Karbala Journal of Physical Education Sciences

Introduction and importance of the research: Many social and sports myths have taken up a space of thought, especially in fitness and bodybuilding centers in Basra Governorate, whether on the theoretical or practical level. The growth and proliferation of myths is due primarily to the spread of ignorance and the lack of reading and information, which has caused paralysis in the process of scientific thinking Social empowerment, if combined with the societal problems of youth in Basra Governorate practicing sports activities, comes as a result of the interaction of personal and environmental factors of the conservative Iraqi society, which sometimes obstruct societal values and standards and the society’s view of youth The practice of sports activities by young people in Basra Governorate did not take place for a long time until the fall of the regime and the opening of the field to fitness and wellness centers to carry out their work The importance of the current research lies in knowing the level of social myth and the means of social empowerment, which naturally leads us to clarify the obstacles and societal problems that hinder the practice of sports activities by young people in Basra Governorate, and working to clarify them and clarify the treatments for them. and understanding its meanings, knowing its roots in the scientific and ethical fields, knowing the ways to combat it and the extent of its impact on young people participating in fitness and bodybuilding centers in Basra Governorate.

The importance of the research lies in developing specialized exercises according to the (muscle and movement) program, the aim of which is to prevent upper limb injuries for volleyball players aged 14-17 years The research problem focused on the fact that the researchers believe that those interested in the field of volleyball training should pay attention to the requirements and characteristics of each player on the team in order to standardize the training programs according to these physical and skill requirements, as they still suffer from obstacles that hinder their development towards the better, and among those obstacles are sports injuries, the most important of which are the upper limbs, and the reason for that may be due to It is the nature of unregulated training loads and the loss of harmony and coordination between muscle groups, which leads to a change in the range of motion and its path and causes injury. Therefore, researchers decided to conduct specialized exercises to prevent upper limb injuries according to the (muscle and motion) program to develop some biomotor capabilities for volleyball players aged 14-17 years. The research aims to: Identify the effect of specialized exercises based on the Muscle and Motion program on preventing upper extremity injuries in volleyball players aged 14-17 years.
Research hypotheses: There are statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests of the experimental group in some biomotor abilities to prevent upper extremity injuries in volleyball players aged 14-17 years. The researchers used the experimental method to solve the research problem. Regarding the research community, the research community was determined as the young players of the Kufa Sports Club, aged (14-17) years, and they were divided into two groups equally using the simple random method. The most important conclusions: The nature of the specialized exercises developed effectively contributed to the development of the biomotor abilities under study, directly impacting the prevention of upper extremity injuries among volleyball players aged 14-17 years.
Keywords: muscle and motion program, biomotor abilities, upper limb injuries.

Introduction and importance of the research: The skill of smashing and blocking in volleyball is one of the skills that require a great effort and a high level of physical and skill efficiency to achieve the performance of motor duties with high efficiency. It is possible to benefit from the problem-solving strategy in finding solutions to perform the skill in the best ways and with good performance. The research problem is to use a different strategy than the one used in teaching the smash and block skills, namely the problem-solving strategy. The research aims to explore the effect of using a problem-solving strategy on students' learning of the smash and block skills in volleyball. There are significant differences in learning the skills of smash and block in volleyball between the gradual (regular) method and the problem-solving strategy.
The researchers used the experimental method on third-year students of the College of Physical Education at the University of Karbala. After conducting the main experiment, the researcher used the statistical package (SPSS) to extract the results. After statistical equations for the research results, the researchers concluded that Teaching using a problem-solving strategy significantly contributed to improving motor skill learning among the research sample. The problem-solving strategy was more effective than the gradual (traditional) method in improving the skill among the research sample.
The researcher recommended emphasizing the use of problem-solving strategies in teaching students in faculties and departments of physical education and sports. It is necessary to use problem-solving strategies in many skills, including volleyball and other skills.

The need for a high degree of physical fitness along with good health is extremely important for every human being, as it requires him to practice sports activities continuously and to do so with awareness, realization, and understanding of its importance. Through researchers following the elderly and diagnosing the suffering that this age group is going through from a rapid decline and deterioration in physiological variables, The sports environment in their community is poor, as there are no playgrounds, and if there are, they are not suitable for their ages. Also, the sports practices they practice, if they exist, are not scientifically standardized, and may be lower or higher than their capabilities, and thus do not serve them properly. The study aimed to prepare functional exercises using a training field designed to develop the most important biomotor capabilities and physiological variables for the elderly aged (60-65) years. To know the effect of functional exercises using the designed training field on the most important biomotor capabilities and physiological variables. The researchers used the equivalent groups design for comparison purposes and the research sample was represented by elderly men in the nursing home in Babylon Governorate, numbering (21) with ages (60-65) years, they were divided into two groups, experimental and control. The researchers prepared a training field consisting of (10) stations, and this field was in the form of the number (8). The researchers conducted pre-research tests on the individuals of the research sample, and then the experimental program was applied in the training field prepared by the researchers to the experimental group for a period of (8) weeks, at a rate of three training units per week. The post-tests were conducted for the experimental and control groups under conditions of The pre-tests were the same in terms of the time of conducting the tests, the place and the test specifications. The data were processed statistically using the SPSS statistical package. The researchers concluded that functional exercises using the designed training field had a positive effect on some biomotor abilities and physiological variables of the elderly aged (60-65) years

The importance of this research lies in understanding the role of sports activities in schools and their psychological impact from the perspective of supervisors. Such topics should be highlighted because they play a significant and effective role in serving the psychological well-being of tudents and providing a good understanding of physical education teachers, talents, and age groups.
Research Problem:
Sports activities in schools are almost extinct and inconspicuous, and cannot be compared to their counterparts in other countries. They do not keep pace with the times in which we live, and there are many pressures that directorates suffer from. In the governorates in general and in the sports and school activities department in Al-Musayyib district, as well as physical education teachers in schools, due to the lack of capabilities, equipment, tools and sports fields.
Research objectives:
1. To examine the role of sports activities organized by physical education teachers and principals in schools and their psychological impact on students, from the perspective of supervisors.
2. To propose sports activities organized by physical education teachers and principals in schools and their psychological impact on students, from the perspective of supervisors.

Physical and motor abilities are among the most important requirements for high physical fitness. Auxiliary sports tools and equipment are a way to simplify learning movements. The research aims to identify the effect of using auxiliary flexibility tools and equipment in teaching the backbow skill on the balance beam for women, and to determine the extent of improvement in flexibility and balance levels among female players after using the tools and equipment. The research hypothesis There are statistically significant differences in the use of tools and the flexibility device in some abilities and teaching the back bow skill on the balance beam device in artistic gymnastics for women. The researchers used the experimental method (with a single-group design with pre- and post-test) to suit the nature of the problem to be solved. The research community was determined by (8) female players of the Workers Club in Baghdad, with ages ranging between (9-11) Year and it is the junior category, who train in the Eagles College Hall in Baghdad Al-Karkh and the researchers excluded two players for the exploratory experiment and settled on the sample of 6 players and the research sample constituted (75%). The researchers used (2) players for the exploratory experiment and their percentage amounted to (25%). The researcher concluded 1- That the tools and device used have a major role in developing motor abilities which would affect In the paths of the required movements, 2- The tools and equipment used play a significant role in learning and improving the backbow skill on the balance beam in women's artistic gymnastics. The researchers recommended: 1- The researchers recommended using tools and auxiliary equipment on the beam to simplify and facilitate the skill, as well as reduce time and effort.

The current research aims to reveal the effect of mental training of both types (direct) and (indirect), in addition to the method followed by the school for the control group in learning some motor skills on the movement mat. The researcher used the experimental method to suit the nature of the research problem, as the research sample consisted of (30) A first-year female student at the University of Babylon, College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - for the academic year 2024_2025, and they were distributed into three groups (two experimental groups and one control group), each group including (10) female students, and there was equivalence between the three groups in variables (Age, height, mass, intelligence, manifestations of attention, mathematical mental imagery, some elements of effective motor physical fitness), the researcher used the following statistical methods: (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, multiple correlation coefficient, percentage, one-way analysis of variance, t-test for two related samples, least significant difference test L.s.d), The researchers concluded that the three educational plans had a positive impact on the students' learning of some motor skills on the movement mat.

The aim of the research is to: Identify the effect of the problem-solving strategy in developing creative thinking and learning some basic football skills for students. As for the methodology, the experimental method was used in the style of two equivalent groups with pre- and post-measurement. The research community was determined by the first-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Karbala, for the academic year (2024-2025), whose number is (112) students and the selection of the main sample for the research amounted to (30) students, as (15) students from section (B) represented the experimental group and the same number from section (D) represented the control group, using the random method. After the completion of the implementation of the prepared educational units, the post-tests were conducted and statistical processing was done using the (spss) system.
Among the most important conclusions that emerged from the study:
The problem-solving strategy has a positive impact on developing motor creativity and learning some basic soccer skills for students. In light of this, the researchers recommended the use of the problem-solving strategy in teaching sports skills, particularly basic soccer skills, and encouraged teachers to use it.

This study aims to achieve the following objectives:
1. Develop a scale that quantifies the role of physical education classes in reducing school dropout rates among secondary school students.
2. Analyze the impact of physical education and sports classes on reducing school dropout rates among secondary school students.
3. Study the impact of physical education and sports classes on reducing school dropout across multiple domains.
4. Examining the differences between students who practice and do not practice physical education with regard to the role of the lesson in reducing school dropout rates.
The researcher relied on the descriptive analytical approach due to its suitability to the nature of the research problem and its objectives. The study community was identified in the Hashemite District, which included (165) schools. A sample of (214) students was selected. The researcher developed a scale to evaluate the role of physical education lessons in reducing school dropout, from the students’ point of view, as the scale included (38) paragraphs distributed over six main areas) the role of the school and administration - factors related to the student himself - the influence of teachers - the influence of the family - the role of bad companions) after applying the scientific foundations in constructing the scale and verifying its psychometric properties.

The research aims to identify spiritual leadership and its relationship to thinking styles from the students' point of view and to identify the significance of differences according to gender (males, females). In order to achieve this goal, the researcher selected a sample consisting of (300) male and female students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. In order to measure spiritual leadership, the researchers built the scale based on the theory of (1996 Fairholm). They also built a scale of thinking styles based on the theory of Harrison and Bramson. After that, the psychometric properties of (validity, reliability) were verified. After confirming the validity of the tool through indicators of validity and reliability, and applying this tool to the research sample, then collecting the data and processing it statistically, the current research concluded that the research sample has the ability to spiritual leadership and a good degree of thinking styles. The results also indicated that there are no statistically significant differences according to gender and specialization. In light of these results reached in the current research, a set of recommendations and proposals were developed.

The effect of oxygenic and non-oxygenic effort on the rates of change in periods and waves in electrocardiogram, cardiac contraction time and cardiac output
Keywords: physical effort, periods and waves for electrocardiogram, cardiac contraction time, cardiac output
The research aims: To measure the electrical activity of the heart muscle, heart rate and cardiac output of the research sample in a resting state. Then, identify the differences between measurements before and after physical effort (oxygenic and non-oxygenic) in the rates of change in waves and periods for electrocardiogram, cardiac contraction time, heart rate and cardiac output. Finally, the research aims to identify the differences between measurements after effort between physical effort (oxygenic and non-oxygenic) in the rates of change in waves and periods for electrocardiogram, cardiac contraction time, heart rate and cardiac output. The researchers used the descriptive research method to suit the problem and objectives of the research. The research community and sample included the players of Al-Minaa Sports Club football team. The study concluded that oxygenic and non-oxygenic physical effort has a significant effect on the time of waves, periods, and the rate of change in the time of cardiac contraction. Non-oxygenic physical effort has a greater effect on the rate of change in the time of waves, periods, and cardiac contraction time than oxygenic effort. The study recommended paying attention to studying the effect of each effort on the time of periods and heart waves due to its relationship to the amount of blood pumped and cardiac output, and knowing the level of the effect of physical effort on the time of heart waves and periods, and the time of cardiac contraction with the recovery time..

The research aims to identify the difficulties facing students of the Faculties of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - Koya University in the subject of Track and Field. The researcher used the descriptive analytical method to suit the problem and objectives of the research. The research sample consisted of (165) male and female students for the academic year (2024-2025). The statistical package (spss) was adopted to process the statistical data. The researcher reached a number of The most important conclusions are: The security and safety factor came in first place with a percentage of (72.22%), resulting from the lack of legal playgrounds and fields, which increases students’ exposure to the risk of injury by a percentage of (85.98%), and by a percentage of (83.51%) from the lack of security and safety conditions for devices, tools, playgrounds and fields, and psychological work came in second place with a percentage of (69.07%) and topped the list of the axis. The paragraph that reads, "The constant fear of suffering major injuries that require a long recovery period" (80.78%) had the highest percentage, while the sports facilities and capabilities factor came in third place with a percentage of (68.87%), and the teaching method factor came in last with a percentage of (67.01%).

Basketball is one of the team games that is characterized by the rapid performance of many and varied skills, including offensive and defensive ones. Basketball is a game that depends on the quick start of the team, and the main goal of the attacking team in the game of basketball is determined to put the ball into the opposing team’s basket and the largest number of times during the game. On this basis, shooting can be defined as (A serious and actual attempt by the attacking player to put the ball into the opponent\\'s goal and basket, utilizing his physical, technical, and mental capabilities within the framework of international law.) From this, we find that shooting skills in their various forms are an important factor that fundamentally and directly influences the outcome of the match. This is what drew the researcher\\'s attention to studying this problem by identifying the effect of various corrective exercises in reducing the horizontal distance of the player\\'s flight and the accuracy of shooting in jumping for junior basketball players in order to achieve successful shooting.
The importance of the research appears in the development of various corrective exercises to reduce the horizontal distance of the player’s flight while shooting by jumping from a run, which helps players to focus more while shooting, and thus increases their capabilities and accuracy and benefit from it to the upper vertical distance (height) and rise upwards for the purpose of good successful shooting.
The research aims to:
1. Develop various corrective exercises to reduce the horizontal distance of a player\\'s flight during jump shooting, and utilize this to increase the vertical distance (height) and ascend to achieve successful shooting.
2. Identify differences in the amount of horizontal distance a player\\'s flight requires and the accuracy of jump shooting.

The research aims to analyze the advantages of using one of the two techniques in the shot put event for athletics among individuals who do not possess the appropriate height required by this event to achieve optimal performance in the mechanical variables associated with attaining the best possible throwing distances.
Research Objectives:
1.Comparing the technical performance of shot put using the rotational and glide techniques for short-statured athletes.
2.Demonstrating that the rotational technique achieves superiority in mechanical variables and digital performance for short-statured athletes compared to the glide technique.
Research Hypothesis:
The rotational technique is superior to the glide technique in shot put due to its ease in achieving the mechanical variables related to optimal shot put performance and achieving higher records.
Research Methodology: To achieve these objectives, the researcher employed the descriptive approach using testing, measurement, and analysis methods. The research population and sample consisted of six students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Babylon for the academic year 2023–2024, with heights ranging between 1.54 – 1.60 m.
Research Tools: A high-speed video camera (64 frames per second) was used to capture the movement performance and trajectory of the shot from release to landing. The data was then analyzed using the Kinovea software to evaluate the performance of both the rotational and glide techniques.
Key Findings: After statistical analysis in Chapter Four, it was found that the rotational technique demonstrated superiority in mechanical variables compared to the glide technique. The reasons for this superiority include:
The ease of movement execution despite the shot’s weight of 7.250 kg in the rotational technique.
The rotational technique facilitates achieving optimal mechanical variables, leading to improved performance outcomes.
Conclusions and Recommendations:
Due to the demonstrated superiority of the rotational technique in mechanical variables, it necessarily leads to greater shot put distances.
The researcher recommends further studies on the relationship between other mechanical variables and unexamined body measurements in the shot put event using both techniques.

The research included the introduction and importance that included the major role of sports and the extent of analysis of the type of injuries in them, whether they were team gamessuch as football, volleyball, basketball, handball, and individual games such as track andfield, wrestling, boxing, and swimming, which were addressed by the study, which includedthe type of injuries, their causes, and the location of the injuries, whether in team games or individual games. The study also included the type of activity, whether it was high or medium activity within the equirements of the activity of these games. The study also included the reasons for the injuries, which included several axes, including the unsuitability of the fields, the intensity of friction, or incorrect performance of skills, or the unsuitability of the tools and devices used, or technical reasons for not warming up well or the lack of physical capabilities of the players. The study also included the results, in which the researcher concluded that most of the injuries were for high-intensity competitions, especially friction games in team games, especially football, andball, and basketball, and also that there were injuries that were greater for the muscles and knee joints, and then the skin and bones. The study also recommended the importance of warming up in the training process, as well as preparing the fields with high efficiency, as well as continuous examination of the players, which includes periodic examination to detect injuries at their beginning in order to prevent them, whether for team or individual games.

Due to the importance of wheelchair basketball, it is one of the games that are characterized by fast and accurate performance in the sports field, especially in wheelchairs. As for the research problem, the researcher decided to delve into the predictive value of the skill of shooting from a stationary position in terms of multidimensional anxiety among wheelchair basketball players. The research sample consisted of (60) advanced players. The researcher applied multidimensional anxiety tests to wheelchair basketball, the multidimensional anxiety scale, and shooting from a stationary position. The (SPSS) system was also used to obtain the research results. The researcher concluded that the overall linear relationship between multidimensional anxiety and performance of the skill of shooting from a fixed position is confirmed. Therefore, the researcher recommends that coaches pay attention to psychological preparation and anxiety, as these are essential requirements that influence athletic performance

The research aims to identify the effect of Hilda Taba's model on visual thinking and learning some basic volleyball skills for students. The researchers used the experimental method by designing two equivalent groups (control and experimental) with pre-test and post-test. The research community included second-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - University of Karbala for the academic year (2024-2025).
The number of students reached (191), while the research sample reached (24) students, as they were chosen randomly, and they were divided into two groups with (12) students for each group, and the data were processed statistically for the variables under study using the statistical package (SPSS), and one of the most important conclusions that the researchers reached is that the use of the Hilda Taba model has achieved a noticeable development in thinking Visual and learning some basic skills among second-stage students, and the students of the experimental group that used the model for skills outperformed the students of the control group in the post-tests. The most important recommendations that the researchers came up with is adopting the Hilda model.
Taba focuses on visual thinking and teaching students basic volleyball skills, focusing on the use of cognitive and skill-based aspects within educational units that help develop learners' performance and thinking.

The research aims to prepare various exercises to rehabilitate the upper limbs and visual acuity of the wounded members of the Islamic Resistance of Hezbollah, with the aim of enabling them to rehabilitate and return to fighting. The researcher applied an experimental method to the research sample (20) Mujahidin, and they were divided into two groups. The first group includes (16) wounded members of the upper limbs, and the second group includes (4) wounded members who lost one eye The curriculum prepared by the researcher for (16) training units, and adopted the SPSS statistical package to process the statistical research results. It included a group of diverse qualifying exercises that gave positive results through the post-tests. The study concluded that there was a significant development in the individuals of the two groups. The reason for this development was the application of the training curriculum and the means used in the application.
The researcher concluded from the study that these exercises had a significant impact on developing the physical, mental, and visual abilities of the Mujahideen. The researcher recommended conducting other similar studies on wounded and injured individuals other than those on whom the method was applied.

The research aims to prepare exercises using the variable intensity training method to develop the specific relative strength and achieve the snatch lift for weightlifters aged (15-17) years, and to know the variable intensity training method in developing the specific relative strength and achieving the snatch lift for the research sample individuals.
To achieve the goal, the researchers used the experimental method with a pre-test and post-test to suit the research problem. The research community included the four-legged National Center for the Care of Sports Talent in Baghdad, consisting of (30) weightlifters. The researchers chose the research sample intentionally from the weightlifters aged (15-17) years who had completed a sufficient period of learning and had stages of training for a period of two years, which amounted to Their number is (9) weightlifters, i.e. (30%) of the research community, from the weight category (62), and the exercises prepared by the researchers were applied. The researchers conducted the pre- and post-test for the research sample members, and appropriate statistical treatments were carried out. The researchers concluded that the exercises used according to the variable intensity method led to raising the level of special strength and achievement for the research sample.
The researchers recommend that coaches focus on using variable-intensity training to develop the physical attributes of players across different age groups. They also recommend choosing variable-intensity exercises that are similar to the skill performance of the game to benefit from them in developing specific skills within the game. They also recommend that those involved in the game focus on holding training courses on the use of variable-intensity training for coaches working in the game and for different age groups.

The importance of this research lies in the use of exercises using assistive devices and modern sports equipment, particularly the Vert Max elastic ropes, due to their significant role in the development of basketball. These devices may be more effective and safer for players, especially after being developed in a precise and standardized scientific manner, with resistance appropriate for the sample. The problem of this research lies in the clear decline in explosive ability and skillful performance in initiating attacks for basketball players under the age of 18. The research also aimed to identify the effect of exercises using an assistive device on developing explosive ability and skillful performance in initiating attacks for basketball players under the age of 18. The researchers also hypothesized that exercises using an assistive device have an effect on developing explosive ability and skillful performance in initiating attacks for basketball players under the age of 18. In the third chapter, the researchers used the experimental method on a sample of (12) players of Al-Hilla Youth Basketball Club. The experimental group used the exercises prepared by the researchers using the auxiliary means for a period of (8 weeks) at a rate of (3) units per week. The researchers conducted the pre-tests before implementing the exercises using the auxiliary means within the steps of the experimental method, after the physical and motor capabilities were determined and tested, and the individual and group skills were determined to start the attack and measured by photographing and evaluating them by the arbitrators. The tests were repeated after completing the implementation of the exercises using the auxiliary means within the steps of the experimental method, and the results were processed statistically using the statistical package SPSS to extract the results. The results were then presented and discussed in Chapter Four.

The research included five chapters. In the first chapter, the researcher discussed the introduction and the importance of the research and touched on the importance of physiology because this science has a prominent, large and influential role, and that any weakness in the capabilities and functional devices represented by the indicators of cardiac energy rate and blood pressure will affect the efficiency of the heart and blood circulation, which is negatively reflected in the selection and health of players on the one hand, as well as their inability to perform their daily work well on the other hand. The first chapter also contained the research problem, which focused on the lack of interest in functional devices, which focuses on the importance and capabilities of the heart device and the energy it exerts and the amount of blood that the right ventricle pushes to the lungs and the left ventricle to the aorta per minute during the practice of various activities, including volleyball, which requires a healthy heart, as well as adapting the work of functional devices to select players, which is reflected in the accomplishment of the sports activity and knowing the players who have good cardiac energy over other players. Therefore, the researcher decided to study this problem. As for the third chapter of the research, it contained the research methodology and field procedures and a description of the community, as the method was adopted Descriptive As for the research sample, it consisted of (60) players, who are volleyball players in the College of Basic Education, University of Diyala. The research variables and the most important procedures used were also identified, as well as the statistical methods. As for the fourth chapter, it included a presentation of the results that the researcher reached and discussed them, relying on a group of scientific sources. As for the fifth chapter, it included the conclusions, recommendations, sources and references

The aim of the research is to study the impact of sports management on enhancing mental health and well-being among youth through an integrative strategy using a descriptive analytical approach. The study included a sample of 168 young individuals and 29 sports club managers, and data were collected through a questionnaire covering five main areas. The results showed positive evaluations in all areas, with integrative strategies receiving an average score of 4.25, sports participation scoring 4.10, mental health at 4.40, and well-being at 4.30, indicating an overall effectiveness of 85%. ANOVA analysis also revealed no statistically significant differences among age groups, with males showing a higher average response than females, suggesting no significant impact of sports activities.

The study aimed to know the effect of the diversity of environments to develop the physical ability, visual accuracy and aiming of various weapons for the Lebanese Hezbollah fighters. Its effect was clear in developing the research study that was applied to the research sample, which numbered (15) with a pre-test and post-test for one group and through the results of the tests and the application of the statistical truth SPSS to process the statistical research data. These results showed the researcher that the sample members had developed their physical abilities and visual accuracy while aiming at various weapons as a result of applying exercises in different environments. The researcher concluded that different environments have a clear impact on developing physical ability and visual accuracy when aiming at various weapons. The researcher also recommended conducting further studies aimed at developing all the capabilities of the mujahideen of Hezbollah.

The research aims to develop rehabilitation exercises for the rehabilitation of partial rotator cuff tendon tears and the accuracy of serving and smashing for injured volleyball players. The researchers used the experimental method as it suited the problem and objectives of the research. The research community included players from clubs in Karbala Governorate who were injured with partial rotator cuff tendon tears. The research sample consisted of 6 players. The statistical package SPSS was used To process the statistical research data. The study concluded that the rehabilitation exercises prepared for the research have a positive effect in the rehabilitation of patients with partial rotator cuff tendon tears in terms of range of motion and degree of pain, with significant differences appearing in the post-tests in range of motion and degree of pain. Significant differences appeared in the post-tests in range of motion, degree of pain, and field hitting skill in volleyball For the shoulder joint injured by a partial rotator cuff tendon tear. The study recommended the use of a rehabilitation program proposed by the current research to rehabilitate the rotator cuff tendons in patients with partial tears. Players recovering from injury were urged not to rush back to specialized training to avoid recurrence of the injury. Rehabilitation exercises were also used to aid in rehabilitating shoulder injuries, serving the game of volleyball.

The research aims to: 1. Prepare sand training exercises for youth volleyball players.
2. Identify pre- and post-training differences in some physical and skill abilities between the experimental and control groups.
3. Identify the electrical activity values of the leg muscles in static and movement performance among youth volleyball players.
4. Identify post-training differences in some physical and skill abilities and electrical activity values between the experimental and control groups.
The experimental method was used to suit the nature of the research problem. The research community included the youth players of the Southern Gas Club for the 2024 season. The research sample consisted of (14) players distributed into two experimental and control groups, each group (7) players. The research relied on the statistical package (SPSS) to process the research data. The study concluded that the prepared exercises have a positive role in developing physical performance. The study demonstrated that sand exercises, which are specialized in physical and skill performance, adapt to the skill level, response capacity, and frequency of muscle contraction. The study recommended adopting the exercises developed by researchers in training volleyball players.

The current research aims to identify:
1. Professional identity among female physical education teachers.
2. Motor skills in artistic gymnastics among female physical education teachers.
3. The strength and direction of the relationship between professional identity and certain motor skills in artistic gymnastics.
4- The extent to which professional identity contributes to learning some motor skills in floor gymnastics, the forward roll and the backward roll. The researcher hypothesized in this research that there are statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests in learning some motor skills in floor gymnastics (the forward roll, the backward roll, the headstand and the human wheel using professional identity).
The researcher used the experimental research method and the research sample consisted of (16) male students who were distributed into two experimental groups and equivalence was carried out between them. The implementation of the educational program included (11) educational units, at a rate of one educational unit per week for each experimental group and a time of (90) minutes. The researcher used some statistical methods to help her in achieving this Research objectives and hypothesis

Fencing training is characterized by explosive power and high motor speed, i.e. the high ability to perform offensive and defensive movements. Fencing requires high physical preparation and scientifically regulated training for the purpose of raising the physical capabilities of fencers to complete the fight. This requires the efficiency of the circulatory and respiratory systems, as well as the safety and efficiency of the nervous system, as fencing requires high concentration while maintaining High energy levels throughout the fight. Therefore, this research study aimed to use high-intensity training to develop the physical efficiency required by a fencer, particularly maximal anaerobic capacity, as the dominant system is the lactic system. It also aimed to improve the enzymes that directly affect this system (LDH.CAT) and the stabbing speed of young fencers. The researchers used the SPSS statistical program to extract the research results, from which they concluded that HIIT training had a significant impact on the studied variables (maximal aerobic capacity, lunge speed endurance, and the enzymes LDH.CAT). In light of this, the researchers recommend the necessity of following training with intensities similar to the fight environment to adapt the functional systems of the fencers and to avoid a rapid drop in the level of the fencers during the fight.

The research aims to identify the effect of flipped learning according to mastery learning in learning the skill of the forehand serve from below in volleyball for female students. Also, to identify the best educational method in learning the skill of the forehand serve from below in volleyball for female students. The researcher used the experimental method because it was suitable for the problem and objectives of the research. The research community included third-year students In the Department of Basic Physical Education, College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - University of Sulaimani, for the academic year (2023-2024), the number of students was (61) male and female students; while the total number of the research sample consisted of (16) female students and they were divided into two groups; an experimental group and a control group. The statistical package (SPSS) was adopted to process the statistical research data.
The study concluded that flipped learning based on mastery learning had a positive impact on the students' learning of the forehand downward serve skill in volleyball. Furthermore, combining flipped learning with mastery learning led to greater effectiveness in teaching the forehand downward serve skill in volleyball for students. The experimental group (flipped learning based on mastery learning) outperformed the control group.
The study recommended the use of flipped learning and its integration with mastery learning during the process of teaching the downward forward serve skill in volleyball for female students. It also recommended integrating flipped learning with mastery learning in the educational units for female students, in order to accelerate learning and maximize time and effort

The research aims to prepare complex exercises to influence motor speed and some bilateral offensive movements, and also to identify the effect of complex exercises on motor speed and some bilateral offensive movements for handball players. The researchers used the experimental research method and relied on the design of two equivalent groups with pre-test and post-test. The research sample was chosen intentionally They are the players of Al-Qasim Handball Club, numbering (16) players. The sample was divided into two experimental groups, numbering (6) players, and a control group, numbering (6) players. The training period continued for (8) weeks with a number of (24) training units at a rate of (3) units per week at a rate of (90 minutes) per unit in general, and for training (from 35-45 minutes) of the main part’s time. After completing the period of The training used appropriate statistical methods and obtained results that were translated into conclusions, the most important of which was that the use of compound training gave the players a noticeable development in executing the dual offensive duties of the players according to the two adjacent positions. The training was also effective in developing the players’ motor speed for the arms and legs.
The researchers recommended that researchers use more dual and compound training to achieve superiority at the offensive level.

The research aims to design and standardize a test of transitional speed and agility for handball players aged (12-14) years. To achieve the goal, the researcher used the descriptive approach with a survey method to suit the research problem. The research community included players of the National Center for the Care of Sports Talent in handball aged (12-14) years, distributed over (6) centers, including (Baghdad, Karbala, Diwaniyah, Diyala, Muthanna, Mosul) and their number is (65) players, who are the original community. The sample was chosen intentionally, and their number is (65) players, who represent (100%) of the original community. The sample was divided as follows: (5) players, the exploratory experiment sample, (10) players, the scientific foundations sample, (50) players, the main experiment sample. By conducting exploratory experiments, it is confirmed that the validity of the test and the achievement of its scientific characteristics (honesty, reliability, and objectivity) in addition to its ability to distinguish, and appropriate statistical treatments were conducted, and the researcher concluded that the (T) test for transitional speed and agility is an objective criterion because it is more realistic in the process of evaluating speed, agility, and changing direction in the shortest possible time for the handball game, and the researcher recommends adopting the (T) test for transitional speed. Agility in the process of continuous evaluation of players, and adoption of the standard levels and grades reached by the study in the process of evaluating handball players aged (12-19) years in terms of speed, agility and ability to change direction.

The study aimed to prepare suggested weight training exercises to develop muscular strength and performance of the arrow skill (la fleche) for the players of the Etisalat Club, and to identify the effect of the suggested weight training exercises in developing muscular strength and performance of the arrow skill (la fleche) for the players of the Etisalat Club.
The researcher used the experimental method because it is the most appropriate and closest to solving the research problem and achieving its objectives. She also chose to design the method of two equivalent groups (experimental and control) with pre- and post-tests because it is appropriate to the nature of the problem.
The research community was represented by the players of the Al-Ittihad Sports Club in the sport of fencing, numbering (20) players. The basic sample included (16) players, as they were chosen intentionally and were divided into (8) players for the control group, in which the coach’s method was followed (8) players for the experimental group, on whom the proposed weight training was applied, and (4) players were recruited to conduct the exploratory studies for the research from the same research community.
The study concluded that the proposed weight training led to the development of muscle strength in the arms and legs, and that the proposed training had a greater impact on the arm and leg tests.
The study recommends the use of weight training to develop most physical and motor abilities, including muscular strength of the arms and legs and skill performance of players. When implementing the proposed weight training, attention must be paid to implementing the loads individually according to the maximum weight that the player can perform, and it is necessary to conduct pre- and post-measurements for muscular strength tests, as they are considered a starting point for implementing the training program.

The research aims to: prepare rehabilitation exercises to improve the functional efficiency of the wrist joint for fencers, and identify the effect of exercises in improving the functional efficiency of the wrist joint for fencers.
Research methodology and field procedures: The researchers used the experimental method, with a single experimental group design with pre- and post-tests. The research sample was chosen from players of the clubs of Karbala Governorate who were injured with a moderate tear of the wrist joint, and their number was (6) injured.
The researchers came up with several conclusions: The rehabilitation exercises prepared in the research have a positive effect in rehabilitating patients with a moderate tear of the wrist joint in terms of the range of motion (extension and flexion) and the degree of pain. Significant differences appeared in the post-tests in the range of motion (extension and flexion) and the degree of pain. Significant differences appeared in the post-tests.
In light of the conclusions, the researchers recommended using the proposed rehabilitation program in the current research to rehabilitate the wrist joint for patients with a medial tear.

Mental training in the field of motor learning is of great importance, which is evident through improving the sensory perceptions that the learner acquires through the drawn images of motor performance on sound and sequential foundations, as well as the performance of motor responses by recalling the mental image of the skills expected to be practiced and preventing the distraction of thoughts and focusing better on performing them, and it contributes to increasing self-confidence and motivation.
In building new patterns that achieve the required goals, that is, mental training aims to achieve a better level of performance by developing some psychological skills, and increasing stability and control of performance because of its important and effective role in reaching the ideal performance state to achieve accomplishment. The ability to mentally visualize is one of the important variables that affect performance, as it is used for the purpose of embodying performance through The method of mentally reviewing the skill includes eliminating errors by visualizing the correct method of technical performance. Most people who have a clear idea of the main aspects of executing the skill can, through mental visualization, compare their responses to the optimal performance and correct incorrect responses. Therefore, the researcher decided to embark on this experiment by developing an educational program using mental imagery to improve some basic motor skills in basketball for first-year students.

The research aims to develop specific aquatic exercises to rehabilitate the muscles working on the knee joint after cruciate ligament surgery for soccer players, and to identify the effect of specific aquatic exercises on rehabilitating the muscles working on the knee joint after cruciate ligament surgery for soccer players. The researchers used the experimental research method using a single-group design with a pre-test The research community included injured players (with cruciate ligament tears who underwent surgical intervention) from advanced soccer players in Karbala Governorate, and the research sample was advanced soccer players numbering (5) players, and the sample was chosen by the comprehensive enumeration method, i.e. the entire community.
The researcher concluded that the rehabilitation program that includes exercises inside the aquatic environment has a positive effect on rehabilitating the muscles working on the knee joint. The rehabilitation program that includes exercises inside the aquatic environment has a positive effect on developing and improving the biomotor capabilities of the muscles working on the knee joint (explosive ability and strength characterized by speed).
The study recommended using a rehabilitation program that includes exercises inside the aquatic environment to rehabilitate the muscles working on the knee joint after surgical intervention, using a rehabilitation program that includes exercises inside the aquatic environment to develop and improve the biomotor capabilities of the muscles working on the knee joint (explosive ability and strength characterized by speed) whether before or after surgical intervention

The research aims to identify the effect of the V model in developing the cognitive achievement and teaching skills of female students in the lesson of teaching methods for physical education. The researcher used the experimental research method because it is appropriate to the problem and objectives of the research. The research community included fourth-year female students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - College of Education for Girls - University of Kufa, and the research sample was female students The third stage of the academic year 2022-2023. The statistical package (SPSS) was used to process the statistical research data. The study concluded that the use of the model has a positive impact on developing cognitive achievement and teaching skills among third-stage female students. The study recommended adopting the V model in the physical education lesson due to its positive impact on cognitive achievement Cognitive and teaching skills for teaching methods in physical education and sports science for third-year female students.

Search objectives:
1. Learn about the biochemical indicators of volleyball players in Baghdad Governorate for some sports clubs.
2. A preventive exercise meter on the spiral line to improve biochemical indicators to avoid muscle injuries among volleyball players in Baghdad Governorate for some sports clubs.
3. Identify the effect of preventive exercises on the spiral line to improve the biochemical indicators to avoid muscle injuries among volleyball players in Baghdad Governorate for some sports clubs.
The two researchers used the experimental approach to complimenting the research problem, and the research community was identified with volleyball players for some sports clubs in Baghdad, who are likely to be injured according to some biochemical indicators.
The research sample was chosen in the intentional way due to the possibility of a high injury to them according to the biochemical indicators, and their number reached (6) players from the disappeared of sports clubs in Baghdad, and physical therapy was conducted on them at the Rafidain College Center.
Conclusions:
1- The emergence of a significant improvement in the level of biochemical indicators of volleyball players in Baghdad Governorate for some sports clubs.
2- Preventive exercises have a clear effect on reducing the level of indicators that indicate the possibility of an injury in the players.
3- A significant improvement in the level of muscle performance, as negative indicators have disappeared from the players.
Recommendations:
1- The two researchers recommend the approval of the exercises used in research to prevent sports injuries.
2- Attention by the trainers to introduce preventive exercises in their weekly training units, as they focus on interest in maintaining the safety and health of the players.
3- Working to diversify, gradually and install exercises in a manner that is compatible with the level of the stage and competition.
4- Conducting similar research on different samples and categories and both sexes.

This study aimed to identify the effect of exercises according to the ((VARK model and the importance of the research. The importance of the ((VARK model for students or individual game players (boxing) was addressed. As for the research problem in answering the following question: Do the skill exercises prepared by the researcher have a positive role in teaching boxing? The objectives of the research were to prepare exercises according to the ((VARK model in learning the two skills of the right straight punch and defense in boxing for students. The research areas were as follows: Human field: Second-stage students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences / Al-Mustansiriya University 2024/2025 with (30) of the sample. Time field: For the period from 10/7/2024 to 12/17/2023. Research methodology and field procedures: The researcher intended to represent the research community with second-stage students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences / Al-Mustansiriya University for the academic year 2024/2025, numbering (30) students, and for morning study if the experimental method is followed The research sample was chosen intentionally and distributed randomly, as it was represented by drawing lots, dividing (15) students (B) into the experimental group, dividing (15) students (C) into the control group, and the exploratory group (10) students (D), and the equivalence and homogeneity of the sample, devices and tools used in the research, and for testing the two skills of the right straight punch and defense in the game and the exploratory experiment and exercises prepared by the researcher, the pre-test and the post-test, then statistical analysis processes were conducted. Presentation, analysis and discussion of the results: They were reached after statistical processing and then discussed in light of theoretical studies and similar and previous studies with the aim of verifying the research hypotheses in order to reach conclusions and recommendations: It was found that the VARK model has proven its effectiveness in learning the two skills of the right straight punch and defense in boxing. Which included the existence of statistically significant differences between college students in boxing. What are the recommendations? Emphasizing the readiness stance and the straight punch for its importance in increasing the boxer's score in points and missing the opportunity for the competitor to score points in his favor

The importance of the research is evident in the use of the SCAMPER strategy, as the researcher believes that it has a significant impact on the development of some of the physical variables under study and is a clear reason for students to learn the technical performance in the skill of the back straight ground stroke.
The research aims to identify the effect of SCAMPER strategy on some physical variables and learning technical performance in the skill of the back straight ground stroke for students and to identify the significance of the differences between the control and experimental research groups in the results of the post-tests for some physical variables and learning technical performance in the skill of the back straight ground stroke for students.
The research community consisted of third-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Baghdad, for the academic year (2024-2025), numbering (115) students, distributed into (4) sections, namely (A-B-C-D), and in a random manner by lottery.
One of the most important conclusions reached by the researcher is that the SCAMPER strategy and the method followed by the teacher had a positive impact on some physical variables and learning the technical performance of the squash game for students.
One of the most important recommendations is the use of the SCAMPER strategy by teachers in some physical variables and teaching technical performance in the back straight ground stroke skill for students, and working on gaining students’ self-confidence and self-esteem and stimulating their cognitive curiosity in order to develop their creative thinking and cognitive achievemen

The importance of the study lies in preparing specialized training with different resistances and investing them in developing some biomechanical variables specific to the blocking skill, as this skill has become one of the keys to winning matches, especially if training is used with a sound scientific approach that is compatible with the players’ capabilities.
In light of the objective of their research, the researchers assumed that there is an effect of specialized training with different resistances on some biokinematic variables of the blocking skill in volleyball for young players.
The researchers reached the following conclusions: The experimental group improved their performance in terms of biokinetic variables and wall-blocking skills in the volleyball under study through specialized training with varying resistances. Based on their findings, the researchers concluded that training aimed at improving biokinetic variables produces better accuracy and optimal stability of the movement path.
As for the recommendations: The researchers recommend the necessity of using specialized training with different resistances within the training curricula to save effort and time, in addition to achieving good results in the training process. The researchers recommend the necessity of conducting other studies in which specialized training with different resistances is used to develop the basic skills of the rest of the games.

The research aims to identify the bio-kinetic abilities of advanced badminton players in Iraq. The researchers used the descriptive approach using a survey method and correlational relationships. This is what he sees as consistent and compatible with the problem of his research and achieving the objectives of his study, “because descriptive research is what gives a clear picture of the phenomenon and describes the features and characteristics of society in that phenomenon and adds an additional balance of facts And knowledge, which helps in the process of understanding, predicting, controlling and managing the phenomenon ( ). The research samples were chosen using a comprehensive enumeration method, which is testing all members of the community, numbering (20) players, with (8) players from Baghdad and (6) each from Karbala and Kirkuk from the original community

Research objectives: Identifying communication skills and competitive behavior among young football players and identifying the relationship between communication skills and competitive behavior among young football players. The researchers used the descriptive approach using the survey method and correlational relationships to suit the problem and objectives of the research. The research community included (25) players represented by Al-Najaf Club youth players under (20) years old in football for the sports season (2024-2025). The research sample was (20) players selected randomly. The statistical package (SPSS) was used to process the statistical research data. The study concluded that there is a significant positive correlation between communication skills and competitive behavior. The study recommended paying attention to the psychological aspects and mental preparation of players due to its importance in improving performance, increasing confidence and motivation, and reducing errors for players. Keywords: Communication skills, competitive behavior, football

The research aims to prepare and identify special training using the (vertimax) device in developing the speed-characterized strength of the arms and legs. The study also aimed to identify some biokinematic variables and the accuracy of shooting with a three-point jump shot in basketball for youth under 19 years. The researcher used the experimental research method to suit the research problem and its objectives. The research community included player Al-Ghadhariya Club basketball team affiliated to the Ministry of Youth and Sports, under (19) years of age, for the 2024 training season, with a total number of 23 players, and using a comprehensive single-group inventory method, which considered itself the research sample. The statistical package (SPSS) was adopted to process the statistical research data. The study concluded that there is a noticeable development between the pre- and post-measurement of the sample in developing strength The study recommended the necessity of paying attention to the skill performance of shooting from the jump calculated as three points through diversification in the use of special training and on other devices, which are possible to use special training using the Vertimax device in developing the types of shooting with the basketball for players as well as the rest of the other skills.

The use of complex skill training that combines the physical and skill aspects similar to playing conditions using high-intensity training according to standardized scientific foundations in line with the capabilities and abilities of young soccer players. The aim of the research was to develop compensatory acceleration training and identify the effect of compensatory acceleration training on some biomotor abilities and the performance endurance of some basic skills in youth soccer. The researchers hypothesized that there is a positive effect of compensatory acceleration training on some biomotor abilities and the performance endurance of some basic skills. The researcher used the experimental approach, designing two equivalent experimental groups with pre- and post-tests. The research population was defined as Al-Qasim Sports Club youth players. After implementing the training, the researchers used the statistical package (SPSS) to extract results. From the results, the researchers concluded that the compensatory acceleration method contributed significantly to developing biomotor capabilities, which in turn led to improved skill performance in basic soccer skills. The researchers recommended the importance of using the compensatory acceleration method due to its distinctive positive results, and that this experiment be repeated on other skills and new activities.

The researchers addressed the scientific and technological progress that characterizes this era in all areas of life, considering the field of physical education as one of the most prominent areas of human knowledge that is developing and continues to develop based on foundations and principles based on scientific research. They also addressed the role and importance of both agility and coordination in performing the skill of forward rope rotation with arms crossed in rhythmic gymnastics for female students. The study aimed to identify the level of agility and coordination in performing the skill of forward rope rotation with arms crossed in rhythmic gymnastics for female students in the third year - College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences in Karbala, to identify the relationship between agility and coordination in performing the skill of forward rope rotation with arms crossed in rhythmic gymnastics for female students in the third year - College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences in Karbala, and also to find the percentages of agility's contribution to performing the skill of forward rope rotation with arms crossed in rhythmic gymnastics for female students in the third year - College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences in Karbala. The researchers adopted the descriptive approach using the survey method, correlational studies, and the percentage of contribution to achieve the research objectives and test its hypothesis. The research community included third-year female students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Karbala, for the academic year (2022-2023). The research sample was selected at (30) female students. Through the results of the statistical analysis of the data and the study of the relationship of the variables with each other, conclusions were reached, namely that agility has a positive relationship with the performance of the skill of forward rope rotation with arms crossed in gymnastics for third-year female students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Karbala. Motor coordination also has a positive relationship with the performance of the skill of forward rope rotation with arms crossed for female students in gymnastics for third-year female students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Karbala.

The current research aims to develop a tactical behavior scale and skill performance tests and apply them to open youth football players from clubs in Muthanna Governorate. This is to identify the correlational relationships and influence between skill performance in handling and scoring and tactical behavior in open football. To achieve this goal, the researchers used the descriptive approach and the survey and correlational studies methods, as they are appropriate to the nature of the research problem. The research community was represented by open youth football players from clubs in Muthanna Governorate, participating in the governorate championship for the 2024-2025 sports season, totaling (190) players. The research sample was selected using a stratified random method using an equal approach, with (14) players from each club, bringing the total number to (98). The researchers then developed a tactical behavior scale based on the scale prepared by (Ahmed Salem Ahmed and Ahmed Yaqzan Saleh), which consists of (10) tactical situations. Each situation contains three tactical behaviors, with scores distributed according to each behavior (1, 2, 3). Thus, the total score for the tactical behavior scale ranges from (10-30) points.
After the questionnaire and tests were ready for application following the pilot experiment and ensuring the validity of the questionnaire and the skill performance test from a statistical perspective, the researchers proceeded to implement the main experiment on the research sample, which numbered (98) young football players in the clubs of Muthanna Governorate, for the period from 4/24/2023 to 5/25/2023 AD. After applying the tactical behavior questionnaire and the skill performance test, the researchers were able to obtain the results. They then used the statistical program (SPSS) to analyze the data and obtain the results. Accordingly, the researchers concluded that the skill performance of handling and scoring plays an important and effective role in influencing the tactical behavior of open soccer players, as the results showed significant correlations and significant influence. Keywords: / Skill performance of handling and scoring, tactical behavior in soccer

The research aims to reveal statistical differences between pre- and post-tests and measurements on the variables under study among handball players. The research problem is the extent to which specialized exercises affect the development of players' performance in a scientific manner that leads to a balance between developing skill and functional performance. The researchers used the experimental method to suit the research problem and objectives. The study included (8) players from the Basra Governorate Education Team. The experimental method consisted of (24) training units during (3) training units per week, including complex exercises (offensive and defensive) during the training units. The SPSS statistical package was used to process the statistical research data after conducting pre- and post-tests and measurements on the research sample. The study concluded:
1. Specialized exercises improved skill and functional performance.
2. There is a discrepancy between pre- and post-tests and measurements on the variables under study.
3. The study recommended:
1. Emphasizing specialized exercises that mimic handball game performance.
2. Conducting a similar study that combines the physical, skill, and functional aspects of handball.

The study sought to ascertain the level of interest among school principals in physical education lessons within the architecture district, as perceived by physical education teachers. To accomplish this, a random sample of 123 physical education teachers from the architecture district was utilised. To fulfil the study's objectives, the researcher developed a questionnaire to assess the level of school principals' interest in physical education lessons within the architecture district, as perceived by physical education teachers. The questionnaire was validated and confirmed for reliability through arbitration. Following data collection, the statistical software program (SPSS) was employed for analysis. The findings indicated a high level of interest among school principals in physical education lessons, as perceived by physical education teachers, and revealed statistically significant differences. The involvement of school administrators in physical education sessions within the architecture district, as perceived by physical education instructors, is analysed concerning the gender variable and its implications for teachers. In light of these findings, the study proposed several recommendations, chief among them the necessity for officials to prioritise physical education lessons and to inform the community about their significance and the associated health and psychological benefits for children

The study sought to ascertain the requirements of the relationship between perceptions of organisational justice and educational behavioural outcomes in sports federations, focussing on the components of organisational justice—procedural justice, interpersonal justice, and informational justice—as well as behavioural outcomes such as organisational citizenship, organisational commitment, job satisfaction, and intention to leave. An integrated model was developed to elucidate the relationship between organisational justice and behavioural outcomes in sports federations. The researchers employed a descriptive survey methodology, targeting the administrative levels within the federations as the study population. Numerical The questionnaire served as a mechanism for data collection, and suitable statistical analysis was employed for the study. The study advised using the proposed model based on the results from the questionnaire axes, as presented and discussed in the findings and conclusions.

The study aimed to develop peripheral vision-based training to enhance offensive skill performance and short pass accuracy for advanced midfield soccer players. It also aimed to identify the superior effect of the experimental and control groups on the offensive skill performance of young soccer players. The researchers used the experimental approach and designed equivalent control and experimental groups with pre- and post-tests. The researchers defined the research population as football players from Karbala Governorate clubs for the 2024-2025 sports season, totaling 18 clubs, comprising (300) players. The research sample was randomly selected (lottery) from the study population, represented by the Karbala Sports Club for football. The researcher also selected a sample of players from clubs in Karbala Governorate for the pilot study, and these players were excluded from the main sample. The study concluded that peripheral vision training improves the ability to perform offensive skills and the accuracy of passing for playmakers. The researchers recommended conducting similar studies using other training methods to develop skill capabilities and their outcomes.

The research problem was revealed that the successive social, economic and psychological changes played a major role in the reality of the family, the conditions of upbringing and the methods of caring for children and youth, which may result in the emergence of behavioral problems among children and students that deserve monitoring and study, as they are indicators of behavioral compatibility among university students. Hence, the researchers decided to evaluate the behavioral compatibility of students in the Kindergarten Department in the College of Basic Education at the University of Kufa.The research aimed to standardize the behavioral compatibility scale for kindergarten students in the College of Basic Education at the University of Kufa and to evaluate the behavioral compatibility of kindergarten students in the College of Basic Education at the University of Kufa. The researchers used the descriptive approach with the survey method because it is suitable for the nature of the research problem.The research community and sample were identified, which are students of the College of Basic Education for the first, second, third and fourth stages for the academic year (2024-2025), with a total number of (335) male and female students registered in the college’s lists.The main research tool is the behavioral compatibility scale, which after standardization became (36) items. The behavioral compatibility scale was applied in its final form to the field experiment sample, numbering (60) male and female students from all levels.The most important conclusions were the low level of behavioral compatibility among students. The most important recommendations were to urge parents to follow democratic educational methods with their children, to emphasize extracurricular sports, artistic, social and recreational activities, and to involve students to help them achieve behavioral compatibility

Agility and motor balance are important motor variables for handball players due to their association with many physical and skill components and characteristics. They also contribute to many sporting activities in general, and to handball in particular, including defensive movements. Therefore, the importance of this research lies in attempting to develop physical and motor elements such as agility, motor balance, and strength, distinguished by speed, due to their importance for handball players. They help them change their movements easily during the game, as well as developing motor balance, which helps the player control their body while stationary or moving. The research problem is determined by the basic physical, skill, and motor requirements of a handball player to enable them to enhance the efficiency of the defensive player, given that defensive movements are the foundation. One of the research objectives is to identify To the effect of coordination abilities exercises on the strength characterized by speed and defensive movements in handball, as there are statistically significant differences between the results of the pre- and post-tests in developing agility and motor balance and their effect on the strength characterized by speed and defensive movements in the research sample, the researcher used the experimental method with pre- and post-tests and a single-group design. The research sample was selected by lottery and they are the players of the Baghdad Education Team / Al-Karkh First / Preparatory for ages (15-17) years, numbering (16) players on whom the training was applied. The main experiment was implemented on the research sample, on Thursday, corresponding to 8/1/2024 until 10/1/2024 at exactly four o'clock in the afternoon, with (2) training units for a period of (8) weeks and a total of (16) training units, where the exercises are given in the main section of the training unit, and the researcher concluded that there are significant differences between the pre- and post-tests in favor of the post-test in agility, motor balance and strength characterized by speed, and the researcher reached Recommendations include periodic tests of players' defensive skills by coaches to identify their weaknesses.

The importance of the research is evident in the use of the Lorsbach Model, as researchers believe it is more advanced and effective than other models and may significantly assist students in learning the technical performance of the long jump.
The research aims to identify the effect of the Lorsbach Model on students' learning of the technical performance of the long jump and to determine the significance of the differences between the two research groups (control and experimental) in the results of the post-tests.
The researcher used the experimental method with two equivalent groups (control and experimental). The research population consisted of (220) first-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Karbala for the academic year 2024-2025. They were distributed among (6) classes: A.B.C.D.E.F. Class (D) was randomly selected as a control group and Class (B) as an experimental group. The researchers conducted a field experiment on a sample of (30) students, with (15) students from each class. The sample's percentage of the original population was (13.63%).
One of the most important conclusions reached by the researchers was that the teaching mechanism used and the Lorschbach model had a positive impact on students' learning of the technical performance of the long jump. The Lorschbach model (the experimental group) demonstrated a clear superiority over the teacher-led method (the control group) in learning the technical performance of the long jump.

The researcher's most important recommendations were the need to apply the Lorsbach model to teaching other athletics activities, as well as the need to incorporate it into teaching methods curricula at colleges of physical education

The researchers addressed the scientific and technological progress of this era in all areas of life, considering that the field of physical education is one of the most prominent areas of human knowledge, which is developing and continues to develop based on foundations and principles based on scientific research. They also addressed the role and importance of each of the attention methods and their importance in accurately performing the preparation and smash skills in volleyball. The study aimed to identify:
- The level of attention methods and the evaluation of students' volleyball preparation and smash skills
- The relationship of attention methods to the evaluation of students' volleyball preparation and smash skills
- Determining the contribution of attention methods to the evaluation of students' volleyball preparation and smash skills
- The researchers used a descriptive approach using a survey method and correlational and predictive studies to achieve the research objectives and test its hypothesis. The research community included second-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Karbala for the academic year (2024-2025) and the research sample was selected at (125) students. Through the results of the statistical analysis of the data and the study of the relationship of the variables with each other, conclusions were reached, the most important of which is identifying the relationship of attention methods to evaluating the performance of the preparation and smash skills of students in volleyball, and identifying the percentages of contribution of attention methods to evaluating the performance of the preparation and smash skills of students in volleyball.

The aim of the research was to identify the extent of differences in functional indicators, biomotor abilities and basic skills according to different playing positions. The researchers assumed that there are significant differences in functional indicators, biomotor abilities and basic skills according to different playing positions. The researchers used the descriptive approach to suit the nature of the research. The research was conducted on a sample of (20) players from the specialized volleyball school at Al-Qassim Sports Club. After field procedures, the researchers were able to extract the results of the research by using the statistical package (SPSS). Through statistical equations, the researchers concluded that all functional indicators, biomotor abilities and basic skills are of fundamental importance and are involved in preparing players according to their different playing positions.

Defense skills are the beginning of the attack and obtaining points, and if it were not for the defenses of the teams, they would not have been able to win, and on this basis, the interest in them was increased by experts and coaches with these skills and increased their efficiency and accuracy in order to ensure the confrontation of the opposing team's attack and its formations. As for the research problem, the presence of repeated losses for the national team in the Arab Championship that was held last year in the Kingdom of Bahrain, and the researchers used the descriptive approach in a way of wiping its suitability, the research problem, the research community is from the Arab teams participating in the Arab Championship for the year 2024, and the teams are from (Iraq- Saudi Arabia- Bahrain- Kuwait- Oman- Qatar- Tunisia- Jordan)

This study examines "Teaching Strategies for Enhancing Sports Knowledge Towards Developing Sports Performance Skills." It highlights the importance of implementing effective teaching methodologies to improve the athletic performance of students in colleges of physical education and sports science. The study highlights the challenges of using traditional teaching methods and proposes integrating theoretical knowledge with practical application to enhance the skills of coaches and athletes.
By analyzing the results, the research shows a positive relationship between the use of modern teaching strategies and improved athletic performance. The data showed improvements exceeding 20% in physical aspects such as endurance, strength, and speed. The research also recommended developing curricula to include units focused on practical applications, providing ongoing training for teachers on modern methods, and using
Technology to enhance the learning experience. The research aims to achieve better results in sports competitions and enhance training efficiency, which contributes to raising students' athletic performance.

The effect of massage accompanied by rehabilitation exercises is an effective and safe strategy for treating neck pain, by improving blood flow, relieving muscle spasms, strengthening muscles, and these two variables can help reduce chronic pain and improve quality of life.
The study aimed to prepare rehabilitation exercises accompanying massage to get rid of neck pain, identify the effect of massage accompanied by rehabilitation exercises in getting rid of neck pain, and the research imposed that there is a positive effect of rehabilitation exercises accompanying massage to get rid of neck pain.
The researcher used the experimental approach with one experimental group, and identified a research community with football players injured in neck pain in Baghdad Governorate for the sports season for the sports season 2024-2025, and the selection of the research sample came in a deliberate way and by (6) players with neck pain, and in the fourth chapter the results were presented in the form of tables and a demonstration according to accurate statistical operations, and the most important conclusions were that the effect of massage accompanied by qualifying exercises is a positive effect on getting rid of neck pain، Massage and rehabilitation exercises have improved muscle strength, increased the range of motion of the neck muscles and relieved pain

The research aims to design a training curriculum using artificial intelligence to improve the neuromuscular coordination of the performance of 110m hurdles players and their achievement. The researchers used the experimental research method because it is appropriate for the problem and objectives of the research. The research community included 110m hurdles players, and the research sample was players from Basra Governorate clubs in the 110m hurdles event. The statistical package (SPSS) was used to process the statistical research data. The study concluded that there was a significant improvement in all studied variables, indicating the importance of targeted training in developing speed, strength, and technique in runners, and the possibility of using artificial intelligence as a tool Analytical approaches to improving athletic performance helped customize training based on each runner's strengths and weaknesses. The study recommended integrating artificial intelligence techniques into athletic training and focusing on developing neuromuscular coordination, given its importance in improving performance and achievement.

The importance of this research is evident through this study in shedding light on the role of the educational pillars strategy in motivating learners and enhancing their motor achievement, thus providing them with the basic skills necessary to master the clean and jerk lift and achieve excellence in weightlifting. The research aims to identify the effect of the educational pillars strategy on the art of performing the clean and jerk lift stages for the research sample and to identify the effect of the educational pillar’s strategy on the achievement of the clean and jerk lift stages for the research sample. The researchers used the experimental method appropriate to the nature and problem of the research. The research community was determined by the students of the second academic year in the Department of Basic Education at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Sulaimani in the intentional manner, as the research sample reached (37) students were distributed among three study sections. (10) students were selected from each study section and were distributed into two groups (experimental and control). After conducting the main experiment and the pre-tests and post-tests, the researchers analyzed and discussed the research results. The researchers concluded that the effectiveness of the educational pillar’s strategy in learning skill performance and achievement developed better in the experimental group

Everybody knows the incredible significance of hereditary qualities affirmed by all researchers and specialists within the sports field of different nations, especially the created ones within the field of sports training, where not taken into thought whereas selecting competitors for sport occasions, including weightlifting, in spite of its importance because it is the most essential in the classification of basic physical traits in Athlete's body.
Appropriately, the most goals of the inquiry were as follows:
× Detection of heterogeneity within the alpha-actin-3 gene ((ACTN3 alleles)) for the people of the inquiry sample.
× Recognizing the impact of special exercises according to the ACTN3 gene alleles in creating the relative quality and accomplishment of the inquiry test individuals with the hijacking lift.
To realize these objectives, the analyst utilized the experimental method by planning proportionate groups, whereas the investigate tools were represented by the weightlifters of Al Diwaniyah Governorate group, the youth gather, which numbered (17 quadrants), and the investigate test was partitioned into three groups according to the ACTN3 gene alleles ( prevailing immaculate allele RR, hybrid allele RX, and recessive dominant allele XX). The hybrid RX and the dominant recessive allele XX obtained through an arrangement of research facility expository responses known as the Polymers Chain Response of blood tests drawn from the investigate test, and the investigate test individuals were dispersed concurring to these alleles of the ACTN3 gene, as well as the implies of data collection. After arrangements of field methods represented in deciding strength and accomplishment test.
The analysts proceeded with the pre-tests, then the special exercises, and after that the post-tests, and by utilizing the fitting measurable strategies to prepare the comes about to serve the investigate and accomplish the objectives.
The analysts concluded that people who carry the ACTN3 gene of the prevailing accumulate (RR) allele have a high level and ability of the relative strength trait, compared to their peers who carry the ACTN3 gene of the hybrid allele (RX) and the latent (XX) allele. The achievement variable for the abduction lift requires a high level of relative strength in the first place, and this was confirmed by the results of the research, which indicated the superiority of the members of the first two groups whose members carry the ACTN3 gene of the pure dominant allele (RR), Which confirms the existence of a direct relationship between this allele and the achievement variable.

This study aimed to determine the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on anaerobic capacity and heart rate in young karate players. Since karate depends on short periods of intense effort, this type of training may be useful in improving physical performance. The researcher used the experimental method with a single-group design, as it is suitable for the nature of the research. The research community also included karate players in the central Kirkuk clubs (junior category), aged (14-15) years, who represent the original community with (67) players, as they were chosen intentionally, while the research sample was chosen by the researcher randomly by lottery. They are the players of Solaf Sports Club, numbering (10) players. The research sample was approved as a single group with a pre-test and a post-test. The researcher worked to determine all the requirements of the main experiment by determining the high-intensity exercises and knowing the extent of their impact on anaerobic capacity. And the heart rate of young karate players, where after performing the exploratory experiment and benefiting from it in organizing work and preparing for the main experiment, the researcher carried out the main experiment procedures on the experimental group, which was applied by the club coach and the assistant work team under the supervision of the researcher. The training program lasted for a period of eight weeks at a rate of three training units per week and amounted to Number of training units (24) units. The research also reached several conclusions, the most important of which are: The results showed the effectiveness of the training program of high-intensity interval training in improving the functional variables under study for junior karate players. The researcher also recommended including high-intensity interval training in training programs for karate players due to its positive impact on some functional variables

The research aims to prepare skill training exercises based on the centrifugal law and to know its impact on developing the most important biokinetic capabilities and achievement of hammer throwers over 20 years old. The researchers used the experimental method to suit the problem and objectives of the single-group research with pre-test and post-test. The research sample consisted of five hammer throwers. The statistical package (SPSS) was used to process the statistical research data. The researchers concluded that skill training based on the centrifugal law had an impact on developing the biomotor abilities of the research sample. The development of biomotor abilities had an impact on the development of achievement among the sample members. The two researchers recommend the use of skill training due to the importance of integrating technical performance in achieving accomplishment, in addition to the necessity of relying on trainers to standardize training intensity according to training rules and indicators specific to practical effectiveness. Centrifugal exercises are also used to develop physical abilities, emphasizing extending the arms further to achieve a longer radius for the tool's speed, and emphasizing the angles used in all stages of the technical performance

This study examines the impact of sports disputes on the development of international law and the resolution of sports disputes, and explains the ways in which these trends have had a direct and effective influence on international law.
We note that the legal regulation of national and international sports competitions has become extremely complex and has entered a new phase, providing fertile ground for the emergence and development of a broader legal jurisprudence with potentially broad impact and application. Our primary objective is to draw the attention of legal researchers and lawyers not necessarily familiar with sports law to these developments. Specifically, evolving sports law has a significant impact on the development of international and national laws, establishing a set of substantive legal principles that can be analyzed from a comparative law perspective, and having important implications for global dispute resolution. For example, the global processes used to develop international anti-doping law in sports and to resolve a wide range of Olympic and international sports disputes (which are rapidly forming a global body of private law) provide models for international cooperation and global legislation. Furthermore, the judicial resolution of sports-related cases may contribute to the development of legal jurisprudence with new applications. Our goal is to raise awareness of the importance of sports, not only as a global cultural phenomenon and an important part of the global economy in the 22nd century, but also as a rich source of international and national public and private law that provides models for the development, implementation, and enforcement of global legal norms.
The law governing sports is relatively new. In fact, there is no consensus among scholars who regularly study the rapidly evolving body of law governing the sports industry as to whether "sports law" is a distinct body of law or merely an application of general laws, or more accurately called "law and sports." However, regardless of the label used, "sports law" has a legitimate place in law school curricula due to its challenging legal issues, its interdisciplinary aspects, its practical importance to a wide cross-section of society, and the significant student interest it generates.
However, the primary goal of this research is not to encourage more law professors to teach sports law, to use sports examples to inform their teaching of other subjects, or to become sports law scholars (although this may have some or all of these implications). This discussion is not aimed at academics already interested in sports law. Rather, it is directed at a broader audience of legal researchers. We believe that evolving sports law has, and will continue to have, a significant impact on the development of broader international and national laws (such as intellectual property and human rights law) and constitutes a rich source of substantive legal principles for analysis from a comparative law perspective. Furthermore, the global processes employed in the pursuit of international sports law provide models for international cooperation between private parties and governments, as well as for legislation and the effective and respectful resolution of global sports disputes. We believe that awareness of and participation in sports law debates and developments has become essential components of the pursuit of scholarly research in a growing number of other fields. To illustrate our research, we have identified four significant developments and themes in sports law, which we will describe, analyze, and explain the relevance of each to academic study. First, international sports anti-doping rules, particularly the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Code, provide a model for the rapid development and implementation of globally accepted legal standards and an example of an international legal system. Second, the process by which the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) is creating a "doping code," an evolving body of international sports law based largely on private agreements and dispute resolution processes, and enjoying global acceptance, has far-reaching implications for global dispute resolution and the establishment of international legal standards. Third, the emerging tendency for private agreements between governing international sports federations, a form of global legal pluralism, to displace national laws raises important issues of national sovereignty. Fourth, the judicial resolution of sports-related disputes and sports-specific legislation may foreshadow how more general national and international law will evolve, and/or how broader public policy issues will be resolved