Al-Rafidain Journal For Sport Sciences

The research aims to:
• Develop a program for probing thinking strategies in blended learning for a number of badminton skills.
• Construct a cognitive achievement scale for a number of badminton skills.
• Identify the differences between the post-tests of the two experimental groups (male and female students) that used probing thinking strategies in blended learning and the control groups (male and female students) in cognitive achievement for a number of badminton skills.
The researchers hypothesized the following:
• There are statistically significant differences in the average cognitive achievement scores for a number of badminton skills between the post-test of the two experimental groups that used probing thinking strategies in blended learning and the control groups (male and female students).
• There are statistically significant differences in the average cognitive achievement scores for a number of badminton skills between the two experimental groups (male and female students).
• There are statistically significant differences in the average cognitive achievement scores for a number of badminton skills between the control groups (male and female students).
The research sample was intentionally selected from four classes taught by the same teacher. The researchers randomly assigned the control and experimental groups through a lottery. The experimental groups (male and female students) used probing thinking strategies in blended learning, while the control groups used the traditional teaching method for badminton skills. The researchers processed the results using the SPSS statistical package.
The researchers concluded the following:
• The experimental groups (male and female students) that used probing thinking strategies in blended learning outperformed the control groups (male and female students) that used the traditional teaching method in cognitive achievement tests for a number of badminton skills.

One of the most critical factors in determining the results of physical tests for admitting military college students is measurement accuracy. This accuracy is crucial for identifying exceptional students. The tests rely on the person conducting the measurement, making the process subjective. Using electronic devices for measurement provides greater accuracy. Therefore, the study aimed to compare the measurement of military college students in admission tests using electronic devices versus traditional methods. The study hypothesized that there would be significant differences in the measurements. The study included 175 Military College/Zakho students who underwent admission tests involving zigzag running, front support, abdominal exercises, and a 2400-meter run. Statistical analysis was used, including mean, standard deviation, and t-tests. The study concluded that using electronic devices for measuring military college students in physical admission tests, including zigzag running, front support, abdominal exercises, and the 2400-meter run, is more effective. Based on these findings, the researchers recommended the mandatory use of electronic devices for measuring military college students in physical admission tests.

The study aims to:
The importance of the current study lies in designing a (Rondo) training program for some skill variables of futsal players. The current study aims to identify the effect of (Rondo) training on some basic skills of the players of an experimental group and identify the differences in some basic skills between the two groups in the post-test. The sample of the study was selected from futsal players of Nineveh Sports Club, who are (22) players. The sample of the study consisted of (16) players representing (72.727%) of the main sample. Homogeneity and equality between the two groups of the study were achieved concerning (age, height, mass, training age, and basic skills). The researchers used an experimental design for the two groups in the pre and post-tests. The means of collecting data included personal interviews, questionnaires, tests, measuring scales, and scientific observation. A method of training was executed in the main part of the training unit (24 units). After completing the training method, the researchers reached the following findings: the training program, which was executed by the experimental group, made a prominent development in the basic skills under study, and that is through comparing the results of the pre and post-tests, and the experimental group achieved a better development than the controlling group in the basic skills, and that is through comparing the post-tests. The researchers recommend paying attention to (Rondo) training programs when making training methods for futsal players because of the development in the basic skills that the findings of the current study showed.

The current study aimed to identify the sports life skills of the Nineveh Secondary School for Outstanding Students. The researchers hypothesized that the students of Nineveh Secondary School have high sports life skills. The study used a descriptive method with a survey style. The study sample consisted of 75 second-year students who were selected randomly. However, the sample for statistical analysis consisted of 110 students. The researchers used a scale for measuring sports life skills, edited by Coronin and Allen in 2016. A statistical program (SPSS) was used to obtain the statistical results. The researchers concluded that the sports life skills scale was practical, translated, and coded to fit the Iraqi environment and the students of Nineveh Secondary School for Outstanding Students. Nineveh Secondary School for Outstanding Students showed high problem-solving and communication skills compared to other skills under study.

Title of Research: Classification of Basketball Players According to Akramov’s Selection Criteria in Premier League Clubs in Iraq.
Research Objectives:
1. To identify the types of selection used for basketball players in premier league clubs in Iraq.
2. To classify basketball players based on the types of selection, namely field, experimental, and composite.
3. To determine the most common types of selection used for basketball players in premier league clubs in Iraq.
Research Methodology: The researchers utilized the descriptive survey method due to its suitability for this research.
Research Population and Sample: The research population comprises premier league basketball players in Iraq from 2020 to 2021. The intentional sample represented 61% of the research population.
Tools Used: Information was collected using a questionnaire and personal interviews. Statistical methods like percentage, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, standard scores, and range were employed. The following conclusions were reached:
1. Field selection is the most common type of selection used by clubs and basketball coaches in Iraq, and it has a percentage of 51%.
2. Experimental selection got 48% for selection among Iraqi Basketball Premier League players.
3. Compound selection has obtained a percentage of 1%, and it is one of the least used types by clubs and basketball coaches at the level of Iraq.
The researchers recommend the following:
1. Conducting similar studies on other activities, especially group games, given the importance of selection.
2. Conducting similar studies on the different playing centers in basketball.
.3 Encouraging and motivating officials to take care of young age groups, which are considered a base for the future generation

The current study aimed to determine the vitality level among players in sports clubs in Nineveh Governorate. The researchers used a descriptive method, considering its suitability for the nature of the study. The study's participants were players from various sports clubs involved in team sports such as football, volleyball, and basketball in Nineveh, and they were intentionally selected. The study sample consisted of 270 players from 13 different clubs in Nineveh Governorate. The researchers used a scale of vitality consciousness initially developed by Alobaidi in 2013, which they further modified by testing it on a sample of 59 players. Statistical software (SPSS) was used to calculate the mean and standard deviation, conduct a T-test for two samples, and determine Pearson’s correlation coefficient.

The study's findings revealed that the players representing the sample from sports clubs in Nineveh Governorate demonstrated an active consciousness of vitality.

The study aims to identify the supervisory competencies of the educational supervisor and specialist and to determine the degree of practice of these competencies from the perspective of physical education teachers. The descriptive analytical method was used because it suits the study\'s two objectives. The study population included 827 physical education teachers in public schools in Mosul, of which 583 were teachers and 244 were instructors. The research sample was randomly selected, consisting of 233 individuals, representing 28% of the study population from both genders.
The two researchers used source analysis, questionnaires, and personal interviews. A questionnaire was prepared to evaluate the educational supervisor\'s supervisory competencies from the physical education teachers\' perspective. The final version of the questionnaire consisted of 67 items divided into nine competencies. After verifying the scientific validity of the questionnaire through expert validation, internal consistency, and construct validity, the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed using two methods: split-half reliability and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. The questionnaire was then distributed to the sample.
The study\'s main findings were identifying the supervisory competencies of the educational supervisor and developing a list of supervisory competencies for physical education supervisors, which included 67 sub-competencies classified into nine main competencies. From the perspective of physical education teachers in Mosul, the educational supervisor and specialist\'s degree of practice in these supervisory competencies was found to be at a moderate level overall and precisely for all competencies.

Research Objective: To identify the decision-making level among first-class referees for some collective sports teams in Iraq.
The two researchers used the descriptive method due to its suitability and the nature of the research. The research population consisted of first-class referees in Iraq for some team sports (football, futsal, and basketball) working in the 2021-2022 sports season. They were selected using both survey and correlational methods to suit the nature of the research. The research sample consisted of 204 referees across the three activities, distributed as follows: 108 football referees, 48 futsal referees, and 48 basketball referees. The two researchers used the decision-making scale prepared by (Qasemi and Jaghaba, 2021) and modified by the two researchers. The two researchers then applied the scale to a sample of 60 referees. They used the statistical package (SPSS) to obtain the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, T-test for two independent samples, and Pearson correlation coefficient.
The two researchers concluded the following:
First-class referees for some team sports in Iraq possess a high level of decision-making

The current study aims to uncover the impact of the Keller model, accompanied by direct mental exercise, the traditional method of attention focus, and learning some basic volleyball skills among students. The two researchers hypothesized that there would be significant differences between the pre-test and post-test results of the experimental and control groups in terms of attention focus and learning some basic volleyball skills among students. To benefit from the pre-test, this study was conducted with first-year students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the College of Basic Education, University of Mosul. The two researchers used the experimental method due to its suitability for the study problem. The study population was deliberately selected for first-year students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the College of Basic Education, University of Mosul, for the academic year 2021-2022 because this subject is taught in this current year. The total number of male and female students was 75, distributed across three classrooms: A, B, and C. Classroom A had 28 students, Classroom B had 24 students, and Classroom C had 23 students. The two researchers used the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) program, and the results showed the superiority of the Keller model accompanied by direct mental exercise over the traditional method in enhancing attention focus and learning some basic volleyball skills among students.

The study aims to:
- Develop a psychological coping skills scale for Iraqi university basketball team players.

- Identifying the psychological coping skills of Iraqi university basketball team players.

The researchers used the descriptive method for its suitability and the nature of the research. The research community included Iraqi university basketball team players participating in the preliminary and final rounds of the Iraqi university basketball championship, approved by the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (Student Activities Department), which took place in Mosul and Baghdad during the academic year (2021-2022). The total number of players was 190, distributed across 12 universities. The construction sample comprised 110 players, representing 57.85% of the research community. The application sample consisted of 40 players, representing 21.05% of the research community, and the exploratory experiment sample consisted of 10 players, representing 5.26% of the research community. The psychological coping skills scale was developed after applying scientific statistical methods, and the researchers used the SPSS statistical package.
The researchers concluded several findings:
The effectiveness of the psychological coping skills scales for Iraqi university basketball team players, which the researchers developed according to the scientific principles of constructing sports scales.

The study aims to uncover the differences in kinetic variables for the experimental group players between the pre-and post-tests, the differences in kinetic variables for the control group players between the pre-and post-tests, and the differences in several kinetic variables between the experimental and control groups in the post-test.
The researchers used the experimental method due to its suitability for the nature of the research. The experiment was conducted on a sample of young Ninawa Sports Workers Club players, totaling 20 under 16. They were divided into two groups (experimental and control), with eight players in each group after excluding four players (2 players who did not complete the tests and two who were goalkeepers). Homogeneity was achieved in age, height, weight, training age variables, and equivalence between the study groups in the kinetic variables determined by the specialists. The experimental design used is the randomized controlled group design with pre-and post-tests.
The study procedures included designing interactive agility exercises applied to the experimental group and conducting several exploratory experiments to determine the exercises used and the appropriate intensities, repetitions, and rest times for these exercises. After that, the pre-tests for the kinetic variables were conducted, followed by the implementation of the training exercises. The experimental group performed interactive agility exercises, while the control group followed the program prepared by the team coach. The experiment lasted nine weeks, during three medium cycles, with nine micro cycles and a load wave of (2:1) in each medium cycle, with three training units per week.
After that, the researchers conducted the post-tests for the kinetic variables using the same procedures and steps followed in the pre-tests. The data were statistically processed using the SPSS program to obtain the mean, standard deviation, skewness coefficient, percentage, paired sample t-test, independent sample t-test, and effect size (Test Eta Squared) (Cohen d Test).
The most prominent result was that the interactive agility exercises implemented by the experimental group improved all kinetic variables compared to the pre-and post-test results of the experimental group players.

The aim of the research is to:
1. Investigate the effect of musical rhythm accompanying kinetic weight and the school's method of learning a motor sequence on the floor exercise mat for the two groups.
2. Identify the differences between the two research groups in the post-test in learning a motor sequence on the floor exercise mat.
The research community consisted of third-year female students at the University of Mosul (2021-2022), totaling 67 students representing sections (A, B) who were deliberately selected. After excluding some students, the final sample size was 30, divided into experimental and control groups, with 15 students in each group.
The equivalence of the groups was verified in the variables related to the dependent variable. The researchers used the design of randomly selected equivalent groups with controlled pre- and post-observation. The data collection methods included personal interviews, questionnaires, tests, scales, and indirect scientific observation. The implementation of the educational programs lasted nine weeks, with one educational unit per week for each group. The data were statistically processed using the SPSS statistical program.
The researchers concluded the following:
1. The researchers' program (musical rhythm accompanying motor weight) and the subject teacher's program positively affected learning the motor sequence on the floor exercise mat in artistic gymnastics.
2. The experimental group outperformed the control group in learning the motor sequence on the floor exercise mat in artistic gymnastics.
The researchers recommended the following:
1. Emphasizing the use of musical rhythm composed by experts in the field of music so that the sequence taught in the faculties of physical education and sports sciences is suitable for the motor weight of each movement included in the floor exercises in artistic gymnastics.

The study aims to:
Identifying the differences in pre-and post-tests in learning the art of performing several basic offensive skills in basketball for the experimental and control groups. It also aims to reveal the differences in post-tests between the experimental and control groups in learning the art of performing several basic offensive skills in basketball. The researchers used the experimental method for its suitability and nature of the research. The research sample consisted of 16 learners from the Sanharib Sports Club Academy. The researchers used the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and the t-test value for the independent and dependent groups to extract the results. The researchers concluded that there are statistically significant differences between the pre-and post-tests for both groups in learning the art of performing several basic offensive skills in basketball, with the experimental group outperforming the control group in the post-skill test. The researchers recommend adopting virtual reality glasses in learning other basic basketball skills and emphasizing the use of virtual reality glasses in learning skills in other activities.

The study aimed to uncover the following:
• Determine the effect of two different intensities of interval training on the maximum oxygen consumption (Vo2max) of advanced football players.
• Compare the effects of the two different intensities of interval training on the maximum aerobic speed of advanced football players.
To achieve the study objectives, the researchers formulated the following hypotheses:
• There are statistically significant differences in the two different intensities of interval training on advanced football players\' maximum oxygen consumption (Vo2max) for both experimental groups.
• There are statistically significant differences between the two intensities of interval training and advanced football players\' maximum oxygen consumption (Vo2max) in the post-test, favoring mixed interval training.
The researchers used the experimental method due to its suitability and the nature of the research. The study sample consisted of 28 advanced football players from the Hakna Sports Club, representing 11.2% of the study population. The sample was divided into two experimental groups through random selection using a lottery method, with nine players in each group. Players who did not complete the tests or could not commit to the experiment (7 players) and goalkeepers (3 players) were excluded. The experiment lasted for eight weeks, covering two mesocycles, with eight micro cycles, following a load wave pattern of 3:1 in each mesocycle, and three training sessions per week. Afterward, the researchers conducted the post-functional tests.
The data were statistically processed using the SPSS program, and the researchers concluded the following:
• Mixed interval training (strength and running) resulted in a positive development in maximum oxygen consumption (Vo2max).
• The second experimental group\'s implementation of interval training (running) also resulted in a positive development in maximum oxygen consumption (Vo2max).
• There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in the functional variable.

The study aimed to:
• Identify the relationship between the specific fatigue index and the technical performance level of advanced parkour gymnasts.
• Determine the specific fatigue index\'s effectiveness (contribution rate) in assessing the technical performance level of advanced parkour gymnasts.
• Develop an equation to predict the technical performance level of advanced parkour gymnasts based on the specific fatigue index test.
The researchers used the descriptive survey method due to its suitability and the nature of the research. The study population consisted of 65 advanced parkour gymnasts in Mosul. The sample included 50 players, representing 77% of the study population. The study tool included the specific fatigue index test for advanced parkour gymnasts and the technical performance level test in parkour gymnastics (closed field course) designed by the researchers. The scientific validity of the test was established, and the data were statistically processed using the IBM SPSS statistical package. The following conclusions were reached:
• The specific fatigue index test showed a significant contribution to the technical performance level in parkour gymnastics, demonstrating good effectiveness and predictive ability for the technical performance level of advanced parkour gymnasts.
• A predictive equation was developed based on the specific fatigue index for advanced parkour gymnasts.

The study aimed to identify:
1. The values of several variables of the force-time function for discus throwers in the research sample at the throwing stage.
2. The values of the mechanical principles of projectile launch determine performance at the throwing stage in discus throw.
3. The relationship between several variables of the force-time function and the performance-determining principles in the discus throw event for the study sample at the throwing stage.
The researchers hypothesized a significant relationship exists between several variables of the force-time function and the performance-determining principles in the discus throw for the study sample at the throwing stage.
The researchers used the descriptive method with a correlational approach, employing measurement, questionnaires, and scientific observation using two video cameras at 120 frames per second. The extracted data were statistically processed using the SPSS program to obtain the mean, standard deviation, and Pearson’s simple correlation coefficient.
The researchers concluded the following key findings:
1. Significant correlations were achieved between the biomechanical variables, with 4 out of 18 variables showing a 22.2% correlation at the end of the throwing position.
2. The kinetic variables, represented by the maximum recorded pushing force, played an active role in determining the values of the performance determinants, namely the launch angle, speed, and height.
3. No significant correlation was found between the kinetic variables under study and the launch angle.
The researchers recommended the following:
1. Emphasizing the importance of motion analysis using modern programs, techniques, and advanced devices during different training stages by coaches.
2. Developing the training aspect for the research sample by focusing on the kinetic variables under study due to their influential role in launch height and speed.

The study aims to adapt the talent management scale for employees in football academies in Nineveh Governorate and to identify the level of talent management in football academies in Nineveh Governorate from the perspective of its employees. The researcher used the descriptive survey method for its suitability and the nature of the research. The study community included members of the administrative and technical bodies in the accredited football academies in Nineveh Governorate, totaling 211 members distributed across 31 academies. The study sample was selected using the comprehensive deliberate enumeration method, and the study sample consisted of 179 administrative and technical members representing 31 football academies. The researcher relied on the talent management tool prepared by (Al-Azzawi, 2020) and modified by the researchers. The researcher then applied the tool to 40 administrative and technical members. The data was processed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) through percentage, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, Spearman-Brown formula, Guttman formula, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, t-test for two independent samples, significance level (sig), and correlation coefficient. The researchers concluded that the members of the administrative and technical bodies in football academies in Nineveh Governorate have a very high level of talent management. Talent management has an influential role in football academies in Nineveh Governorate. The researchers recommended consideration in selecting talent management individuals with high knowledge, experience, and competence. It is recommended to choose academics in the management of football academies for their scientific and practical experience. They were conducting other studies on talent management in football academies

The study aims to adapt the talent management scale for employees in football academies in Nineveh Governorate and to identify the level of talent management in football academies in Nineveh Governorate from the perspective of its employees. The researcher used the descriptive survey method for its suitability and the nature of the research. The study community included members of the administrative and technical bodies in the accredited football academies in Nineveh Governorate, totaling 211 members distributed across 31 academies. The study sample was selected using the comprehensive deliberate enumeration method, and the study sample consisted of 179 administrative and technical members representing 31 football academies. The researcher relied on the talent management tool prepared by (Al-Azzawi, 2020) and modified by the researchers. The researcher then applied the tool to 40 administrative and technical members. The data was processed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) through percentage, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, Spearman-Brown formula, Guttman formula, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, t-test for two independent samples, significance level (sig), and correlation coefficient. The researchers concluded that the members of the administrative and technical bodies in football academies in Nineveh Governorate have a very high level of talent management. Talent management has an influential role in football academies in Nineveh Governorate. The researchers recommended consideration in selecting talent management individuals with high knowledge, experience, and competence. It is recommended to choose academics in the management of football academies for their scientific and practical experience. They were conducting other studies on talent management in football academies

The study aims to identify the effect of physical load using a treadmill on respiratory muscle fatigue in terms of the immediate response of respiratory muscle endurance. The current study’s problem is crystallized in the following question: Is there an actual effect on the endurance of respiratory muscles (inspiratory and expiratory) and the continuation of force production or its maintenance during the performance of traditional physical load? The researcher hypothesized the existence of significant differences in the results of respiratory muscle endurance between the pre-test and post-test. The descriptive method was used for its suitability to the nature of the current study. The sample consisted of (9) athletes practicing track and field activities, specializing in middle-distance running (800m - 1500m), representing the Nineveh Governorate track and field team. They were deliberately chosen to ensure they were in good health, had high athletic performance, and were non-smokers. The results showed significant differences in the inspiratory muscle endurance variable (IME) with a probability level of (0.001) and significant differences in the expiratory muscle endurance variable (EME) with a probability value of (0.001). The researchers concluded that physical load using a treadmill can increase inspiratory muscle endurance (IME) and expiratory muscle endurance (EME).

This study aims to compare the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on physiological indicators in adult males who do not engage in physical activity and have elevated levels of lipoproteins. The study aims to provide a practical and innovative solution to reduce lipoprotein levels and enhance physical health through effective, time- and resource-efficient HIIT training.
The study included 18 individuals aged between 28-34 years, divided into three groups: a HIIT group, a MICT group, and a control group. The training was conducted over ten weeks, three days a week. HIIT sessions lasted 22-27 minutes, including warm-up and cool-down periods, with 4-9 minutes of active training at 75%-95% heart rate intensity. MICT sessions lasted 48-78 minutes, with 30-50 minutes on a bicycle at a speed of 10-18 km/h and 55%-75% heart rate intensity.
The results showed positive effects of both HIIT and MICT on lipoprotein levels. Still, HIIT demonstrated more significant improvements, including reductions in V.LDL-C, LDL-C, total cholesterol, and increased HDL-C levels. Despite the benefits of both training methods, HIIT\'s time efficiency makes it particularly attractive for those with time constraints.
The study recommends using HIIT exercises as an effective means for weight loss and improving the health of physically inactive adults with lipoprotein disorders. It also encourages the dissemination of this type of exercise in resource-limited communities. Finally, the study advocates adopting HIIT as an effective method to improve health and address issues related to weight and lipoproteins, with a need for further research in this field

The study aims to:
- Identify the impact of physical exertion using a treadmill on respiratory muscle fatigue based on the immediate response of several pulmonary functions, including vital capacity (VC), tidal volume (TV), respiratory rate (RR), and minute ventilation (VE). The study problem is crystallized in the following question: What is the impact of fatigue on pulmonary functions when performing traditional physical exertion? The researcher hypothesized significant differences in pulmonary function results between the pre-test and post-test. The descriptive method was used for its suitability to the nature of the current research. The sample consisted of 9 athletes practicing track and field, specifically middle-distance running (800m - 1500m), representing the Nineveh Governorate track and field team. They were intentionally selected based on their good health, high athletic performance, and non-smoking status.
- Results: The findings showed significant differences in the variable of vital capacity (VC) with a probability level of (0.032), tidal volume (TV) with a probability level of (0.001), respiratory rate (RR) with a probability level of (0.001), and minute ventilation (VE) with a probability level of (0.001). The researchers concluded that physical exertion using a treadmill can cause differences in pulmonary functions, including vital capacity, tidal volume, respiratory rate, and minute ventilation.
- Keywords: Respiratory Muscle Fatigue, Vital Capacity, Tidal Volume, Respiratory Rate, Minute Ventilation.

The study aims to:
identifying the impact of physical exertion using a treadmill (via the Sharkey test) on blood lactate levels in a sample of middle-distance runners. The current study addressed the following question: What is the impact on blood lactate levels due to physical exertion using a treadmill in a sample of track and field athletes? The researchers hypothesized significant differences in blood lactate levels between pre-and post-tests. The descriptive method was used for its suitability to the nature of the current research. The sample consisted of 9 athletes specialized in middle-distance running (800m - 1500m), representing the Nineveh Governorate track and field team. They were intentionally selected based on good health, high athletic performance, and being non-smokers. The results showed significant differences in blood lactate levels after exertion with a probability value of 0.001. The researchers concluded that physical exertion using a treadmill can cause changes in blood lactate levels.

Football Tennis is considered one of the recent games lacking study in detail. Because of the modernity of the game in Iraq, and through the follow-up of the previous studies of the game by the two researchers, and according to their knowledge, there are no studies that dealt comprehensively and covered the physical aspects that football tennis players needs. The two researchers analyzed a number of matches for the sake of identifying the most important physical characteristics. Here, the problem of the study emerged, which is the unavailability of training methods depending on scientific bases that accord with the modernity of the game. The study aims to reveal the most important physical variables in accordance with the analyses of those matches. The two researchers hypothesized statistically significant differences between the pre and post-tests of the two groups, the experimental and controlling, for the benefit of the experimental group's post-test. the two researchers identified the community of the study, the players of Karbala Governorate’s clubs; they are (66) players. The study sample was chosen by the two researchers, the players of Alhindiyah club, and they are (14) players. Two (2) players were excluded for not being punctual towards the timings.
The sample of the study was divided into two equal groups, controlling and experimental, (6) six players for each group. the two researchers used the rules of (SPSS) program and the percentage. In the light of the findings, the following conclusions were reached at: the special training exercises according to analyzing the matches have a positive effect on developing the physical performance, and the analyzing process was effective in making the exercises that accord with the specificity of the event. The two researchers recommended the following:
The necessity of making use of the special training exercises, which were adopted by the two researchers, in developing the physical aspect, and urging the coaches to make their work in accordance with analytical scientific bases that suit the capabilities of the players and using matches’ analyses in the dual and single specialization with other age categories.

The study aims to:
Investigate the impact of two interval training methods (strength-running) and (running) on several physical variables for advanced football players, and compare the effects of these two interval training methods (strength-running) and (running) on several physical variables for advanced football players.
To achieve the study objectives, the researchers proposed the following hypotheses:

There are statistical differences between the two interval training methods (strength-running) and (running) on several physical variables for advanced football players in the post-test for both experimental groups.
The study sample consisted of 28 advanced football players from Hikma Sports Club. The sample was divided into two experimental groups using the random selection method with a lottery. Homogeneity was ensured in the variables of age, height, weight, and training age, and equivalence was ensured between the two study groups in the physical variables.
The study procedures included applying two interval training methods to the experimental groups. The first experimental group performed the mixed interval training method (strength-running), while the second group performed the interval running method. The researchers then conducted the post-physical tests using the same procedures and steps as the pre-tests.
The researchers concluded the following:
The mixed interval training (strength-running) performed by the first experimental group achieved positive development in all physical variables.
The interval running training performed by the second experimental group also achieved positive development in all physical variables.
The first experimental group that used mixed interval training (strength-running) outperformed the second experimental group in all physical variables.

The study aims to:
Identify the level of core competencies among the administrative and technical staff in football academies in Nineveh Governorate from the perspective of their employees.
The researchers used the descriptive survey method for its suitability and the nature of the study. The study community included the administrative and technical staff in accredited football academies in Nineveh Governorate, totaling 211 members distributed across 31 academies. The sample was selected using a comprehensive intentional method, consisting of 179 administrative and technical members representing 31 football academies.
The data was processed using the SPSS statistical package through percentages, mean, standard deviation, Spearman-Brown formula, Guttman formula, Cronbach's alpha, independent samples t-test, significance level (sig), and correlation coefficient (r).
The researchers concluded the following:
The administrative and technical staff in football academies in Nineveh Governorate possess a very high and high level of core competencies, except for item (15), which was moderate.
The researchers recommended the following:
A need to support the material and structural resources of the academies to keep up with international model academies.
Conducting further research and studies on core competencies and their relationship with marketing in football academies.

The study aims to:
- Developing a Self-Protection Measure for First-Class Referees in Some Team Sports in Iraq.
- To identify the level of self-protection among first-class referees in some team sports in Iraq. The researchers used the descriptive method due to its suitability and the nature of the research. The study population consisted of first-class referees in Iraq for some team sports (football, futsal, and basketball) working during the sports season (2021-2022), and they were selected using both the survey method and the correlational relationships method for their suitability to outdoor football and the nature of the research. The study sample consisted of (204) referees in the three activities, distributed as follows: (108) football referees, (48) futsal referees, and (48) basketball referees. The researchers used the self-protection measure they developed based on scientific principles as a study tool, and they used the statistical package (SPSS) to obtain the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, T-test for two independent samples, and Pearson's correlation coefficient. The construction procedures included: (determining the dimensions of the measure, determining the method of formulating the items, formulating the items of each dimension in their initial form, and adopting scientific steps and procedures in building the measure, including content validity, face validity, and construct validity represented by (statistical analysis of the items) using the methods of extreme groups and internal consistency. The methods of split-half reliability and Cronbach's alpha were used for stability. The results showed: the existence of statistically significant differences in self-protection among first-class referees in some team sports in Iraq. The researchers recommended: establishing standards by the referees' committee for the officiating staff to qualify the referee for self-protection, facing pressures, and making decisions positively.

The study aims to:
Identify the level of self-esteem among players of some sports clubs in Nineveh Governorate. The researchers used the descriptive method for its suitability and nature of the research. The study community consisted of players from some sports clubs in team sports (football, volleyball, basketball) in Nineveh Governorate, who were intentionally selected. The study sample consisted of 270 players representing 13 clubs in Nineveh Governorate. The researchers used the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and applied it to a sample of 230 players. They used the statistical package (SPSS) to obtain the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, t-test for two independent samples, and Pearson's correlation coefficient.
The researchers concluded that players of some sports clubs in Nineveh Governorate have a high degree of self-esteem.

The study aims to:
Identify the statistical significance of differences in several functional variables and performance in the 200-meter sprint for juniors between the pre- and post-tests for the first experimental group using concurrent training of the phosphagen and lactate energy systems, and the second group using sequential training between the phosphagen and lactate systems. Additionally, identifying the differences in the mentioned variables between the two study groups using concurrent and sequential training of the phosphagen and lactate systems in the post-test.
The researchers used the experimental method for its suitability and the nature of the research. The study was conducted on a sample of short-distance runners in the junior category in Nineveh Governorate for the 2022 sports season, consisting of 12 runners. This sample was divided into two experimental groups intentionally, with 6 runners in each group. Homogeneity was ensured in the study sample variables of chronological age, training age, height, and weight. Equivalence was also ensured between the two study groups in the functional variables and performance in the 200-meter sprint.
A two-group experimental design with pre- and post-tests was used, with intentional selection and distribution. The study procedures included designing two different training programs: the first was concurrent training of the phosphagen and lactate systems, and the second was sequential training between the phosphagen and lactate systems. The researchers conducted two preliminary experiments: the first to conduct a training unit, and the second to perform the tests.
Pre-measurements were then conducted, followed by the implementation of the concurrent and sequential training programs. The training programs lasted for 9 micro cycles consisting of three mesocycles, with each mesocycle containing three micro cycles and a load movement formation of (2:1) in each mesocycle. Each microcycle included four training units. After that, post-measurements were conducted following the same steps and procedures used in the pre-measurements.
To analyze the results, the SPSS statistical program was used, relying on the following statistical tools: arithmetic mean, standard deviation, t-test for dependent samples, t-test for independent samples, percentage, skewness coefficient, Cohen\'s d effect size, and eta squared.
The researchers reached several conclusions, the most important of which are:
Concurrent training of the phosphagen and lactate systems implemented by the first group resulted in significant progress in functional variables (heart rate after the 200-meter sprint, lactate levels after the 200-meter sprint, anaerobic power) and significant progress in the 200-meter sprint performance, with a large effect size (L).
Sequential training between the phosphagen and lactate systems implemented by the second group resulted in significant progress in functional variables (heart rate after the 200-meter sprint, lactate levels after the 200-meter sprint, anaerobic power) and significant progress in the 200-meter sprint performance, with a large effect size (L).
Concurrent training of the phosphagen and lactate systems implemented by the first group did not result in significant progress in the fatigue index, with a small effect size (S).
Sequential training between the phosphagen and lactate systems implemented by the second group did not result in significant progress in the fatigue index, with a medium effect size (M).

The study aims to:
Preparation of an educational program for the swimming course according to multiple intelligence indicators, criticizing thinking skills, and the curriculum elements directed to students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Mosul. The researchers hypothesized:
There are no statistically significant differences between the experimental group students and the control group students in critical thinking according to gender, group, and the interaction between them.
The researchers used the experimental method, and the research community consisted of male and female students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences in the third and fourth academic years, totaling 483. Students from the first and second academic years were excluded due to the lack of theoretical and practical swimming lessons because of the COVID-19 pandemic.

A sample of 80 students (55 male and 25 female) was selected for reliability. Another sample of 83 students was chosen for the educational program, and divided into an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group comprised 50 students (35 male and 15 female), and the control group comprised 33 students (23 male and 10 female).

The researchers concluded:
The experimental group students taught according to the analytical and evaluative tools program outperformed in the post-test for critical thinking compared to the pre-test.

The study aims to:
Identify the methods to verify the most commonly used reliability and validity coefficients for some physical and skill tests with maximum performance in the sports field.
The descriptive method using content analysis was employed. The study community included theses and dissertations related to physical and skill tests with maximum performance for team sports, totaling 108 master's theses and 58 doctoral dissertations, representing 100% of the study community. Data collection methods included information collection forms, personal interviews, and content analysis. Percentages were used to reach the study results.
One of the most important conclusions was that most master's theses and doctoral dissertations relied on test-retest (stability) as a method to verify the reliability coefficient of physical and skill tests. Most theses and dissertations relied on face validity to ensure the validity of the physical and skill tests. The scientific foundations (reliability and validity) of the physical and skill tests were not verified in most theses and dissertations.

The current study aims to:
- Identify the values of several bio-kinematic variables for shooting (frontal–lateral) from a static position with or without a defensive marker for advanced female basketball players.
- Identify the differences between the values of several bio-kinematic variables for shooting (frontal–lateral) from a static position with or without a defensive marker for advanced female basketball players.

To achieve the research objectives, the researchers hypothesized the following:

There are statistically significant differences between the values of several biokinetic variables for shooting (frontal–lateral) from a static position with or without a defensive marker for advanced female basketball players.
The researchers used the descriptive method with a causal-comparative approach for its suitability and the nature of the research. The research community consisted of 16 players from Akad Sports Club in Erbil Governorate. The research sample was intentionally selected and consisted of 8 players who use right-arm shooting, representing 50% of the research community.
The research experiment was filmed on Friday, 3/6/2022 at 3 PM in the sports hall of Akad Ankawa Sports Club. The researchers used a 1-meter ruler and two Sony cameras with 100 frames/second speed to film the experiment.
The researchers concluded the following:
There are statistically significant differences in several bio-kinematic variables between frontal and lateral shooting with the marker.
There are no statistically significant differences between the values of several bio-kinematic variables for frontal shooting and lateral shooting at the moment of release without the marker

The study aims to:
- Identify the values of several kinematic variables for frontal shooting from a static position with and without a barrier at the moment of ball release for female basketball players.
- Identify the values of shooting accuracy for frontal shooting from a static position with and without a barrier for female basketball players.
- Identify the relationship between several kinematic variables for frontal shooting from a static position with and without a barrier at the moment of ball release and shooting accuracy for female basketball players.
- To achieve the research objectives, the researchers hypothesized the following:

There is a relationship between several kinematic variables for frontal shooting from a static position with and without a barrier at the moment of ball release and shooting accuracy for female basketball players.

The researcher used the descriptive method with a correlational approach for its suitability and the nature of the research. The research community consisted of female basketball players from Akad Ankawa Club in Erbil Governorate in the women's category (20-30 years old), with a total number of 16 players. The research sample consisted of 8 players, selected intentionally, representing 50% of the community.
The researcher concluded the following:
1. There is a statistically significant relationship between the angle of the right and left knee joints at the moment of release and the values of shooting accuracy for frontal shooting from a static position without a barrier.
2. There is no statistically significant relationship between other studied variables and shooting accuracy for frontal shooting from a static position with and without a barrier.

The study aims to:
Investigating the impact of a learner-centered strategy on the development of several mental abilities in students. The researchers used the experimental method for its suitability to the nature and problem of the study, with pre-and post-tests. The research sample consisted of third-year Al-Maarif University College, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences students. The data was statistically processed using the SPSS statistical package. Based on these results, the researchers reached the following conclusions and recommendations, the most important of which are:
The experimental group's gymnastics skills performance significantly improved using the learner-centered strategy. Due to its effective role in the learning process, we recommend using the learner-centered strategy in teaching gymnastics skills.

The study aims to identify the attitudes of University of Zakho students towards (in-person, online, and blended) learning systems and the significance of differences in the sample’s responses between the “studied” learning systems. Additionally, it aims to understand their attitudes according to the variables of (gender and academic level). The research sample consisted of (394) students selected through a comprehensive survey method from the third and fourth academic years of the College of Science, College of Education, and the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences who have experienced the three “studied” learning systems. A descriptive survey method was used to achieve the research objectives. The researcher relied on a scale of learners’ attitudes towards learning systems he prepared, consisting of (44) items distributed across three axes. After verifying the validity and reliability indicators of the scale, the data were statistically processed using percentage, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, highest and lowest values, skewness coefficient, Pearson’s simple correlation coefficient, one-sample T-test, and independent samples T-test for responses. The researcher reached the following conclusions:
1. There are statistically significant differences with the hypothetical mean, indicating positive attitudes of the sample “under study” towards (in-person, online, and blended) learning systems.
2. There are no statistically significant differences between the average responses of the sample “under study” between in-person and online learning.
3. There are statistically significant differences between the average responses of the sample “under study” towards in-person and online learning compared to blended learning, in favor of the in-person and online systems.
4. There are statistically significant differences between the average responses of the sample “under study” according to the gender variable (male, female) in favor of females regarding their attitudes towards in-person learning.
5. There are no statistically significant differences between the average responses of the sample “under study” according to the gender variable (male, female) regarding their attitudes towards online and blended learning.
6. There are no statistically significant differences between the average responses of the sample “under study” according to the academic level variable (third, fourth year) towards the three learning systems (in-person, online, and blended).

Article history:
Received:20/02/2024
Accepted:25/03/2024
Published online: 15/10/2024 The study aimed to identify:
The effect of the P-A-K-S-A strategy on developing attentional control and performance accuracy of some volleyball skills among fourth-year secondary school students.
The experimental and control groups differed in their development of attentional control and performance accuracy of some volleyball skills among fourth-year secondary school students.
The study hypothesis included:
There were statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test for the study groups in developing attentional control and performance accuracy of some volleyball skills.
There were statistically significant differences in the post-test between the study groups in developing attentional control and performance accuracy of some volleyball skills, specifically the overhead and underhand passes.
The researcher used an experimental method suitable for the nature of the problem. The study sample consisted of 40 fourth-year science students at Al-Suqoor Secondary School for Boys in Anah District for the academic year 2023-2024. They were divided into the control group (Class A) and the experimental group (Class B), each comprising 20 students. Pre-tests were conducted using the attentional control scale and some volleyball skills tests, specifically the overhead and underhand passes.
Class B implemented the P-A-K-S-A strategy, while Class A followed the teacher’s usual approach. The educational sessions continued for eight weeks, with two weekly sessions, each lasting forty minutes. The researcher processed the results using statistical methods and concluded that both strategies had a clear impact, with varying degrees, on developing attentional control and learning the accuracy of the overhead and underhand passes. The P-A-K-S-A strategy showed a significant improvement in the study variables. The researcher recommended using this strategy because it is essential in practicing diverse thinking processes.

The study aims to treat electronic addiction and social isolation that children are currently experiencing using aerobic exercises and motor stories. A purposive sample of 32 students who showed signs of addiction and isolation was selected. Their parents were contacted to answer several questions related to the research variables. Based on this, hypotheses were formulated and tested using statistical methods analysed with SPSS and Google Drive models. An electronic questionnaire form was published on the social media platform Telegram. The researcher reached several conclusions, the most important of which is that there is a significant positive change in the child’s behavior after discontinuing electronic screens and participating in group motor games and school activities. This led to an improvement in the child’s academic performance, as confirmed by the parents. The researcher also recommended that parents engage their children in simple and entertaining motor games that can be performed at home, which increase physical activity and improve the children’s psychological state.

The researchers aimed to investigate the relationship between the psychological effects of social distancing and team cohesion among football players. The research hypothesis was that there is a statistically significant relationship between the psychological effects of social distancing and team cohesion among the research sample.
The researchers used the descriptive approach, which suited the nature of the research. They employed two scales: the Psychological Effects of Social Distancing Scale and the Team Cohesion Scale, on a sample of 54 football players. The research population consisted of third-degree football players in Nineveh Governorate, Iraq. The sample consisted of 306 players representing 14 clubs.
The researchers used the SPSS statistical package to obtain the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, T-test for two independent samples, and Pearson correlation coefficient. The results showed:
- Statistically significant differences in the level of psychological effects of social distancing among football players.
- Significant differences between the psychological effects of social distancing and team cohesion among the research sample.
The researchers recommended:
- Reducing the psychological effects of social distancing among players by adhering to preventive measures, continuously motivating them through media, and providing material and moral incentives, which have implications for team cohesion among players.implications for team cohesion among players.

Main Objectives of the Study:
• To identify the relationship between kinematic variables and the pulling and pushing forces among national team players in the archery event.
• To determine the magnitude and level of the relationship between kinematic variables and the pulling and pushing forces among national team players in the archery event.
The Researchers Hypothesized:
• There is a significant correlation between kinematic variables and the pulling and pushing forces among national team players in the archery event.
• There is a variation in the magnitude and level of the relationship between kinematic variables and the pulling and pushing forces among national team players in the archery event.
Study Procedures: The researchers used the descriptive method due to its suitability for the nature of the study. The study sample was deliberately selected, consisting of national team players in Olympic recurve archery for the 2021-2022 sports season, totaling (4) players—data collection methods included (testing and measurement - scientific and technical observation). The study sample was filmed using (5) video cameras, one with a speed of (1000 frames/second) and the others with speeds of (240 frames/second), each camera having a specific function. The statistical methods used by the researchers included (arithmetic mean - standard deviation - percentage - Pearson’s simple correlation coefficient - effect size of the correlation coefficient).
The Researchers Concluded:
• All significant correlations achieved by the kinematic variables with the pulling and pushing force tests, totaling (12) correlations, were positive except for the variable (trunk tilt angle backward at the moment of release), which achieved two significant negative correlations, one with the pulling force test and the other with the pushing force test.
• The magnitude of the relationship between all kinematic variables and the specific tests of the study that achieved significant correlations was large.

The study aims to:
Investigate the impact of musical rhythm accompanying motor weight and the method used by the school on the retention of a motor sequence.
Identifying the differences between the two study groups in the retention test of a motor sequence on the floor exercise mat.
The study community consisted of third-year female students at the University of Mosul (2021-2022), totalling 67 students representing two sections (A and B) who were intentionally selected. After excluding a number of students, the final sample size was 30 students, divided into two groups, experimental and control, with 15 students in each group. Equivalence was ensured between the groups in the variables related to the dependent variable, and the researchers used the randomized controlled pre-test and post-test design for equal groups.
The data collection methods included personal interviews, questionnaires, tests, measurements, and indirect scientific observation. The implementation of the educational programs lasted for 9 weeks, with one educational unit per week for each group. The data was statistically processed using the SPSS statistical program.
The researchers concluded:
The educational program designed by the researchers (musical rhythm accompanying motor weight) and the program designed by the subject teacher had a positive impact on retaining the motor sequence on the floor exercise mat in artistic gymnastics.
The experimental group outperformed the control group in retaining the motor sequence on the floor exercise mat.

The researchers recommended:
Emphasizing the use of musical rhythm composed by experts in the field of music, so that the sequence taught in the Colleges of Physical Education and Sports Sciences is appropriately composed for the motor weight of each movement included in the floor exercises in gymnastics.

The study aims to:
1. Codify the Sport Values Scale for College of Basic Education, Department of Physical Education, and Sports Sciences students.
2. Identify the degree of sports values among the College of Basic Education, Department of Physical Education, and Sports Sciences students.
The research community consisted of fourth-year students from the College of Basic Education, Department of Physical Education, and Sports Sciences at the universities of Mosul, Al-Mustansiriyah, and Diyala, with 245 students. The research tools included the Sport Values Scale, which was subjected to all psychometric properties (face validity, construct validity, and reliability). The researchers used the (SPSS) statistical package on the computer to extract statistical means (mean, standard deviation, Pearson correlation coefficient, Spearman-Brown reliability coefficient, independent samples t-test, one-sample t-test, and split-half reliability coefficient).
The researchers reached the following conclusions:
The researchers prepared the validity of the Sport Values Scale for students of the College of Basic Education, Department of Physical Education, and Sports Sciences.
There is a general need for students of the College of Basic Education, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, to develop their sports values.
Recommendations:
Design a psychological counselling program to develop the level of sport values among students of the College of Basic Education, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences.
The possibility of using and relying on the Sport Values Scale prepared in the current study by the researchers and conducting future research with other variables.

The contributions of basic and derived sciences in their various applied and theoretical forms, due to the continuous efforts made by scientists, have played a significant role in developing sports achievements, whether individual or team sports. Today, team sports have become a large field for attracting players, coaches, researchers, and followers, including the sport of handball. This game is considered one of the popular sports that have gained significant acceptance and widespread popularity worldwide, relying on mastering basic skills as a fundamental basis for progressing in level. The moment of inertia is one of the mechanical laws that can be utilized in the field, especially in learning movements through the relationship between body mass and the square of its center of gravity from the axis of rotation, and its impact on movements, particularly in performing shots in handball. This is because the body's resistance to circular motion does not depend only on its mass but also on its perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation. Body mass plays a fundamental role in the strength and speed of shooting by harnessing the body parts' mass to serve the main goal of the skill.
The study aims to identify the relationship between the values of the moment of inertia of the throwing arm with the accuracy of long-range shooting in handball. The researchers hypothesized that there is a statistically significant correlation between the values of the moment of inertia of the throwing arm and the accuracy of long-range shooting from jumping in handball.
The researchers used the descriptive method with the correlational approach due to its suitability and the nature of the research

The current study aims to:
• Determine the level of variables representing morphological determinants for initial sports selection.
• Prepare tables and standard levels for the morphological determinant variables.
• Develop a morphological card for the initial selection of students in primary school classes.
The researchers used the descriptive survey method due to its suitability for the nature of the research. The sample consisted of 750 students, representing 5.24% of the total study community (14,312) for the year 2020/2021. The researchers used questionnaires and measurements as tools for data collection and utilized statistical methods including the mean, standard deviation, percentage of independent samples, and the SPSS statistical package for data analysis.
The researchers built a morphological determinants card for primary school students. The card showed development in all morphological variables across all age stages in primary school classes covered by the study. Standard levels for the morphological variables were established for all six primary school classes, with all studied morphological variables being within normal ranges concerning the sample\'s means.
The researchers recommended:
• Adopting the morphological card developed in the study to assess the level of morphological development for primary school students. Using the card to guide students towards specific sports activities based on the requirements of those activities.
• Using the card to identify morphological excellence in some students, as well as to detect biological delays in others, to make use of good potentials and address weaker one

The study aims to:
1. Employing power variables and some body measurements in the sit-up test.
2. Identifying the contribution rates of the study variables in the sit-up test through the best regression model processed on the raw test scores.
3. Establishing new standards and levels for the test in light of power variables and body measurements.
The researchers used descriptive and correlational methods with a survey approach. The sample consisted of 79 advanced players from sports clubs in Nineveh Governorate for team sports (football, futsal, basketball, volleyball, and handball). To obtain the required data, the researchers used the SPSS statistical package and a range of statistical methods, including mode, skewness coefficient, percentage, mean, standard deviation, Pearson's simple correlation coefficient, and multiple regression. The researchers reached several conclusions, including the following:
1. The value of the displacement in a single ascent in the sit-up test was 90% of the trunk and head length.
2. There was a significant correlation between the dependent variable (repetition) and the independent variables (power, mass, and trunk length) in the sit-up test.
3. The study variables (power and body measurements) had contribution rates in performance (repetition) in the sit-up test.
The researchers recommend and suggest the following:
1. The necessity of including body measurement variables such as mass and body lengths in the sit-up test to extract power.

2. Using the equation derived by the researchers to measure power in the sit-up test as listed below: Power equation in the sit-up test = [{mass × 0.63 × 9.81}] × [{(trunk and head length × 0.9) × (number of repetitions) × (2)} ÷ {60}].
3. Considering individual differences among test subjects by using the equation derived in this research, as well as using the standard levels designed in this study for the sit-up test to apply the principle of equal opportunities among test subjects, especially when results are close or equal in repetition criteria.
4. The researchers recommend further studies on additional tests and the inclusion of power variables to cover all modifiable tests

The study aims to:
Investigate the impact of a rehabilitation program on developing neural conduction speed using EMG and the thrust strength of hip joint muscles to reduce injuries in freestyle swimmers. The researchers used the experimental method for its suitability to the nature of the research, employing an experimental design with two groups: an experimental group and a control group. The sample was intentionally selected, consisting of 12 freestyle swimmers divided into the experimental group (6 players) and the control group (6 players) aged between 17 and 19 years. Homogeneity and equivalence were ensured among all variables.

The rehabilitation program was applied for 12 weeks, with 3 weekly sessions, combining proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) exercises and plyometric exercises with body weight and additional weights. Data were collected through the used measurements and statistically processed. The research procedures included pre- and post-tests over 3 months of the program\'s application.

The key findings revealed that the proposed rehabilitation program positively affected neural conduction speed variables, thrust strength, electrical activity, and physical variables. Additionally, it helped reduce the discrepancy in muscle strength balance between the working and opposing muscles, thereby minimizing injuries.

The study aims to: Develop an educational program for visual, auditory, and combined teaching aids in learning some basic skills on the floor exercise apparatus in gymnastics. The researcher hypothesized: that there are statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test using educational aids (visual, auditory, and combined) for the four study groups in learning some basic skills on the floor exercise apparatus in gymnastics, in favor of the post-tests. The researcher used the experimental method for its suitability to solving the study problem, and the research sample was randomly selected. The researcher concluded the following: Using educational aids (visual, auditory, and combined) helped in learn some basic skills on the floor exercise apparatus in gymnastics. Diversifying the use of multiple educational aids led to a quicker understanding and learning of the skill by students. The researcher recommended the following: The necessity of using combined aids in learning basic skills on the floor exercise apparatus in gymnastics. The necessity of using combined aids in learning basic skills in some other sports. Using visual and auditory aids in learning motor skills and games due to their positive effect on the learning process.

Higher education institutions must possess quality standards that enable them to excel among world-class universities, ensuring their continuity, sustainability, and advancement in rankings through global and local evaluation and classification. Among these governmental institutions are the Colleges of Physical Education and Sports Sciences in Iraq, evaluated based on national standards, similar to other colleges with different specializations. In this context, it is essential for the opinions of administrators and faculty members regarding these standards and their indicators, which means the points that must be met in each standard, to be considered. The importance of the study lies in understanding the perspectives of these employees on these standards.
The study problem is that the national standards include unrealistic items that tend toward narrative writing and other points that the institution has no authority to adopt. Here, we ask whether the administrators and faculty members are satisfied with these standards and whether there is a difference in their views.
The study population included the employees of the Colleges of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, totalling (1244) employees. The study sample consisted of (150) faculty members and (36) administrators. The national quality standards for higher education in Iraq, which contained (8) standards, were distributed. The study concluded the following:
For the standards of educational institution strategy, governance, and administration, their perspectives were identical.
For the standards of financial and material resources, faculty members, students, and curricula, their perspectives differed, with the views of faculty members surpassing those of the administrators in these standards.
For the standards of scientific study and community service, their perspectives also differed, with the views of administrators surpassing those of the faculty members in these standards.

The study aims to:
Reveal the differences between the three study groups (control and experimental) in the post-test for learning the technical performance of several motor skills in football.
The researchers hypothesized:
There are statistically significant differences between the post-test results of the three study groups in learning the technical performance of several motor skills in football for first-year students.
The researchers used the experimental method with a design of equivalent groups. The study sample consisted of 30 first-year students from the University of Mosul, College of Basic Education, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences for the academic year 2021-2022. The researchers used the statistical package for data processing.
The researchers concluded:
The two experimental groups (first and second) that used the concept mapping strategy accompanied by sequential and random exercise scheduling outperformed the control group that used the traditional method in learning the most important motor skills in football

The study aims to:
• Identify differences in various speed variables for the experimental group players between pre-tests and post-tests.
• Identify differences in various speed variables for the control group players between pre-tests and post-tests.
• Identify differences in various speed variables between the experimental and control groups in the post-test.
The researchers used the experimental method due to its suitability for the nature of the research. The experiment was conducted on a sample of 20 young players from Ninawa Sports Club, aged under 16 years. The players were divided into two groups (experimental and control), with 8 players in each group after excluding 4 players (2 who did not complete the tests and 2 who were goalkeepers). Homogeneity was achieved in age, height, weight, and training age variables, and equality was established between the two research groups in the motor variables identified by the experts.
The experimental design adopted was the randomized control group design with pre-test and post-test. The research procedures included designing reactive agility exercises, which were applied to the experimental group. Several pilot studies were conducted to determine the exercises used and their appropriate intensities, repetitions, and rest times. Following that, pre-tests for speed variables were conducted. The experimental group performed reactive agility exercises, while the control group followed the program prepared by the team coach. The experiment lasted for 9 weeks, spanning three medium cycles with 9 minor cycles, with a 2:1 load movement ratio in each medium cycle and 3 training units per week. Post-tests for speed variables were conducted following the same procedures as the pre-tests. Data was statistically processed using the SPSS program to obtain the mean, standard deviation, skewness coefficient, percentage, paired t-test, independent t-test, and effect size (Test Eta Squared) (Cohen d Test).
The most notable results showed that the reactive agility exercises performed by the experimental group led to improvements in most speed variables by comparing the pre-test and post-test results of the experimental group players.

The study aims to:
Evaluate the Availability of Professional Performance Standards Indicators among Physical Education Teachers in Nineveh Governorate from the Teachers' Perspective and Identifying the Most Important Training Needs for Physical Education Teachers in Light of the Availability of Professional Performance Standards Indicators. The descriptive method was used to achieve the study objectives. The population consisted of (631) physical education teachers in Nineveh Governorate. The study sample was randomly selected, consisting of (230) teachers, with (200) for the final experiment and (30) for the pilot study, representing (36.45%) of the population. Data collection methods included source analysis, questionnaires, and personal interviews. A questionnaire (list) of professional standards was prepared, containing (78) indicators representing (9) professional standards. The scientific validation processes included expert validity, internal consistency of the items, and construct validity. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed using the split-half method and Cronbach's alpha. The questionnaire was then distributed to the sample, and data were statistically analyzed. The main findings indicated that the level of professional performance evaluation among physical education teachers in Nineveh Governorate was generally at a moderate level on the list and across all dimensions and indicators. The training needs for physical education teachers were identified in light of the availability of professional performance standards indicators

The current study aims to prepare the Administrative Empowerment Questionnaire for the board members of sports clubs in Nineveh Governorate, identify the level of administrative empowerment and its dimensions among the board members of sports clubs in Nineveh Governorate, and identify the level of administrative empowerment factors among the board members of sports clubs in Nineveh Governorate.
The researchers used the descriptive correlational method. The sample consisted of 295 members from the administrative boards of sports clubs in Nineveh Governorate, distributed across 39 clubs. To achieve the research objectives, the researchers prepared the Administrative Empowerment Questionnaire for 200 members, ensuring its face validity and reliability.
The researchers concluded:
The validity of the AdministArative Empowerment Questionnaire for the board members of sports clubs in Nineveh Governorate.
The board members of sports clubs in Nineveh Governorate generally possess a high level of administrative empowerment, with dimensions ranging between high and very high.
Based on the conclusions, the researchers recommended:
Adopting and applying the Administrative Empowerment Questionnaire to the board members of clubs in other governorates.
They assist the board members in developing their training and honing their talents by participating in training courses at least four times a year.

The study aims to:
• Develop a test to measure the explosive leg power specific to advanced parkour gymnasts.
• To set standards for the explosive leg power test specific to advanced parkour gymnasts.
A descriptive survey method was used, and the research community consisted of 65 advanced parkour gymnasts in Mosul city. The research sample included 50 players, representing 77% of the research community. The researchers developed a special test to measure the explosive leg power specific to parkour gymnastics by following the scientific construction procedures, and the statistical package (SPSS) was used. The following conclusions were reached:
• A long jump test with three steps over a hurdle was developed to measure the explosive leg power specific to parkour gymnasts, and its effectiveness was proven.
• Standards were set for the long jump test with three steps over a hurdle specific to parkour gymnasts.

The study aims to:
- Identify the relationship between kinematic variables and drawing force among national team archery players.
- Identify the relationship between kinematic variables and performance level (accuracy) among national team archery players.
The researchers hypothesized:
- There is a significant correlation between some kinematic variables and drawing force among national team archery players.
- There is a significant correlation between some kinematic variables and performance level (accuracy) among national team archery players.
Study Procedures: The researchers used the descriptive method for its suitability and the nature of the research. The study sample was intentionally selected, consisting of national team archery players with recurve bows for the 2021-2022 sports season, totaling 4 players. The methods used for data collection included (testing and measurement – scientific technical observation). The study sample was filmed using 5 video cameras, one with a speed of 1000 frames/second, and the other cameras with speeds of 240 frames/second, each camera having a specific task to capture a particular part of the technical performance of the activity. The researchers used the following statistical tools: mean, standard deviation, percentage, and Pearson's simple correlation coefficient.
The researchers concluded:
- All significant correlations achieved by the kinematic variables with the drawing force test (pull) were positive except for the variable of trunk tilt angle backward at the moment of release, which was negative.
- All significant correlations achieved by the kinematic variables with the performance level (accuracy), they were six, were negative.

The study aims to:
Identify the relationship between core competencies and talent management in football academies in Nineveh Governorate from the perspective of administrative and technical staff members. The researchers used the descriptive survey method for its suitability and the nature of the research. The study community included the administrative and technical staff members in accredited football academies in Nineveh Governorate, totaling 211 members distributed across 31 academies. The study sample was intentionally selected, consisting of 179 administrative and technical members representing 31 football academies.
The researchers used a core competencies tool prepared based on scientific foundations as a study tool. They also relied on a talent management tool prepared by (Al-Azzawi, 2020) and modified by the researchers. The tool was then applied to a sample of 40 administrative and technical members. The data was processed using the SPSS statistical package through percentage, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, Spearman-Brown formula, Guttman formula, Cronbach's alpha, t-test for two independent samples, significance level (sig), and correlation coefficient (r).
The researchers concluded: There is a positive correlation between core competencies and talent management among the administrative and technical staff members in football academies in Nineveh Governorate.
The researchers recommended:

Paying attention to providing the necessary core competencies that would enhance talent management capabilities in football academies.
Conducting further study and studies on core competencies and talent management in football academies.

The study aims to:

- Uncover the effect of fixed-variable practice schedules on retaining some basic handball skills.
- The effect of variable-fixed practice schedules on retaining some basic handball skills.
- The differences between the two experimental groups in the retention test of some basic handball skills.

The study population consisted of first-grade students at Al-Nidal Intermediate School for Boys for the academic year (2021-2022), totaling (175) students representing five classes, who were deliberately selected. The study sample consisted of students from classes (A and B), who were intentionally chosen due to the alignment of their class schedules, totaling (75) students. A number of students were excluded, totaling (31) who were either repeaters or absent for the pretests, as well as students from the reliability sample and pilot studies. Thus, the final sample number was (44) students, representing (25.142%) of the study population. The sample was divided into two groups of (22) students each. The practice schedule methods were distributed to two groups by lottery.
The equivalence of the two groups was verified concerning variables such as age, height, weight, some physical and motor fitness elements, some mental abilities, and the selected basic handball skills. The researchers used the design of equivalent random groups with pre- and post-observation. Data collection methods included personal interviews, questionnaires, tests, and indirect scientific observation. The educational programs were implemented from 15/3/2022 to 21/4/2022, with two educational units per week for each group. Data were statistically processed using Pearson's simple correlation coefficient, T-test for equal-numbered related samples, T-test for equal-numbered unrelated samples, percentage, and retention percentage.
The researchers concluded the following:
The use of the educational program prepared by the researchers (fixed-variable practice schedule) and (variable-fixed practice schedule) positively affected the retention of some selected basic handball skills.
The first experimental group, using the (fixed-variable practice schedule) method, outperformed the second experimental group, which used the (variable-fixed practice schedule) method in retaining some selected basic handball skills.

The study aims to:
Identify the relationship between the values of some kinematic variables (the subject of the research) and the values of the balance strength test for national team players in archery.
Identifying the relationship between the values of some kinematic variables (the subject of the research) and the values of the achievement level (accuracy) for national team players in archery.
The researchers hypothesized the following:
There is a significant correlation between the values of some kinematic variables (the subject of the research) and the values of the balance strength test for national team players in archery.
There is a significant correlation between the values of some kinematic variables (the subject of the research) and the values of the achievement level (accuracy) for national team players in archery.
Study Procedures: The researchers used the descriptive method due to its suitability and the nature of the research. The study sample was deliberately selected, consisting of national team players in Olympic recurve archery for the 2021-2022 sports season, totaling (4) players. Data collection tools included (testing and measurement - technical scientific observation). The study sample was filmed using (5) video cameras, one with a speed of (1000 frames/second) and the other cameras with speed of (240 frames/second). Each camera was assigned a specific task to capture a particular part of the technical performance of the event. The statistical tools used by the researchers included (mean, standard deviation, percentage, and Pearson's simple correlation coefficient).
The researchers concluded the following:
All significant correlations achieved by the kinematic variables with the balance strength test (pull) were positive, except for the change in the back inclination angle at the moment of shooting, which was negative.
All significant correlations achieved by the kinematic variables with the achievement level (accuracy) were negative.

The study aims to:
Identify the impact of resistance training (T.R.X) on several physical variables for the experimental sample between pre-and post-tests. To achieve the research objective, the researchers proposed the following hypothesis:

There are statistically significant differences in several physical variables for the experimental sample that used resistance training (T.R.X) between the pre-and post-tests. The researchers used the experimental method for its suitability and the nature of the research. The sample consisted of female players from the Al-Fattah Sports Club for futsal, the only club in Erbil Governorate for the year (2021-2022), with eight players representing 80% of the research community. Players whose results affected homogeneity and equality were excluded after conducting the measurements and tests determined by the specialists. The experimental design used was the one-group pre-test and post-test design. The research procedures included designing T.R.X training applied to the experimental sample using high-intensity interval training. Several exploratory trials were conducted to determine the exercises used in the training program and specify the appropriate exercise intensity, repetitions, and rest times. The experiment was carried out over eight weeks, within two mesocycles, with eight micro cycles and a 3:1 load cycle in each mesocycle, with three weekly training units. The data was statistically processed using SPSS.

The researchers reached the following conclusions:

The resistance training (T.R.X) program implemented on the experimental sample positively impacted the studied variables

The study aims to reveal:
• The effect of fixed-variable practice scheduling on learning the art of skill performance for some basic handball skills.
• The effect of variable-fixed practice scheduling on learning the art of skill performance for some basic handball skills.
• The differences between the two experimental groups in learning some basic handball skills in the post-test.
The study population consisted of first-grade students at Al-Nidal Intermediate School for Boys for the academic year (2021-2022), totaling (175) students representing five classes, who were deliberately selected. The study sample consisted of students from classes (A and B), who were intentionally chosen due to the alignment of their class schedules, totaling (75) students. A number of students were excluded, totaling (31) who were either repeaters or absent for the pre-tests, as well as students from the reliability sample and pilot studies. Thus, the final sample number was (44) students, representing (25.142%) of the study population. The sample was divided into two groups of (22) students each. The practice schedule methods were distributed to two groups by lottery. The equivalence of the two groups was verified concerning variables such as age, height, weight, some physical and motor fitness elements, some mental abilities, and the selected basic handball skills. The researchers used the design of equivalent random groups with pre and post-observation. Data collection methods included personal interviews, questionnaires, tests, and indirect scientific observation. The educational programs were implemented from 15/3/2022 to 21/4/2022, with two educational units per week for each group. Data were statistically processed using Pearson's simple correlation coefficient, T-test for equal-numbered related samples, T-test for equal-numbered unrelated samples, percentage, self-validity coefficient, amount of progress, and progress percentage.
The researchers concluded the following:
• The use of the educational program prepared by the researchers (fixed-variable practice scheduling) and (variable-fixed practice scheduling) had a positive effect on learning the art of skill performance for some selected basic handball skills.
• The first experimental group, using the (fixed-variable practice scheduling) method, outperformed the second experimental group, which used the (variable-fixed practice scheduling) method.

The use of verbal reinforcement is significant in learning kinetic sports skills. Its importance is not limited to the teacher but also extends to the student. Some teachers neglect an important aspect of the learning process, which is the use of verbal reinforcement, both positive and negative, or they limit themselves to one type and neglect the other. Another group of teachers does not know which to start with, positive or negative verbal reinforcement. This study aimed to investigate the effect of using different types of verbal reinforcement on learning the accuracy of performing the skills of the forehand float serve and the overhead pass in volleyball. The researchers hypothesized that there would be statistically significant differences in verbal reinforcement (positive then negative) or (negative then positive) in learning the accuracy of skill performance in the forehand float serve and the overhead pass in volleyball. The study sample consisted of 30 students divided into two shifts (groups) with 15 students in each group. The sample was distributed to the two experimental groups by lottery. The sample underwent an educational program to learn the skills in the study, followed by the application of the educational program to the study groups. The researchers concluded several results, notably that the first experimental group using verbal reinforcement (positive-negative) outperformed the second experimental group using verbal reinforcement (negative-positive).