Sawa Journal for Humanities

The Levant is considered one of the most historically significant regions due to its distinctive geographic position, which made it a link between East and West and a center for trade and cultural exchange between continents and peoples. This location made it a stage for political, economic, and military interactions throughout the ages, giving it special importance in historical studies. In light of this importance, studying the tax and financial systems applied by the Crusaders in the Levant emerges as one of the main approaches to understanding the nature of Crusader administration and its methods of organizing state affairs and managing resources. Tax policy was not merely a means of securing revenue; it also reflected the orientations of the ruling authority and its relationship with the local population, and revealed the nature of the economic and social structure that prevailed during the Crusader presence.This study seeks to examine the tax system adopted by the Crusaders in the Levant by identifying the types of taxes and the areas in which they were imposed, as well as clarifying their economic and social effects.

Abstract: This study investigates the spatial distribution and seasonal variations of suspended lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) concentrations in the ambient air of Diwaniyah City in 2025, serving as a case study for pollution associated with urban transport and combined anthropogenic activities. Meteorological and environmental parameters were measured at 14 georeferenced sampling stations across the city's urban sectors during winter and summer. The findings revealed significant spatial and temporal fluctuations; lead concentrations were systematically higher in summer than in winter across all stations, peaking in summer at 14.2778\mu\g/m3 at Al-Nisour intersection (S7) and reaching its lowest winter value of 0.6024\mu\g/m3 at Al-Maayaria (S14). Cadmium concentrations reached their winter maximum of 3.0668 \mu\g/m3 in Al-Forat neighborhood (S4) and a minimum of 0.3081 \mu\g/m3 at the City Entrance (S1), while summer cadmium concentrations peaked at 4.2569 \mu\g/m3 at Taiba Mall (S5) with a minimum of 0.9028 \mu\g/m3 at Al-Ulama square (S9). When benchmarked against regulatory criteria, summer lead levels heavily violated Iraqi National Ambient Air Quality Standards at most sites, whereas cadmium levels in both seasons critically exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) health-based guidelines by several hundred folds, indicating high cumulative toxicological and carcinogenic risks to the urban population.

Wheat production is one of the most important cereal crops in the world. It represents a fundamental component of the national economy and agricultural production, and around 41% of the world’s population relies on it in their diet. Therefore, agricultural countries seek to increase its productivity by improving the utilization of available resources and raising yield per unit area.Wheat requires a growing season of approximately (160–180) days. Its cultivation is significantly affected by climatic factors, especially temperature and rainfall, which are considered the most influential elements in its growth and yield.Studying wheat’s climatic requirements (temperature and rainfall) is important for improving agricultural production, particularly in the districts of Nineveh Governorate, where agriculture depends heavily on rainfall. Variations in rainfall amounts and their temporal distribution lead to clear differences in wheat productivity between districts, making it essential to study the effect of rainfall in order to understand this variation.The importance of examining the impact of rainfall across Nineveh’s districts lies in identifying the most suitable sowing periods, improving water resource management, selecting appropriate crop varieties, and contributing to agricultural planning that reduces the risks of drought or insufficient rainfall. This, in turn, supports agricultural stability and promotes sustainable agricultural development in the governorate. Despite the existing agricultural experience, climatic factors—especially rainfall—remain a major challenge, which drives research to focus on the relationship between climate and agriculture to limit negative impacts and enhance the benefits for comprehensive agricultural development.

Rainfall is considered one of the most important climatic elements affecting human and economic activities, especially in semi-arid regions that largely depend on seasonal rainfall to support agriculture and water resources Salah Al-Din Governorate is one of the Iraqi regions experiencing significant fluctuations in annual and seasonal rainfall amounts, which has directly contributed to climatic drought, reduced agricultural productivity, and instability in water resources This study aims to analyze rainfall variability in Salah Al-Din Governorate and identify the relationship between rainfall changes and climatic drought through examining temporal rainfall trends and associated climatic characteristics The research adopted the descriptive analytical method based on climatic data from meteorological stations, in addition to applying statistical techniques to analyze rainfall variability and annual and seasonal fluctuations The study found a clear fluctuation in annual rainfall amounts, accompanied by repeated dry years during recent decades, which intensified climatic drought in the region The results also indicated that recent climatic changes have played a significant role in disturbing the rainfall system in Salah Al-Din Governorate The research recommends improving water management programs, adopting climate adaptation plans, and enhancing rainwater harvesting to support agricultural and environmental development .

This study aims to examine the status of reproductive health indicators in the districts of Al-Shamiya and Afak through an analysis of their numerical and percentage distributions, as well as their environmental distribution (urban–rural). The significance of this topic stems from its direct impact on morbidity and mortality rates and its pivotal role in determining the quality and level of women’s reproductive health worldwide. Consequently, the study places particular emphasis on investigating reproductive health indicators and the factors influencing them.
The research addresses several key dimensions, including the determinants of reproductive health, the use of contraceptive methods, the choice of place of delivery, and the various subjective and objective factors associated with reproductive health. It also seeks to explore the future prospects of reproductive health and identify the major challenges and opportunities related to its development and improvement.
Furthermore, the study aims to reveal and analyze the spatial variation of reproductive health indicators in Al-Shamiya and Afak districts by employing the geographical approach in general and the population geography approach in particular. This is achieved through examining the spatial differences of the phenomenon across various administrative units, thereby contributing to the future application of the findings in relevant developmental and planning fields.The study relied on official statistical data obtained from the Al-Qadisiyah Health Directorate. These data were supplemented by a field survey conducted through a specially designed questionnaire distributed to the study sample in order to obtain accurate information that would support the scientific analysis of the phenomenon and contribute to achieving the study objectives. The total sample size consisted of 381 respondents, including 207 from urban areas and 174 from rural areas.The findings revealed a clear spatial variation in reproductive health indicators among the administrative units of Al-Shamiya and Afak districts.

This study seeks to examine the heritage of Imam al-Sajjad (peace be upon him) through a cultural-semiotic approach aimed at uncovering the semantic dimensions and underlying intellectual structures embedded within the Sajjadi discourse. The research is based on the fundamental premise that the texts attributed to the Imam—particularly the supplications contained in Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya and Risalat al-Huquq (The Treatise of Rights)—constitute an integrated cultural system that can be analyzed as a network of signs and symbols generating meaning within the broader context of Islamic culture

Islam is considered a “radical” transformation in a person’s life in terms of belief, worship, and dealings. Among the important aspects affected by this change are inheritance issues. When an individual or a family embraces Islam, direct Sharia changes occur to the rules of inheritance that governed them prior to Islam. These include the termination of inheritance between a Muslim and a non-Muslim, the invalidation of the system of adoption and its implications for inheritance, and the establishment of rights according to Islamic law.Islam emphasizes the importance of documenting rights and proving lineage and inheritance in accordance with Sharia. It also encourages writing wills and not leaving such matters to customary practices or prior traditions. Furthermore, Islam influences inheritance in ways that promote justice and equality. Islamic inheritance rulings take into account justice and social interest, ensuring the distribution of the estate among rightful heirs according to specific shares, thereby achieving balance within the family and society.

This research aims to study the stages of development of Arabic poetry from its emergence in the pre-Islamic era to the modern age, by employing artificial intelligence tools to analyze poetic texts. The study addresses the most prominent stylistic and structural features that Arabic poetry underwent across different periods: beginning with the unit of the verse line (bayt) in pre-Islamic poetry, passing through the diversification of purposes and themes in the Islamic and Abbasid eras, and reaching structural renewal in the poetic form among the poets of the Nahda and modernity.The research also explores how artificial intelligence—through natural language processing techniques and machine learning algorithms—can contribute to analyzing linguistic patterns, detecting stylistic changes, and interpreting the rhythmic and semantic structures of Arabic poetry. This opens new horizons for a deeper understanding of Arabic poetic heritage and its development.

This research aims to identify the level of unjustified ignoring and its relationship to arrogant thinking among middle school students, to reveal differences in arrogant thinking according to gender, and to determine the nature of the correlation between the two research variables. The researcher adopted the descriptive correlational approach as it is suitable for the research objectives and the nature of its variables. The research population consisted of all middle school students in schools affiliated with the General Directorate of Education of Al-Karkh II for the academic year (2025-2026). The research sample consisted of (400) male and female students, (200) male and (200) female, selected randomly. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher developed two scales: one to measure unjustified ignoring and the other to measure arrogant thinking. The psychometric properties of the two scales were verified through face validity and construct validity, as well as reliability indicators calculated using Cronbach's alpha and test-retest reliability. The results showed that both scales possessed acceptable levels of validity and reliability. After applying the research instruments and statistically analyzing the data using a one-sample t-test, an independent samples t-test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient, the results showed the following:

With the great transformation that occurred in human life during the Neolithic period (the eighth millennium BCE), when some groups in the Ancient Near East—especially the settlements in northern Iraq—began producing food through agriculture and domesticating animals, human life and its economic activities remained primitive, narrow, and limited. It was necessary to go through further stages of technological development before humans could produce the diverse tools required for their material life.Nevertheless, scholars considered this shift to food production as the first economic revolution of humanity. It is comparable in importance and impact to the Industrial Revolution in Europe, and it brought about a radical change in the way people lived.Among the primitive tools discovered in Neolithic settlements were grain-milling stones and simple pottery plates used for grinding and processing grains. There were also primitive hoes and plows, as well as sickles whose blades consisted of small flint knives, with stone arrow and spear points. It is also highly likely that humans in this period knew spinning and weaving, as indicated by the spindle whorls that were found.As for pottery vessels, in the early phases of this period they were simple and primitive. However, they developed significantly in the latter part of the Neolithic period, especially what was discovered at the village of Çatalhöyük (Jerarmo/Gerim—as referenced in the source) in the Mesopotamian region.In its beginnings, agriculture was limited: humans cultivated small plots of land whose output was enough to meet their own needs. This form of agriculture was rain-fed (dry farming/demic), so in Mesopotamia it was mainly restricted to the northern areas. Moreover, agriculture was primitive at first. People used simple agricultural tools such as long digging sticks. In softer soils, the land was tilled using a wooden implement/plow (a wooden plow) made from a branching branch/limb shape, pulled by a man by hand. Later, humans invented the wooden plow, which was initially pulled by people; then it was replaced by the donkey and the ox.This agricultural transformation was followed by important social developments, including animal domestication, the advancement of the production of agricultural and household tools, the emergence of the idea of individual ownership, and the appearance of simple religious belief patterns.

This research aims to investigate the effect of the Trigest model on the achievement of first-year intermediate female students in Social Studies. In light of the research objective, the researcher formulated the following null hypothesis: There is no statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the mean scores of the experimental group students who studied Social Studies according to the Trigest model and the mean scores of the control group students who studied the same subject using the traditional method in the achievement test for Social Studies for first-year intermediate students. To achieve the objective of the research and test its hypothesis, the researcher adopted a quasi-experimental design with partial control involving two groups: an experimental group and a control group, in order to measure academic achievement. The research sample consisted of (66) female students, with (34) students in the experimental group and (32) students in the control group. Equivalence between the two groups was ensured in several variables, namely: (chronological age, prior achievement of students, prior knowledge test, and Raven’s Intelligence Test). The researcher formulated (110) behavioral objectives based on the content of the scientific material scheduled to be taught during the experiment, distributed across three levels of Bloom’s taxonomy: (remembering, understanding, and application). She also prepared detailed daily teaching plans to implement the instructional process in a way that ensures the achievement of the intended educational objectives. The researcher used a research instrument represented by an achievement test consisting of (40) items, whose validity and reliability were verified using appropriate statistical methods. The results of the study showed that the experimental group students outperformed their counterparts in the control group in the achievement test. Accordingly, the researcher reached a number of conclusions and presented a set of recommendations and suggestions, which were included in Chapter Four.

The present study aimed to identify the effect of the Knowledge Keys Strategy on developing Physical Proficiency among fourth scientific grade female students in Physics. The study stemmed from the need to employ modern teaching strategies that contribute to improving physics learning and enhancing students’ abilities in understanding, analysis, reasoning, and scientific problem-solving.The researcher adopted a partially controlled experimental design. The research sample was selected randomly from fourth scientific grade female students at Al-Khalidat Secondary School for Girls, affiliated with the General Directorate of Education of Holy Karbala, during the academic year (2024–2025). The final sample consisted of 60 students, distributed into two groups: an experimental group taught according to the Knowledge Keys Strategy and a control group taught using the conventional method. Statistical equivalence was established between the two groups in terms of intelligence, chronological age, and previous physics achievement.
To achieve the objective of the study, the researcher developed a Physical Proficiency Scale consisting of 36 items distributed across three dimensions: Procedural Fluency, Adaptive Reasoning, and Strategic Competence. The validity and reliability of the scale were verified using appropriate statistical procedures.The results revealed a statistically significant difference at the 0.05 level between the mean scores of the two groups on the Physical Proficiency Scale in favor of the experimental group. The calculated t-value reached 4.12, while the effect size was (d = 1.08), indicating a large effect according to Cohen’s classification. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the Knowledge Keys Strategy in developing physical proficiency among the students.The researcher concluded that the Knowledge Keys Strategy represents an effective instructional approach for developing physical proficiency. Accordingly, the study recommended adopting this strategy in physics teaching, training physics teachers on its implementation, and conducting further studies involving different educational stages and variables.

The aim of the current research is to identify:1-the level of self-regulation of cognition among teachers,2-statistically significant differences in the level of self-regulation of cognition according to gender (males–females) and years of service (less than 5 years–more than 5 years),3- the level of professional motivation among teachers,4-statistically significant differences in the level of professional motivation according to gender (males–females) and years of service (less than 5 years–more than 5 years), and 5-the correlational relationship between self-regulation of cognition and professional motivation.To achieve the research objectives, a descriptive correlational approach was adopted. The research population consisted of (960) teachers from secondary schools in the Al-K Al-A Directorate of Education. A simple random sample was selected, representing (42%) of the population, resulting in (400) teachers for the academic year (2024–2025). -To determine the relationship between self-regulation of cognition and professional motivation, two scales were developed:-The first scale: the Self-Regulation of Cognition Scale, consisting of (40) items distributed across four domains: (cognitive planning, self-monitoring, cognitive control, and self-evaluation), with (10) items in each domain. Each item was presented with five graduated response alternatives: (applies to me to a very great extent, applies to me to a great extent, applies to me to a moderate extent, applies to me to a small extent, applies to me to a very small extent) for positively worded items. Psychometric properties were extracted, including face validity, discriminating power, and construct validity. Reliability was also extracted using two methods: Cronbach’s alpha and split-half reliability.-The second scale: the Professional Motivation Scale, consisting of (40) items distributed across five domains: (desire for professional achievement, commitment and professional responsibility, perseverance and bearing professional difficulties, professional development and growth, and job satisfaction related to professional work), with (5) items in each domain. For each item, five graduated response alternatives were provided: (always applies, often applies, sometimes applies, rarely applies, never applies). Scores (5, 4, 3, 2, 1) were assigned in sequence for positively worded items, and reverse scoring was applied for negatively worded items. Psychometric properties were also extracted using face validity, discriminating power, and construct validity, with reliability obtained via Cronbach’s alpha and split-half reliability. Results: The current research concluded the following: 1-the research sample has self-regulation of cognition,2- there are no statistically significant differences in self-regulation of cognition according to gender and years of service,3- the research sample has professional motivation,4-there are no statistically significant differences in professional motivation according to gender and years of service, and ,5- there is a positive direct (positive) relationship between self-regulation of cognition and professional motivation.

This study attempts to explore the depths of the poetry collection “It Is No Longer Blue” by the Sudanese poet Mohammed Al-Bari and to reveal the poetics of artistic performance within it through examining the distinctive expressive signifiers.

The present study is an attempt to explore the perceptions of Iraqi EFL students toward the use of ChatGPT as a writing tool. It explores ChatGPT’s perceived benefits, its risks, the usage patterns, ethical dimensions, and the pedagogical and institutional support required for students to make its use responsible. The study employed a quantitative cross-sectional survey design. The data were collected from 94 under graduate students who are enrolled in different Iraqi universities during the second semester of the academic year 2026. The data were collected through a 50-item Likert-scale questionnaire. The questionnaire was organized into five sections and was designed via Google Forms. The collected data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson Correlation, and multiple regression in IBM SPSS 27. The data demonstrated excellent internal consistency across all sections. The findings show that students perceive ChatGPT as a genuinely transformative and multi-dimensional writing resource, with very high endorsement across all ten benefit dimensions, particularly idea generation, academic style improvement, and writing confidence. Risk perceptions displayed a critical bifurcation: students systematically rejected self-referential behavioural risks such as over-reliance and uncritical acceptance, while strongly acknowledging systemic risks including misinformation, reference fabrication, and critical thinking attenuation. Most consequentially, the study documents a severe integrity awareness-behaviour paradox, whereby near-universal acknowledgement of academic dishonesty coexisted with equally near-universal self-reported engagement in integrity-compromising behaviours, including paraphrasing to evade detection and submitting unverified AI-generated references. ChatGPT use was found to be intensive, multi-purpose, and structurally embedded. Despite this, students strongly endorsed structured pedagogical intervention, calling for teacher guidance, curriculum-integrated AI literacy, assessment reform, and clear institutional policy. The study concludes that prohibition-based strategies are empirically untenable and argues for an urgent, contextually grounded, integration-oriented framework tailored to the specific linguistic, institutional, and cultural realities of Iraqi EFL higher education.

This study conducts a critical review of the connection of Orientalism, violence, and the post-2003 Iraq liberation narrative as is manifested through the theory of Orientalism by Edward Said. Beyond the political sphere , the analysis interrogates how the mechanisms of neo-imperialism, as Hardt and Negri theorize them, operated through economic restructuring and institutional replacement - to extend Western influence in post-invasion Iraq ,Moreover, the liberation narrative fueled deep internal conflict within Iraqi society itself, producing a cleavage reaction that ranged from accepted out of sheer necessity among communities historically marginalized under the Ba'athist regime, to outright rejection among those who saw the invasion as just the latest chapter in a long history of foreign rule, This paper will apply Said's theory and the perspective on the Other to examine how the creation of the Iraq as the Other, backward, and requiring of saving, reinforced the interventions of violence and perpetuated the cycle of violence, both physical and ideological through the analysis of media, politics discourse, and the transformation of post-2003 Iraq. In conclusion, this paper demands a reconstructing of liberation and the need to de-colonize the narratives that enable the local agency and real Iraqi self-determination.

This study aims to examine the impact of transformational leadership on employee satisfaction and team performance in a contemporary work environment. A case study was conducted on a multinational company with 420 employees in the financial services sector. The study used a mixed-methods approach that combines quantitative and qualitative data. A structured questionnaire was administered to a sample of 420 employees, achieving a response rate of 89.3%. The results showed a strong positive relationship between transformational leadership and employee satisfaction (r = 0.742, p < 0.01), as well as a statistically significant positive effect on team performance (r = 0.689, p < 0.01). The study also revealed that intrinsic motivation plays a mediating role in this relationship. The study recommends developing leadership training programs to enhance transformational leadership practices in organizations.

The current research aims to identify the extent to which the data from the Henmon-Nelson Test of Mental Ability fulfills the assumptions of Item Response Theory, to identify items with differential item functioning in the test according to specialization (scientific, humanities), and to identify the difference in the accuracy of estimating individuals' ability before and after removing items with differential item functioning. To achieve this, the test was applied to a sample of (500) male and female students from Anbar University. The statistical program (BILOG-MG, 3.0) was used. The results showed that all items of the Henmon-Nelson Test of Mental Ability conform to the assumptions of the two-parameter model. As for differential item functioning, it was found that (14) items of the test showed differential item functioning for the scientific specialization compared to the humanities specialization, as these items were more difficult for the humanities specialization compared to the scientific specialization using the likelihood ratio test method. The results also showed statistically significant differences in the mean standard errors of individuals' ability estimates before and after removing items that showed differential item functioning, as the mean standard errors decreased after removing items that showed differential item functioning, which in turn contributes to increasing the accuracy of estimating individuals' ability.

The current research aimed to identify the effect of response category order (ascending and descending) on the psychometric properties of the Dynamic Cognitive Flexibility Scale according to classical test theory. To achieve this goal, the researcher adopted a quasi-experimental approach using a non-equivalent independent groups design. The research sample consisted of (800) male and female students from the University of Baghdad for the academic year (2025–2026), distributed as (400) respondents for the ascending order format and (400) respondents for the descending order format.The researcher constructed a Dynamic Cognitive Flexibility Scale consisting of (20) items distributed across five domains: cognitive shifting speed, attentional control during shifting, adaptation to cognitive change, management of cognitive multitasking, and efficiency of cognitive reorganization. The psychometric properties of the scale were verified by calculating the discriminatory power of the items, item-total correlation coefficients, factorial validity, and reliability using the test-retest method and Cronbach's alpha coefficient.The results showed that the scale possessed good psychometric properties, as all items were distinctive and statistically significant. All items were also statistically significantly correlated with the total score, and exploratory factor analysis confirmed the existence of a single general factor for the scale. The reliability coefficient using the test-retest method was (0.90) for the descending order format and (0.88) for the ascending order format, while Cronbach's alpha coefficient was (0.87) and (0.84) respectively.The results revealed no statistically significant differences between the two response category order formats (ascending and descending) in the discriminatory power of the items, item-total correlation coefficients, factor loadings, and reliability coefficients. The research concluded that the order of response categories does not significantly affect the psychometric properties of the Dynamic Cognitive Flexibility Scale according to classical test theory.

The current research aims to identify semantic mental representation and its relationship to language skills among students of Arabic language departments in colleges of education(. The researcher employed the descriptive correlational method. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher selected Mid-Euphrates universities / colleges of education. The total population of students at the University of Al-Qadisiyah reached (132) students. Following proportional distribution, the sample size consisted of (46) males and (86) females for the academic year (2025–2026).To measure semantic mental representation among Arabic language students, the researcher developed an objective test consisting of thirty items. Additionally, the researcher developed a language skills test consisting of thirty items (both objective and essay-type), spanning a set of items distributed across four language skills.After administering both instruments to the research sample and utilizing the one-sample t-test, the study yielded the following results: the sample members possess a good level of semantic mental representation. Regarding the second objective related to language skills, the students possess these skills to a good degree. Furthermore, there is a statistically significant positive correlational relationship between semantic mental representation and language skills.In light of the research findings, the researcher recommended the necessity of emphasizing the application of verbal and non-verbal communication skills within the educational setting, given their clear impact on the success of the educational process, as well as organizing professional development courses for students to increase their awareness of recent trends and developments. The researcher suggested constructing a proposed program based on semantic mental representation to train male and female Arabic language teachers.

Abstract:
This study aimed to identify the effect of employing the IQ Learning platform on developing physical inquiry skills among fifth-grade science students. To achieve the research objective, the researcher adopted an experimental method with two equivalent groups (experimental and control). The experimental group was taught using the IQ Learning platform, while the control group was taught using the traditional method.The research sample consisted of 80 fifth-grade science students from one of the secondary schools affiliated with the General Directorate of Education in Al-Qadisiyah Governorate during the academic year 2025–2026. The sample was divided into 40 students in the experimental group and 40 students in the control group.To measure physical inquiry skills, the researcher developed a test consisting of 30 multiple-choice items. The validity and reliability of the test were verified, and its psychometric properties were established. After the completion of the experiment, which lasted ten weeks, the post-test was administered to both research groups.The results revealed a statistically significant difference at the 0.05 significance level between the mean scores of the two groups on the physical inquiry skills test in favor of the experimental group. This indicates the effectiveness of employing the IQ Learning platform in developing physical inquiry skills among fifth-grade science students. In light of these findings, the researcher recommended the necessity of integrating the IQ Learning platform into the teaching of physics and science, training teachers to design electronic learning activities based on scientific inquiry, and conducting further studies on different educational variables using the platform.

This study aimed to investigate the following: 1- Boredom proneness among educational counselors. 2- Task performance among educational counselors. 3- The nature of the correlation between boredom proneness and task performance among educational counselors. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher administered two scales to a random sample of 200 male and female counselors. The study concluded with the following results: 1- A high level of boredom proneness was found among the study sample. 2- The level of task performance among the study sample was average.. 3- Boredom proneness is inversely related to task performance; that is, the greater the boredom proneness, the lower the task performance. In conclusion, a set of recommendations and suggestions were presented.

The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the 4EX2 Model in the achievement of physics among fifth-grade scientific female students. To achieve the objective of the study, the following null hypothesis was formulated: "There is no statistically significant difference at the (0.05) level between the mean achievement scores of the students in the experimental group who study physics according to the 4EX2 Model and those of the students in the control group who study the same subject using the conventional teaching method."To test the research hypothesis, the researcher adopted a quasi-experimental design with partial control involving two equivalent groups: an experimental group and a control group, using a post-achievement test in physics. According to this design, a simple random sampling method was used to select two classes from Asmaa Secondary School for Girls. The sample consisted of (64) students, with (32) students in each class. One class was assigned as the experimental group, while the other served as the control group.To ensure the internal validity of the experimental design, the two groups were equated in terms of age, intelligence test scores, and prior physics knowledge. The instructional content was limited to the physics textbook prescribed for fifth-grade scientific students. The researcher formulated (100) behavioral objectives and prepared a set of lesson plans for both groups ,Regarding the research instrument, an achievement test in physics consisting of (40) objective items was developed. The psychometric properties of the test, including validity and reliability, were verified. The experiment was conducted during the first semester and lasted for (12) weeks, with three lessons per week for each group,At the end of the experiment, the achievement test was administered to both groups. The collected data were analyzed using the independent samples t-test. The results revealed statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups in favor of the experimental group on the physics achievement test ,Based on these findings, the researcher presented a number of conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions for future research.

The present study aimed to investigate the impact of the social networking platform YouTube on the acquisition of physics concepts among first-grade intermediate school students and to explore its use as a means of educational communication between teachers and their students. The rapid growth in the use of social networking platforms by students has prompted educators and educational institutions at various levels to seriously consider adopting new forms of distance learning. These platforms can serve as educational environments that enhance the effectiveness of the learning process and strengthen communication between teachers and students.Accordingly, the study began by defining and clarifying a number of key concepts and scientific terms essential for ensuring accuracy in educational research. These concepts included distance learning, e-learning, social networking sites, learning through social networking platforms such as YouTube, and the acquisition of physics concepts.The study also reviewed a number of successful international and Arab experiences that have effectively employed social networking platforms for educational purposes. Finally, the research presented the researcher’s own experience in using YouTube with first-grade intermediate school students as an educational tool, medium, and teaching method. The findings indicated that YouTube was effective in enhancing communication between teachers and students, despite some limitations and challenges observed during its implementation.

This research examines the phenomenon of modern crime in the Iraqi context, as it is a concept that has accompanied technological advancements. The research explains that Iraq experienced a significant digital transformation in 2003, which was not matched by corresponding developmental or security measures. This created a niche for the spread of new forms of crime. The research aims to shed light on these forms, such as extortion and fraud, identify their global social causes, and monitor their various effects on individuals and society. The research also reviews the shortcomings in security measures and the commitment of citizens to addressing these issues. The research concludes that confronting this evolving phenomenon requires a comprehensive strategy that includes updating laws, developing cyber police services, and raising digital awareness within society.

This study addresses a clear question: Why do women in Baghdad embrace sus-tainable fabrics, and why do they shy away from them? The background is well-known. Sustainable fashion is a global response to the environmental and social burdens left by the fashion industry. The study has two objectives: first, to measure women's understanding of these fabrics; and second, to uncover the factors driving their purchasing decisions. These factors include environmental awareness, economic status, and design quality, in addition to marketing and media influences. The descriptive-analytical method was adopted. Data was col-lected through questionnaires and interviews, and then statistically analyzed. The hypotheses posit a link between environmental awareness and the inclination to-wards these garments, supported by the influence of economic, aesthetic, and media factors. The study's significance stems from its focus on the Iraqi market, which is still finding its way, beset by a lack of awareness and economic and cultural obstacles. The conclusion is simple: environmental education, when combined with effective marketing, expands the demand for sustainable fabrics and strengthens sustainability in Baghdad's fashion. The research employed a descriptive-analytical methodology. The data was collected through question-naires and interviews, then subjected to statistical analysis. It is assumed that a statistically significant correlation exists between women's environmental aware-ness and their preference for sustainable clothing. This correlation is supported by economic, aesthetic, and media factors. The work is valuable because it ad-dresses a nascent market in Iraq, a market still grappling with limited awareness and economic and cultural challenges. It concludes with a clear finding: promot-ing environmental education and developing effective marketing strategies will increase demand for these fabrics and support sustainability in Baghdad's fash-ion scene.

This study investigates the teaching of Arabic as a foreign language in Najaf Al-Ashraf, a city known for its religious and cultural significance. It examines the educational institutions involved, the curricula adopted, and the challenges faced by both instructors and learners. The research also explores the role of Najaf’s religious and cultural environment in supporting Arabic language acquisition. Based on the findings, the study offers recommendations to improve teaching methods and enhance the effectiveness of Arabic language programs for non-native speakers.

This research addresses the topic of industrial geography in Iraq by studying the theoretical framework of industry and the factors influencing its geographical location. It also analyzes the reality of industry in Iraq, its spatial distribution, and its various types, while highlighting the most prominent challenges facing the industrial sector in the country.The theoretical aspect of the research focuses on clarifying the concept of industrial geography and its importance, as well as the factors influencing industrial location. These include natural factors such as the availability of raw materials, energy sources, and geographical location, and human and economic factors such as the availability of labor, transportation, capital, and markets. These factors are considered fundamental determinants that affect the selection of locations for various industries and their geographical distribution.The geographical distribution of industry in Iraq was analyzed, noting that many industries are concentrated in major governorates such as Baghdad, Basra, and Nineveh, due to the availability of infrastructure, natural resources, and markets, while industrial activity is less in some other governorates. The research also touched on the types of industries in Iraq, which play an important role in supporting the national economy and providing job opportunities.
In conclusion, the research highlights the most important challenges facing the industrial sector in Iraq, which include economic challenges such as weak industrial investments, geographical and environmental challenges related to location and resources, in addition to political and administrative challenges that affect the development of the industrial sector. Through this, the research emphasizes the importance of adopting effective development policies aimed at developing industry in Iraq and achieving a more balanced industrial distribution, thereby contributing to supporting sustainable economic development.

This study aims to present the topic of measurement (qiyās) in Arabic grammar from two main perspectives: the theoretical and the applied. This is because it represents a fundamental issue that linguistic studies have addressed. Based on the nature of the research, the theoretical section discusses: (the name and lineage; origin and upbringing; his death; verification of the attribution of the book; and its methodology). As for the applied section, it includes six issues from Ibn al-Ṣāʾigh’s Al-Lumʿah in the explanation of Al-Milḥah.

The aim of the current research is to identify the effect of the strategy of successive ideas on the collection of literature and texts for students in the fourth literary grade and the development of their intellectual organization. To achieve the goal of the research, the researcher chose a sample of (66) students from the fourth grade of literature, distributed between two experimental groups whose number of students was (32) students, and a control group whose number of students was (34) students from Anis Al-Nafous Preparatory School for Boys affiliated with the General Directorate of Education of Karbala Governorate, and rewarded them before the start of the experiment in four variables. Statistically. As for the research tool, the researcher built a test that measures intellectual organization skills, which included (15) items, of the type of objective and essay questions, distributed among the (15) intellectual organization skills.After analyzing the data, the researcher concluded the following: There is a statistically significant difference between the average scores of the students in the research group who study according to the sequence of ideas strategy and the students who study in the usual way in favor of the experimental group.- There is a statistically significant difference between the average scores of the students of the two research groups in the test of intellectual organization skills in the post-test, in favor of the experimental group at a significance level (0.05).

This research addresses the importance of green spaces in moderating the urban environment (using the city of Kufa as a case study). The availability of green spaces is of paramount importance due to their fundamental role in providing comfort and recreation for the city's residents. The research aims to understand the role and significance of green spaces in moderating the city's climate, as well as their function as recreational areas frequented by residents for leisure and relaxation. The research encompasses several aspects, the first of which examines the concept of green spaces , The second aspect focused on the foundations for selecting green areas, the third aspect was concerned with studying the factors affecting green areas, while the fourth aspect was concerned with studying the importance of green areas to the city environment, the fifth aspect dealt with the spatial distribution of green areas in the city of Kufa, while the sixth aspect focused on the problems facing the expansion of green areas in the study area, and developing solutions for them.

The significance of this study lies in identifying the effectiveness of a training program and determining the extent to which newly appointed Arabic language teachers possess soft skills and the impact of these skills on improving their performance. To achieve this objective, the researcher adopted the descriptive approach in designing the training program and employed a quasi-experimental approach to investigate the effectiveness of the training program in developing soft skills and enhancing the performance of newly appointed Arabic language teachers. The researcher selected a partially controlled experimental design involving an experimental group and a control group with both pre-test and post-test measures.The study population consisted of newly appointed Arabic language teachers in THI QAR Governorate. The research sample included all newly appointed Arabic language teachers in the Al-Rifai and Al-Nasr Education Departments. The researcher ensured equivalence between the experimental and control groups to control for extraneous variables that might affect the experiment, so that the effect could be attributed solely to the independent variable (the training program). This control was considered partial.As for the research instrument, the researcher developed a test to measure soft skills. The test consisted of 21 items, including both objective and essay-type questions distributed across the identified soft skills. The validity and reliability of the test were established before it was administered as both a pre-test and a post-test to the research sample. The collected data were analyzed statistically, and the findings revealed the following:1- There was a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental and control groups on the post-test of soft skills in favor of the experimental group at the significance level of (0.05).2- There was a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group on the pre-test and post-test in favor of the post-test at the significance level of (0.05). Based on these findings, the researcher presented a set of conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions.

Hadrat’ Abd al- Azim , the prominent figure know for his erudition, practicality , and struggles in the cause of religion deserves to be further studied. Hadrat’ Abd al-Azim (AS) descend from Allah’s messenger (SAW) and the intermediaries. Concerning the genealogy of the noble Hadrat , Ahmad ibn ‘ Ali Najashi , an outstanding scholar in the science of transmission authorities (rijal) , writes : “ When his dead body was undressed for funeral ablution , apiece of paper was found in his pocket on which his genealogy was mentioned as follows : Abu al-Qasim ‘ Abd Allah ibn ‘ Ali Abn Hasan ibn ‘ Ali ibn Abi Talib. Imam hadi (AS) in samara’ in order to ask him same questions regarding the lawful and the unlawful to which he replied . Upon leaving his presence , he said : ‘ O Abu Hamad ! when you com across a region , ask ‘ Abd al-Azim ibn ‘ Abd Alah hasani and give him greetin The expression clealy reflects that Hadrat ‘ Abd Al-‘Azim (AS) was an erudite religious authority in his time who , based on the principles and precepts available to the Ahl al-Bayt.

The current research aimed to evaluate and analyze the design and semantic efficiency of the official logos of the faculties at the University of Kufa (22 logos), and to determine their compliance with visual, cultural, and institutional standards. To achieve this objective, the study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach utilizing visual and semiotic content analysis. A standardized measurement tool, the (Faculty Logo Content Analysis Form), consisting of four main axes and (17) indicators, was developed and validated, achieving a face validity agreement rate of (92%). The macro-statistical results revealed a full compliance rate of (100%) regarding the logos' representation of the faculties' identities and their incorporation of direct functional symbols reflecting their academic specializations (such as medical and engineering icons). Furthermore, the cultural dimension recorded a high prevalence of (81.8%) through the consistent employment of local symbols, including the dome of the Great Mosque of Kufa and the waves of the Euphrates River, which enhance the historical authenticity of the location. Conversely, the study identified a relative decline in visual legibility in some complex Arabic typographies that overlap with graphic symbols. The research recommended the necessity of undergoing a visual redesign for cluttered logos, adopting minimalism to suit contemporary digital applications without compromising their authentic identity.

The appropriateness of colloquial terms in the Arabic dubbing of a few British television shows is examined in this study. It looks at how audience reaction and overall dubbing quality are impacted by idiomatic meaning, cultural quirks, and synchronization limitations.In order to accomplish these goals, the study uses three analytical models: Baker's (2018) Strategies for Translating Idioms, which identifies the techniques used to translate English idiomatic expressions into Arabic; Chaume's (2007) Textual Parameters Quality Assessment (TP) model, which assesses textual and technical dubbing quality; and Pedersen's (2017) FAR model, which focuses on the acceptability of translations. Using a qualitative-quantitative methodology that combined model-based error analysis with participant evaluation, two idioms—"It's not rocket science" and "Time really is of the essence"—were examined.The results show that, respectively, paraphrasing and employing idioms with similar meanings but different forms were used to interpret both idioms. However, because of linguistic errors, idiomatic force loss, and awkward wording, these translations' overall acceptability ratings fell between less acceptable and somewhat good. Although there were still problems with semantics and cultural adaptation, synchronization and natural-sounding dialogue were generally good by Chaume's standards.The study concludes by highlighting the difficulty of translating colloquial terms in Arabic dubbing and the necessity of linguistically correct and culturally sensitive adaptation to increase audience acceptability. The findings advance knowledge of idiomatic translation difficulties in Arabic AVT and offer suggestions for enhancing dubbing procedures in the Arab media sector.

The topic of behavioral deviations is an important social issue due to its impact on individuals and various social institutions, particularly within the university environment. Therefore, this study aimed to uncover the nature of behavioral deviations among married female students at the University of Baghdad, identify the most prominent social, economic, familial, and cultural factors associated with their emergence, and examine their repercussions on the students' academic and social lives. The study employed the case study methodology, a qualitative approach capable of providing an in-depth understanding of the phenomenon under investigation. The study sample consisted of eight married female students from the University of Baghdad. Data was collected through in-depth interviews and a specially designed questionnaire, and then subjected to scientific analysis to arrive at objective interpretations of the findings. The study results showed that behavioral deviations among married female students are linked to a range of interrelated factors that vary in their degree of influence from case to case. These factors include family and economic circumstances, weak social control, peer group influence, the impact of media and social communication, and certain psychological and social pressures. The results also indicated that the interaction of these factors contributes to shaping behavioral patterns that may negatively affect the student's social adjustment and academic performance. The study concluded with a set of findings and recommendations emphasizing the importance of activating the educational and guidance role of educational institutions and strengthening mechanisms for social control and family and psychological support. This will contribute to reducing behavioral deviations and addressing their underlying causes, thereby creating a more stable university environment capable of supporting female students in fulfilling their academic and family roles.

This study examines the conditions of women in Mosul society during the Atabeg (Zengid) period, extending from 521 AH/1127 AD to approximately 660 AH/1262 AD. It seeks to uncover the roles played by women of Mosul in social, familial, intellectual, political, and economic life, employing the descriptive-analytical historical method. The research presents the historical and political framework in which the Atabeg state was established in Mosul, analyzes the social composition of Mosul’s ethnically and religiously diverse society, and then investigates the social conditions of women regarding marriage, dowries, and family customs. It also examines women’s participation in intellectual life through hadith transmission, scholarly circles, and the establishment of schools and endowments (awqāf). Furthermore, the study highlights the political role of women of the Atabeg court, such as Zumurrud Khātūn and ʿIṣmat al-Dīn Khātūn, and traces women’s economic activities in crafts, property ownership, and endowment administration. The study concludes that women in Atabeg Mosul enjoyed a notable presence in public life, despite the limited independent space accorded to them in historical sources.

The principle of legal security constitutes one of the basic standards of the rule of law in contemporary democracies. The constitutional judiciary plays a central role in protecting this principle and ensuring its application, whether through its prior or subsequent monitoring of the constitutionality of laws and international agreements. The principle of legal security, as a means of protecting individuals from the risks resulting from the instability of legal rules and the possibility of their unexpected amendment or cancellation, In the field of oversight of the constitutionality of laws, it is considered a supreme goal that legislators seek to achieve by establishing constitutional and legislative texts that regulate the work of the bodies responsible for this oversight and the mechanism for implementing its provisions. The achievement of the principle of legal security in the field of constitutional judiciary is linked to the legal effect of its rulings issued regarding unconstitutionality and the time frame to which the effects of those rulings may extend. The role of the constitutional judiciary in achieving this principle is not limited to legal texts, but extends to the judge's ability to exercise discretion in issuing rulings that avoid rulings of unconstitutionality for various reasons, including maintaining legal security.

Here, we highlight the fundamental role played by non-Muslim communities, including Jews and Christians, in revitalizing commercial activity in the Central Maghreb under the rule of the Banu Abd al-Wad. The flexible and tolerant policy adopted by the Zayyanid sultans created an attractive and stable environment for these social elements, particularly the Jewish families displaced from Andalusia and Christian merchants arriving from Italian cities and elsewhere. This prompted them to settle in the capital, Tlemcen, and vital ports such as Oran and Honaine, and to integrate effectively into the state's economic system.The most prominent economic impact of the Dhimmi (protected people) was manifested in their leadership of the foreign trade sector and international mediation. They leveraged their extensive network of relations spanning both shores of the Mediterranean to connect Zayyanid markets with European kingdoms. They also managed commercial hotels (funduqs) and maritime agencies in the ports, in addition to playing a prominent role as a link in the trans-Saharan caravan trade, which transported gold and ivory from the heart of Africa to be re-exported to Europe in exchange for textiles, metals, and weapons.Their activity was not limited to the movement of goods but extended to the financial and banking fields. They excelled in money changing, minting currencies, and managing loans, which provided substantial cash liquidity in the markets and supported the Zayyanid state treasury with massive financial revenues from customs duties and taxes (mukus) imposed on buying and selling activities.This resulted in transforming the capital, Tlemcen, into a global commercial hub and a crossroads of civilizations during the High and Late Middle Ages. It also prompted the Zayyanid sultans to invest in the linguistic and diplomatic skills of the Dhimmi, appointing them as ambassadors and translators to conclude treaties and commercial agreements with Mediterranean powers. This confirms that the Dhimmi were not merely an ordinary community, but rather formed an essential structural pillar and a driving force that contributed to shaping the economic prosperity of the Zayyanid state for three centuries.

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of integrating local digital game-based learning in improving the academic achievement of fifth-grade literary students in geography. The researcher chose an experimental design with partial control, using two groups: an experimental group and a control group. A sample of fifth-grade literary students from a school affiliated with the Basra Education Directorate for the academic year 2025-2026 was selected. Section (A) was randomly chosen to represent the experimental group, consisting of (25) students, and section (B) to represent the control group, consisting of (26) students . ensured the equivalence of the students in the two research groups in the following variables: intelligence test scores, chronological age (calculated in months), mid-year geography grades, and parental educational attainment. She formulated (60) behavioral objectives and prepared (12) lesson plans for the experimental group and (12) for the control group. She also prepared an achievement test, a multiple-choice test consisting of (27) items.

This research examines the logistical role of merchants in spreading the Islamic call during the Rightly Guided Caliphate period (11-40 AH / 632-661 AD). Trade was a noble profession practiced by prophets and kings, gaining significant prominence in Islam as evidenced in the Holy Quran and Prophetic Sunnah. The study aims to clarify the concepts of merchant, trade, and logistics, while reviewing commercial activities during the Caliphs' era, focusing on merchants' role in spreading Islam through their trade journeys.The research is divided into three sections: the first discusses linguistic and terminological concepts of merchant, trade, and logistics; the second reviews the Rightly Guided Caliphate, its relationship with prophethood and Imamate, and merchants' role in Islamic conquests; the third examines internal and external trade centers, exports, and imports of goods. The research concludes that merchants played a pivotal role in peacefully spreading Islam, transmitting Islamic principles and ethical business conduct to the regions they visited. The Rightly Guided Caliphs encouraged and regulated trade due to its significant impact on supporting conquests and developing the Islamic economy.

This article aims to provide an analytical reading of result interpretation approaches in experimental studies on art education teaching methods, through a review of a set of studies that addressed modern instructional strategies and models applied in teaching art education. The article adopted the descriptive-analytical method based on literature review and the analysis of how researchers interpreted their experimental results. The review revealed that most studies attributed the superiority of experimental groups to the active role of learners, the nature of instructional strategies that enhanced interaction, participation, and thinking, as well as the integration of modern technologies in learning. It also showed a clear similarity in result interpretation across studies despite differences in the instructional strategies employed. The article recommends expanding result interpretation based on theoretical frameworks and empirical evidence to deepen scientific understanding of the effectiveness of teaching strategies in art education.

This research focuses on the grammatical structures reported from the Arabs by way of simile (analogy)—that is, structures bound to an Arabic context that cannot be fully understood except through it. The importance of this study stems from the fact that an accurate understanding of certain grammatical structures can only be achieved through their specific linguistic and cultural context. The research comprises two aspects: the first is theoretical, defining the concept of "structure" (al-tarkib) in Arabic grammar and its significances; the second is applied, analyzing a selection of the aforementioned grammatical structures. This is in addition to an introduction preceding them, a conclusion following them, and a list of references supporting them.

This study aimed to identify the effect of fasting on metabolic and energy indicators in primary school students by measuring a range of physiological and biochemical variables, such as blood glucose levels, pH, body mass index (BMI), and activity and energy levels in fasting students. The study was conducted at (Al-Khandaq Primary School) for Boys in the (Tel Abtah) district on a random sample of 20 students from the fifth and sixth grade. The researcher used a descriptive approach with a field study methodology. Data were collected before and during fasting through laboratory tests and activity and energy level questionnaires administered at the district health center. The results showed a slight decrease in fasting blood sugar levels, though these remained within normal limits. Improvements were also observed in some metabolic indicators, along with relative stability in pH levels. Furthermore, a slight decrease in body mass index was noted as a result of the dietary changes and the extended fasting hours. The study recommended that students' meals be carefully planned during Ramadan, emphasizing the importance of consuming fluids and essential nutrients to ensure adequate energy levels and healthy growth.

Speaking proficiency and literary understanding are two main goals of EFL teaching, but they are often pursued separately. This study examined how the shadowing technique enhance speaking fluency and literature comprehension together, using the British film Pride and Prejudice as the instructional material. A quasi-experimental pre-test/post-test control group was conducted, and 60 sixth-preparatory Iraqi students were divided into an Experimental Group (EG, n = 30) and a Control Group (CG, n = 30). The EG engaged in film-based shadowing activities alongside the usual lessons, and the CG watched the film and participate in discussions with their teacher. Based on the results, the EG achieved significant improvements in speaking fluency. Both groups made remarkable improvements in literature comprehension, but the EG outperformed the CG in the post-intervention literature test. Thus, the findings indicate that the shadowing technique enhanced both oral fluency and literary comprehension.

Speaking proficiency and literary understanding are two main goals of EFL teaching, but they are often pursued separately. This study examined how the shadowing technique enhance speaking fluency and literature comprehension together, using the British film Pride and Prejudice as the instructional material. A quasi-experimental pre-test/post-test control group was conducted, and 60 sixth-preparatory Iraqi students were divided into an Experimental Group (EG, n = 30) and a Control Group (CG, n = 30). The EG engaged in film-based shadowing activities alongside the usual lessons, and the CG watched the film and participate in discussions with their teacher. Based on the results, the EG achieved significant improvements in speaking fluency. Both groups made remarkable improvements in literature comprehension, but the EG outperformed the CG in the post-intervention literature test. Thus, the findings indicate that the shadowing technique enhanced both oral fluency and literary comprehension.