Vision Journal for Social Studies

This study investigated the impact of green human resource management (GHRM) on achieving corporate sustainability and enhancing competitiveness, using The Battery and Tyre Manufacturing Company as a case study. A descriptive-analytical approach is employed, with data collected from a sample of 103 highly qualified individuals. The statistical results reveal high validity and reliability indicators for the research instrument, as well as high levels of application for all the variables in the study, with averages exceeding 3.80. Regression analysis demonstrates a statistically significant positive impact of GHRM on both sustainability and competitiveness. The integrated model explains 47.5% of the variance in competitiveness. The study concludes that investing in environmentally conscious human capital is fundamental to financial growth and market differentiation. It recommends institutionalizing green training and linking incentive systems to environmental performance to ensure the company's leadership.

Recent decades have been marked by a focus on separatist movements in the Arab world, the Middle East, Africa, and Southeast Asia in general. This focus has included studying these movements, identifying the reasons behind secession, and examining the attempts by influential international actors to manipulate the peoples and nations of these regions through blackmail and support for minorities to establish states or autonomous regions. However, the regions and territories within developed countries are largely ignored. Attempts are made to erase the identities, cultures, and languages of these peoples by suppressing them in studies, refusing to hold seminars, and denying their rights. The aim is to assimilate and integrate them by any means possible, whether legitimate or illegitimate. This has led these peoples to rise up and demand their rights, sometimes through legal and peaceful means, and at other times through armed struggle. Therefore, the Basque Country is considered one of the important regions in Europe due to its unique geographical location, surrounded by two oceans, a natural mountain range, and access to sea routes and land routes connecting important countries. Like Spain and France in the outside world, the Basque Country possesses economic advantages and a large population that could enable it to establish an independent state, especially when compared to other countries within Europe that have been recognized by the European Union and which the EU has attempted to integrate. While the EU has succeeded in some cases and failed in others for various reasons, in the case of the Basque Country, the European Union has intervened directly and indirectly to prevent the establishment of a Basque state, siding with Spain and France against the Basque liberation movement. This is despite the significant persecution suffered by the Basque people, particularly in France, where constitutional provisions were introduced prohibiting Basque gatherings and the use of their official languages. This situation has led to the emergence of militant and armed groups seeking to obtain their rights by force.

This study analyzes the fundamental role of smart wearable technologies in monitoring and tracking vital signs, such as heart rate and blood oxygen levels, within the context of enhancing physical and military training efficiency in security institutions. The significance of this study arises from the urgent need to mitigate the increasing rates of injuries and fatalities among trainees in security institutes and colleges by employing modern technical solutions to bolster safety measures.The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to review the most prominent smart devices and measurable vital indicators, while analyzing the financial and legal dimensions associated with adopting such technologies in sensitive training environments. The findings conclude that relying on these technologies effectively contributes to reducing health risks and improving trainees' physical performance by providing accurate, real-time data that enables instructors to make scientifically-grounded and objective training decisions.The study recommends the necessity of integrating wearable technologies into the official training curricula of security institutions. It further emphasizes the importance of allocating the required financial resources to procure these smart devices, ensuring the elevation of training efficiency and achieving the highest standards of occupational safety for trainees.

The current research aims to identify the level of the organizational environment and the level of job loyalty, in addition to identifying statistically significant differences according to the variables of gender and academic specialization. The research sample consisted of (300) male and female teachers working in secondary education. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher was required to prepare scales for the research variables. A scale for the organizational environment and a scale for job loyalty were prepared. The researcher used statistical methods (the t-test for one sample, the t-test for two different samples, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and the chi-squared test). After the two scales acquired psychometric properties, the current research reached the following results
1. There is a high level of organizational environment among middle school teachers.
2. There is no statistically significant difference in the organizational environment according to the gender variable (male-female).
3. There is no statistically significant difference in the organizational environment according to the academic specialization variable (scientific-literary).
4. There is a high level of job loyalty among middle school teachers.
5. There is a statistically significant difference in job loyalty according to the gender variable (male-female), favoring males.
6. There is a statistically significant difference in job loyalty according to the academic specialization variable (scientific-literary), favoring scientific teachers.

The present study aims to investigate the belief in world injustice and the significance of differences according to the variables of gender and duration of substance use among drug addicts. To achieve the objectives of the study, it is necessary to provide a tool for measuring the belief in world injustice; therefore, the researchers have developed a scale based on the theory of the just world. The sample has been selected using a stratified random method with proportional distribution, and the scale was administered to a sample of 370 addicts (male and female) out of a total population of 12,364. The items of the scale are analyzed logically and statistically to determine their discriminative power and validity coefficients. The validity of the scale is verified through face validity and construct validity indicators, while reliability is established using the test–retest method and Cronbach’s alpha, with the aid of the statistical package (SPSS). The findings of the current study reveal that drug addicts hold a belief in world injustice, with no statistically significant differences according to gender (male–female) or duration of substance use.

The current research aims to identify the level of psychological empowerment and ego strength among middle school students and to reveal statistically significant differences according to the variables of gender and academic specialization. The research sample consisted of (300) male and female middle school students. In order to achieve the research objectives, the researcher prepared a scale for psychological empowerment and a scale for ego strength. After the final application to the research sample, the researcher reached the following results.
1. There is a good level of psychological empowerment among middle school students.
2. There are no statistically significant differences in psychological empowerment according to the gender variable (male-female).
3. There are no statistically significant differences in psychological empowerment according to the academic specialization variable (scientific-literary).
4. There is a high level of ego strength among middle school students.
5. There are no statistically significant differences in ego strength according to the gender variable (male-female).
6. There are no statistically significant differences in ego strength according to the academic specialization variable (scientific-literary).

This paper examines the significance of the ijārah muntahiyah bi-tamlīk contract by highlighting its high economic efficiency, through an analysis grounded in Sharia Standard No. (9) sued by the Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI). The contract is distinguished by its ability to meet individual needs and facilitate access to such needs through cooperation with Islamic banks, in a manner consistent with the principles and rulings of Islamic Sharia.
In view of the importance of this topic, the paper addresses the distinctive economic efficiency of ijārah muntahiyah bi-tamlīk. Accordingly, it is entitled: “The Economic Efficiency of Ijārah Muntahiyah bi-tamlīk: A Study in Light of Sharia Standards,” with particular reference to Standard No. (9). The study is structured into two main sections, preceded by an introduction. The first section defines the key terms of the study, examines the concept of ijārah muntahiyah bi-tamlīk, outlines its operational mechanisms, and explores its maqāṣid within Islamic Sharia. The second section analyzes the principal regulatory controls that ensure the contract’s compliance with Sharia, including both substantive and ancillary conditions, with reference to the clauses and provisions of the relevant standard, which represents one of the most important Sharia frameworks governing financial transactions derived from Islamic legal sources. The paper concludes with the main findings and presents a set of recommendations.

This research, which addresses the criminal aspects of cyber bullying, comprises two sections. The first section defines cyber bullying and includes two subsections: the first defines it, and the second outlines its forms and types. The second section examines the elements of the crime of cyber bullying and methods for addressing it, also containing two subsections: the first defines the elements of the crime of cyber bullying, and the second outlines methods for addressing it.

This study investigates the nature of the causal and correlational relationships among job well-being, job burnout, and organizational flexibility. A descriptive-analytical approach is employed and applied to a sample of 77 healthcare professionals (nurses and pharmacists). Data have been collected using a questionnaire with excellent psychometric properties. The overall reliability coefficient (Cronbach\'s alpha) is 0.957, indicating high internal consistency validity. Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests showe normal distribution of the data (Sig > 0.05). Descriptive results show a high degree of agreement across all variables. Job burnout ranks first with a mean of 3.61, followed by organizational flexibility with a mean of 3.51 and job well-being with a mean of 3.50. Pearson\'s matrix reveals strong, statistically significant positive correlations at the 0.01 level. The highest correlation, 0.809, is found between well-being and burnout. Regression analysis confirms the significant effect of the variables. The multiple regression model explains 72.8% of the variance in work well-being, the dependent variable, due to the combined effects of job burnout and organizational flexibility (R² = 0.728). The model demonstrates high validity (F = 102.503). The study recommends adopting strategies that promote psychological and professional well-being, as well as organizational flexibility, to reduce job burnout in healthy work environments.

This study aims to explore the role of artificial intelligence technologies in improving communication between management and nursing staff in Iraqi healthcare institutions. The study adopts a descriptive analytical approach and uses a questionnaire consisting of four main dimensions: the effectiveness of traditional administrative communication, nursing staff awareness of artificial intelligence technologies, the impact of artificial intelligence on improving communication, and challenges related to its use. The study sample includes 182 nursing staff members from healthcare institutions affiliated with Baghdad Health Directorate. The validity and reliability results show a high level of internal consistency, with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of (0.988). Data are analyzed using SPSS and several statistical tests at a significance level of (α ≤ 0.05). The findings reveal a high level of awareness regarding the importance of artificial intelligence in enhancing administrative communication and improving nursing performance efficiency, with no statistically significant differences attributed to gender, educational qualification, or years of experience. The study recommends integrating artificial intelligence technologies into healthcare administrative systems and providing training programs for nursing staff.

The concept of profit differs according to the points of view of specialists in different sciences. Its legal concept differs from its economical concept which in turn differs from its accounting concept. The profit can be true profit resulting from the regular activity of the company or it can be a figurehead profit that doesn’t result in an actual increase in the assets of the company. Profits differ according to their nature. There are regular profits that the company originates by performing its regular activity, and there are other profits that might be obtained exceptionally as a result of managing the assets of the company by selling and so on, and these profits are called capital profits. There are different points of view about the topic of submitting these profits to taxation; some support their taxation and they have their justifications, and some oppose that and they have their own justifications as well.
This research draws attention to this topic that became preoccupying to the tax community, whether in Iraq or other countries, based on the hypothesis that the submission of capital profits to taxation achieves an increase in the tax outcome. This research consists of three sections: The first one shows the theoretical basis of capital profits and their concepts, while the second one discusses processing these profits in the laws of income tax in Iraq and other countries, and the third one sheds light on a taxation point of view that believes in the necessity of submitting these profits to taxation according to the justice of taxes. The research results in a main conclusion which is that the financial authority has resorted to not submitting the capital profits to taxation due to the inexistence of a clear text. According to that, the research recommends that it is possible to submit these profits to taxation depending on the sixth paragraph of the second item of the edited income tax law No. 113 of the year 1982 which states that any other source that is not submitting to any taxation in Iraq submits to income tax.

This research aims to identify the following:
- conflict management styles among security officers;
The significance of differences in these styles based on years of service (1–5, 6–11, 12+).
• Attentional bias among security officers.
- The significance of differences in attentional bias among security officers based on years of service (1–5, 6–11, 12+).
• The correlation between conflict management styles and attentional bias among security officers.
The statistical significance of the correlation between conflict management styles and attentional bias based on years of service (1–5, 6–11, 12+).
The research population consists of security officers residing in Baghdad Governorate in 2026. The study sample consists of 400 randomly selected officers. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher has developed scales to measure conflict management styles and attentional bias, based on the theories of Thomas and Kilmann (1976) and Eysenck and Derakshan (2007), respectively. Both scales are reviewed by a panel of experts to ensure the validity of their items, after that, their psychometric properties are determined. The researcher then administered the scales to the study sample.
Afterwards, the researcher has used appropriate statistical methods to analyse the data using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The results show that:
- conflict management styles among security personnel are high and statistically significant across all styles (competition, cooperation, avoidance, adaptation and compromise);
- Statistically significant differences are found in competition and avoidance styles based on years of service, favouring those with 12 or more years' experience. No significant differences are found in the other styles.
Attentional bias among the sample is high and statistically significant compared to the hypothetical mean

Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz's spending policy was based on the principle of economic prudence, or what is expressed as the principle of responsible spending. This principle entailed avoiding extravagance and wastefulness, as well as stinginess and miserliness. His era was characterized by the state's economic prosperity—despite the brevity of his caliphate. Umar returned private estates and rights to their owners and public funds to the treasury. He began with himself and his family, taking nothing from the treasury. When people said to him, "Why don't you take what Umar ibn al-Khattab took?" he replied, "Umar had no wealth, while I have enough to sustain me." I decided to examine his economic policies and how he addressed the economic problems of his time. I divided the topic into four sections: Section One: Caliph Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz's selection of his officials and governors; Section Two: Economic planning and organization in Caliph Umar's administration; Section Three: Prevention of administrative corruption during the reign of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz; Section Four: Flexibility in Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz's administration Al-Aziz.

This study examines the interaction between fiscal policy and monetary policy as a mechanism for achieving economic equilibrium. Owing to their great importance, both policies are distinguished from other economic policies by their significant role in influencing economic performance. The study highlights their effective contribution to the political and social dimensions of development, as well as their role in supporting the developmental efforts undertaken by the state to achieve overall economic balance.
The findings indicate that fiscal and monetary policies occupy a central position in contemporary economic policy and possess a considerable capacity to maintain the stability of the economic and social structure within a country. Given the importance of this topic, the study focuses on fiscal and monetary policies, their concepts and terminology, and the nature of the relationship between them. It further demonstrates their ability to achieve overall economic equilibrium through the optimal utilization of the financial resources available to the state.

This study aims to identify the degree to which primary stage teachers practice reflective thinking skills from their own perspectives, through analyzing relevant Arabic and international previous studies. The study adopted a descriptive analytical approach based on reviewing educational literature to build a comprehensive theoretical framework on reflective thinking and its skills, as well as analyzing findings from prior research. The study presented major theories explaining reflective thinking, including reflective thinking theory and experiential learning theory, due to their relevance in interpreting teachers’ reflective practices. In addition, a comprehensive review of previous studies was conducted, revealing variations in teachers’ levels of reflective thinking practice, ranging from moderate to high levels, with noticeable weakness in higher-order skills such as evaluation and critical reflection. The findings also indicated that several factors influence teachers’ reflective thinking practices, including professional experience, training, educational environment, and teaching methods. The study recommends enhancing reflective thinking skills through continuous teacher training programs, curriculum development, and creating supportive classroom environments that encourage reflection and critical thinking.

This study examined the application of the Marketing Automation System and its impact on attracting customers to tourism companies, with service innovation and agile marketing acting as mediating variables. The study was conducted with a sample of 91 individuals. The results of the descriptive analysis showed that respondents agreed with the research variables to a high degree. 'Service innovation' ranked first with an arithmetic mean of 3.93, followed by 'customer attraction' with an arithmetic mean of 3.82. The correlation matrix revealed strong positive and statistically significant relationships between all dimensions at the 0.01 level, with the highest value recorded between 'Agile Marketing' and 'Customer Attraction' at 0.646. Advanced hypothesis testing using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) via the AMOS program proved the complete mediation hypothesis. The study revealed no direct impact of the 'marketing automation system' variable on customer acquisition. Instead, the full effect was transferred through the mediating variables of agile marketing and service innovation, achieving strong indirect effects of 0.485 and 0.350 respectively. This demonstrates that digital systems only achieve their competitive objectives in customer acquisition when supported by organisational flexibility and continuous innovation.

The present study seeks to provide an explanatory account of the monophthong substitution patterns within English loanwords in Iraqi Arabic (IA). The study utilizes the optimality theory framework to identify all the phonological constraints imposed on these loanwords, examine how these constraints interact and rank against each other, and explain how this ranking governs their substitution. The findings indicate that a total of 13 phonological constraints, comprising 11 markedness constraints and 2 faithfulness constraints, play a role in adapting English monophthongs within English loanwords in IA. The findings further reveal that the total domination of the markedness constraints *ɜ:, *e, *ɑ:, *ə, *ʌ, and *ɒ is responsible for forbidding these particular monophthongs from emerging within the IA output form. Additionally, the findings indicate that the undominated ranking of the markedness constraint *HIGH and the faithfulness constraints IDENT(round) and IDENT(µ) is accountable for the IA speakers’ tendency to adapt English monophthongs into predominantly low or mid vowels while preserving the rounding and length of the input monophthongs.

Technology is at the heart of human progress. This study aims to identify the importance of digital transformation in enhancing the quality of scientific research. Digital transformation has become an inevitable necessity, especially with the large and rapid developments taking place in the educational system and scientific research.
The study tries to answer the questions:-
1-What is the role of digital transformation in enhancing the quality of scientific research?
2-Is digital transformation useful for researchers and educational system?

A descriptive-analytic approach is used to achieve the purposes of the study. The study population consists of faculty members in the colleges of Al-Nahrain University /Iraq in the first semester of the academic year 2025/2026.
A survey method (structured questionnaire) was given to sample of 150 academic teachers chosen randomly, who have significant experiences in using digital technology in their researches during the Covid-19 pandemic. The questionnaire responses were evaluated using the Likert scale, and t-test.
In light of the results, we can conclude that technology has made a wide range of changes in education and scientific research, and become important for researchers because it offers them an opportunity to gain the information and searching process faster than the traditional way.

This paper analyzes Alex Michaelides’ novel “The Silent Patient” (2019) through the lens of feminist trauma theory, particularly the gender-trauma-silence nexus. Centering on Alicia Berenson’s silence, it brings out gendered traumas as a social construct deeply affected by patriarchal, relational, and institutional systems. Silence is portrayed not only as a sign of psychological distress but also as a conscious, empowering resistance that exposes male dominance and verbal articulation as privileged narratives. Alicia, through her silent art, offers a different voice, which shows that trauma can be portrayed and dealt with in ethical ways of various kinds. By referring to Judith Herman, Cathy Caruth, Laura S. Brown, and Kali Tal, this article focuses on the ethical, political, and epistemic issues linked to the representation of women’s pain in literary works. In the end, it is argued that “The Silent Patient” through silence plays a crucial role in the struggle for agency and subjectivity, thus the feminist trauma theory remains an important tool for literary analysis.

This study examines gender differences in pragmatic language use in the Iraqi context. Pragmatics focuses on how language is used in social interaction, including speech acts such as requests, apologies, and expressions of gratitude. Previous studies have shown that Iraqi males and females differ in their use of language due to cultural norms and social expectations. This paper analyzes these differences through real-life examples from Iraqi Arabic and interprets them within sociolinguistic and pragmatic frameworks. The findings indicate that women tend to use more polite, indirect, and emotionally expressive language, while men often use more direct and assertive forms. These differences reflect broader cultural values and gender roles in Iraqi society.

This study investigates the morphodynamics of sand dunes and the risks of dune encroachment in the Najaf-Samawah zone in central-southern Iraq. The research treats dune mobility as an integrated geomorphological process controlled by sediment supply, prevailing wind regime, surface dryness, vegetation scarcity and land-use pressure. A descriptive-analytical approach is combined with an applied framework based on published Iraqi studies, official environmental statistics and a proposed multi-temporal remote sensing procedure using Landsat, Sentinel-2 and SRTM data. The study concludes that dune encroachment in the area requires a multi-level management strategy that combines monitoring, mechanical and biological fixation, protection of agricultural margins and linear infrastructure, and risk-sensitive land-use planning.

In the context of the new media setting, the article explains that the multifocal risks to which the Iraqi young adolescents were exposed, upon which the social (interaction and experience) and cognitive risks (interaction with explicit content) got mixed after the convergence of the algorithm design and the parallel environment of the post-conflict society. Though adolescents everywhere across the globe may be just as much falling the sufferings discussed (anxiety, paying attention, exposure to risky material), [Iraqi teens] have been left even more vulnerable and 62 per cent have stated they had experienced anxiety/depression (45 per cent all around the world) and 85 per cent reported that they had lost attention as a result of algorithmic dispositions in the short term. It is worth mentioning that those single predicaments are converted into social disasters by platform structures: 78 percent of users are put in sectarian echo chambers, and 47 percent have resulted in an online skirmish followed by a real-world spurt of bloodshed. The methodological framework of the study is the qualitative analysis that comprises the content analysis of TikTok and Facebook discussions and a case study of such events as the Tishreen protests to narrate how engagement-driven algorithms are used to enhance divisions in Iraq. Young people and activists interviewed note that still more human accounting, three-quarters of them say that it has divided their identity between their online and offline selves, and two-thirds of them have failed in community trust. Nevertheless, the statistics show that there are ways out; some trends that can be measured, like a 4.8x rate of radicalization within a specific subgroup of users, may be applied to the identification of targets. The paper supports the conclusion that the solution to these harms is to redesign digital ecosystems to pay more attention to psychological safety rather than engagement and supporting-from-below social cohesion of Iraq.

The research aims to study the impact of strategic intelligence and its dimensions (foresight, systems thinking, future vision, motivation) on banking performance and its dimensions (efficiency, effectiveness, profitability) for a sample of private commercial banks. A total of 100 questionnaire forms were distributed to employees in commercial banks in Baghdad. The researcher relied on the SMART PLS program scale to analyze these variable dimensions, as the benefits of excellence do not stop at merely achieving the bank\'s objectives but go beyond that, reaching the level of creativity in achieving these objectives in a way that makes the bank a leader in the markets. The research is carried out due to its significant impact on the competitive success of the banking sector. The results show that the bank possesses information management systems and practical methods for gathering information from outside it, and the bank also motivates its staff to document their competitive information which governs experience and learning. Moreover, the bank uses information management to collect facts and indicators about its competitors and employs internal and external sources to obtain information about environmental requirements and their indicators.

This study examines the reality of transitional justice in Iraq after 2003 by analyzing the mechanisms, institutions, and legal frameworks adopted to address the legacy of gross human rights violations committed under the former regime, as well as the efforts aimed at accountability, reparations, and national reconciliation. The study focuses on the major instruments of transitional justice in Iraq, particularly De-Baathification policies, the work of the Accountability and Justice Commission, the Iraqi High Criminal Court, compensation programs related to the Martyrs Foundation and the Political Prisoners Foundation, in addition to national reconciliation initiatives.
The study also explores the extent to which these mechanisms have contributed to achieving the objectives of transitional justice, particularly truth-seeking, accountability, reparations, institutional reform, and the promotion of political and social stability. It adopts a critical analytical approach based on constitutional and legal texts, as well as on Iraq’s practical experience since 2003, while also drawing on selected comparative experiences in transitional justice.
The study concludes that Iraq’s transitional justice experience has contributed to the establishment of a number of institutions and legal frameworks aimed at addressing the legacy of the past. However, its outcomes remain open to debate regarding their ability to achieve comprehensive justice, national reconciliation, and the rebuilding of trust between the state and society.

The term Gharar (uncertainty or ambiguity) has been addressed in both Islamic law and secular legal systems, standing as one of the prohibited elements in financial transactions. The Lawgiver (Sharia) has forbidden it to safeguard people’s wealth from injustice that may arise through illegitimate means. Given that Gharar is discussed in both jurisprudential and legal texts, this research is divided into two parts: the first is a theoretical study clarifying the concept and nature of Gharar, while the second examines its practical manifestations in some contemporary and modern commercial transactions, particularly those emerging alongside advanced technologies and digital platforms. The importance of this research stems from the fact that modern commercial transactions were not previously addressed in classical Islamic legal texts. Today, many people engage in such transactions without fully understanding their validity or potential harm, which may lead to injustice against one or both contractual parties due to the presence of prohibited Gharar. Thus, it is imperative to clarify these issues. The central challenge of this research lies in the fact that Gharar encompasses the unknown and overlaps with various other ambiguous concepts—such as what is uncertain, what has unspecified attributes, or what is unlikely to occur. While scholars unanimously agree on its prohibition, they permit minor uncertainties that do not significantly affect contracts or those that are socially tolerated out of necessity. Despite legal prohibitions, Gharar remains evident in some contemporary commercial transactions, even in cases where secular law permits similar dealings involving unknown risks. Lastly, the Iraqi legislator has referenced Gharar in the Iraqi Civil Code No. (40) of 1951 and the Consumer Protection Law No. (1) of 2010, as well as in other Arab legislations. However, the law still falls short of comprehensively prohibiting it in contracts where no genuine necessity exists, especially since such agreements are not the only means of fulfilling human needs. The noble Islamic Sharia, for its part, must reject such contracts unless lawful alternatives are available to meet societal demands and contemporary commercial practices.