommends integrating the Think-Aloud strategy into mathematics teaching at the intermediate level and training teachers in its implementation due to its positive impact on developing mathematical thinking and improving academic performance.

This study examines the city of Isfahan during the Abbasid period through the accounts of Arab travelers and geographers, treating these narratives as key historical sources for understanding the city’s urban, social, and economic life. The research aims to highlight Isfahan’s position within the Abbasid state and to analyze the major civilizational and urban transformations resulting from the interaction of geographical, political, economic, and cultural factors. Using a descriptive-analytical approach, the study analyzes texts by travelers and geographers such as Ibn Ḥawqal, al-Muqaddasī, Ibn Rustah, and al-Qazwīnī. The findings show that Isfahan was not merely an administrative center subordinate to the caliphate, but a flourishing Islamic city that contributed significantly to urban, economic, and intellectual development, despite facing internal political and sectarian challenges.

The current study aims to investigate the effect of the Kagan–Cowan strategy on the academic achievement of fourth-grade literary female students and on the development of their historical thinking skills. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher formulated two null hypotheses. The study population consisted of fourth-grade literary female students enrolled in governmental morning preparatory and secondary schools within the six Directorates of Education in Baghdad for the academic year (2025–2026).