JOURNAL OF SPORT SCIENCES

This research aims to identify the impact of using artificial intelligence applications on improving the performance of students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences in teaching basketball. This is achieved by improving students' cognitive achievement in the basketball course and enhancing students' performance in some basic basketball skills The researcher used the experimental method for its suitability to the nature of the research. The researcher used the experimental design with two pre- and post-tests for one experimental group. The researcher selected a random sample of (28) students from the first year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Diyala. They were divided into (12) students for the exploratory study to standardize the research variables of validity and reliability And (16) students for the experimental group, and one of the most important results was the presence of statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-measurements in the level of cognitive achievement of students in the basketball course for students in favor of the post-measurement, the presence of statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-measurements in some basic basketball skills for students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Diyala in favor of the post-measurement Among the most important recommendations, the researcher recommended the integration of artificial intelligence tools into physical education teacher training curricula, and the organization of training courses for faculty members in this field, while emphasizing the importance of developing Arabic-language sports education applications that are compatible with the Arab educational environment.

This study aims to analyze the relationship between sports administration and school administration and their role in activating student activities in preparatory and secondary schools in Baqubah District (West Baqubah/Second Sector). The descriptive analytical method was adopted, and a 17-item questionnaire was applied to a sample of 10 principals and 60 physical education teachers in 10 schools. The results showed a strong correlation between administrative integration and the effectiveness of student activities, with prominent financial, administrative, human, and organizational obstacles limiting goal achievement. The researchers recommends enhancing cooperation between administrations, providing financial and human support, developing training programs for staff, and activating community partnership (Al-Samara, 2021, p.7, Article, Journal of Educational Sciences/Iraq; Bailey et al., 2009, p.3, Article, Research Papers in Education).

The world is witnessing a rapid transformation toward digitalization across various sectors, with Artificial Intelligence (AI) emerging as one of the most prominent tools of this transformation due to its ability to enhance performance efficiency and support decision-making. Within this context, Arab sports institutions face multiple challenges that hinder the optimal utilization of these technologies. Hence, this study was conducted under the title:
"Administrative and Organizational Challenges in Employing Artificial Intelligence in Sports Institutions: A Future-Oriented Perspective Toward Sustainable Digital Transformation."
The study aimed to develop a scale measuring the administrative and organizational challenges of digital transformation through AI in sports institutions, in addition to analyzing the barriers that obstruct its effective application within Arab sports institutions and exploring pathways for sustainable digital transformation. The research employed the descriptive-analytical method, using a scale consisting of 50 items distributed across five dimensions: (AI utilization, human challenges, technical challenges, organizational challenges, and future perceptions). Data analysis was based on 300 responses from faculty members in colleges of physical education and sports sciences.
The findings revealed that all dimensions recorded mean values within the medium level (2.27 – 2.31), indicating an initial awareness of the importance of smart transformation, yet accompanied by actual shortcomings in implementation—particularly in areas related to infrastructure, specialized training, and organizational readiness. Results also demonstrated a relatively positive perception among participants regarding the future of AI in sports management.
In light of these findings, the study recommends the development of flexible digital policies, the enhancement of human capital capabilities, and the promotion of partnerships with universities and technology centers to ensure a sustainable digital transformation in sports institutions over the medium and long term.

The current research aims to identify the nature of the relationship between ethical leadership and job integration among physical education teachers in the preparatory stage. The researchers relied on the descriptive correlational approach. The current researcher's community consisted of (245) male and female physical education teachers in the preparatory stages. A random sample of (100) teachers was drawn from them using the equal stratified method, with (50) males and (50) females. The researchers adopted the ethical leadership scale (Fatiha, 2023) and the job integration scale (Saxena & Saxena, 2015) translated into Arabic (Al-Takriti, 2023). The research results showed a high level of ethical leadership among physical education teachers in the preparatory stage, and they also have an average level of job integration. The results also showed a direct relationship between ethical leadership and job integration among physical education teachers in the preparatory stage. The researchers presented recommendations and proposals based on the research findings.

The current study aimed to determine the effectiveness of digital transformation in the organizational performance of school and sports activity departments in Iraq. The study was prepared based on two aspects. The first aspect addressed the theoretical framework of the study's dimensions and variables. A questionnaire was used as the primary tool for obtaining data, as the importance of the research lies in achieving the objectives and transforming the administrative apparatus within sports activity departments from a state of stagnation to a state of activity. Based on this premise, a number of research questions were identified to serve as the boundaries of the study problem, as follows: What is the digital transformation that should be focused on for its effectiveness in the organizational performance of school and sports activity departments in Iraq? What is the nature and type of correlations, and what is the impact between digital transformation and the organizational performance of these departments? The research aims to identify the role of digital transformation in the organizational performance of sports and school activity departments in Iraq and to identify the relationship between them. The research areas included the human field represented by the coaches of the education teams for the sports and school activity departments in Iraq. The study reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which are: The results of the field study revealed the existence of a significant correlation between digital transformation and its dimensions (leading digital transformation, use of technologies, digital innovation) and organizational performance and its dimensions (organizational culture, leadership, learning and growth, change and innovation). The analysis results showed the existence of a significant impact of digital transformation on organizational performance. The study concluded with a set of recommendations and proposals, including: working to support the leadership of digital transformation as it is the most influential area of digital transformation in supporting the organizational performance of sports and school activity departments in Iraq.

This research aims to adapt the High Involvement Management (HIM) questionnaire for use within the central sports federations' administrations and to identify the degree of contribution between High Involvement Management and administrative control authorities in these federations. The researcher employed the descriptive method using a survey approach due to its suitability to the nature of the problem. The research population consisted of 350 members, including presidents and administrative board members of the central sports federations for the year 2024. For research purposes, the sample was divided into two groups as follows:
• Pilot Sample: Comprised of 20 members, used to ensure the clarity of the items and the soundness of the procedures.
• Application Sample: Comprised of 150 members, used to test the validity of the instrument and to derive the results.
Participants were selected randomly to ensure objectivity and accurate representation of the research population. Based on the precise statistical analyses of the results, the study highlights the importance of adopting the High Involvement Management approach as one of the modern administrative methods that can enhance administrative control authorities within sports institutions, particularly the central federations. Accordingly, the findings emphasize the need to adopt a management approach based on high involvement, and to create an organizational environment that supports empowerment, participation, and motivation, due to its direct impact on improving administrative performance control and promoting institutional governance in sports federations.
In light of these findings, the researcher recommends reinforcing the culture of high involvement within sports institutions and developing training programs aimed at administrative leaders to enhance their competencies in effectively implementing these concepts

The study aimed to identify the obstacles that avoid the implementation of sports professionalism in some Iraqi clubs. To accomplish this aim, the researchers used the descriptive approach with survey method to suit the nature of the study objectives. The study population was represented by the administrative bodies of the clubs in the central region of Iraq, a total of 171 administrative board members were selected intentionally (using the purposive sampling method). The research sample amounted to (90) members who were divided into a survey sample of (10) administrative body members, representing (11.11%) of the research sample. The application sample reach to (80) administrative body members which representing (88.88%) of the study sample. In order to assemble data, an instrument was prepared consisting of 24 items distributed across four main axe, which are: obstacles related to security, administration, finances, and infrastructure. The outcomes of the study displayed the presence of (significant) obstacles that prevent the achievement of sports professionalism in some Iraqi clubs. In light of the results, the study recommends the necessity of supporting clubs financially through effective investment legislation, providing a safe and suitable surroundings for sports activities, and qualifying administrative cadres, in addition to developing infrastructure according to international standards to achieve a qualitative shift towards sports professionalism in Iraq.

This study aims to identify the reality of foresight leadership strategies in enhancing the future vision among female physical education teachers in the Directorates of Education in Baghdad. The research stems from the importance of empowering female educational leaders with tools for future foresight in an educational environment characterized by dynamism and rapid change. The problem emerged from a clear gap in the application of forward-looking leadership practices, which necessitated the development of a scientific scale based on four key dimensions.The objectives of the study were defined as diagnosing the extent to which these strategies are employed by female teachers, and identifying differences according to the variables of years of service (less than 10 years vs. more than 10 years) and academic qualification (Bachelor's vs. postgraduate degrees). The researcher used the descriptive analytical method and applied the scale to a purposive sample of female teachers in the Baghdad Directorates of Education.The results revealed a moderate level in the employment of foresight leadership strategies among female physical education teachers. Statistically significant differences were found in favor of teachers holding postgraduate degrees in adopting foresight leadership strategies. Additionally, teachers with less than 10 years of service demonstrated a higher average score compared to those with longer service.The study recommends enhancing future-oriented leadership training programs for all categories, with a focus on integrating the concepts of empowerment and proactivity into educational curricula and teacher preparation programs.

The aim of this research is to analyze the role of digitization and artificial intelligence in the development of marketing and sports management, through studying the latest global experiences and the creative use of digital services.
The study highlights how digital transformation contributes to improving organizational performance, and how applications of artificial intelligence support data analysis and audience interaction. The findings recommend effective investment in these high-efficiency tools despite the challenges and limited experience, confirming that technology and artificial intelligence have become an urgent necessity to ensure business continuity

The importance of the research lies in shedding light and giving a realistic picture of the level of application of organizational motivation approaches and their role in improving the performance of physical education teachers in Diyala Governorate by identifying its strengths, diagnosing its weaknesses and recommending their treatment.
Therefore, the research problem focuses on the following question: What is the level of application of organizational bias approaches for physical education teachers in Diyala Governorate?
As for the objectives of the research, they are: Adapting the scale of organizational bias approaches for physical education teachers in Diyala Governorate, and identifying the level of organizational motivation for physical education teachers.
The research areas included: Human field: Physical education teachers in Diyala Governorate. Time field: 10/19/2024 to 1/25/2025 Spatial field: Schools in Diyala Governorate.
The researcher used the descriptive method with the survey method to suit the nature of the problem.
The research community included physical education teachers, numbering (1810) male and female physical education teachers according to the book received from the Educational Planning Department in Diyala Education Directorate and attached in Appendix (1), while the research sample numbered (350) male and female teachers and was divided into a survey sample and a sample of adaptation and application and were selected randomly. The steps of adapting the scale were carried out according to scientific foundations. The researcher reached a high level of organizational motivation approaches for physical education teachers, which reflects the effectiveness of the applied motivational approaches and confirms that these approaches contribute to enhancing the motivation of physical education teachers and their job satisfaction, which is positively reflected in their professional performance. The researcher recommends strengthening the current motivation systems by developing successful approaches and designing customized incentives that take into account individual differences among teachers.

The research aims to identify the requirements for digital transformation technology in Iraqi sports institutions, including sports activity departments, identify the feasibility of implementing digital transformation in sports institutions, and explore how to implement a culture of digital transformation within sports activity departments. The research problem was represented by the low rate of electronic transactions in the sports activity departments and the lack of application of digital transformation technology, which affects the speed of completion. The research hypothesis was that there were statistically significant differences in the use of digital transformation in the sports activity departments. The researcher used the descriptive approach with a survey method because it was the most appropriate for the research. The questionnaire was considered the main tool through which the results were reached. The research targeted a sample consisting of (143) heads and employees of sports activity departments in Baghdad Governorate, who were deliberately selected. Their percentage reached (100%) of the original community. The survey sample reached (25) employees, with a percentage of (17.48). Data was collected through a questionnaire form designated for this purpose. Through the results, it appeared that the majority of the respondents' answers were between negative and positive regarding the use of digital transformation in the sports activity departments. The study also highlighted the presence of statistically significant differences in the sample's answers related to the research axes. In light of the results reached by the research, the researcher recommends paying attention to training and qualifying human cadres of employees We work on digital transformation technology, information technology, and other systems with the aim of developing a modern digital system.

An Analytical Study of the Challenges and Opportunities in Employing Artificial Intelligence and Scouting Education to Serve the Community from the Perspective of Scout Leaders in Iraqi Universities ,The 21st century has witnessed remarkable scientific and technological progress, particularly in the field of sports education. Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have significantly contributed to improving athletic performance and analyzing activities with high precision,AI is considered a vital tool in training and education, while Scouting education plays an important role in fostering social values and leadership skills. Integrating both can provide an effective approach to community service and sustainable development,Research Aim To develop a scale that identifies the main challenges and opportunities facing Scout units in Iraqi universities when integrating AI technologies with Scouting education to serve the community and enhance students’ capabilities.

The aim of the research is to identify the relationship between visual abilities (accuracy and tracking) and the accuracy of the handball shooting skill performance. The research hypotheses stipulated the existence of a statistically significant relationship between visual abilities (accuracy and tracking) and the accuracy of the handball shooting skill performance. The researchers used the descriptive approach using the correlation method. The sample was deliberately selected from (15) Kiwan Club players in Kirkuk Governorate. After completing the tests and conducting statistical treatments to reach the research results, the researchers concluded in light of the results that there is a significant correlation between visual abilities (accuracy and tracking) and the accuracy of the handball shooting skill performance. The researchers recommended several recommendations, the most important of which is to pay attention to visual abilities (accuracy and tracking) and focus on them as they are no less important than the physical qualities that a handball player must possess.

The level of development has reached a great extent compared to previous results in most sporting events. This makes us redouble the work and effort within the available capabilities to reach a level that will be a strong base for reaching high achievement, which is the goal of all national teams and clubs, as neuromuscular compatibility plays an important role. It is effective in various human movements. Therefore, the need for coordination is important in the performance of sports skills. We find, in addition to the accuracy of motor comprehension, the information coming from the sense of muscle feeling, as well as the information coming from the other senses, including the sense of sight. Therefore, the sense of sight increases and improves regarding the situation and parts of the movement. As well as the position of the competitor in sports games by sight, The compatibility between the eye and the leg is considered one of the most important factors for an athlete’s performance, as during performance there is a transmission of nerve signals between the nervous and muscular systems. Therefore, all movements performed by the individual, whether they are normal daily movements or movements that are related to the field of sports performance, require a degree of compatibility. Between the nervous and muscular systems.
The importance of the research is evident in finding a new electronic measuring or testing device through which results can be obtained with high accuracy and in a shorter time, displaying the compatibility between the eyes and legs, and it can test players or students to determine their neuromuscular compatibility and consider it a modern measurement performance. This can only come through tests that measure the speed of neuromuscular coordination in all its categories during training or learning, as the tests that measure the coordination element are general tests and not specialized in a specific game, as the device designed has the ability to measure the quality of neuromuscular coordination between the eyes. And the leg in a way that is proportional to the performance of the students. The idea of the invention came through the design of an electronic device consisting of several parts that connect with each other. It includes an electronic device that measures the speed of neuromuscular coordination between the eye and the leg in units of a second and its parts for the purpose of benefiting from this in: -
1- Identify the speed of neuromuscular coordination (per second) for the student.
Finally, through the grades that appear on the device, the student’s strengths and weaknesses are determined in terms of the speed of neuromuscular compatibility to be treated by the test supervisor based on the digital readings given by the designed electronic device.

The current research aims to identify the percentage of
contribution of explosive power and its relationship to the completion of the throwing phase in the javelin throwing event for athletes with disabilities in the (54) sitting category. The research problem lies in the fact that these studies have addressed a specific aspect of the event, such as studying the general physical characteristics of the player, ignoring the explosive power characteristic, which has a direct relationship with this event and the training aspect of the event's performance. This is to work on enhancing the numerical achievement in this event and training the cases through which achievement can be developed. This has led researchers to pay attention to this sport, as it is one of the important games that have entered the Paralympic and international arenas and championships, in addition to being one of the most important sports spread in Iraq. Therefore, this research came in an attempt to develop the explosive power that has a direct impact on this event (and javelin throwing for people with special needs, category (54) men i particular), in order to avoid weaknesses and contribute to increasing understanding of the components of performance technique so that it can be developed in light of this disability. The researchers used the descriptive approach, therefore, the descriptive approach "is concerned with depicting the current situation and identifying the relationships that exist between phenomena and trends that are moving towards growth or development.
Society and research sample: The objectives that the researcher sets for his research and the procedures he uses will determine the nature of the sample he chooses." Therefore, the researchers chose the research community randomly, which is the players of the Diyala Committee for Athletics Events, Category 54, with a number of (6) players. The main experiment was conducted for the specified tests. The researchers used the following statistical methods: - arithmetic mean, standard deviation, (T-Test). The researchers expect the following results: There are positive relationships with statistical significance between the variables.

The study aims to construct a scale for digital competencies supported by artificial intelligence for rovers in Arab Scout associations and to standardize this scale in terms of validity and reliability to ensure its credibility for use in Arab Scouting activities. The researchers adopted the descriptive method. The research population and sample consisted of rovers from national Arab Scout associations participating in the 22nd Arab Rover Moot, held at the Joud Daim Scout Training Center in Tripoli, Libya, from 7–14 September 2024. The total number of participants was 140 rovers representing nine Arab Scout associations, in addition to the Youth Advisors Committee.
The study reached several conclusions, the most important of which was the successful development of a scale for digital competencies supported by artificial intelligence for rovers in Arab Scout associations. The scale proved its validity in measuring competencies, as evidenced by its normal distribution in the construction sample and its ability to distinguish between participants with high and low levels of the measured attribute. Furthermore, it achieved high validity, reliability, and objectivity coefficients.
The presence of digital competencies supported by artificial intelligence directly contributes to enhancing the quality and impact of community service activities implemented by rovers. The researchers recommend the use of this scale to assess the level of digital competencies supported by artificial intelligence among rovers in Arab Scout associations. They also stress the necessity of adopting the scale as a reference tool for measuring and developing digital competencies of rovers in Arab Scout associations at both national and regional levels, as well as integrating indicators of digital competencies supported by artificial intelligence into future training plans for Arab Scout leaders.

The research entitled ((Anthropometric measurements and their relationship to the performance of football goalkeepers in the Iraqi Stars League, season 2023/2024)) examines the role of good anthropometric measurements in enhancing goalkeeper performance. They enable goalkeepers to intercept high and low balls, move quickly and effectively on the field of play, particularly in the penalty area, and make quick and accurate decisions. These measurements of Iraqi Stars League goalkeepers and their relationship to their technical performance, including the number of appearances, minutes played, saves, clean sheets, goals conceded, and penalty kicks saved during play, are the conclusions of this study. This study aims to measure and calculate these indicators, then statistically equate and discuss them. This study adds to the concepts of selection during training and goalkeeper evaluation.

To develop a battery of physical tests for selecting players for national fencing teams and to establish criteria and standards for these tests, a descriptive survey method was employed. The research focused on a sample of 26 advanced players. A series of physical ability tests was conducted, resulting in the collection of data that was statistically analyzed and presented in tabular form.
The researchers drew several important conclusions, including the establishment of a battery of physical tests. The findings indicated that most of the participants scored between the "average - good" level. This battery of tests can be implemented with minimal time and effort by those in charge.
The researchers recommend that these tests be generalized for use with other national teams and across all age groups, applied periodically to ensure consistent evaluation. Furthermore, they suggest conducting additional research to develop a battery of combined tests that assess various physical, motor, mental, and skill-related abilities for selecting national team players in all age categories.

This study aims to track the development of selected fundamental tennis skills among third-year female students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Diyala. The The two researchers approved adopted a longitudinal approach to assess skill performance across three time points (pre, mid, and post) using standardized tests, including serving, forehand and backhand groundstrokes, and on-court movement.
The sample consisted of 30 female students who underwent an educational program as part of the approved curriculum. Data were analyzed using ANOVA to determine the significance of differences across the stages of performance.
The results revealed statistically significant differences in favor of the post-test for all measured skills, indicating the effectiveness of the educational program in enhancing skill performance. The researcher recommends the adoption of staged evaluations and the integration of varied training strategies focused on complex skills in individual sports

The importance of this research lies in providing a scientific framework through which to understand the factors influencing the offensive skill performance of football players. Understanding this relationship can help develop innovative training strategies aimed at improving performance based on accurate scientific data. This is important not only for coaches and players, but also for sports science researchers seeking to develop advanced and effective training methods. The research aims to identify the formative-structural indicators of football players, identify the relationship between the formative-structural indicators and the offensive skill performance, and determine the predictive value of the offensive skill performance of football players. The researchers used the descriptive approach with the survey method and the predictive correlation method for its suitability in solving the research problem, and the survey method. The research community was determined as the players of the Iraqi Youth Football League clubs for the year (2024-2025). ) Which represented (14) clubs in Iraq and their number reached (280) players, at a rate of (100%), as for the research sample, three clubs were chosen, represented by the clubs (Al-Shaheed Arkan Club, Al-Khalis Club, Bani Saad Club) with a number of (60) players, at a rate of (21%),The sample of the exploratory experiment was on the Bilad Baladrooz Club, which amounted to (15), and the researchers concluded that the body composition contributed in an acceptable way to the offensive skill performance and that the level of the sample members was at the level of the acceptance line with regard to their offensive skill performance. The predictive values of offensive skill performance were determined in terms of the formative-structural indicators.

The importance of studying the relationship between (Si-Gamma) abilities and motor anticipation for goalkeepers, as this category relies heavily on quick wit, intuition and the ability to perceive motor variables in a proactive manner. This research attempts to link non-traditional mental concepts with sports motor performance, which gives it a new dimension that may contribute to the development of measurement and evaluation tools. The research problem is whether there is a statistically significant relationship between Si-Gamma abilities and the level of motor anticipation among school goalkeepers. The research aimed to reveal the degrees of Si-Gamma abilities among sample members and to reveal the degrees of motor anticipation and whether there is a statistically significant relationship between Si-Gamma abilities and motor anticipation degrees among sample members. In this study, the researcher used the descriptive approach with the survey method to suit the research problem and defined the research community as goalkeepers for the teams of the General Education Directorates for the preparatory stage of football participating in the Iraqi School Championship for the academic year 2024-2025, which was held in Najaf Governorate. The number of participating teams reached (19) teams, where The research community amounted to (60) goalkeepers and the research sample was chosen randomly and amounted to (50) goalkeepers and the rest of the exploratory experiment sample amounted to (5) goalkeepers and the rest were those who failed to cooperate, and the researcher concluded that there is a significant relationship between the capabilities of si Gamma and motor expectation.

The aim of this research was to prepare complex exercises using the Kettle Ball tool, incorporate these complex exercises into the main part of the training unit, and identify the effect of these complex exercises on motor transfer and the accuracy of offensive performance (smashing) in the diagonal and straight directions for youth volleyball players. The research hypothesis was that there is a positive effect of complex exercises using the Kettle Ball tool. (Kettle Ball) in the motor transfer and accuracy of offensive performance (smashing) in the diagonal and straight directions for youth volleyball players and the superiority of the experimental group over the control group in the post-test of motor transfer and accuracy of offensive performance (smashing) in the diagonal and straight directions for youth volleyball players. The researchers used(Experimental research method) and by designing two equivalent groups (experimental group and control group) with pre-test and post-test, the researchers defined the research community as the players of the clubs of the holy Karbala Governorate in volleyball for the youth category, numbering (56) players representing (4 clubs).

Handball is one of the games characterized by cognitive speed, and accurate shooting plays a significant role in players' ability to control and manipulate the ball in the required positions and directions. It has become imperative for players not to delay the ball's movement, as it must be in constant motion.
The development of cognitive speed and handling in handball has always been a focus of interest for specialists in motor learning and sports training. Therefore, it was necessary to develop special exercises to motivate players during practice and help them develop their physical, motor, and skill abilities under conditions similar to those occurring in a match. These exercises play a significant role in the success of the training process.
The research problem lies in the fact that most players have weak cognitive speed, despite training, and the lack of appropriate solutions. This directly impacts match results, making the task technically difficult. The exercises used are traditional, lacking variety, excitement, and the use of equipment, and require significant time and effort from both the coach and the players. Therefore, the researchers decided to address this problem.
The researchers aim to develop specific exercises to help develop cognitive speed and handball handling speed for handball clubs in Diyala Governorate.
The researchers hypothesize the existence of statistically significant differences in the results of the post-tests on cognitive speed and handball handling speed for handball players between the experimental and control groups, in favor of the experimental group. The research sample consisted of (20) female handball players from the Bilad al-Rafidain Club in Diyala Governorate, participating in the institutions’ championship held by the Youth and Sports Directorate in Diyala Governorate for the year 2024-2025. They were chosen intentionally, and were divided into two experimental and control groups by lottery, each group consisting of (10).

This research aims to examine the effectiveness of specific training exercises in developing certain defensive and offensive tactical behaviors among football players aged 14–15 years. This is one of the most important age groups in developing a player's technical, physical, and mental development. This stage is considered essential because players at this age begin to understand the tactical and strategic aspects of the game and require training support that focuses not only on physical and technical skills, but also delves into developing collective and individual tactical behavior.During training and matches, a clear weakness was observed in the application of tactical behaviors among players in this age group, particularly with regard to correct positioning, pressure on the ball carrier, defensive coverage, and offensive movements that open up spaces or create effective passing angles. This is due to the fact that traditional training programs often focus on physical and skill aspects without sufficient attention to developing tactical and tactical awareness, leading to weak overall team tactical performance. In response to this problem, the researcher designed specific exercises that take into account the nature of the real game and realistic on-field situations. These exercises aimed to develop players' positioning skills, how to apply pressure on opponents, smooth transitions from defense to attack, and collective movements that contribute to creating effective offensive opportunities. These exercises were designed to match the physical and mental characteristics of players in this age group, taking into account gradual difficulty and integrating mental and physical aspects.To evaluate the impact of this training program, an experimental approach was used, using a single-group design with pre- and post-measurements. The pre-measurement was collected before the start of the training, and the post-measurement was collected after the completion of the eight-week program. During this period, the players underwent a series of defensive and offensive tactical exercises, which were implemented regularly under the supervision of specialists, with close monitoring of their performance and development. Data was collected using tactical performance evaluation forms, in addition to coaches' observations and analysis of recorded videos of training and matches, providing a comprehensive picture of the players' performance. The results showed clear statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests, with improved player performance across various tactical aspects, including defensively, in terms of correct positioning, effective pressure, and coverage during penetration, and offensively, through intelligent movements to open up spaces, swap player positions, and accelerate towards vacant areas to exploit them optimally. In conclusion, implementing carefully designed, specific exercises that take into account the requirements of the age group and integrate physical, mental, and tactical aspects leads to a tangible improvement in player performance in terms of tactical behavior, which positively impacts overall team performance. Therefore, the researchers recommend incorporating such exercises into the training programs of football academies and sports schools, and encouraging coaches to adopt training methods that mimic the tactical reality of the game, with periodic monitoring to evaluate and develop players' tactical performance.

The research aims to prepare recreational exercises using small competitive games to develop some physical abilities and basic futsal skills for people with hearing disabilities. They are small games and have the nature of competition between players. This leads to the development of the player physically and skillfully, and this is according to the scientific foundations studied and followed for the player to obtain. The best methods for training and for the player to gain further development, and players with hearing disabilities are in particular need of training characterized by recreation, excitement, and excitement to avoid boredom, and through what was mentioned, the goal was determined:
- Identifying the effect of recreational exercises using small competitive games in developing some of the physical abilities and basic skills of deaf futsal players.
The assumption has been determined
- There are statistically significant differences between the results of the tests (pre-post) in developing some physical abilities and basic skills for deaf futsal players in favor of the post-tests.
The researcher used the experimental method and the research sample consisted of (15) deaf futsal players from Diyala Governorate, and the exploratory sample consisted of (5) players outside the research sample. The researcher worked on preparing recreational exercises using small games for a period of two months, eight weeks each week (3) units. Training, which works to develop some physical abilities and basic skills in futsal for the deaf, and the researcher used the statistical package (spss) for statistical treatments. The researcher found that there were differences between the pre- and post-tests in favor of the post-test through the percentage of improvement achieved by deaf futsal players

Team games are often characterized by speed and precision of technical performance, as well as a variety of offensive and defensive techniques. This is due to developments in the field of coaching science, which require coaches to keep pace with such developments. The team's results showed that the methods used to develop ball control skills in football are not consistent with the developments taking place inFootball, a game that requires high precision and coordination of movements, prompted researchers to develop skill exercises in the precision games space to develop these skills.
The researchers used a single-group experimental approach, and the research sample included the Diyala Education Department's girls' preparatory school team, which numbered 14(14) players, and in a deliberate manner, due to the cooperation of the coach and players with the researcher. The main experiment was carried out for the period from (24/8/2024 until 2/10/2024), and its duration was (8 weeks), with (two training units), and the total number of training units was (16) units After completing the experiment, the researchers reached the most important conclusions: that the nature of the selected exercises was compatible with the sample’s capabilities, which led to increased motivation to work, and that the use of various exercises in small spaces during the special preparation phase had a positive and effective impact on developing skill performance Repeating exercises and progressing them from easy to difficult and from simple to complex according to scientific principles has a positive impact on developing ball control skills.

The research problem was represented by the lack of applied studies addressing the effect of CrossFit exercises on developing strength endurance and bench press performance among young weightlifters with special needs. The objectives of the study were to design high-intensity CrossFit-based exercises for the bench press suitable for the abilities of young weightlifters with special needs, and to identify the extent of their impact on developing arm strength endurance in this lift.
The study sample consisted of 12 young weightlifters with special needs from the Diyala Sports Committee. A training program based on the CrossFit system was designed and applied, consisting of 12 training units (two sessions per week). After conducting pre- and post-tests and comparing the results, the findings indicated that the prepared CrossFit exercises had a positive effect on developing arm strength endurance and enhancing bench press performance among young weightlifters with special needs.
The study recommended the adoption of modern CrossFit training methods in bench press training programs for young athletes with special needs

The research aims to develop the athlete’s abilities and reach the highest possible level to achieve the best achievement. This is done by preparing speed manipulation exercises to develop some basic skills for deaf futsal players, and identifying the effect of speed manipulation exercises in developing some basic skills for deaf futsal players. The researchers used the single-sample experimental approach using pre- and post-measurement to suit the nature of the research. Choosing the research sample depends on the nature of the phenomenon to be studied, the available material and technical capabilities, and the materials needed for the research. The research population was defined by the deaf Diyala futsal players, who numbered (16) players. Then, the research sample was chosen intentionally from the original population of (10) players, who represented (62.5%) of the original population. (6) players on whom the exploratory experiments were conducted were excluded. After that, homogeneity was carried out for the individuals of the research sample in terms of (height). , weight, age, and training age) and then conduct the equivalence of the sample using pre-tests.
Through the results that emerged, the researchers reached the following conclusions: The effect of speed manipulation exercises led to a statistically significant development in basic skills between the pre- and post-tests, in favor of the post-test.
In light of the conclusions reached by the researchers: using the effect of speed manipulation exercises in developing the skills of deaf gymnasts and paying attention to providing special devices and tools and applying these exercises to different samples. The statistical package (spss) was used by the researchers for statistical treatments.

The importance of utilizing modern scientific methods through planning, consistent regular training, and proper nutrition enables athletes to achieve the highest levels and accomplishments. This is the result of scientific knowledge, which relies on various sciences to leverage the results of research and studies in this field. The world is witnessing significant and clear development, as developed countries have invested significant resources to raise athletic performance using advanced scientific methods. This enables athletes to harness their physical and technical potential through the use of modern training and nutritional supplements.
These duties necessitate the use of determining training intensity according to critical speed and relying on dividing distances in training and applying them in a field and practical manner, which may directly lead to improving technique, performance, and athletic achievements. In addition to relying on nutritional supplements, the importance of the research came from clarifying the importance of relying on critical speed training and nutritional supplements and determining the intensity of training in light of training partial distances less and more than the race distance and obtaining a new training intensity to train runners of this race according to the parts of the partial distances. This actually requires knowing the basic information that goes into building most of the training curriculum and knowing the kinetic foundations of human performance, which is considered the basic foundation upon which the content of any training and nutritional program is built.

The research aims to identify the effect of mental warm up in the accuracy of correction with jumping for players applying to basketball and the preference of mental warmth or physical warm up in the accuracy of correction with basketball jumping and the researcher pursued the experimental approach by designing the two groups (equal) appropriate nature of this study and its goals, and the experimental approach is the best that can be followed to reach accurate results, as Experimental research includes an attempt to control the basic factors affecting the change of variables in the experiment, except for one worker controlled by the researcher and changes it in a certain way in the process of identifying and measuring its effect on the variable or variables affiliated Its (53.33%) of the research community. The researcher divided the research sample into two equivalent experimental groups in the random way so that the number of members of one group is (4) players (one game maker and three angles.

And the researcher recommended
– 1-Trainers to use mental warm up when training young players - junior basketball
2 -The necessity of conducting a study similar to showing the extent of the effect of mental warm up on larger samples and different age groups male - female.

This study discussed the development of psychological stability among players at the Al-Wajihiya Youth Sports Forum in Diyala Governorate, to develop their football tackling skills, despite the design of training and exercise methods that address these aspects.
This development can only be achieved through practical studies that draw on various related disciplines, such as psychology, which has many contributions and effective roles in developing sports.
The importance of this study lies in developing a training program for psychological stability among Al-Wajihiya Youth Sports Forum players, given the importance of psychological and educational aspects in sports.
Through the researchers' observation, it was found that there is a weakness in the development and performance of the tackling skill. Therefore, the study aims to design a training method for psychological stability among players at the Al-Wajihiya Youth Sports Forum in Diyala Governorate, to develop their football tackling skills and evaluate its effectiveness. This is because weakness in this aspect will affect the player's personality and create unbalanced performance and skills. Research problem: By observing the researchers' weakness in preparing the player at the beginning of practicing the game of football, the researchers, coaches and supervisors of the game of football in the Al-Wajihiya Youth Sports Forum in Diyala Governorate noticed that the numbers of the player in the game of football is one of the most important pillars, so the weakness of stability in the player has a clear impact on building the player's personality and leads to an imbalance in his performance and skills because the player's skill performance requires a high degree of relaxation in order to build skill, physical and psychological balance and get rid of all cases of fear and anxiety that control the players' performance.

Research Objectives
The researchers aim to achieve the following.
-Develop a training curriculum to develop the performance of the tackling skill among football players at the Al-Wajihiya Youth Sports Forum in Diyala Governorate.
-Identify the effect of the psychological training curriculum on the psychological stability and performance of the tackling skill among football players at the Al-Wajihiya Youth Sports Forum in Diyala Governorate.
-Identify the rate of development in the tackling skill among football players at the Al-Wajihiya Youth Sports Forum in Diyala Governorate for young players in the control and experimental groups.
The researchers hypothesize the following:
-The existence of statistically significant differences in the psychological stability scale and development of the tackling skill among football players at the Al-Wajihiya Youth Sports Forum in Diyala Governorate.
-There were statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests of the control and experimental groups in the performance of the dribbling skill among players of the Al-Wajihiya Youth Sports Forum in Diyala Governorate, in favor of the experimental group in the post-test.
-There was a percentage of improvement in the performance of the dribbling skill among players of the Al-Wajihiya Youth Sports Forum in Diyala Governorate.
Research Methodology and Field Procedures: The researchers used the experimental approach and adopted a two-group equivalent design (a tightly controlled experimental design). The research sample consisted of 18 players from the Al-Wajihiya Youth Sports Forum in Diyala Governorate for the 2024/2025 season, divided into two groups: an experimental and a control group. The sample was deliberately selected.
The researchers conclude that the approach used by the coach had a statistically significant positive effect on the performance of the dribbling skill in the football under study, and that there were significant differences in the psychological stability scale of the sample under study between the experimental and control groups, in favor of the experimental group. The researchers recommend the use of the psychological training program developed by the researchers to develop psychological stability in other age groups. They also emphasize the inclusion of players in local competitions to determine the impact of psychological stability on improving their football handling skills.

Abstract
Badminton is a sport that demands a high degree of coordination between physical power and technical precision, particularly in executing fundamental strokes such as the forehand clear and serve. These techniques play a critical role in determining a player's tactical and technical efficiency. This study aims to conduct an in-depth kinematic analysis of the Clear and Serve techniques, examining how specific biomechanical variables—including joint angles, racket speed, and weight transfer timing—affect execution accuracy. A sample of 12 elite national-level players (both male and female) participated in the study. High-speed video capture and a Vicon 3D motion tracking system were utilized, alongside advanced software tools such as Visual3D and Kinovea. Additionally, qualitative data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to both players and coaches. The results revealed statistically significant correlations between the examined variables and performance accuracy. Furthermore, training protocols based on motion analysis were shown to enhance technical outcomes. This research offers valuable scientific insight for the development of evidence-based training interventions in competitive badminton.

Volleyball depends on several skills that are interconnected, sequential and intertwined, such as serving, receiving the serve, setting up, smashing, and blocking, in addition to defending the court. Weakness in the performance level of one of these skills or its loss will lead to a significant loss in points. Among these skills are the skills of receiving the serve and setting up in volleyball. The research aims to identify the effect of the proposed exercises with training tools on the skills of receiving the serve and setting accuracy in volleyball. The researchers assumed that there are statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-test of the research variables. The researchers used the experimental method to suit the nature of the research and its objectives. The research community and sample are represented by the players of the National Center for Talent in Volleyball for the sports season (2024/2025) (comprehensive inventory sample), numbering (20) players. The researchers concluded that the exercises developed using training tools contributed to developing the performance of some basic skills in volleyball. The researchers recommend adopting suggested exercises with training tools to develop some physical abilities and basic skills in volleyball.

The importance of the research lies in the preparation of exercises using interval training, which provides the athlete with the necessary strength to overcome the resistance resulting from their body mass during the performance of movements. The study aimed to develop exercises based on interval training to improve certain physical abilities in young gymnastics players, as well as to identify the effect of such exercises on improving those physical abilities.
The researcher adopted the experimental method due to its suitability for the nature of the research problem, and used the one-group design with pre- and post-tests, where all players performed a pre-test, followed by the implementation of the main experiment on the sample, and then a post-tes.t
The sample was purposively selected from young players at Al-Amanah Club in Baghdad Governorate, aged between 9 and 12 years for the 2024–2025 sports season. The sample consisted of 5 players, representing 100% of the original research population, meaning all players were selected as the research sample.
After analyzing and interpreting the results, the researcher concluded that exercises using interval training positively affected the improvement of the physical abilities under study in young gymnastics players. The gradual increase in exercise intensity contributed to reducing injuries during training.
The researcher recommends using interval training to improve other physical abilities in young gymnastics players, applying this method to other age groups such as youth and advanced players, and emphasizing both the physical and technical aspects in the development of training plans without neglecting either

This study aimed to prepare speed and agility training programs and investigate their impact on enhancing high-jump shooting accuracy among young handball players in Diyala province. The researcher used the experimental approach with a pre-post design, involving two groups: an experimental group and a control group. The study sample consisted of 20 players from Al-Khalis Sports Club, divided into two groups of 10 players each, and 5 additional players from Diyala Sports Club were selected for the pilot study. Two goalkeepers were excluded from the study. After conducting all research procedures and obtaining results, which were statistically analyzed, the researcher concluded that speed and agility training positively affects high-jump shooting accuracy among handball players. The study recommends incorporating speed and agility training into handball training programs.

This study aims to investigate the effect of a differential training program based on biological patterns on improving decision-making speed and short passing accuracy among under-19 football players. The researcher employed the experimental method using the equivalent groups design (experimental and control). The study sample consisted of 20 players, randomly divided equally into two groups. The experimental group followed the proposed program for eight weeks, with three training sessions per week, while the control group followed a traditional training program. Decision-making speed and short passing accuracy tests were applied in both pre- and post-measurements. The results revealed statistically significant improvements in both variables for the experimental group compared to the control group, confirming the effectiveness of training programs tailored to individual differences and biological patterns in enhancing players’ cognitive and technical abilities.

The research problem can be summarized in the following question: Do exercises using rubber ropes develop some physical abilities and jump shooting for handball players, targeting their weaknesses and working to develop them scientifically and thoughtfully to achieve the desired goals?
The research aims to develop specific exercises using rubber ropes to develop some physical abilities and jump shooting for handball players. It also aims to identify the effect of exercises using rubber ropes on developing some physical abilities and jump shooting for handball players.
The researchers hypothesized that there are statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test, with the post-test favoring the post-test.
The researchers used the experimental method with a single-group design with a pre-test and post-test, as it is appropriate for the nature of the research problem.
The research population represents the players of the University of Diyala handball team for the 2023-2024 season. The research sample was intentionally selected, numbering (12) players. (Two) goalkeepers were excluded from the research sample, thus the number of members of the main sample for the experiment became (10) players representing the original research population.
Researchers concluded that bungee cord exercises have a positive effect on physical abilities, and that bungee cord exercises also have a positive effect on the accuracy of high jump shooting in handball. The researchers recommended the use of bungee cord exercises in training programs that aim to develop physical abilities and some offensive handball skills.

To prepare superset exercises for male bodybuilders (physique category), apply superset exercises for male bodybuilders (physique category), and know the effect of superset exercises on developing the pectoral muscles of male bodybuilders (physique category). The researchers adopted the experimental approach because it is suitable for the nature of the problem. The research sample was selected from bodybuilders in the physique category who met the conditions for participation in the study, which are: to be male, between the ages of (20-35) years, and to practice bodybuilding regularly for a period of not less than two years. The sample was selected from gyms designated for the physique category in Baghdad, with a total number of (20) players, and they were divided into an experimental group following the superset exercise program, and a control group following the traditional training program, with the aim of studying the effect of superset exercises on the chest muscles. The researchers used the following tests. The field research procedures included identifying the tests used: the 1RM Bench Press Test, the Push-up Test, and the Chest Circumference Measurement. A pilot experiment was then conducted, followed by pre-tests and the main experiment. A superset exercise program for the chest muscles was implemented for 8 weeks, at a rate of 3 sessions per week (45–60 minutes), including 3–4 supersets at an intensity of 70–85% of 1RM, with weights and repetitions gradually increasing through the adaptation, development, and maximum intensity phases, while adhering to the correct technique to achieve optimal muscle growth. Post-tests were then conducted, and the results were then reached and discussed in a scientific manner

This study aimed to investigate the communication skills and self-confidence levels of futsal players in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Babylon, as well as to explore the relationship between these two variables. The researcher employed a descriptive method using survey and correlational approaches. The study population consisted of all futsal players representing the department (n=22), who were selected using a purposive sampling technique.
The statistical analysis and results revealed that the futsal coach at the University of Babylon had the best communication skills with the players. Moreover, a significant correlation was found between the coach's communication skills and the players' self-confidence. Based on these findings, the researcher recommends that Iraqi national team coaches utilize effective communication strategies to enhance players' self-confidence. Additionally, the study suggests involving sports psychologists to address players' psychological states and self-confidence levels. Further research is recommended to investigate similar aspects among players in various individual and team sports at the national level.

Conscious thinking is one of the most important factors that affect the development of students skills the acquisition of new knowledge and the development of previous knowledge and working to desing a general map to move towards a specific pattern and that conscious thoughtful thinking directs the person to specific cognitive processes according to the presentation he has chosen .He refers to his practical example by saying that an athlete skilled in athletics practices running in a deliberate and conscious manner .Because he had previously trained in this type of sport in order to achieve better results while the average individual had not he directs his thinking towards well-studied motor mathematical processes .The research is revealed by teaching handball to female students And developing their skills in this sport.One of the common problems is the difficulty of motivating female students and developing their conscious thinking in playing handball .Traditional education may lack the development of selt-conscious thinking among female student. They may have difficulty understanding the importance of quick decisions and reading the game’s movement `which prompted the researchers to develop conscious thinking and the basic skills present in the curriculum .The research objectives are; 3-preparing a conscious thinking scale for third –year female students ,Department of physical Education and Sport sciences/College Education for Girls/University of Kufa

4-ldentify the advantages of differences in developing conscious thinking and some basic skills in volleyball For female students As for the procedures, the researcher used the experimental method by designing two equal groups because it is the most appropriate and closest to solving the research problem. The research population was determined by third –year female students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences/College of Education for Girls/ University of Kufa for the academic year 2023-2024.The research samples were also selected by a simple random method. Using a lottery method, the researchers carried out procedures for preparing a scale. Conscious thinking was done on the sample numbers through some statistical treatments, and the scale was ready to be applied to the main sample.

Badminton is a sport that requires high respiratory adaptation due to fluctuations in performance intensity between periods of rest and high activity. This sport relies on various energy systems (phosphagen, lactic-glycogen, and oxygen), which impacts the efficiency of the respiratory system. This study aimed to compare the functional response of the respiratory system to training modules designed according to the working energy patterns of badminton players. The researchers used a multi-group experimental approach to evaluate the effect of each training pattern. The research population was selected from players on the Diyala University national team. Tests included respiratory rate (RF), pulmonary ventilation rate (VE), and exhaled oxygen concentration (FEO2) before and after the training program. These tests were statistically analyzed. The researcher concluded that there was a difference in the respiratory rate (RF) results between the research groups, indicating higher respiratory rates in the anoxic groups. There was a difference in the pulmonary ventilation results between the research groups, indicating higher respiratory rates in the anoxic groups and a clear superiority in the results of the second group (lactic system

The aim of the research is to identify the level of psychological hesitation among second-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Science, University of Diyala, and to explore the relationship between psychological hesitation and the dribbling skill in handball, as well as the relationship between psychological hesitation and the shooting skill in handball for the research sample. The researchers used the descriptive method, which aligns with the specifications of their research, relying on correlation methods. The research community was chosen deliberately, consisting of second-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Science, University of Diyala, for the academic year 2024/2025, with a total of 521 students. The research sample was selected randomly by lottery, consisting of students from section (B), with a total of 48 students. After excluding the trial group and students who were not willing to participate in the tests or research process, the final number of the research sample was 30 students. The researchers concluded that there is a significant correlation between psychological hesitation and the performance level of shooting skills, indicating that higher psychological hesitation negatively impacts the speed of dribbling and the accuracy of shooting among second-year students. Additionally, psychological hesitation affects skills that require quick decision-making and accuracy, such as shooting, more than skills relying on group interaction, such as dribbling. Psychological factors play a crucial role in player performance, especially in situations requiring high concentration and critical decision-making, like shooting at the goal. The researchers recommend implementing psychological training programs aimed at reducing psychological hesitation, such as mental relaxation exercises and mental imagery, to enhance students' confidence during shooting. Furthermore, they suggest using teaching methods that focus on quick decision-making in different playing situations, especially in shooting, to help students overcome psychological hesitation. It is also necessary to incorporate pressure simulation exercises during training to prepare players for competitive situations that require accurate shooting and to enhance self-confidence by providing positive feedback and encouraging players to practice shooting in various training conditions.

The aim of the research was to identify the degree of goal conflict among graduate students in physical education and sports sciences, to identify the standard levels of goal conflict among graduate students in physical education and sports sciences, and to identify the differences in goal conflict between graduate students in physical education and sports sciences according to the type of study (Master's, PhD). The researchers adopted the descriptive approach using the survey method and standard and comparative studies. The research sample consisted of postgraduate students in the departments and colleges of physical education and sports sciences at Iraqi universities, numbering (193) students. The survey sample amounted to (17) students, and the main experiment sample amounted to (176) students. The goal conflict scale was applied with its (38) paragraphs representing four areas (social, economic, academic, health), and each paragraph had five answer alternatives (always applicable, often applicable, sometimes applicable, rarely applicable, never applicable). The research came out with a set of conclusions, the most important of which are: Postgraduate students (Master's, PhD) in physical education and sports sciences suffer from goal conflict. There are no differences in goal conflict between graduate students in physical education and sports sciences by type of study (Master's, PhD). The researchers recommend a set of recommendations, including: raising awareness among students about the importance of setting concrete personal goals that are compatible with their abilities and interests, and organizing workshops and discussion panels between students and faculty members to support the exchange of ideas and clarify expectations.
Keywords: goal struggle, graduate students, physical education and sports sciences

This study acquires its importance from the fact that it deals with Quality of Life and is considered one of the most important variables in personality. The researcher intends to conduct a scientific study in the light of social and cultural conditions to develop We have physical education teachers in the middle school who are relied upon to build society.
The study aim at :
- Identifying the efficiency of counseling programme in developing Quality of Life among physical education teachers in the middle school
1- There are no statistically significant differences between the rank order of the experimental group scares before and after programme .
2- There are no statistically significant differences between the rank order of the experimental and control groups .
Experimental methodology is used to verify the study hypotheses . The sample consists of (10) female students who got less score on the scale Quality of Life . The sample is chosen from Preparatory schools in Baqubah city center . They are distributed randomly into two equal groups . Counseling programme with modeling style is used with experimental group while the control group is not exposed to such programme .
The researcher adopted the scale (Khansa Khalaf, 2011) for the quality of life for educational counselors and adapted it to the research sample During its presentation to a group of experts, they agreed to use it as a research sample, and the researcher extracted some of the psychometric properties of the scale, including (validity and reliability).
The strategies of modeling technique are used . The number of counseling session is (10) sessions which lasted (5) weeks . The validity of the programme is achieved through exposing it to a number of experts .
In order to process data statistically , Pearson correlation coefficient , Smirnov Test , Mann – Whitney test are used .


It has been found out that :
1- There are no statistically significant differences at 0.05 level of significance in favor of experimental group and counseling programme .
2- There are no statistically significant differences at 0.05 level of significance in the post test and in favor of the experimental group .

In light of the results, the researcher presented a set of recommendations and proposals that will be reviewed later in the end of search

The importance of this research lies in the growing role of universities as institutions whose mission is not limited to academic education alone, but extends to include building the student's character and preparing him to be an active and responsible member of society. By analyzing the various dimensions of this relationship, this research seeks to provide a deeper understanding of the pivotal role that sports activities can play in promoting the overall well-being of students, developing citizenship values, and contributing to building a healthier and more equitable university community through the practice of various sports activities. The aim of the research was to prepare a questionnaire to measure the promotion of human rights and mental health through sports activities in the Student Activities Department at the University of Diyala. It also aimed to identify the promotion of human rights and mental health through sports activities and the level of its axes from the perspective of employees in the Student Activities Department at the University of Diyala.
The researchers adopted the descriptive approach using the survey method due to its suitability to the nature and problem of the study. The population and sample consisted of employees in the Student Activities Department and its affiliated departments in the colleges. A questionnaire scale was prepared and applied to promote human rights and mental health through sports activities, consisting of (12) statements. The statistical package (SPSS) was used. The researchers concluded that sports activities contribute to promoting the right to mental health. The employees believe that providing opportunities for regular physical activity directly contributes to improving the physical and psychological health of students. Sports activities also enhance the instillation of moral values and human rights. It was also concluded that the role of employees in the Student Activities Department is not limited to organizing sports events only, but extends to include building the character of students and promoting the values of responsible citizenship and comprehensive mental health through sports. One of the most important recommendations was to develop training programs for employees in the Student Activities Department that focus on explicitly integrating the concepts of human rights and mental health into the planning and implementation of sports activities

This study aimed to investigate the meaning of life and its relationship with future anxiety among fourth-year female students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The sample consisted of 78 students, and two scales were administered: the Meaning of Life Scale and the Future Anxiety Scale.
The results indicated that the mean score for the Meaning of Life Scale was significantly higher than the hypothetical mean, with a large effect size, reflecting a strong sense of purpose and value in life among the students. Additionally, the mean score for the Future Anxiety Scale was significantly higher than the hypothetical mean, with a very large effect size, indicating elevated levels of anxiety across all four dimensions of the scale.
Regarding the relationship between the two scales, the results showed that the correlation coefficient between meaning of life and future anxiety was very weak and statistically non-significant at the 0.05 level, suggesting that the students’ sense of meaning in life is not directly related to their level of future anxiety, and other factors may influence this anxiety.
The study concluded that the students possess a high sense of meaning in life despite elevated levels of future anxiety. It recommended providing psychological and counseling support programs, organizing workshops on future planning, promoting physical and social activities, and conducting further studies to explore mediating factors between meaning of life and future anxiety

This study aims to analyze the dynamics of movement during the throwing phase of the discus throw event, based on certain kinematic variables, to reveal the nature of the relationship between these variables and the level of achievement. To achieve this goal, high-speed photography was used, along with modern kinematic analysis software, to monitor and analyze kinematic performance with high temporal and spatial resolution. A sample of young throwers was selected, and detailed data was collected on specific kinematic variables.
Such as: throw angle, discus launch velocity, instantaneous arm height, and throw phase time. The results showed statistically significant correlations between some of these variables and the achievement index, confirming the vital role of improving performance dynamics in enhancing throwing performance. The study recommends adopting training strategies based on precise kinematic indicators to improve motor performance dynamics in this event.

The study aimed to design a rehabilitation program using functional exercises to improve the performance of the court defense skill after ankle injury among young volleyball players, and to identify the effect of this rehabilitation program on the performance of the court defense skill among the research sample. The researcher used the experimental method as it is the most suitable approach to address the research problem. The research community was intentionally selected and consisted of volleyball players in Diyala province who had ankle sprains, distributed among the clubs of (Shahraban, Hibhib, Baldruz), with a total of (8) players. Their injuries were diagnosed by the coach and the researcher during training sessions and competitions, and they represented the research sample in full.
The results indicated that there were statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test measurements in all the studied variables (balance, ankle joint range of motion, and court defense skill), in favor of the post-test. This reflects the effectiveness of the rehabilitation program using functional exercises. The functional exercises contributed to improving motor balance and postural stability significantly, indicating the restoration of proprioceptive efficiency and a reduction in the likelihood of re-injury.
The researcher recommends adopting functional exercises as a fundamental approach in ankle injury rehabilitation programs for volleyball players due to their effectiveness in restoring balance, flexibility, and skill performance. It is also recommended to design rehabilitation programs that simulate actual playing conditions, integrating strength, balance, and proprioceptive exercises in accordance with the requirements of the court defense skill, and to employ auxiliary tools such as balance boards and medicine balls.

Physical activity is of great importance in strengthening the immune system by preventing diseases. This is achieved by improving blood circulation and physical fitness by strengthening muscles, enhancing flexibility and balance, and increasing endurance when engaging in physical and lifestyle activities. Academic pressures require attention to the physical health of female students.
The study aimed to examine female students' motivations for engaging in physical activity and the extent to which their health improves. The researcher relied on the descriptive approach to obtain information, analyze data, and obtain results. The sample consisted of (150) female students from the College of Basic Education, University of Diyala, who engaged in physical activity. The results showed that the goal of engaging in physical activity was to maintain weight, improve overall well-being, and enhance physical and health fitness. The researcher also found obstacles facing female students in particular, and girls in general, such as the lack of sufficient playgrounds at the university, the lack of a good trainer to assist them in preparing training and nutritional schedules, and the lack of encouragement from those around them. Therefore, the researcher recommended collaborating with female trainers specialized in the field of sports, providing and equipping playgrounds, and developing awareness campaigns on the importance of engaging in physical activity.

The contemporary world is witnessing rapid technological progress, with artificial intelligence (AI) emerging as one of the most influential tools that has brought about a qualitative transformation in various fields, including education and Scouting. Scout leadership requires a high level of psychological awareness, decision-making ability, and teamwork skills. Positive thinking is considered a fundamental factor in enhancing the efficiency of Scout leaders, as it enables them to face challenges and respond to them with flexibility
Recent studies in positive psychology indicate that positive thinking not only improves individual performance but also strengthens leaders’ abilities in effective communication, building balanced relationships, and making wise decisions. From this perspective, there is a pressing need to integrate AI technologies into the preparation and development of Scout leaders, particularly in Nineveh Governorate, by analyzing psychological traits and providing intelligent training programs that contribute to the enhancement of positive thinking
Research Problem
What is the role of artificial intelligence in developing positive thinking among Scout team leaders in Nineveh Governorate
Research Objectives:
1. To construct a scale for measuring positive thinking among Scout team leaders in Nineveh Governorate.
2. To identify the extent to which psychological skills contribute to the development of positive thinking among Scout leaders.
Research Domains:
• Human Domain: Scout team leaders in Nineveh Governorate.
• Spatial Domain: The General Directorate in Nineveh Governorate.

The research problem arises from the field observations of the researcher, who serves as a supervisor in the Iraqi Football League, where referees are often exposed to intense pressures that may affect the accuracy and fairness of their decisions. This highlighted the need for a standardized psychological coherence scale to assess referees’ mental readiness and support the development of the football refereeing system in Iraq.
The study aimed to develop and validate a Psychological Coherence Scale for referees of the Iraqi Stars League. The descriptive developmental method was employed, with a population of 385 referees from the Premier and First Division leagues. A pilot sample of 20 referees and a construction sample of 175 referees were selected. The study followed the standard steps for building psychological scales, including defining theoretical dimensions, formulating items, verifying content validity, item discrimination, and internal consistency, followed by Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to test the factorial structure. Composite Reliability (CR) was also calculated for all dimensions.
The results produced a four-dimensional scale: Comprehension and Clarity, Management and Situational Control, Sense of Meaning and Motivation, and Psychological Flexibility and Adaptation, with item (14) removed for having a factor loading below 0.50. All dimensions achieved CR values above 0.70, indicating high reliability and strong field applicability.
The study concludes that higher levels of psychological coherence enhance referees’ ability to handle match pressures and make accurate, balanced decisions. It is recommended to adopt this scale for evaluating referees’ mental readiness, integrate its results into mental preparation and psychological training programs, and employ it in future applied studies to improve the football refereeing system in Iraq

The importance of the research lies in studying the relationship between psychological resilience and performance level in the 100-meter hurdles among female students. The higher the level of psychological resilience in a student, the more capable they are of withstanding pressure and delivering better performance in competitive situations. The research problem can be formulated with the following question: Is there a statistically significant relationship between psychological resilience and performance level in the 100-meter hurdles among female students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Diyala University? The goals of the research include identifying the level of psychological resilience among female students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, and understanding the relationship between psychological resilience and performance level in the 100-meter hurdles. The research hypothesis posits that there is a significant correlation between psychological resilience and performance level in the 100-meter hurdles among female students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The research areas encompass female students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, with the time frame being from 15-9-2024, to 15-2-2025. The spatial area includes the halls and fields of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Diyala University. The descriptive approach was used for its suitability to the research problem and topic.
الملخص :

This study aims to investigate the impact of physical fitness exercises on the rehabilitation of women with neck and shoulder injuries. Physical fitness exercises play a crucial role in restoring health and function, as they help restore normal function to organs and tissues after injury, illness, or surgery. Rehabilitation exercises can also reduce pain, improve quality of life, reduce rehabilitation time, and enhance the speed of return to normal activity. The researcher used the experimental method with a single-group design, which was chosen for its suitability to the sample's nature and the research problem. A sample of 3 women with neck and shoulder injuries was selected. After completing all research procedures, including tests, applying the method, obtaining results, and statistical analysis using SPSS, the study concluded that physical fitness exercises were effective in improving and rehabilitating women with neck and shoulder injuries, reducing rehabilitation time. The researcher recommends continuing to practice physical fitness exercises after rehabilitation to maintain the achieved results.

This study aimed to identify the relationship between physical fitness components and mental health among first-year female students. The researcher used the descriptive correlational approach to investigate the research problem and sample. The study population consisted of first-year female students in physical education and sports science colleges in Diyala province, including (College of Physical Education and Sports Science, College of Basic Education/Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Al-Rafidain University/Department of Physical Education and Sports Science), totaling (163). The study sample was randomly selected (lottery method) from first-year female students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Science/College of Basic Education/Diyala University, totaling (65). After completing all research procedures, the researcher concluded that there is a positive relationship between physical fitness and mental health, as improving physical fitness contributed to enhancing mental health among female students. The study recommends encouraging female students to engage in regular physical exercise by providing suitable and accessible sports programs.

Tennis is one of the games that require high mental and skill abilities for the player to be able to reach the desired goal. Therefore, the importance of the research lies in knowing the speed and intensity of the nerve signals of the upper limbs (electrical conduction) and its relationship to the skill abilities that the player performs in order to develop and enhance them. The study aimed to identify the correlation between the variables of the nerve signal of the upper limbs and some skill abilities of tennis players. The research method and sample: The researchers used the descriptive method using the correlation method to suit the nature of the problem to be solved. The research sample consisted of players from the Diyala Education team for the secondary stage, numbering (7 players) in the game of tennis. Based on the results of the research, the researchers reached the following conclusions: When testing players in games that require high motor abilities, including tennis, they must have high speed and intensity in the nerve signal, which will in turn be reflected in the technical performance of skills.

This study aims to examine the effect of specific semi-systematic decelerated exercises on the development of learning the snatch lift among first-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Diyala. The snatch lift is one of the most complex skills in Olympic weightlifting, requiring high precision and neuromuscular coordination, making it particularly challenging for beginners. The researchers adopted an experimental method using a pretest-posttest design with two equivalent groups (experimental and control). The study sample consisted of 20 students, divided equally into two groups of 10. The experimental group followed a specially designed training program based on decelerated exercises aimed at enhancing motor perception and improving control over the technical phases of performance. This was achieved by slowing down the execution and reinforcing movement patterns through repeated and structured practice. The control group continued with the standard training program without any modifications. Statistical analysis using the (t-test) revealed significant differences in favor of the experimental group in the post-test results, indicating that the decelerated exercises effectively improved skill acquisition. Conversely, the control group showed minimal progress. The study concludes that incorporating slow, semi-structured exercises into educational programs is an effective strategy for enhancing technical performance, particularly in early learning stages. The researchers recommend adopting such methods to support motor learning and skill mastery in Olympic lifts.

Each study or research has a specific goal that the researcher seeks to achieve, the goal of the current research is to identify the impact of using the peer teaching strategy and its effectiveness in learning the elevation of the netter for juniors, and the researcher used the experimental approach by designing the experimental and control groups with pre- and post-tests for its suitability Sample and research problem, and the research sample consisted of students of the first stage of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences / Diyala University, The number of (25) students, the experimental group was selected randomly (lottery) and consisted of (10) students, and the control group was selected in the same way and their number is (10) students, and the researcher conducted an exploratory experiment on (5) students, and after conducting tests for research and obtaining the results and processing them statistically, the researcher concluded: The peer teaching strategy has an effective role in learning the elevation of the nitre and its stages for students, and the researcher recommends: The need for diversity in the use of modern methods and methods in the educational or teaching process, as well as the researcher recommends the need to conduct similar research on another sample and for other variables in weightlifting.

This study aims to investigate the impact of using visual aids on learning and acquiring the floating skill among female students in swimming classes. The researcher employed an experimental approach with a design consisting of two groups: an experimental group and a control group. The study population was selected purposively, comprising first-stage female students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences for the academic year 2024-2025. The study sample was randomly selected through a lottery method, consisting of 10 students representing the experimental group, 10 students representing the control group, and 5 students representing the exploratory sample. Through educational units, video and image clips were presented to explain the stages or parts of the skill, enhancing students\' understanding and performance of the floating skill in swimming. A total of 8 units were implemented, one unit per week. Post-tests were then conducted, and the results were statistically analyzed using the SPSS package. The findings revealed that using visual aids in the learning process has a positive and effective role in facilitating learning and acquiring skills among female students. The researcher recommends using visual aids in educational lessons, particularly in swimming classes

This study aims to explore the future prospects of employing smart systems in physical education lessons, based on a context where education is witnessing rapid digital advancement. This necessitates integrating artificial intelligence tools and technologies into educational environments, including physical education settings. The descriptive survey method was adopted, targeting a sample of fifty teachers holding postgraduate degrees from the Directorate of Education in Diyala. Data were collected using a specially designed questionnaire.
The results revealed that the employment of smart systems in physical education is still in its early stages and faces several challenges, most notably weak infrastructure, limited specialized training, and lack of administrative and institutional support. However, the participants expressed a positive willingness to adopt such technologies, provided that an enabling environment is available to support their effective and organized implementation.
The study also highlighted several anticipated educational benefits of employing smart systems, such as enhancing students’ motor performance, providing immediate and accurate feedback, and boosting students’ motivation and active participation in activities.
Based on these findings, the researcher recommended several future-oriented steps, including developing technical infrastructure in schools, organizing continuous training programs for teachers, designing curricula integrated with smart applications, and enhancing partnerships between educational and technological entities to ensure the gradual and effective implementation of the future vision within physical education environments.

Physical education and sports science are a science, like all other sciences, that utilizes the latest scientific methods and approaches developed by scientists and researchers. Modern teaching models have emerged that emphasize the active role of the student in education. Among these methods is the complex teaching method, which is the result of comprehensive research conducted by those involved in the educational process in the field of knowledge about the learning process Therefore, the importance of the research appears in a scientific attempt to use the complex teaching method for third-year female students to suit them to the educational situation, leading learners to achieve the desired educational results by creating a positive atmosphere that helps in teaching, acquiring and deepening skills. As for the objectives of the research, it focused on preparing an educational program using the complex teaching method to teach the skill of serving in tennis to third-year female students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences / University of DiyalaThe research was conducted on a sample of female students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, third year, University of Diyala. The sample number was (30) female students. The sample members were divided into two groups: a control group, numbering (15) members, who followed the traditional method, and an experimental group, numbering (15) members, who underwent an educational program according to the complex teaching method to teach the skill of serving in tennis

This study aimed to develop instructional units based on a visual thinking strategy tailored for individuals with sensory modelling, with the objective of enhancing the acquisition of the handball shooting skill among the selected research sample. Furthermore, it sought to examine the impact of this strategy on the learning outcomes of the participants.
A quasi-experimental design was employed, involving two equivalent groups—experimental and control—with both pre- and post-test assessments. The research population consisted of second-year students enrolled in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, College of Basic Education, University of Diyala, during the 2024/2025 academic year. A total of 120 students were distributed across four sections. By random selection, two sections (A and B) were chosen to form the primary experimental sample. The final sample comprised 40 students, equally divided between the experimental group (n = 20) and the control group (n = 20).
The findings revealed that both the visual thinking strategy and the existing curriculum adopted by the college are effective in facilitating the learning of the handball shooting skill, though to varying degrees. Notably, the visual thinking strategy demonstrated superior effectiveness for individuals with sensory modelling compared to the traditional method. It was particularly well-suited for students with a predominantly visual learning system, who achieved the highest performance gains, followed by those with a sensory-based system, and lastly those with an auditory-based system.
In light of these results, it is recommended to integrate the visual thinking strategy into the instruction of fundamental handball skills within Colleges of Physical Education and Sports Sciences across Iraqi universities, given its proven pedagogical value. Additionally, further studies are encouraged to explore the application of the visual thinking strategy in other sports, whether individual or team-based, as well as in teaching handball skills that have not yet been addressed in scientific literature.

The aim of the study was to identify the effect of intelligent simulation on learning the accuracy of the shooting skill in futsal among students, and to measure the extent of its influence on the speed of acquiring the skill. The researcher used the experimental method with two groups (experimental and control) and pre–post tests. The research population was deliberately selected and consisted of fourth-grade secondary school students in Baqubah District, distributed across several schools. The research sample was chosen randomly by lottery and included students from the fourth grade at Al-Muhsin Secondary School for Boys for the academic year 2024/2025. The sample comprised three classes (A, B, C), from which classes (A) and (B) were selected to represent the two research groups: class (A) as the experimental group and class (B) as the control group, with (25) students in each group. After excluding repeaters, deferred students, and those unwilling to participate in the experiment, the final research sample consisted of (50) students.
The results indicated that employing intelligent simulation through virtual reality technology had a clear effect in improving students’ shooting accuracy compared to the traditional method. The simulation environment allowed students to repeat attempts in diverse and realistic situations, which enhanced response speed and execution accuracy. Immediate feedback contributed to reducing common technical errors and consolidating correct performance, while simulation reduced anxiety levels and increased students’ self-confidence, positively reflecting on their motivation to learn. Furthermore, this technology provided equal opportunities for all students by adapting to their individual differences. The researcher recommends integrating intelligent simulation into physical education curricula due to its positive effect on accelerating learning and improving skill performance, alongside developing the technical infrastructure required for its broader implementation. It is also recommended to design diverse simulation programs that replicate real-game situations, and to conduct future studies on larger samples and other sports, while emphasizing the importance of combining modern and traditional teaching methods to ensure a comprehensive educational process.

The teaching and learning processes in this era are no longer based on the traditional monolithic relationship between teacher and student. Knowledge is no longer limited to the process of transferring information from teacher to student, but also to how it is received
The student of this knowledge, therefore, many strategies have emerged, including the (IRE) strategy, which is one of the strategies that lead to raising the level of mental skills of learners; since this strategy is based on combining its three elements, as this strategy depends on directing diverse and different-level questions to learners to stimulate the mental side of the learner This results in discussion, dialogue and negotiation between the teacher and the learner, and the application of what has been achieved in the field for the benefit of the learning process. . Following new learning strategies and diversifying them plays an effective role in performing various sports in the optimal way, including basketball, and in order to make the student have the ability to choose the appropriate movement program to solve The motor task is performed in the best possible way, according to the requirements of the situation facing the player and his ability to perform the skill well. The research problem focused on the researcher's use of the IRE strategy, determining the extent to which students have learned and mastered certain types of basketball shooting, and determining the impact of this strategy on the process of learning certain types of basketball shooting
The research aims to:
. 1- Develop educational units using the IRE strategy to teach students some types of basketball shooting.
2- Identify the effect of the IRE strategy on students' learning of some types of basketball shooting.
The researcher used the experimental method with two equivalent groups (control and experimental) with the same
Pre-test and post-test, the research community was the first-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the Islamic University, numbering (96). The research sample was chosen randomly (lottery method) from the research community and included two sections from among the four sections, one representing the experimental group and the other representing the control group. The research sample amounted to (48) students, with (24) students for each section
A group after excluding the students participating in the exploratory experiments and the sample percentage represented (50%) of the original community, and then conducting the post-tests, and after that the research results were processed by statistical means through the use of the (t-test) test. The researcher reached several important conclusions, the most important of which were
1- The IRE strategy has an effective impact on students' learning of certain types of basketball shooting.
The researcher recommends the following:
1-The researcher recommends the use of the IRE strategy in learning skills for various
2- sporting events in other studies and across different age groups for all basic skills for all team sporting events

This research aims to identify the effect of using the (Train Effective Football) application in learning the football skills of dribbling and passing among students. The researcher employed the experimental method due to its suitability to the nature of the study. The sample was divided into two groups: an experimental group that used the application-based exercises, and a control group that followed traditional teaching methods. The research sample consisted of middle school students enrolled in physical education classes. Pre- and post-tests were conducted to assess performance in the targeted skills. The results showed a statistically significant

This study aims to investigate the impact of using artificial intelligence (AI) in learning scouting skills. AI can play a significant role in enhancing the effectiveness of scouting education programs and providing a personalized and interactive learning experience for participants. The study uses an experimental design with two groups (experimental and control) to investigate the research problem. The study population consisted of 52 first-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Diyala, for the academic year 2023-2024. A random sample of 20 students was selected, with 10 students in the experimental group and 10 students in the control group. Also a sample of 5 students has been selected to represent the pilot study. The results showed that the AI-based educational program was effective in enhancing the learning of scouting skills. The study recommends expanding the use of AI in scouting education programs.

The idea of the research emerged from the need to use instructional exercises based on the cooperative learning approach, employing both fixed and variable practice methods, along with their practical applications. By utilizing these methods and selecting the most effective ones for teaching basketball skills, the study aimed to examine their impact on developing offensive basketball skills through composite tests. This approach was adopted as an educational method to ensure optimal utilization of these offensive skills and their application in sports, while comparing it with the traditional method used in the college.
The research aims to determine the effect of cooperative learning using fixed and variable practice methods on the performance of some offensive basketball skills. The researchers adopted the *experimental method* due to its suitability for the nature and problem of the study. The research sample was selected from *first-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Diyala, with a total population of **975 students. A purposive sample of **45 students* from *Section (B)* was chosen and divided into *three groups (15 students each)*.
Three fundamental tests were applied to each group using a specific method, ensuring equivalence and homogeneity among the three groups in terms of *age, weight, and height. The researchers conducted a **pilot experiment, pre-tests, and the main training experiment, followed by **post-tests under the same conditions as the pre-tests. Data were analyzed using **SPSS* to calculate *means, standard deviations, significance of differences, and the Least Significant Difference (L.S.D)* for the sample.
After collecting and processing the data, appropriate statistical analyses were applied, and the results were discussed and supported by scientific references. The researchers concluded that *instructional exercises using cooperative learning with fixed and variable practice methods, as well as the traditional college method, had a **positive effect on developing offensive basketball skills in first-year students

Learning sports skills has become necessary with the development of technology and the use of modern teaching methods that combine classroom education with e-learning. Therefore, the researcher wanted to study the effect of the blended learning strategy on teaching students The study focuses on developing forehand and backhand groundstroke skills in tennis through the use of a blended learning strategy for Diyala. The main aim is to evaluate the effectiveness of this approach in enhancing students’ performance compared to traditional teaching methods. prepare exercises using the blended learning method for procedures included using the forehand and backhand ground stroke skill test in tennis. Tennis and the researcher used the experimental method to suit the nature of the problem, and to achieve the objectives of the research, and adopted the random group design with two pre- and post-tests. The research community may be students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Diyala. The research sample consisted of (10) students, representing 50% of the original community. The researcher reached several conclusions:
1- The use of exercises using the blended learning strategy had a positive impact on the students\' forehand and backhand tennis groundstrokes.
2- Significant differences were found in the pre- and post-tests of the study variables, favoring the post-test. The researcher made several recommendations, which can be summarized as follows:
Using blended learning to teach other basic tennis skills.
2- The necessity of using blended learning as part of teaching methods in faculties of physical education and sports sciences.

Because we are researching effective concentration in mastery learning through sequential pressing and random variation of some technical and motor skills to learn some of the basic skills in this game (serving, relief, and preparation), which contribute to helping coaches and trainers start a great game. The problem is that students are not recognized for their academic creativity and are not motivated to perform. Therefore, there is a need to come together and simplify this process through a second collaborative effort to achieve a better educational level. Which was motivated by the integrated researcher between learning from it teaching mastery through the overlap of diverse strikes and diversity in some talents and was able to learn to develop some skills in multi-ball for university student of physical education in Erbil in the Ministry of Education / Kurdistan Region. The objectives of the research were to achieve mastery by varying successive and brutal strikes in developing some motor abilities in space ball. And a comparison in the pre-test and methods of effective work in playing and mastery by overlapping random sequences in developing some talents and movements in multi-ball. Research hypotheses: There are no statistically significant differences between the three experimental groups in favor of the creative experiment. And the spss statistic was used to achieve these results. The acquisition of development in the elements and invention and the effectiveness of mastery learning by overlapping sequential and partial strikes for some basic skills in multi-ball. I reached a result that reached results on coaches and school actors and theories to confirm and the effectiveness of mastery learning by overlapping sequential striking and no

This study aimed to investigate the effect of an educational program based on design thinking in improving the learning of the tennis serve skill among players aged (10–11) years at the Diyala Specialized Tennis Center The research problem emerged from observing a deficiency in players’ acquisition of this skill through traditional methods, which negatively affected the quality of their performance and their ability to apply the skill effectively
The research population consisted of 16 players, from which an intentional sample of 12 players was selected and equally divided into two groups: an experimental group, which was taught using the design thinking-based program, and a control group, which was taught using the traditional method The program included 12 instructional units that involved varied practical exercises, taking into account the principle of gradual difficulty, and implementing practical learning situations to stimulate interaction and enhance skill acquisition
Pre- and post-tests were conducted for both groups, and the results showed significant differences in favor of the experimental group in the performance of the serve skill The experimental group also outperformed the control group in the post-tests, reflecting the effectiveness of design thinking-based learning in developing players’ motor, physical, and psychological skills
The researcher concluded that design thinking-based learning enhances skill acquisition, motivates active participation, and achieves higher performance levels compared to traditional methods It is recommended to apply such programs to broader age groups and samples to maximize their impact on performance development

The research aims to study the effect of an educational curriculum based on the use of assistive devices in developing some technical stages of the long jump effectiveness for second-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The researcher adopted the experimental method due to its suitability to the nature of the research, as the research sample was deliberately selected from second-year students, and divided into two equal groups: an experimental group that applied the educational curriculum using assistive devices (simple devices, training tools, illustrative media), and a control group that applied the traditional method, The research tools included technical tests for the long jump stages (approach, take-off, flight, landing), in addition to video recording and kinetic analysis to measure performance accuracy and identify technical developments. The application lasted for (8) weeks, with three educational units per week. The results showed that the experimental group outperformed the control group in all technical stages studied, with statistically significant differences, as the use of auxiliary means contributed to improving students\' understanding of the correct technique, reducing common errors, and increasing learning motivation.