Sciences Journal Of Physical Education

The aim of the research was to reveal the effect of the training network using Rondo exercises on repeated anaerobic effort, physical variables and complex skills of football players under the age of 20 years, and also to reveal the significance of the statistical differences in repeated anaerobic effort and complex skills for the experimental and control groups in the post-test. The researchers used the experimental method for its suitability to the nature and problem of the research. The research community was determined intentionally from the youth players of the Akre Sports Club in Dohuk Governorate for the sports season (2024-2025). The research sample was chosen from this community and consisted of (24) players representing (72.72%) of the research community of (33) players. They were deliberately chosen from the research community, as the researchers took care that all players should be from the youth category, as they represent the age group under 20 years. This sample was divided into two groups (experimental and control), with (12) players for each group, by drawing lots, and also choosing (4) players from the research community to conduct exploratory experiments on them. To extract the research results, the statistical package (SPSS) was used based on the following statistical methods (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, t-test for related samples, and t-test for independent samples). The training curriculum for the experimental group consists of (9) mini-courses divided into (3) medium courses, and each medium course contains (3) mini-courses with a load composition of (1:2) in each medium course, and each mini-course contains (3) daily training units, meaning that (27) training units are implemented during the implementation of the curriculum for the experimental group.

The research problem lies in the lack of knowledge about the relationship and contribution between emotional preparation and psychological charge among individual gamers in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, and the significant impact they have on the players. This is an essential issue that the researchers sought to explore in order to find appropriate solutions for the future. The research goal is to identify the contribution of emotional preparation to the psychological charge of the players. The researchers used the descriptive approach with the survey and correlation methods because they are the most appropriate methods for the nature of the problem and achieving the study objectives. The research community was represented by players of some individual games in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, numbering (1023) players. The samples were chosen randomly and distributed as follows: Exploratory experiment sample This experiment was conducted on a random sample of (25) players and the application sample for the two scales: amounted to (96) players and a percentage of (9.38%) of the research community. The researchers concluded that there is a strong direct relationship between emotional preparation and psychological charge of the research sample, i.e. the higher the level of emotional preparation, the higher the psychological charge of the players and vice versa. This confirms that emotional preparation is a crucial element in determining the nature of psychological stress in athletes, and it goes beyond being a momentary response to being an ongoing strategic tool for psychological stress and enhancing performance. The researchers recommend designing specialized psychological training programs aimed at raising emotional preparation and psychological charge from medium to high levels, through training in emotional regulation skills, stress management, enhancing self-confidence, and developing mental motivation.

The research aims to identify the values of some biomechanical variables and the accuracy of the spiking hit in table tennis and to identify the relationship between the values of some biomechanical variables of the smash hit and accuracy in table tennis. The researcher used the descriptive approach with the method of mutual relations because it is suitable for the nature and problem of the research. The research community was selected as players of the Premier League table tennis clubs for the 2024-2025 sports season, and the research sample was selected intentionally from the players of the Premier League clubs, the table tennis applicants category, numbering (6) players in the center of Sulaymaniyah Governorate, who are registered with the Iraqi Table Tennis Federation and represent the research sample by 100%. After analyzing the results, the researcher used the statistical package (spss) to obtain the results. The results showed that the angular kinetic performance of the player’s body is influential in the accuracy of a smash hit. The researcher recommends using advanced techniques to apply three-dimensional Motion Capture systems to accurately measure the kinetic variables.

The research aims to identify the reality of administrative organization from the point of view of sports coaches in the sports units of the universities of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, and to identify the differences between sports coaches according to gender (males - females) in their view of the reality of administrative organization in the sports units of the universities of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The research community was selected from 45 game coaches working in the universities of the Kurdistan region, while the research sample was selected randomly from the study community of 40 game coaches in the universities to whom the questionnaires were distributed, and thus the sample percentage reached 33.33% of the research community, while Wajih Mahboub states that the sample percentage to the research community should not be less than 10%. The researchers used the descriptive approach with the correlation method to suit the nature of the research. After analyzing the results, the researchers used the statistical package (spss) to obtain the results. Based on the research findings, the true level of administrative organization from the perspective of sports coaches is generally high. There is a statistically significant difference in the opinions of sports coaches based on gender (male - female) in favor of males. There is no statistically significant difference in the opinions of sports coaches according to the variable of academic degree (bachelor’s, master’s, doctorate), and there is no statistical difference in the opinions of sports coaches according to years of service. Researchers recommend training department heads due to their effective role in the administrative organization process. Priority should be given to administrative organization in the program to improve employee performance, enhance their capabilities, and link the administrative organization function with other administrative functions to improve work, achieve goals, and provide a special budget for the administration and the sports sector so that everyone can organize their work and carry out their duties.

The research aims to identify the effect of the Wittrock constructive model in learning some basic football skills for second-grade middle school students. The researcher used the experimental method by designing two equivalent groups with a pre-test and post-test. The research community consisted of (121) students from the second-grade middle school at Al-Najah Intermediate School for Boys for the academic year 2024-2025. Distributed into four sections, the research sample was chosen randomly to represent Section (C) with (20) students as the experimental group and Section (A) with (20) students as the control group, after excluding the students who were frequently absent and injured. The homogeneity and equivalence process was carried out in the pre-tests, and then the main experiment was applied, which included educational units according to the Wittrock structural model. Then, the post-tests were conducted, and after collecting the data, the appropriate statistical operations were carried out for the tests in order to reach the results. The researcher concluded that implementing the educational units according to the Wittrock structural model had an impact on learning some basic football skills for second-year middle school students and contributed clearly to raising their ability and level of performance through the content of the model Which gave a distinct and major role to the student in real and effective participation in activating and increasing his mental processes to achieve the objectives of the lesson compared to the method followed by the teacher who adopted the control group. The researcher recommended the necessity of introducing the Wittrock constructivist model into the teaching process for learning all skills, whether in football or other activities, in order to motivate and raise the skill level of students

Every institution has a specific system, including educational institutions that adopt the foundations of the educational system. This system begins with kindergarten and ends with academic study in universities. This system depends on important components, namely (curriculum - student - teacher). This system cannot succeed without the success of these three elements and the extent of their integration and connection with each other. The curriculum is taught, the teacher teaches, and the student studies. Providing integrated, balanced, and flexible curricula that are capable of development imposed upon them by the variables and developments in the field of education and teaching, and that meet the needs of students and instill in them human and sporting values and principles. The process of evaluating a curriculum depends on collecting information and data that indicate its strengths and weaknesses. This process can involve a single party, such as students, teachers, parents, educational supervisors, and administrators, or the evaluation can be joint among these parties.

Football is one of the most popular team sports around the world, and the use of numerical increase exercises is very important in developing the effectiveness of offensive performance for the player’s performance, because it is a group of training processes that occur during exercises and help the player change his motor behavior from one thing to another. Hence the importance of research through the exercises performed by the player, which is one of the training methods that aim to develop the effectiveness of offensive performance. The researchers noted that physical abilities training in special settings is limited in the training dose. These issues are evident in the slowdown in player speed and movement and the lack of launches, which impacts offensive performance. The research aims to identify the impact of numerical increase exercises on developing the effectiveness of offensive performance in youth soccer.

The research aims to use artificial intelligence applications in preparing exercises to improve the handball blocking skill of primary school students aged (10-11 years), as the world is witnessing a trend towards integrating and accompanying human and human intelligence in a single crucible in the process of raising and educating individuals in a manner of accuracy and diverse knowledge, far from bias, indifference and imitation in formulating educational cognitive objectives, and learning the basic skills of team games such as handball is an urgent necessity to keep pace with the era of advanced technology. The researcher resorted to using skill exercises using artificial intelligence programs in learning the handball blocking skill. The researcher used the experimental method with a single group (experimental) with a pre- and post-test to suit the nature of solving the research problem, which is the weak performance of the basic skills of handball goalkeepers in the study community. The study community consisted of fifth grade primary school students at (Nour Al-Doha Private School for Boys) affiliated with the Baghdad Second Rusafa Education Directorate, numbering (32) students. The main research sample included (4) students who were chosen randomly. The researcher recommended the use of artificial intelligence applications in the educational process for primary school students to learn other basic handball skills.

The importance of this research emerged in the application of visual exercises according to the triple interview model in the physical education lesson, which is one of the cooperative learning models whose steps were set by the scientist ((Kagan, which is a collective learning activity that gives the learner an active and effective role and is the center of learning. It helps learners develop their comprehension skills while learning, and develops their communication skills, personal and social skills, including listening, understanding, and responsibility. By using this model, learners can enjoy speaking, and it improves the ability of speakers. It helps learners to support their efforts in self-learning and listening to others. As for the research problem, the researcher noticed that there is a weakness among first-stage students in performing football skills, especially the scoring skill, due to the specificity of this skill. Being a difficult skill, it is not easy for students to learn and master it. Hence, an effective teacher must be characterised by his ability to employ innovations in an effective manner through the vital role played by modern teaching methods, strategies and techniques. To address the research problem, visual exercises were applied according to the triple interview model on students. The research aimed to identify the effect of visual exercises according to the triple interview model on learning the skill of scoring in football for students and to identify the effect of visual exercises on visual perception. The study found that there were statistically significant differences in the pre- and post-tests between the two groups in students’ learning of the skill of scoring football according to the three-way interview model.

The research aims to identify the effect of plyometric and plastic training on some aspects of muscle strength and accuracy of offensive skills among female volleyball players. The researchers used the experimental method by designing two equivalent groups (experimental and control). The sample consisted of (22 players from the Afroit Club, who were distributed into an experimental group (9 players into a control group), while two players from the libero position were excluded, and two players were used in the exploratory experiment. A training program using plyometric and ballistic exercises was applied to the experimental group for 8 weeks, with three training sessions per week. The exercises included developing explosive power, speed-related power, and strength endurance, in addition to improving the accuracy of performance in offensive skills such as hitting (smashing and jump serve). The results showed that there were statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-measurements of the experimental group in favor of the post-measurements, and no significant differences in the control group. Differences also appeared in favor of the experimental group when comparing the two groups post-measurements. The researchers concluded that the use of plyometric and ballistic exercises contributed positively to developing muscular strength and the accuracy of offensive skill performance in female volleyball players.

Volleyball is a team sport that relies on teamwork and mastery of offensive skills. Those involved in the educational process use the learning-with-packs method, which is distinguished by its effectiveness, as proven by numerous studies and research in various fields. The importance of the research is evident in that it addresses an area that has not been explored in previous research in the field of physical education. Furthermore, the divergent opinions of researchers, volleyball practitioners, and educators regarding the preference of one method over others lends the research additional significance. Herein lies the importance of the research in the effectiveness of an educational program that helps teach offensive skills in volleyball. The study aimed to identify the most effective method for teaching certain offensive skills. To identify individual differences between the two study groups and the acquisition of certain offensive skills, the researchers hypothesized that there would be statistically significant differences between the experimental group and the control group in teaching offensive volleyball skills, in favor of the experimental group. There are significant differences between learning using some diverse games and traditional and traditional learning of the skills of sending, receiving, and passing from above, and in the post-test between the control and experimental groups. The researchers used the experimental method because it is suitable for the nature of the research problem. The research community consisted of second-year middle school students at Topzawa Secondary School for Boys in Nineveh Governorate for the academic year 2023-2024. The sample was chosen intentionally, numbering (50) students distributed into two sections (A, B). After excluding students with health conditions. Thus, the sample number became (40) students who were divided into two groups, with (20) students for each group.

The study aimed to identify the leadership personality and the level of its fields among physical education teachers in Khanaqin schools from the point of view of their administrations. The study adopted the descriptive approach with the survey method, as it is the most appropriate to the nature of the problem and the objectives of the study. The research community consisted of the secondary school administrations in Khanaqin, numbering (116) principals and assistants. A comprehensive survey was conducted, whereby the questionnaire was distributed to all members of the study community. The results showed that the degree of leadership personality among physical education teachers was very high. The researchers concluded that improving the level of leadership among physical education teachers leads to achieving higher educational and teaching quality and ensures the sustainability of professional development within educational institutions. This indicates its clear positive impact on the school environment. The researchers recommended that school administrations support the promotion of a supportive leadership environment for teachers, as developing leadership skills contributes significantly to improving the overall performance of the educational institution.

The research aims to identify the type of relationship between mental stress, self-control, and the performance of some types of basketball shooting for female students. The problem of the research lies in the exposure of female students at the university to mental stress due to the nature of life, such as stressful circumstances due to performing multiple tasks with cognitive requirements for a long time, which usually leads to mental stress, which affects the skill performance of sports, especially basketball. Therefore, the researcher decided to conduct this study to identify mental stress, self-control, and the level of accuracy of some types of basketball shooting for fourth-year female students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences for Girls. The researcher adopted the descriptive approach with the survey method for its suitability to the nature and problem of the research. The research community was determined intentionally, and they are fourth-year female students/College of Physical Education for Women for the academic year (2024-2025), numbering (109). As for the research sample, its number reached (100) at a rate of (91.74%) after excluding (9) female students due to absence from work.

The importance of the study is that mind maps are of great importance in scientific knowledge, as mind maps help strengthen the representation of information in a visual and easy-to-remember way. They can also be used to summarize and organize information, or create links between different concepts. This allows people to better understand information through images and drawings. It is also used to create mental images of ideas, concepts, or information processing. The study aimed to prepare educational units according to the mind maps strategy in scientific knowledge of the volleyball law for students. To identify the effect of the mind maps strategy on the scientific knowledge of legal arbitration signals in volleyball for students, the researchers used the experimental method in the style of two equivalent experimental groups with pre-test and post-test to suit the nature of the research and its objectives. The research sample included fourth-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - University of Diyala, numbering (236) male students only, for the academic year 2024-2025, represented by (5) departments. As for the research sample, it was chosen randomly by lottery. Field research procedures included conducting experiments and tests, which included a test of legal knowledge, The researchers prepared educational units for the members of the two experimental research groups by applying the units. The application began on Wednesday (10/23/2024) and was completed on Wednesday (1/30/2025) at the rate of one educational unit per week and with a time of (90) minutes per educational unit.

The research aims to develop a training program that includes carbohydrate supplements, and to study their effect on some physical abilities and functional variables, in addition to the fatigue index and achievement of female 1500m runners. The researchers also seek to evaluate the extent to which this training program impacts improving physical and functional abilities and increasing achievement among sample members. The experimental approach, using two groups (experimental and control), was used to achieve the study's objectives. The research community was intentionally selected from the female players of Shirwana Sports Club participating in the 1500m race, and the players who will participate in the races of the season (2024-2025), where their number reached (12) female players of middle distances at the regional level. From this community, a sample of (10) female players was selected, That is, 83.33% of the total number. Based on the results presented, analyzed, and discussed, the researchers reached the following conclusions: The study results showed that the training program that included taking a carbohydrate supplement for eight weeks was not sufficient to produce statistically significant differences in physical and functional variables and the fatigue index when compared to the control group. However, the experimental group achieved relative improvements in all variables under study, including speed endurance, fatigue index, and 1500m time. Although these improvements did not reach statistical significance, they indicate an effect of an initial training program that could develop further with increasing training duration. Based on these preliminary findings, and on the effectiveness of a carbohydrate supplement-supported training program, the researchers recommend the following: Incorporating carbohydrate supplements into training plans for middle-distance athletes, especially in endurance races such as the 1500 meters, given their role in enhancing performance and reducing fatigue.

The research aims to prepare resistance training exercises using aquatic medium and to know their effect on some physical variables of football players aged 15-16 years. The problem of the research lies in the lack of awareness among many coaches of the importance of resistance training and aquatic environment in modern training, which helps in developing muscle strength. Also, many young players do not have sufficient ability to perform some skills with high accuracy due to weakness in the physical aspect. Which helps in finding ways to develop the most important physical variables for football players, and the researchers used the experimental method to suit the nature of the problem to be solved. As for the research sample, (20) players were selected from the (Clare) Football Academy for the season (2024-2025), where they were divided into two groups, each group consisting of (8) players, while the researchers used (4) players to perform the exploratory experiments. After determining the variables and tests for the study, the sample was tested on variables, After applying the training curriculum, the results of the post-tests showed significant differences between the pre- and post-tests in favor of the post-tests for the two groups, and that the experimental group was the most superior.

The aim of this research was to identify the impact of using an e-learning curriculum on developing creative thinking and improving the learning of some rhythmic gymnastics ribbon skills among second-year female students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Salahaddin University. The researchers adopted the experimental approach using a two-group equivalent design (experimental and control) with pre- and post-tests. The sample included (20) female students who were distributed equally between the two groups. The research tools used the Princeton Creative Thinking Scale and an observation form to evaluate the technical performance of the tape skills. The experiment was implemented over a period of 5 weeks, with two educational units per week. The experimental group received interactive e-learning, while the control group was subjected to the traditional curriculum. The researchers used several statistical methods to process the data, including: the t-test for related samples, the t-test for independent samples, the eta coefficient to measure the effect size, and the SPSS program. The researchers concluded that the e-learning curriculum is highly effective in developing creative thinking and improving the technical performance of rhythmic gymnastics students. The experimental group outperformed the control group on all variables, with high effect size values recorded. The researchers recommended adopting e-learning curricula in teaching motor skills to students in colleges of physical education and sports sciences, given their positive impact on improving performance and developing mental abilities.

The study aimed to identify the effect of special exercises accompanied by some nutritional supplements in developing muscle strength and achievement among the players of the Iraqi Paralympic weightlifting team. The researcher used the experimental method in the style of the control and experimental groups with pre- and post-tests. The research community included (12) Paralympic weightlifters from the committees and clubs of Iraq for the year (2024) for the advanced category. (2) Two lifters were selected for the pilot experiment and (10) lifters represented the main experiment, (5) lifters for each group, representing (83%) of the original community. He applied special exercises and nutritional supplements to the experimental group for (8) weeks, each week (3) training units. The total number of training curriculum units reached (24) training units, and the researcher came out with several results, and in light of those results he concluded the effectiveness of special exercises accompanied by some nutritional supplements in developing muscle strength and achievement in a quick and effective manner and it has the advantage over the development achieved in the control group. In light of these conclusions, he made several recommendations, including: enhancing muscle strength in weightlifters by using nutritional supplements from reputable companies, as this has a positive impact on developing muscle strength, which positively impacts performance.

The study aims to identify the effect of closed kinetic chain rehabilitation exercises on improving ankle joint injuries among junior gymnasts. The researchers used a single-group experimental approach, given its suitability for the nature of the study. The research sample was selected from gymnastics juniors (12-15) years old. The research sample consisted of (8) juniors. (2) juniors were excluded to conduct the exploratory study on them, so the actual research sample consisted of (6) juniors. The researchers applied the proposed research procedures to the research sample for a period of (8) weeks at a rate of (3) training units per week. One of the most important results was the presence of statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-measurement in the physical variables (static balance, dynamic balance, ankle joint strength and development of skill performance of the skills specific to the game of gymnastics, The researchers recommend that closed kinetic chain exercises be included in rehabilitation programs after joint injuries, given their effective impact on improving muscle strength, balance, and skill performance.

This study aimed to develop a scientific scale to measure self-regulation among track and field coaches in Baghdad, given the importance of this skill in improving the professional and psychological performance of coaches. The researchers used the descriptive approach using the survey method and standard studies, and the research sample included (40) coaches from the Athletics Federation in Baghdad. The scale was built based on three main axes: Self-observation, self-response, and self-assessment. After conducting statistical analysis using validity, reliability, and discriminant tests between extreme groups, the results showed that the scale has good psychometric properties and represents a reliable tool for measuring self-regulation. The results also showed that the sample members possessed a high level of self-regulation, reflecting their awareness and understanding of the importance of this skill in sports practice. The study recommended adopting this scale in evaluating coaches and incorporating self-regulation skills into their training and qualification programs.

The research aims to build a scale of risk behavior for students of some faculties and departments of physical education and sports sciences in (Kurdistan Region - Iraq), and the research community represents students of faculties of physical education and sports sciences, represented by (295) students distributed among faculties and departments of physical education and sports sciences in the universities of the Kurdistan Region - Iraq, which are (Dohuk, Zakho, Salah al-Din - Soran - Halabja, Karmian). The sample was chosen intentionally and consisted of (156) students from the total research community, i.e. (52.88%) of the total research community. Through the researchers’ review of Arab and foreign sources, research and scientific studies, and to the best of their knowledge, it became clear that there is no scale for risky behavior of students and swimming lessons. Therefore, the researchers decided to develop a scale for risk-taking behavior to be used by specialists to measure this concept among students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The researchers used the scientific procedures followed to develop the scale, as well as a number of statistical methods to process the results obtained, such as (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and t-test). Pearson correlation coefficient). The researchers came up with a scale for risk-taking behavior for students of faculties of physical education and sports sciences, which has high scientific coefficients (validity and reliability), which allows it to be used in the research community. The scale consists of (69) paragraphs that measure risk-taking behavior and consists of four dimensions, which are (distinctive ability of personality, decision-making, risk-taking motive, risk-taking towards oneself).

The aim of the research was to study the effect of using anaerobic exercises using the "Rondo" method in developing functional abilities and complex skills among female futsal players, in addition to revealing statistically significant differences between the results of the pre- and post-tests of the two groups (experimental and control) in those abilities. The study also sought to design training modules based on anaerobic exercises using the "Roundo" method to improve performance among the study sample members. The researchers adopted the experimental approach using a two-group design (experimental and control). The research community was represented by the female players of the five-a-side football team of the "Klar Sports Club" in Kalar District. They were registered with the Kurdistan Regional Futsal Federation for the 2023-2024 sports season. The sample was selected intentionally, divided into two groups (experimental and control), each comprising 24 players. The players participating in the pilot trials, as well as the goalkeepers and injured players, were excluded. The details of the sample distribution are shown in Table (1). Each of the two groups was divided into two equal subgroups (A, B), with each group comprising 8 players. After a draw was conducted to select the experimental group, Group A was selected to implement a training program prepared using anaerobic exercises using the "Roundo" method, at a rate of three training units per week. The control group continued to follow the usual training program approved by the supervising trainer. Data were processed using SPSS statistical software for the humanities and social sciences. Anaerobic training using the "roundabout" method for 12 weeks or more, with increased exercise intensity reaching between 95% and 100% of maximum heart rate, resulted in significant improvements in functional capacity and anaerobic parameters in female futsal players.

One of the recently developed exercises is the exercise using different tools and resistance. Rope exercises were used at different distances in order to develop the player’s scoring power, as the scoring skill is one of the basic skills for the team’s victory. The research problem is that the studies that dealt with the accuracy of the skill of scoring in football are few and did not address the training system of jumping rope according to specific distances on a wide scale to develop the skill. Training was developed in order to achieve as much as possible the development of the research sample and to identify the extent of the change that occurs in the sample’s accuracy of scoring in football through these training exercises. The research aims to identify the effect of rope jumping exercises according to specific distances on some enzymes and the skill of scoring in football for the research sample. The research hypothesised the existence of significant statistically significant differences in the dimensional measurement between the experimental and control groups in some enzymes and the skill of scoring in football in favor of the dimensional measurements of the experimental group. The researchers used the experimental method for its suitability to solve the research problem. The research community consisted of the development club players (30) players and the sample (20) players. The researchers reached the conclusion that these exercises contributed to developing the studied enzyme variables as well as the scoring accuracy of the development club players in football. The researchers recommend using these exercises in different games and different age groups.

The research aims to reveal the differences between the pre-test and post-test of the experimental and control groups in learning the art of performing a number of basic skills on the floor movement mat in men's artistic gymnastics, and the differences in the post-test between the experimental and control groups in learning the art of performing a number of basic skills on the floor movement mat in men's artistic gymnastics. The researchers assumed that there are significant differences between the pre- and post-tests of the experimental and control research groups in learning the art of performing a number of basic skills on the floor exercise mat in gymnastics, in favor of the post-tests. There are significant differences in the post-tests between the experimental and control groups in learning the art of performing a number of basic skills on the floor exercise mat in gymnastics. The researchers used the experimental method because it is suitable for the nature and problem of the research. The research sample consisted of two groups: experimental (asynchronous e-learning) and control (program prepared by the subject teacher) of first-year students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Duhok. They were deliberately selected and divided into two groups randomly. The e-learning program took (5) weeks, with two educational units per week, so that the number of educational units reached (10) units, with (90) minutes for each educational unit. The researchers conducted equivalence tests, pre-skill tests, and then post-tests. The researchers concluded that the post-tests outperformed the pre-tests for both the experimental and control groups in learning the basic skills under study. The experimental group outperformed the control group in the post-skill test.

The research aims to design an effective tool to detect cognitive sharing among second-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports, and to extract its standard scores and levels. It also aims to identify the relationship between cognitive sharing and some basic volleyball skills (serving, passing from above, passing from below). In order to achieve the research objectives, the descriptive approach was used in the survey method, while the research sample was chosen intentionally. The second stage was represented by the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, and the sample was divided into survey, construction, standardization, application, and starting the construction procedures, which included finding the scientific foundations for the scale. After extracting the discriminatory power and consistency, in addition to extracting the modified standard score and levels for the sample of the main standardization experiment, which amounted to (85) students, the scale and skill tests were then applied in volleyball and the results were extracted. The conclusions and recommendations were as follows: The scale's standard scores and levels were determined, and various standard levels emerged. Cognitive sharing plays a positive role in students' performance of some basic volleyball skills. The need to adopt standards for comparing students' knowledge sharing. It is also necessary to educate students on knowledge sharing, as it provides a wealth of information that contributes, in one way or another, to skill performance